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##1223,1249,1250,1251 εǡBailey and Maroldt ˤäƻϤ줿Ѹ쥪βƤBailey and Maroldt ȽƤФäʸˤϼŪʹͻ⤢뤳ȤդäƤ
[2012-09-28-1]ε#1250. Ѹϥ쥪줫 (3)פ (5) Ǽ夲ֱѸȥեȤδ֤ʿԴطѻܡ (Bailey and Maroldt 51--52) ֥եαƶܡפΥꥹȤȤªСʩܿθƤƤȤͭѤ⤷ʤ[2012-09-01-1]ε#1223. Ѹϥ쥪줫פǾҲ𤷤褦ˡGörlach ϡʲΤۤȤɤιܤ˰۵ĤˤƤȤϤʤˤΰ̣
A. Anglo-Saxon elements in French functions:
1) the -līce deadjectival adverb-formative;
2) the use of wh-interrogatives as relative pronouns; cf. French qu-interrogatives and relatives;
3) progressive formations and other tense/aspect/diathesis formations;
4) prepositions of the pattern exemplified by outside of, or Anglo-Saxon prepositions in French uses;
5) French-like uses of the pronoun cases;
6) the cleft-sentence formation;
7) case functions of the of-"genitive" and the to-"dative";
8) second-person informal/formal distinction in forms of address;
9) Middle English calques that got lost later; e.g. the which;
10) analytical comparison.
B. French-influenced developments, the first of which is essentially universal:
1) loss of inflections, especially case and gender distinctions;
2) word order, especially after negative elements; but not the order of adjectives.
C. French elements:
1) vocabulary --- quantitatively as well as qualitatively very considerable;
2) a huge part of English derivational morphology;
3) most phonomorphological rules;
4) certain sounds; e.g. initial [v dž] and the diphthong [ɔ].
ޤޤǤޤʹȤΤʤȸ줢뤤ϸťΥɸ줫αƶβǽȤơθڤܤαޤäΤդäƤ"The fact that clear [l] as well as non-aspirated [p t k] are widespread in the North could be due to either Keltic or Nordic influence" (25).
Bailey, Charles James N. and Karl Maroldt. "The French Lineage of English." Langues en contact --- Pidgins --- Creoles --- Languages in contact. Ed. Jürgen M. Meisel. Tübingen: Narr, 1977. 21--51.
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