My family is a large one. Τ褦ʸˤ one Τ褦ʸ (prop_word) ȸƤФ롥ֻפȤȯۤϡ줬ʤȹʸȤΩ椫ʤɬܹȤȤǡΤ褦 one ҤβĻ̾ؼ졤켫Τΰ̣Ƥ϶äݤȤΤǡǤϡֻפȤϤޤͭǤʤ褦˻פ롥
ѸȤƤ prop ȤϲCrystal Ѹ켭ŵ prop Ƥߤ
prop (adj.) A term used in some GRAMMATICAL descriptions to refer to a meaningless ELEMENT introduced into a structure to ensure its GRAMMATICALITY, e.g. the it in it's a lovely day. Such words are also referred to as EMPTY, because they lack any SEMANTICALLY independent MEANING. SUBSTITUTE WORDS, which refer back to a previously occurring element of structure, are also often called prop words, e.g. one or do in he's found one, he does, etc.
̣Ūʴϡ嵭Τ褦 substitute word ѸˤȸƤ֤Τʬ䤹
̣Τʤ it ʤɤؤ "prop" ȸƤ֤ȤʤС"empty", "expletive", "dummy" ʤɤηƻˤᤷº McArthur Ѹ켭ŵˤС"prop" ιܤ "dummy" ػȤ¥롥4ܤѤʤǤä one ȤƵƤʤˡ
DUMMY [16c: from dumb and -y]. . . . (4) In grammar, an item that has little or no meaning but fills an obligatory position: prop it, which functions as subject with expressions of time (It's late), distance (It's a long way to Tipperary), and weather (It's raining); anticipatory it, which functions as subject (It's a pity that you're not here) or object (I find it hard to understand what's meant) when the subject or object of a clause is moved to a later position in the sentence, and is the subject in cleft sentences (It was Peter who had an accident); existential there, which functions as subject in an existential sentence (There's nobody at the door); the dummy auxiliary do, which is introduced, in the absence of any other auxiliary, to form questions (Do you know them?).
̣Ūˤ϶¤ɬܤȤǡ줬 prop κŪȤäƤ褤one ¾üˡˤĤƤϡʲε⻲ȡ
#1815. ̾ one ˡϥեαƶ ([2014-04-16-1])
#5170. 3;ñ̾Ūˡ ([2023-06-23-1])
Crystal, David, ed. A Dictionary of Linguistics and Phonetics. 6th ed. Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2008.
McArthur, Tom, ed. The Oxford Companion to the English Language. Oxford: OUP, 1992.
1β heldio ˤ#1413. ʤűѸθ絬§ϴˤäΤǯٽۿΥˡۿˤȤۿޤ (word_order) ȤˤưŪʤΤǡؿ⤿줿ΤǤ礦ޤǤβʿѤ¿İ褵Ƥޤ꤬Ȥޤ
ѸˤʬǡָפȤСѸǤϸ絬§ΤˡűѸǤϸ礬ŪˤäȤ椬ˤʤޤʤ֤ϤʤפȤѤʵ䤬ͯƤΤǤϤʤǤ礦ϡεľΤǤϤʤФᤫΥץǤϤޤȤϲȤŪˤϿ̤ȤǤȻפޤ
ʲʸϤݤޤ촶Τ륪ꥸʥβۿˤƤİФȻפޤ
1. ⤽ָפȤϲ --- (linearity)
䤿ϡؽä˱Ѹؽ̤ơνؤӤޤѸ SVO ܤǤꡤỌ̇̄ѤäꡤʸˡŪˤʤäꤹȶäƤޤ㤨 I eat a banana. ɸŪǤꡤ*Eat I a banana. *A banana I eat. ̾ƤޤʶĴʤɤüʸ̮Ͻޤˡ
ܸǤϡֻϥХʥʤ٤ (SOV) Ǥ֥ХʥʤϿ٤ (OSV) ֿ٤롤ϥХʥʤ (VSO) ʤɤ⡤ԼϤˤ衤ʸˡŪ˴ְ㤤Ȥϸڤޤ
ǤϡʤˤϸȤΤ¸ߤΤǤ礦ϡ줬ʤ뤤ʸˤּ˱äľŪ¤٤뤳ȤˤäΩƤ뤫ǤȸƤӤޤ䤿ȯﴱʤȤ櫓ӡˤϴŪ1ĤʤΤǡʣñƱȯ뤳ȤϤǤޤäơñ֤¤٤뤷ʤΤǤϸˤʤǤꡤʪؤˤϤΤª뤳ȤǤޤ
While the dog is running in the yard, the cat is sleeping on the hot carpet. ʸäƤ֡ǭϥۥåȥڥåȤξǿƤˤȤʸϡƱ˵äƤɽ路Ƥޤ顤ɤ餫˸虜ޤ⤷˿ʹ֤2ĤӤƱ2Ĥñȯ뤳ȤǤʤ顤ι¤ۤʤäƤȤǤ礦
2. 絬§2Ĥθ
ñ֤¤٤ʤФʤʤȤ¸ͳʬޤϡ֤ɤΤ褦¤٤뤫פȤ絬§ǤθϤȡθ絬§ظˤϡ礭ʬ2Ĥΰۤʤ븶¸ߤ褦˻פޤ
(1) ʸˡθ絬§
ʸʥƥǡʼ졤ư졤Ūʤɡˤ֤ꤹ븶
ǤʸˡŪʵǽʼʤΤŪʤΤˤˤäƼ
ŵ㡧Ѹ (SVO) (SVO) ʤ
ʸˡŪʴطˤäΤˤʤȿ̡μͳ٤㤤
(2) ʸ̮θ絬§
ʸʥƥˤʸ̮áˤˤήŻ뤹븶
¿ξ硤ꡦơޡ³ǽҡ졼ޡ֤뷹
ŵ㡧ܸ졤űѸ
ή줬ˤʤʸθŪͳǡִˤפȸʤ䤹
ܸΡΡȤˡȤФޤؼǴˡפȤФͤƤߤޤ礦ǽʸǤϡθ塤Ǥ֤ȤФפ֤פȼäƸޤʸǤϡΤȤʤä֤פ֤ϡסʼˤȼäʸƬơʻؼǴ˹Ԥäȡˤ³ޤΤ褦ˡܸʸ̮ξήʼꢪҡơޢ졼ޡˤˤäɽ뤳ȤʤΤǤ
3. űѸܸ췿ä
ơǸűѸܤƤߤޤ礦ʤűѸθ絬§ϴˤäΤϡűѸ줬ѸΤ褦ʡʸˡθ絬§פ1ȤǤϤʤषܸ˶ᤤʸ̮θ絬§פŻ뤹äǤ
űѸǤϡʸ̮˱ơȸʤǤʸƬ֤³Ȥ礬ޤޤΤᡤʸ¤ȡSVO SOV VSO ǽǤꡤѸüԤλ鸫ȡ礬ꤵƤ餺ˤȴ櫓Ǥϡֵ§ʤפ櫓ǤϤʤۤʤθ˴ŤƤΤ٤ΤʤΤǤ
4. 縶žȱѸ˾Ѳ
ѸˤϡΡʸ̮θ絬§פŻ뤹륿פʸˡθ絬§פŻ뤹륿פؤȡδŪʤ礭žˤǤª뤳ȤǤޤžϡѸ˸ˤʤꡤѸˤƸ경Ƥޤ礭ʸžϡñ˸ǤʤѸ¾͡ʸˡܤˤϢŪʱƶڤܤޤ
(article) ȯãűѸˤⴧ˨ϤޤѸۤηŪʥƥǤϤޤǤ괧 the 䡤괧 a/an ȯãƤΤϡޤ˾¤ (information_structure) ʳˡǼɬޤäȤȴϢƤȹͤޤ
Ĵʸ (cleft_sentence) ȯãűѸǤϡĴǤŪͳʸƬ˰ư뤳ȤǽǤ礬경ȡΤ褦ʰư¤ޤȤơIt is ... that ... Τ褦ʶĴʸȯãǤΩ뵡ǽĤ褦ˤʤޤ
ư (passive) ¿ѡűѸˤư֤¸ߤޤ٤ϸѸۤɹ⤯ޤǤ礬경ǡŪȤʤǡʿˤʤ䤹ǡˤȤʸƬ֤ˡư֤֤ȤˤѤ褦ˤʤäƤΤȹͤޤ㤨СŪʸƬ֤ OSV θ礬ȤˤʤäˡŪˤʸƬ֤ư֤ޤ褦ˤʤäȤǤ
5. ޤȤ
űѸθ礬Ѹ줫鸫ơִˤפΤϡ絬§ʤäǤϤʤѸȤϰۤʤʸ̮θ絬§פȤŻ뤷ƤǤθϡܸȶ̤ʬ¿ޤѸˤϡδܸ礭žʥߥåʲǤꡤαƶϱʸˡ͡¦̤˵ڤǤΤǤ
űѸؤֺݤˤϡѸθŪʸѤöΥ졤־ήפȤĤȤäνˤʤ뤫⤷ޤܸüԤˤȤäƤϡषߤ䤹¦̤⤢ȤǤ礦Ȥڤ顤ѸαˤõᤷƤߤΤ⡤⤷ΤǤϤʤǤ礦
khelfʷѸ˥եˤ褷ŸƤֱѸ˥ƥ50⡤ĤĤޤkhelf СѸ˥ƥĤ1ĤĥָƤǤ
ǶΥƥĤΤʤǤ褯ƤΤ1ľҲ𤷤ޤ526˸줿#35. ֶĴʸαѸ ~ "It ARE John and Anne that are married."ϥꡪ ~Ǥ
ĴʸȸƤФ칽¤ϡѸؤǤϡʬʸ (cleft_sentence) ȤƸڤޤƥĤǤϤʬʸˤΰüƤޤȤ櫓ΰ (number agreement) ᤰ˾ƤƤޤ

ƥĤδˤϡϢؤΥĥƤޤʬʸ˴ؤ hellog ȤƤϡʲƤޤ
#1252. Bailey and Maroldt ˤ֥եαƶܡס ([2012-09-30-1])
#2442. Ĵʸȯã --- ŪݤŪǽء ([2016-01-03-1])
#3754. ȸ줫ι¤Ūѡ֥ȸ첾פˤĤơ ([2019-08-07-1])
#4595. Ĵʸ˴ؤ֥ȸ첾ס ([2021-11-25-1])
#4785. It is ... that ... ζĴʸθűѸ줫 ([2022-06-03-1])
عʸˡǡֶĴʸפȸƤФ칽¤ϡѸؤǤϡʬʸ (cleft_sentence) ȾΤ뤳Ȥ¿ʬʸεȯãˤĤƤϡ#2442. Ĵʸȯã --- ŪݤŪǽء ([2016-01-03-1])#3754. ȸ줫ι¤Ūѡ֥ȸ첾פˤĤơ ([2019-08-07-1])#4595. Ĵʸ˴ؤ֥ȸ첾ס ([2021-11-25-1]) ʤɤǼ夲Ƥ
Ū¤ȤƤϡϸűѸ줫ߤ롥űѸǤϡit ϤۤȤѤ줺ά뤫뤤 þæt Ѥ줿Visser (63) ꡤĤ
63---g. The type 'It is father who did it.'
This periphrastic construction is used to bring a part of a syntactical unit into prominence; it is especially employed when contrast has to be expressed: 'It is father (not mother) who did it'. In Old English hit is omitted (e.g. O. E. Gosp., John VI, 63, 'Gast is se þe geliffæst'; O. E. Homl. ii, 234, 'min fæder is þe me wuldrað') or its place is taken by þæt (e.g. Ælfred, Boeth. 34, II, 'is þæt for mycel gcynd þæt urum lichoman cymð eall his mægen of þam mete þe we þicgaþ'; Wulfstan, Polity (Jost) p. 127 §183, þæt is laðlic lif, þæt hi swa maciað; O. E. Chron. an. 1052, 'þæt wæs on þone monandæg ... þæt Godwine mid his scipum to suðgeweorce becom'). This pronoun þæt is still so used in: Orm 8465, 'þætt wass þe lond off Galileo þætt himm wass bedenn sekenn'.
Ѹʹߤ it 褯Ѥ褦ˤʤä褦
̾ʶˤǤϤʤ֤ɽ魯ʶˤĴ⡤嵭ˤ̤ꤹǤ˸űѸ줫ߤ뤬Ф Visser (63) βܤͤ롥Τ褦ʾ is ϰ̣Ū happens ˶ᤤȤ
When it was, it is has an adverbial adjunct of time or place as a complement, (as e.g. in 'It was on the first of May that I saw him first'), to be is not a copula, but the notional to be with the sense 'to happen', 'to take place' that also occurs in constructions of a different pattern, such as are found in e.g. C1350 Will. Palerne 1930, 'Manly on þe morwe þat mariage schuld bene; 1947 H. Eustis, The Horizontal Man (Penguin) 41, 'Keep your trap shut when you don't know what you're talking about, which is usually'; Pres. D. Eng.: 'The flower-show was last week' (OED).
ʬʸεȯãϡѸ˾νפʲǤ롥
Visser, F. Th. An Historical Syntax of the English Language. 3 vols. Leiden: Brill, 1963--1973.
#2442. Ĵʸȯã --- ŪݤŪǽء ([2016-01-03-1])#3754. ȸ줫ι¤Ūѡ֥ȸ첾פˤĤơ ([2019-08-07-1]) Ǽ夲Ƥ褦ˡֶĴʸפȤΤƤ빽ʸεȯãˤĤƤ͡ʸʤʤߤ˱ѸؤǤϡʬʸ (cleft_sentence) ȸƤ֤Ȥ¿ˡ
ŪǶοˤȡѸˤ붯ĴʸĹϡʤȤʬŪˤϥȸȤθܿ˵ΤǤϤʤȤ֥ȸ첾 (celtic_hypothesis) Ƥ롥ŪˤϡȸȤܿˤѸθѲϰ̤ΤǤꡤäȤƤü٤ˤȤɤޤȤƤǯֶƤȸ첾ˤСѸ䲻ʤɤؤαƶβǽŦ褦ˤʤäƤƤ롥ѸζĴʸȯã⡤Τ褦ʻ1ȤƵƤ롥
ԸˤСűѸǤζĴʸλϾʤʤ⸫ĤäƤ롥㤨аʲΤ褦ʸǤ (Filppula and Klemola 1695 ѡˡ
þa cwædon þa geleafullan, 'Nis hit na Petrus þæt þær cnucað, ac is his ængel.' (Then the faithful said: It isn't Peter who is knocking there, but his angel.)
Filppula and Klemola (1695--96) ĴˤСιʸ٤Ѹˤƾ夬äƤȤơȯãطʤˤϡȸˤбɽ¸ߤäΤǤϤʤȤβƤ롥1ĤϡɸޤॱȽˡѸŤбɽ¸ߤƤȤ¤ϥեˤƱͤζĴʸ¸ߤषե줫αƶȹͤۤǤϤʤȤ⤢뤬ȽǤλѤΤۤŤȤȤȸ첾ˤȤäƤɤȤʤäƤ롥
⤦1Ĥϡ奢ɱѸ (irish_english) ǡѸζĴʸŪͳ٤ι⤤ĴʸȤƤȤ¤㤨СΤ褦ʼͳѤ (Filppula and Klemola 1698 ѡˡ
It is looking for more land they are.
Tis joking you are, I suppose.
Tis well you looked.
Τ褦ʥɱѸˤ롤Ū¤ξʤĴʸλѤϡΤ褦ħĥȸδؤξ˱Ѹ줬ääƤ뤿Ȳ᤹뤳ȤǤ롥ִظ첾 (substratum_theory) ʤ
ζĴʸλǤϤʤ̤˥ȸ첾ФƤϰ¿űѸʰˤ鸽Ѹ˵ڤĹʻ֤ȤѸȥȸθܿϡΤ˥ƥǤϤ롥
Filppula, Markku and Juhani Klemola. "English in Contact: Celtic and Celtic Englishes." Chapter 107 of English Historical Linguistics: An International Handbook. 2 vols. Ed. Alexander Bergs and Laurel J. Brinton. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 2012. 1687--1703.
20ǯۤɤδ֤ˡ֥ȸ첾 ("the Celtic hypothesis") ˴ؤ븦椬ƤѸϸðʳˤƤ⡤ͤƤʾˡ֥ƥδظǤ륱Ƚ줫鶯ƶƤȤ1δظƶȤäƤ褤cf. #1342. ظƶؤȽ ([2012-12-29-1])ˡŪˤʤäƤŪˤɤΤ褦ʹ¤Ūʸबȸ줫αƶȤߤʤƤΤƤߤ褦ʲDurkin (87--90) ˤڤˤ뤬Durkin Ȥ⥱ȸ첾ФƤϤȲŪ٤Ƥ뤳ȤҤ٤Ƥ
űѸˤ be ư bēon ̤ȿꡤ³Ѥˡ륺 be ư줬¸ߤ롥
-self κƵ̾ȯãcf. #1851. Ƶ̾ oneself ͳˤĤƤν ([2014-05-22-1])
be + -ing οʹԷ¤ȯã
do ѤŪ¤ (do-periphrasis) ȯã
ŪͭԹ¤ŪͭԹ¤ؤΰܹ (ex. he as a pimple on the nose he has a pimple on his nose)
"Northern Subject Rule" ȯãcf. #689. Northern Personal Pronoun Rule ȱʸˡˤ륱ȸαƶ ([2011-03-17-1])
ط줢뤤ܿ٤
it Ѥʬʸ (cleft sentence) ȯã (ex. It was a bike that he bought (not a car).) ʤեбʬʸ⥱ȸαƶȤȤ (Durkin 87)
/f/ /v/, /θ/ /ð/ βŪΩȯãݻcf. #3386. Ѹ˾μפʻҲѲ ([2018-08-04-1]) 2ܡ
Durkin, Philip. Borrowed Words: A History of Loanwords in English. Oxford: OUP, 2014.
ǼĤˤ "It is . . . that . . . ." ηʬʸ (cleft sentence)붯ĴʸˤˤĤƼ䤬줿ˤĤơʲΤ褦ơ˲
ʬʸʤ붯ĴʸˤȯŸ䡤Ǵ֤ŪפοܤˤĤƤϡʣʷаޤȼ⤬ꡤǤǤޤΤϸűѸ줫餢ꡤˤ it Τߤʤ餺 that 䥼ѤƤޤѸˤʬʸȤݤŪʴˤ餺̻ŪʴʬϤΤǤСthat ϴطǤꡤit ϤԻǤȽҤ٤ƤȻפޤĤޤꡤ"It is father that did it." ȤʸǤС֤٤ȤΤΡǤפȤȤˤʤޤͤǤʤ it ѤΤ̯ʴϤޤ"Who is it?" it ʤɤǤȻפޤʸűѸǤƱǤˡȤ "It is I that am wrong." ˤߤ褦ˡthat ԻʸƬ It ǤϤʤľ I Ǥ뤫Τ褦ʰפ˻ޤʾ塤ޤơβǤ
ˤĤơٹ (245--46) Τ褦Ƥ롥
դѤ줿 It is... μط̾줬ʤǤȤνʸˤư It is I that am wrong. Τ褦ˤФȿ;οǰפ롥ȤС
It is you who make dress pretty, and not dress that makes you pretty.---Eliot
But it's backwaters that make the main stream. ---Galsworthy.
It is not I that bleed---Binyon.
ϺɤʸˡȤǤ⡤餯ȿФΤϤʤǤ that Ի餫 It Ǥ롥ǤϤʤΰˡԤʤ뤫ȤСάIt ʸˡη that ԻǤϤ뤱ɤ⡤ٸԤǾˤϤäƤߤСϷ褷Ƽ˴ޤޤư⤷Ͼ֤ʤɤμ礿ΤΤǤϤʤʤ It is I that am wrong. ȸȤԤǾˤ¤ I am wrong. ˤۤʤʤǤ롥
ٹ p. 246 ǡե "Nous, nous n'avons pas dit cela." "Ce n'est pas nous qui avons dit cela." 2ĤζĴηˤƤ⡤嵭ƱȤȤƤ롥Ϣơ#1252. Bailey and Maroldt ˤ֥եαƶܡס ([2012-09-30-1]) ȡ
βκǸ˽Ҥ٤ȤϡˤβŪפͼѲƤȤȤǤ롥̤δߤС衤ŪʷȤƽȯΤĴȤŪŪôʤȤȯãη̤ȤơŪפͼѲˤ餵줿ΤȲǤ뤫⤷ʤٹμĥʸˤƷ֤СüԤƬˤ did it ʤ٤ˤΤ餫 father ˤȤǰ뤷wrong ʴְäƤˤΤ餫 I ȤǰϤǤ롥椨ˡδǰ¨Ūפ褦ˤʤäΤơѸޤǤˡΰפͼŪʷΤΤŪʵǽ̤¤ȤƳΩƤΤǤ롥
ٹ ﵭرʸˡ3ǡʸƲ1926ǯ
##1223,1249,1250,1251 εǡBailey and Maroldt ˤäƻϤ줿Ѹ쥪βƤBailey and Maroldt ȽƤФäʸˤϼŪʹͻ⤢뤳ȤդäƤ
[2012-09-28-1]ε#1250. Ѹϥ쥪줫 (3)פ (5) Ǽ夲ֱѸȥեȤδ֤ʿԴطѻܡ (Bailey and Maroldt 51--52) ֥եαƶܡפΥꥹȤȤªСʩܿθƤƤȤͭѤ⤷ʤ[2012-09-01-1]ε#1223. Ѹϥ쥪줫פǾҲ𤷤褦ˡGörlach ϡʲΤۤȤɤιܤ˰۵ĤˤƤȤϤʤˤΰ̣
A. Anglo-Saxon elements in French functions:
1) the -līce deadjectival adverb-formative;
2) the use of wh-interrogatives as relative pronouns; cf. French qu-interrogatives and relatives;
3) progressive formations and other tense/aspect/diathesis formations;
4) prepositions of the pattern exemplified by outside of, or Anglo-Saxon prepositions in French uses;
5) French-like uses of the pronoun cases;
6) the cleft-sentence formation;
7) case functions of the of-"genitive" and the to-"dative";
8) second-person informal/formal distinction in forms of address;
9) Middle English calques that got lost later; e.g. the which;
10) analytical comparison.
B. French-influenced developments, the first of which is essentially universal:
1) loss of inflections, especially case and gender distinctions;
2) word order, especially after negative elements; but not the order of adjectives.
C. French elements:
1) vocabulary --- quantitatively as well as qualitatively very considerable;
2) a huge part of English derivational morphology;
3) most phonomorphological rules;
4) certain sounds; e.g. initial [v dž] and the diphthong [ɔ].
ޤޤǤޤʹȤΤʤȸ줢뤤ϸťΥɸ줫αƶβǽȤơθڤܤαޤäΤդäƤ"The fact that clear [l] as well as non-aspirated [p t k] are widespread in the North could be due to either Keltic or Nordic influence" (25).
Bailey, Charles James N. and Karl Maroldt. "The French Lineage of English." Langues en contact --- Pidgins --- Creoles --- Languages in contact. Ed. Jürgen M. Meisel. Tübingen: Narr, 1977. 21--51.
ǯư衤flat_adverb ˤĤƤĤƤĴ٤Ƥ뤦˽꤬ޤäƤΤǡȤƽĤƤ
(1) ּˤѤ졤üŪ϶ɽסʾp. 507ˡñ줬褯ѤΤϡʸŪûʬṲ̄ǡΤǤϤ϶ɽȤƹޤ뷹: It hurts bad. / Take it easy. / Go slow.סʹ, p. 522
(2) Ƥθ졦¯¿Ѥ뤳ȤϴҤʹڡpp. 86, 91ˡex. act brave, dance graceful, land safe, work regular, sit tight, mighty dangerous, reasonable busy, moderate good luck, everlasting cold, get ugly drunk, hustlingest busy; I see things different than I used to.; You are plain lucky.
(3) ζʤ̾ʤɤŪѤ롥ex. "Love Me Tender", "Treat me nice".
(4) ȤƤ very εȤ ([2012-01-12-1], [2012-01-13-1]) ̾ηƻϢ³ˤơηƻ줬ηƻȤưʬϤ㤬ߤ (ex. an icy cold drink, a blazing hot fire) ˡ̾줬ʤȤΩ burning hot, soaking wet, dazzling white ʤɤ⸫͡p. 589ˡ
(5) ƻ줬ƱΥڥˤ5ढꡤʲ iii, iv դ꤬ŵŪ flat adverb ȸƤФΤ (Huddleston and Pullum 568)
idaily, hourly, weekly, deadly, kindly, likely
iidownright, freelance, full-time, non-stop, off-hand, outright, overall, part-time, three-fold, wholesale, worldwide
iiibleeding, bloody, damn(ed), fucking
ivclean, clear, dear, deep, direct, fine, first, flat, free, full, high, last, light, loud, low, mighty, plain, right, scarce, sharp, slow, sure, tight, wrong
valike, alone, early, extra, fast, hard, how(ever), late, long, next, okay, solo
(6) flat adverb -ly adverb Ǥϡʬʸ (cleft sentence) Ǿ줿ǧǽۤʤ롥flat adverb ϡưʬǤ뤳Ȥˤ֤ǤȤ狼ˤʤ뤿ˡǧ٤㤯ʤΤǤϤʤʹڡp. 522ˡ
*It was slow that he drove the car into the garage. vs It was slowly that he drove the car into the garage.
*It was loud that they argued. vs It was loudly that they argued.
flat adverb ³줿̤θǽȡǤ뤳ȤΤˤʤꡤǧ䤹ex. It was loud and clear that he spoke.; It was extremely loud that they argued.
(7) A and B ȷƻ³ȡA-ly B ۤɤΰդȤʤ (hendiadys) ⡤ƻ첽ȤݤΰȤƤȤ館뤳ȤǤ͡pp. 531, 589ˡex. nice and cool (= "nicely cool"), good and tired (="well tired"), rare and hungry (="quite hungry").
ͧ ԡظѸˡŵ١Ʋ2006ǯ
ͺ° ̭ ԡظʸˡŵ١Ʋ1992ǯ
Huddleston, Rodney and Geoffrey K. Pullum. The Cambridge Grammar of the English Language. Cambridge: CUP, 2002.
ж Ϻ ԡظѸؼŵ١Ʋ1973ǯ
ʸͺ ƽؿѸؼŵ١ҡ1987ǯ
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