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ѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable 6Ǥαʸhelwa СȤȤˤäĶɤƤɽȾŪ˳ŤƤޤɽͻҤVoicy heldio βǥ̤Ƹ륷³Ǥ2023ǯ7˳ϤƤ3ǯ夬Фޤ63ޤǿʤǤƤޤ
ī heldio ˤơǿۿƤޤ#1796. ѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤ (63-5) with Taku --- helwa 齻ղǤī heldio Ǥϡ³ԤȤʤ#1797. ѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤ (63-6) with Taku --- helwa 齻ղۿͽǤΤǡ碌2ܤϢưܵޤ
⡤heldio/helwa ꥹʡǥإᥤȤ Taku ʳءˤɲɤƤޤĤ⤢꤬Ȥޤ̾ΥȤȤˡĤʤοɤߤǽ뤳ȤǤޤ
оݤαʸʲ˷ǺܤޤBaugh and Cable, pp. 83--84) B&C 632κǽ餫顤1֤ۤɤ15ʸɤ߿ʤޤ
But abuses when bad enough have a way of bringing about their own reformation. What is needed generally is an individual with the zeal to lead the way and the ability to set an example that inspires imitation. King Alfred had made a start. Besides restoring churches and founding monasteries, he strove for twenty years to spread education in his kingdom and foster learning. His efforts bore little fruit. But in the latter half of the tenth century, three great religious leaders, imbued with the spirit of reform, arose in the church: Dunstan, archbishop of Canterbury (d. 988), Athelwold, bishop of Winchester (d. 984), and Oswald, bishop of Worcester and archbishop of York (d. 992). With the sympathetic support of King Edgar these men effected a genuine revival of monasticism in England. The true conception of the monastic life was inseparable from the observance of the Benedictine Rule. Almost everywhere in England this had ceased to be adhered to. As the first step in the reform, the secular clergy were turned out of the monasteries and their places filled by monks pledged to the threefold vow of chastity, obedience, and poverty. In their work of restoration the reformers received powerful support from the example of continental monasteries, notably those at Fleury and Ghent. These had recently undergone a similar reformation under the inspiring leadership of Cluny, where in 910 a community had been established on even stricter lines than those originally laid down by St. Benedict. Dunstan had spent some time at the Abbey of Blandinium at Ghent; Oswald had studied the system at Fleury; and Athelwold, although wanting to go himself, had sent a representative to Fleury for the same purpose. On the pattern of these continental houses a number of important monasteries were re-created in England, and Athelwold prepared a version of the Benedictine Rule, known as the Concordia Regularis, to bring about a general uniformity in their organization and observances. The effort toward reform extended to other divisions of the church, indeed to a general reformation of morals, and brought about something like a religious revival in the island.
B&CɽβˤĤƤϡ٤ƥ饢ǤޤƲؤΥϡ#5291. heldio ΡֱѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤץĴ˿ʤǤޤ ([2023-10-22-1]) ؿΤϡܽꤷơɲۿİСޤɲ̡饤ľܻä줿ϡ Voicy Υץߥꥹʡۿͥ ֱѸˤ (helwa)ˤ꤯

Baugh, Albert C. and Thomas Cable. A History of the English Language. 6th ed. London: Routledge, 2013.
425ڡˡPIVOT TALK ˤ֡αѸܿ͡۱ѸλϤޤϣȾС20ĶޤǹäͳѸϸä¿Ѹ줬ʬƤʥꥪɸಽκޡAIˤѸؽɬפ10ǯαѸܿ͡ꤹ YouTube ư褬ۿޤѸ˸Ԥ߷Ļرض̾ˤȤȤƤäƤ롤50ʬۤɤεŤ̤Ǥ
äƤϡ1ۤ˻߷Ȥƾ尴줿αѸ --- 5Φ˹¿ͤ EnglishesҲ𤷤ĤġܤαѸؽԤγҤͤʤ䷲ˡѸˤѸ (world_englishes) δƤޤ
ưƤ¿ˤ錄ޤȤ櫓פʥȥԥåĤҲ𤷤ޤ礦
ޤѸ줬ʤۤɤޤǤ˳礷ΤȤ䤤Ф߷ϡָŪħˤΤǤϤʤޤǼҲŪŪװǤפƤޤ5ȾФˤϿ͵ϤΥޥʡ˲ʤäѸ줬1600ǯʥԥλˤˤ600͡ƸǤ20ͤĶüԤ˻äطʤˤϡƸȡ³ƹƬȤѥδפäȤŦǤ
ޤαѸξ Kachru ΡƱߥǥפѤƲ⤷üԤüԤŪ˾8䤬üԡˤȤ⤭ĦˤƤޤˤѸϤϤüԤʪǤϤʤʤäƤ롤ȤѥࡦեȤ˸ڤƤޤ
Ѹᤰ뺣Ÿ˾ˤĤƤɷŪʤäޤѸ줬Ϥȼ˿ʲʬƤֱϡפȡ̸ (lingua_franca) ȤɸಽάܻؤֵῴϡפΤ礤ˤĤƿ졤ˤAIƱȯŸѸϰ̤ɤѤ뤫ȤˤƧ߹Ǥޤ
ǸˡܿͤѸȤɤ礦٤ȤǤϡäդ˴ؤƤΥͥƥֱѸ˸ǼΤǤϤʤ¿ͤʣ Englishes Ƥڤ⤤ƤޤǽդˤƤϰȤɸŪʸˡֻμλɸȤʤȤŪǥХμ줿ƤƤޤ
λ߷ΤбϡѸȤŪ˼ѸˤȤ䤬ñʤεϿǤϤʤҲɤ߲䤿̤λؿˤηäǤ뤳ȤƼ´ƤΤǤ50ʬȤưλ֤ϰ츫Ĺ뤫⤷ޤ߷夤ľǮŪʸ˰ޤ졤äȤ֤˲ƤޤϤǤ
ơưǶ̣줿ϡ괩Ԥ줿ФαѸ˼äƤߤƤ߷ˤرѸˡ١رñˡ٤³33ܤȤʤܽϡϤƤ³ѸΥʥߥŪФǤǤưȹ碌ɤळȤǡѸȤ줬4Ūʹ꤬˸Ƥ뤳ȤǤ礦hellog ɼԤγˤᤷ1Ǥ
߷ ⡡αѸ --- 5Φ˹¿ͤ Englishes١ҡӡ2026ǯ.
ǯ٤λΡhel (helkatsu) οȤơιѸˡιhel (tabihel) Ȥư襷Ω夲ޤܲϥåȥɤΥХǥںߤƤΤǤι⤭ʤѸˤ˴طĤӥǥǻƤĤġͳˤäƤȤ Vlog Ǥ
1Ƥϡ413ȾƻƤ֥ХǥԡפǤϰ̸ϤƤ餺Voicy Υץߥꥹʡۿͥ ֱѸˤ (helwa)ˤꤤƤСؤθȤʤäƤޤhelwa Сϡ416ۿ֡ڱѸˤ #0433ιѸˡιhelץХǥԤİͳơưؤ URL ˥Ǥޤ
ưϡåȥ3Ի Aberdeen Ǥֲ־γ (Granite City) ȤƤΤ¤ߤ⤭ʤ顤ĤαѸ˥ݥȤ夲ޤ
㤨СUpperkirkgate Ȥ̤̾Ǥ gate ϡѸΡפǤϤʤ̥ɤ䥹åȥɤǡƻ̤פ̣ťΥɸͳ褹ȹͤޤ way street ΤǡޤŪʸȤޤ¤ kirk ⤦1ĤݥȤǤ
ޤĮ̤ήɥ˲ͤŪʶ Brig o'Don ˤˬƤޤܤΤ϶̣ brig ȤǤɸŪ bridge κǸλҲ -dg- /dʒ/ ǤϤʤ -g /g/ ȤʤäƤΤϡϤťΥɸαƶħǻĤƤڵǤ
ưǤ¾ˤ⡤1593ǯΩˤ Marischal College įꡤǸˤ϶Ԥηʪѥ֤ǥڤȡ37ʬˤ錄ƤˤʤäƤޤOsmo Pocket 3 ȤӥǥˡʤưԽ˶路ʤ⡤ڤѸˤλ鳹̥ϤڤäƤߤޤ
ΡιhelץΩ夲ˤĤƤϡ heldio Ǥ#1792. ιѸˡιhelץХǥԤư helwa ͳۿƤޤȤƤäޤǤϥǤȤʤ5ʬۤɤΡֲפ⤪İޤưʷϵ̣臘ȤǤ뤫Ȼפޤ
ưˤؿΤϡҥץߥꥹʡۿͥ ֱѸˤ (helwa)ˤۤhelwa Ͻ̵ȤʤäƤޤΤǡ4ʬˤꤤİĤġä416ۿ֡ڱѸˤ #0433ιѸˡιhelץХǥԤİͳư˥ƤС
423ˡҤñθ츻˴ؤҤƱ2ȯ䤵ޤҤϡǯ6ˡޤ⤴ɾƤرѸ츻ϥɥ֥åФƤޤΤǡ1ǯδ֤3ֱѸ츻ܡפ尴줿ȤˤʤޤѸ츻趷褷ƤȤäƤ褤Ǥ礦
Ԥ줿Τϼ2ǤڡֻɤߡפǤޤ
ظ캬dzФ ѥñҿǡӡʻɤߤ
ظ츻dzؤ رñϥɥ֥åʻɤߤ
ʲơˤĤƴñˤҲ𤷤ޤ

ޤˤظ캬dzФ륳ѥñҿǡӡ٤Ǥܽ2019ǯ˴Ԥ칥ɾǤˤΤǡָ̤̾캬פ˥եñ콸Ǥ١ȤʤäƤΤƱҤΡإѥ¼ŵ٤θ츻ǤܽǤϤ200ʾιܤ˲ɮƤꡤ300Ρ֡ʺǡ˽캬פ夵Ƥޤ
ɮ٤ϡóؽˤ츻μͤǼƤǤ1001٥ʾñ7ʾϸ츻μΩĤȤƤꡤȤ櫓ԤˤȤäƤΥܥӥˤϸ캬ؽˤͭǤ뤳ȤĴƤޤɥӥ䡤ߤΡ֥ȡפⴰƤꡤк̤γؤľޤб롤ޤ˸츻ؽδǤȤǤ

³ơڲȻʴƽˡᡦľǷˤˤظ츻dzؤ رñϥɥ֥å٤Ǥ츫Ūʰ̸ν˸ޤѸˤδⶽ̣Ǥرñϡͥʹߤ̤ήƤƥ졦ꥷǤˤǤꡤСϢ (combining_form) θܻԤΤ褦Ǥ
ܽιϸؤδؤδŪǤƬܸ캬פȤѡʬβ˻ϤޤꡤȾǤϡBody System ̡סǾСƵ۴ʤɡˡפ˸äƤޤѸ줬¿ѤŪĹʸդƤꡤɤѤ뤳ȤǡʹΥȤΨŪ˽Ǥ褦פƤޤϿΡֽѸפʤɤϡؤ糰λˤȤäƤϡڤǤޤԤΩظäƳʣڤܤΤʤˤ֤ƤȤˤĤƹͤƤߤΤ⡤⤷θȤʤޤؤˤĤƤϲʬʤǤ̤¿̩٤ι⤤رñϥɥ֥åǤ뤳ȤϳǧǤޤ
ʾ塤2ñˤҲ𤷤ޤ424ˤϡheldio Ǥ#1790. Ҥ2αѸ츻ܤФޤ --- إѥñҿǡӡ٤ȡظ츻dzؤְرñϥɥ֥å١ꤹۿǤäƤޤΤǡ碌ƤİйǤޤȤ櫓ذرñϥɥ֥å٤ˤĤƤϡܽᤰ̤ heldio ۿͽꤷƤޤΤǡҤԤ
ơرѸ츻ϥɥ֥å⤪˺ʤ
סظ캬dzФ ѥñҿǡӡ١ҡ2026ǯ
ˡ Ƿˡڲ ȡʴƽˡظ츻dzؤ رñϥɥ֥å١ҡ2026ǯ
߷ ͧ ɹ δˡʡ 쵮 ءʹܶϡˡرѸ츻ϥɥ֥å١ҡ2025ǯ
Ѹˤ Doric Ȥꥷ Doris ʥɡꥹˤ˴Ťƻ줬롥֥ɡꥹΡɡꥹΡɡꥹפʤɤȤ롥Doric ˤϡȤơΡļ¤ΡʤȤ櫓˥åȥ¤Ρפ⤢롥åȥ¤αѸ줬 Doric ȷƤ뤳ȤΤ˺٤Сä˥åȥAberdeen ʤɤŵŪ Doric Ȥ롥طʤˤϡɤʻ𤬤Τ
#1454. ꥷɡʰ²ˡ ([2013-04-20-1]) ǿ줿褦ˡ奮ꥷθˤ֤ȡ͡ʥꥷϤǡƳƥѤƤƥͤ濴˹Ԥʤ졤ؽѡʸؤôθդȤʤä Attic ˥ꥷΤߤʤ餺إ˥ koiné ȤƹäƤäаޤ롥 Doric ޤऽ¾ϡҲŪˡ̤ˤߤʤ褦ˤʤä
Doric ˽ɤ뤳Ȥˤʤäļ¤פθꥷ˸¤餺ŪѤ褦ˤʤä麣٤ϱѸʸ̮òơȤ櫓֥åȥ¤פθӤӤ褦ˤʤäΤ϶̣
OED Doric (ADJECTIVE & NOUN) ˤȡꥷΥɡꥹؤ̾ˡȤơǤѵȤʤäƤ뤬˻ȤƤΤ롥
1.b. † Speech or writing likened to the Doric dialect of ancient Greek for its apparent simplistic, unrefined, antiquated, or rustic character. Obsolete. 1657-1888
Τ褦ˡŪˤߤʤ̾졦ƻȤƤˡ17Ⱦ鸫뤬줬Ѹʸ̮ǡ֥åȥ¤פؤ褦ˤʤäΤϡ19äƤǤ롥ޤ֥åȥ¤Ρפ̣ƻȤƤˡƤߤ褦
1.c. Of or relating to Scots, a variety of English used in (esp. lowland) Scotland (see Scots n. B.1), esp. when regarded as rural or working-class; (now usually) spec. of or relating to the variety of Scots spoken in the north-east of Scotland, esp. Aberdeenshire. 1809-
1809 Were she to stay much in the country, she would acquire some knowledge of our Doric dialect which (I mean in books) is too much neglected by a fastidious generation. (J. Ramsay, Letter 28 September (1966) 263)
1840 The Scottish dialect of low life as first employed in novels by Sir Walter Scott:..it furnished the benefit of a Doric dialect. (T. De Quincey, Style: No. II in Blackwood's Edinburgh Magazine September 398/1)
1933 She has no difficulty in carrying on a conversation, frequently utilising Doric words and phrases. (Scotsman 14 September 10/6)
1993 The North East Scotland Heritage Trust, formed last year to promote the Doric language and culture, is facing an uncertain financial future. (Scotsman 6 April 5)
2023 Flora Garry, one of the most important Doric writers of the 20th Century. (Press & Journal (Aberdeen) (Nexis) 13 September 7)
ˡ֥åȥ¤פ̣̾ȤƤˡˤĤƤ⡤ʸ褦
1.c. Scots (see Scots n. B.1), esp. when regarded as rural or working-class; (now usually) spec. the variety of Scots spoken in the north-east of Scotland, esp. Aberdeenshire. 1832-
1832 He returned thanks in the Doric of his native hills. (Gentleman's Magazine February 159/1)
1870 'My Lord,' commenced John, in his purest Doric..'I wad hae thocht naething o't.' (E. B. Ramsay, Reminiscences of Scottish Life v. 127)
1872 The good doctor dropped into the broadest Doric. (C. Gibbon, For the King vol. I. iii. 22)
1933 He fell readily into the Doric,..using it pithily and with humour. (N. Shepherd, Pass in Grampians iii. 15 in Grampian Quartet (2001))
1966 As one, who has for years fought for the proper recognition of our North-east dialect, the Doric, I welcomed the gesture of the latest report on the problem. (Aberdeen Evening Express 7 September)
2023 A book written and published in Doric by pupils from an Aberdeenshire school has been nominated for this year's Scots Language Awards. (Aberdeen Evening Express (Nexis) 5 September 3)
ܲ Aberdeen ںߤƤ뤬Doric Ȥܤˤ꼪ˤꤹ뵡ޤˤ롥
Ϣơ#5505. 奮ꥷѡ ([2024-05-23-1])#2752. dialect ȤѸˤĤơ ([2016-11-08-1]) ε⻲ȡ
Socts ϡ֥åȥɱѸפ֥åȥɸפ뤳Ȥ⤢뤬Ȥ⤹Ԥ "Scottish (standard) English" Ȥʤ뤷Ԥ "Scottish Gaelic" Ȥʤ롥Τʤ褦ȼ̾ͿΤȤΤޤڤơ֥åĸפ̵ȤȤˤʤ롥ʣˤؤäƤ뤿ˡ⤽⤳θѼˤߤ˰ۤʤ뤳ȤϡɬΤƤȤϤʤcf. #1719. Scotland ˤѸˡ ([2014-01-10-1])ˡ
Scots Ȥñ줬åȥɤμˤǯʾˤ錄äȼȯŸ뤲ƤѸѼؤΤȤѤ褦ˤʤäΤϡOED ˤ15ΤȤǤ롥Scots (ADJECTIVE & NOUN) ˤ̾ȤƤθȤĤκǽ褦
1. A variety of English used in (esp. lowland) Scotland; the variety of this used in parts of the north of Ireland. Frequently also viewed as a distinct language. 1494-
Scots developed from the early northern Middle English that supplanted a Brittonic language in the south of Scotland, and had by the Stuart era spread throughout the nation and taken the place of Latin as the language of record. During the Plantation of Ulster of the 17th cent. it was introduced by Scottish settlers to the north of Ireland, where it survives as Ulster Scots (Ulster Scots n.). From the mid 16th cent. onwards, Scots has become progressively more anglicized.
1494 The figuris of armes [etc.]..translatit owt of Fraynche in Scottis. (Loutfut Manuscript f. 78, in Dictionary of Older Scottish Tongue at Scottis)
a1522 So me behufyt quhilum..Sum bastard Latyn, French or Inglys oyss Quhar scant was Scottis. (G. Douglas in translation of Virgil, Æneid (1957) i. Prologue 118)
1542 It salbe lefull to all or souirane ladyis lieges to haif þe haly write bait þe new testament and þe auld in þe vulgar toung In Inglis or scottis of ane gude and trew translatioune. (Scottish Acts Mary (1814) vol. II. 415/1)
ƻȤƤˡ16ϤޤäƤ롥
3. Designating a variety of English used in Scotland (see sense B.1), or literary compositions, speeches, etc., written or spoken in it; (of words, idioms, grammar, etc.) characteristic of or belonging to Scots. 1533-
1533 Al quhilk onderstandis the scotis tung. (J. Gau in translation of C. Pedersen, Richt Vay To Reader sig. Aiv)
1573 That Scotland neuer bure, In Scottis leid ane man mair Eloquent. (J. Davidson, Ane Breif Commendatioun of Vprichtnes in Respect of the Surenes of the Same, [etc.] sig. A.ivv
1600 The ministers hes peruertit this text be thair Scottis translation. (J. Hamilton, Facile Traictise in T. G. Law, Catholic Tractates (1901) 227)
Scots ϥȷϤ "Scottish Gaelic" ؼñȤѤƤȤ䤳طʤ뤳Ȥˤդ줿1500ǯˡ Socts λؼоݤȤʤѼ郎ѤäƤȤˤʤ롥
ε#6205. Scots ˤܤ٤ͳ ([2026-04-23-1]) ơ Scots ˤˤĤƤŸƤΤScots ɸŪʻʬ (periodisation) ƤʲϡMcClure (46) Scots ˸ѤĤķǤƤʬǤ롥
| Old English | to 1100 |
| Old Scots | to 1700 |
| Pre-literary Scots | to 1375 |
| Early Scots | to 1450 |
| Middle Scots | 1450--1700 |
| Early Middle Scots | 1450--1550 |
| Late Middle Scots | 1550--1700 |
| Modern Scots | 1700 onwards |
䤿ѸȸƤǤΤϡƤ˴ŤȯŸƤɸѸ (Standard English) ˤۤʤޤ̤žåȥɤäƤѸѼ (Scots or Scottish English) ܤȡˤɸѸΥѥɤȤ٤ˤäƤޤ
ܵǤϡåȥɤ餷餷ƤиΤܤƤ뤳ȤǧĤġʤ Scots ȤˤˤĤΤäƤȤ褤ΤݥȤƤߤȻפޤ
Scots Ȥˤܤ٤1ͳϡScots ɸѸв뤿ζˤʤȤǤScots ϡɤαѸѼСűѸľͳ褹ͣαѸѼǤ٤ɾСScots ӸŪ English ȺǤᤤȤΤǤ䤿ؽɸȤƤѸ줬ߤλѤˤʤäΤϡˤɬǤϤʤη̤ˤޤ㤨СScots Ǥ첻 (gvs) ʬŪˤäƤ餺house űѸβ˶ᤤ [huːs] ȯꡤĹɽΤ <i> 첻źȼֻäƤꤷޤޤ߷ưˤϡο;Τ˸¤餺¤ -is ʤɡScots ʸˡ̤ǤȼѲ뤲ƤƤޤˤۤʤäƤСɸѸ⤢뤤ϤʤäƤ⤷ʤȤλѤ Scots ˸뤳Ȥǡ䤿ɸѸл뤻Фᤫį뤳ȤǤΤǤ
2ˡScots ˤ English ˤ餱餺ܿθ̤ɾʹκǤ롤ȤǤScots θäɽˤϡ8Ⱦ11ΥȴϢťΥɸαƶ13--14ΥåȥΩưȴطοեȤΡָƱסAuld Allianceˤ⤿餷ȼΥեѸ졤15˲ֺ餤ƥȤʸ (aureate diction) ߹ޤƤޤ˸Ťϡȸδפ⤢櫓ǡScots ϤϤˤѸˤʣθ¸ߤȤʤäƤΤǤ
3ˡScots ˤ˭ʸŪޤRobert the Bruce William Wallace Ȥäαͺ˴ؤʪ줫顤Ǥ15--16 Robert Henryson William Dunbar ʤɤΥåȥɤˤ硼ͤƸι̱Ū Burns Scott ˻ޤǡOlder/Modern Scots ǽ줿̤κʤĤäƤޤScots ؤ֤ȤǡΤ褦ʸդΤḷ̌臘ȤǤӤϳ̤ǤScots ͭβŪʶϡñʤãƻĶ̥Ϥ䤿˶Ƥޤ
ˤСScots ˤϥåȥɤȤȤĶˤȤĤʤäƤޤScots-Irish ꥫ̱ˤ˲̤ϡޤǤʤפǤޤܤ˷פΤʤŪкŪƶͿThomas Blake Glover ϤȤ륹åȥɤεȲȤפͤȤطʤˤäŪǥƥƥ̵뤹뤳ȤϤǤޤScots ȤѸѼˤϡȥǥƥƥȸδط뤤ϽդäդۤʤǥȤƤ˵ǽ뤫ȤҲŪ꤬Ž̤ƤȤäƤ褤Ǥ礦
Scots Ȥˤؤ֤Ȥϡñ1ĤɸѸѼ˾ܤʤ뤳ȤǤϤޤϡѸȤ줬̤βǽѥɤ˻פڤܿءϲβȽŪªľǤ⤢ΤǤ
ʾ塤åȥޤܤܤϢơ#1719. Scotland ˤѸˡ ([2014-01-10-1]) ⻲ȡ
419ۿ줿֤Τۤإͥפβϡ#413. ˥åʱѸˤͤޤޡåȤˤˡǤƤȤƤϡkhelfʷѸ˥եˤˤرѸ˿ʹ13ȯԤΤΤ餻Ӥ1̵硹Ū˼夲Ƥ뿷ظűѸ졦Ѹҿӡ١ʸҡ2026ǯΤҲȤʤäƤޤ
ơưǤҲ𤷤رѸ˿ʹ13ϡ¤9֤ȯԤȤʤޤkhelf ΥԽޤǼŪ˴ؤäƺ夲ϺǤ
1̤Ǥϡ2026ǯ2˸Ҥ꿷줿̾ԲϻϲͭˡظűѸ졦Ѹҿӡ٤Ҳ𤷤Ƥޤܤ90ǯʾ˽줿ƤߤˤƤꡤ礭ʲԤʤʤ⡤ܤˤűѸ졦ѸȤ¸ߤǤǶθؽΤ褦ʼοڤϤޤ鼭ʥåˤɤ߲Ȥ¹ȳؼΥ뤬ӤƤޤջӤʤ餵㤤ɼԤˤϤäƿ˱ǤꡤȤǽޤ
2̰ʹߤ⡤γˤեåʵܤǤ
foot ʣʤ feet ˤʤΤȤѤʵؤŪץ
Ӥ鸫դΰ̣
ʡˡءˤؤΥӥ塼ʱѸ츦ԤΥꥢѥҲ
ѸλϤޤϲǯȤ䤤륯Ȥβ
űѸѸȤ츫˥åʬǤäƤ⡤ˤϸαѸ뤿ΥҥȤäۤɵͤޤäƤޤľرѸ˿ʹ13ɤߤ
#413. ˥åʱѸˤͤޤޡåȤˤˡȤɸˤĤƤϡʼظűѸ졦Ѹҿӡ٤䤷ƤΤȤΤ褦ɾƤäƤȤȤʤΤǤºݾϥޡåȤˤʤäƤΤʬޤʹ˴ؤäǮդ䡤ŪǼҤΤϡƲ֥ưåƱѸʬ˴ؿƤɼԤγλٻäƤʬ©ŤƤΤȤϴƤޤؿʤʤ⤤äС˳ڤǹԤФ褤ʡȤĤǡhelפƤ뼡Ǥ
رѸ˿ʹ13˥Ѹˤα˿ƤߤƤơؿ줿ϤظűѸ졦Ѹҿӡ١ʸҡ2026ǯDZѸˤűѸ졦ѸؤƧ߽ФƤйǤ
Բ ϲ ͭظűѸ졦Ѹҿӡ١ҡ2026ǯ
ǯٽι㵭Ǥǯ٤ΤΤˡդäκǿǤɽޤ
ؼԤˤοˡؼԤ´ȤʳΤοˡդƤޤƿδʤɤˤϡƤ仲ʸޤޤƤޤΤǡ˳ؽ³ϰŤ뼰ˤɤäƤäƤ
ѤPDFѰդޤΤǡͳ˱ۤƤƷ빽ǤѸˤγؽΩƤƤ
Ϣưʲε bibliography ε⤴Ȥ
#4557. ֱѸˤؤξԡ10ס ([2021-10-18-1])
#4731. رѸ˿ʹٿǯٹ泰 --- Ѹǽ줿Ѹ˳3Ҳ ([2022-04-10-1])
#4870. ѸξҲ ([2022-08-27-1])
#5237. ȯԤΡֱѸˤˤĤĴ٤ס ([2023-08-29-1])
#6150. ֱѸˤפäƤޤ ([2026-02-27-1])
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ջҡ إ١åѸˡ١ҤĤ˼2007ǯ
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߷ ͧ¿̱²ιꥹ --- 4ĤڤѹˤΤ١ҡ2008ǯ
߷ ͧرѸΥ롼ġ١˼Ҥطʸˡӡ2026ǯ
߷ ͧαѸ줬Ǥޤǡ١˼2016ǯ
߷ ͧ ɹ δˡʡ 쵮 ءʹܶϡˡرѸ츻ϥɥ֥å١ҡ2025ǯ
¼ ˡؿѸ --- ԥį ---١رؽDz2006ǯ
ҡˤɤбѸ줬狼 --- Υޥȿ١ҡ2024ǯ
߷ ⡡رѸˡ١ҡӡ2008ǯ.
߷ˡαѸ --- 5Φ˹¿ͤ Englishes١ӡ2026ǯ
ⶶ ѸرѸˤؤӱѸؤ --- ѸθߤȲá١ҡ2020ǯ
ס ׯҡؿѸ١罤۽Ź1988ǯ
رѸ١ؽDz2005ǯ.
δ졡رѸˤDzۤѸθ --- ǼƱѸؤ֤ˡ١ؽ2011ǯ
δ졡رѸΡ֤ʤפϤƤαѸˡ١ҡ2016ǯ
ۥӥˡ δˡإڥαѸˡ١˼2017ǯ
ϲ ͭԡˡ λҡ ¹̾ ԡˡرѸˡ١罤۽Ź1995ǯ
رѸˤɤι١إ֥å Acta 30ҡ2019ǯ
졡رѸˡ١罤ۡ1983ǯ
αѸˡʱѸˡ
Algeo, John, and Thomas Pyles. The Origins and Development of the English Language. 5th ed. Thomson Wadsworth, 2005.
Baugh, Albert C. and Thomas Cable. A History of the English Language. 6th ed. London: Routledge, 2013.7ǤԤƤޤ
Blake, N. F. A History of the English Language. Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1996.
Bradley, Henry. The Making of English. London: Macmillan, 1955.
Bragg, Melvyn. The Adventure of English. New York: Arcade, 2003.
Brinton, Laurel J. and Leslie K. Arnovick. The English Language: A Linguistic History. Oxford: OUP, 2006.
Bryson, Bill. Mother Tongue: The Story of the English Language. London: Penguin, 1990.
Crystal, David. The Stories of English. London: Penguin, 2005.
Fennell, Barbara A. A History of English: A Sociolinguistic Approach. Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2001.
Gelderen, Elly van. A History of the English Language. Amsterdam, John Benjamins, 2006.
Görlach, Manfred. The Linguistic History of English. Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1997.
Gooden, Philip. The Story of English: How the English Language Conquered the World. London: Quercus, 2009.
Gramley, Stephan. The History of English: An Introduction. Abingdon: Routledge, 2012.
Hogg, R. M. and D. Denison, eds. A History of the English Language. Cambridge: CUP, 2006.
Horobin, Simon. Does Spelling Matter? Oxford: OUP, 2013.
Horobin, Simon. How English Became English: A Short History of a Global Language. Oxford: OUP, 2016.
Jespersen, Otto. Growth and Structure of the English Language. 10th ed. Chicago: U of Chicago, 1982.
Knowles, Gerry. A Cultural History of the English Language. London: Arnold, 1997.
McCrum, Robert, William Cran, and Robert MacNeil. The Story of English. 3rd rev. ed. London: Penguin, 2003.
Mugglestone, Lynda, ed. The Oxford History of English. Oxford: OUP, 2006.
Smith, Jeremy J. An Historical Study of English: Function, Form and Change. London: Routledge, 1996.
Strang, Barbara M. H. A History of English. London: Methuen, 1970.
Svartvik, Jan and Geoffrey Leech. English: One Tongue, Many Voices. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2006.
αѸ˴ϢΥ֥
ջҡֱѸ̡ʴʸˡסhttps://iyeiri.com/569
ʼ δ졡YouTube ʼδѸظإͥס2022ǯ226~https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCth3mYbOZ9WsYgPQa0pxhvw
ֵ (Shota Kikuchi) HPסhttps://sites.google.com/view/shotakikuchi
khelf ʷѸ˥եˡKeio History of the English Language Forum HPסhttps://sites.google.com/view/khelf-hotta
߷ ֡رѸ츻ŵ٤ǤɤѸֻˡס2025ǯ51~https://sites.google.com/keio.jp/s-terasawa/contents/Ѹ츻ŵǤɤѸֻ
إᥤȡַ HelvillianϥѸˡס2024ǯ108~https://note.com/helwa/m/m82eb39986f24
δ졡hellog~Ѹ˥֥ס2009ǯ51~http://user.keio.ac.jp/~rhotta/hellog
δ졡ϢܡѸѸˤλͤס2017ǯ1~12http://www.kenkyusha.co.jp/uploads/history_of_english/series.html
δ졡Voicy ֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio)ס2021ǯ62~https://voicy.jp/channel/1950
δ졡YouTube heltube --- Ѹ˥ͥס2022ǯ73~https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCG4a3V4jvVQ8ebujHeQzN6Q .
ߡA Gateway to Studying HELסhttps://sites.google.com/view/gatewaytohel
ڹ homepageסhttps://yadomi1989.wixsite.com/my-site-1
αѸˡѸؤλͿ
ͺ° ̭ԡˡظʸˡŵ١Ʋ1992ǯ
ջҡ δ졡ʸؤȱѸ˸١ҡ2022ǯ
ж ϺԡˡظѸؼŵ١Ʋ1973ǯ
סԡˡرѸˡ˱ѸءʸʸϿ١ҡ1997ǯ
ʸͺʴƽˡؿѸؼŵ١ҡ1982ǯ
С¾ˡرѸˡ١ ϯƣ ɧԡˡرѸϡ١8--11ˡ罤۽Ź1972--85ǯ
ãڸ ԡˡرѸؿ̾ŵ١ҡ1995ǯ
߷ ˧ͺԡˡرѸ츻ŵ١ҡ1997ǯ
߷ ˧ͺԡˡرѸˡ˱Ѹ --- ʸʸϿ١ҡ1997ǯ
߷ ˧ͺԡˡرѸ켭ŵ١ҡ2002ǯ
߷ ˧ͺ ()رѸǯɽ --- ѸˡѸػˡʸػˡ̻ ---١ҡ1993ǯ
ԡˡ˸ء١īоȸإȯŸԡ3īҽŹ2018ǯ
ϲ ͭӾ ɧ ˮɧԡˡ罤۱Ѹػŵ١罤۽Ź1983ǯ
Bergs, Alexander and Laurel J. Brinton, eds. English Historical Linguistics: An International Handbook. 2 vols. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 2012.
Bergs, Alexander and Laurel J. Brinton, eds. The History of English. 5 vols. Berlin/Boston: Gruyter, 2017.
Biber, Douglas, Stig Johansson, Geoffrey Leech, Susan Conrad, and Edward Finegan, eds. Longman Grammar of Spoken and Written English. Harlow: Pearson Education, 1999.
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Crystal, David. The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Language. Cambridge: CUP, 1995. 2nd ed. 2003. 3rd ed. 2019.
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űѸ be ưˤĤƤϡ#2600. űѸ be ưζޡ ([2016-06-09-1]) Ϥᡤ¿ε夲ƤűѸ be ưΥѥϡ佼ˡ (suppletion) ŵǤꡤ͡ʸ캬˴ŤŪѤƤȤ𤬤롥Ȥ櫓ȤľˡôäƤ eom bēo ȤˡǤɤΤ褦˰ۤʤΤȤʤ롥 (aspect) 㤬ȸ뤳Ȥ¿ Campbell (§768; p. 350--51) εҤɤǤߤ뤳Ȥˤ롥
The distinction of the pres. indic. tenses eom and bēo is fairly well preserved in OE: bēo expresses what is (a) an invariable fact, e.g. ne bið swylċ cwenliċ þeaw 'such is not a queenly custom', or (b) the future, e.g. ne bið þe wilna gad 'you will have no lack of pleasure', or (c) iterative extension into the future, e.g. biþ storma ȝehwylċ aswefed 'every storm is always allayed' (i.e. on all occasions of the flight of the Phoenix, past and to come); eom expresses a present state provided its continuance is not especially regarded, e.g.wlitiġ is se wong 'the plain is beautiful'.
ŪˡȤƤϡeom ϡä˷³ռªƤ븽ߤξ֡פɽ魯ΤФbēo ϡѤλ¡ס̤סȿפɽ魯ʸ̮塤κΤ˽Фʤ⤢뤳ȤϳΤ2Ĥηˡ̤ƤªƤ褤
ۤ̿ˡη֤ˤĤƤ⡤bēon ¾η¤ǹԤʤƤʲ Campbell (§768; p. 51) ̤ꡤˡΰ㤤Ȥκۤª٤ΤȤ
The distinction of the imperatives bēo and wes is one of dialect, not of meaning. Broadly bēo is W-S and Merc., wes (woes, wæs) North.; but while bēo is never North., wes is found in W-S and Merc. . . .
Similarly inf. bēon (bīon, bīan) is W-S and Merc., wosa North.; but Ru.1 has once wesa, Li. once bīan.
The subj. forms bēo and sīe (sēo) are also dialectally distinguished: sīe is eW-S, Kt., VP, North., bēo is Ru.1 But already in eW-S bēo appears, and in lW-S it is the prevailing form (it does not appear, however, in KG). In North, it only appears in Li. (twice).
Campbell, A. Old English Grammar. Oxford: OUP, 1959.

*
414罤۽ŹرѸ춵5ȯ䤵ޤǯ١ƱˤơƱνʼʷضˤȤȤˡϢܴ֤Τۤإͥ PRESENTS ѸҲءѸˤλפϤƤޤϢ2Ȥʤꡤ夵ᥤȤʤּҲؤ3Ĥ⡧ͤϤȤС֤ǡײƤΤפꤷơҲؤȤʤʸϤƤޤǸˡ⾯ȤƤޤ
41ˤϡȥȤơ֤Τ̷ۤǤϤޤ椫ϸߤ˥ᥤ饤̳Ǥϰ夵ּҲء (sociolinguistics) Υå䤫ڤФƤꡤϻ䤬ֱѸˡפδɮôߤ˿ԤΥȤ礦Ȥޤ YouTube ͥζ̤˺Ƹ褦ʹˤʤäƤޤ
ΰ夵εϡ3ĤפȤڤǤҲؤȤΰʻήβˤС (1) Ѱۡ(2) ʹִط(3) Ȥ3ƤޤͤϤȤС֤פɤȤȤưŪʵҤˤȤɤޤ餺ˤ̤ꡤͤϤȤС֤ǡײƤΤȤǽưŪѶŪ¦̤ĴƤΤ¤˰夵餷ʤȴޤ
Ȥ櫓1ǤѰۡ (variation) ϡѲ˸ؤѸˤȶˤƿ⤤ΰǤŪ˸СΡѰۡפѤ߽Ťʤꡤ䤬ơѲפؤȷӤĤƤǤˤĤƤϸȻߤޤʤʤΤǤܻ˼äƤФȻפޤ
¤СϢܤ YouTube Ρ֤ΤۤإͥפƱ͡ƥ12ʬηײǤ᤹ʤ褦ˤƤޤޤʹۤϤޤɼԤγȿ䡤νǤʤ顤٥ե쥭֥˥ơޤǤȤ饤ִڤˤ륹ȤäƤޤ夵褿ʤСϻϤ֤ġĤȤ饯Ϣܤ̣ȸȻפޤ6Ǥϻ䤬̳֤Ǥΰ夵Ρ3Ĥפ˿ȯơαѸǤѥǥȤƽƤߤ褦ȻפäƤޤҲؤȱѸˤɤΤ褦˸礦Τޤȯ5ˤơ夵ˤҲؤڤǽƤ
Ϣܤ˴Ϣơheldio Ǥ#1783. رѸ춵٤Ρ֤ΤۤϢܡ2ơȤƤäƤޤ碌ƤİС
ʼ δ졡֤Τۤإͥ PRESENTS ѸҲءѸˤλ2Ҳؤ3Ĥ⡧ͤϤȤС֤ǡײƤΤסرѸ춵2026ǯ5桤罤۽Ź2019ǯ41444--45ǡ

ǯ٤Ϥޤޤǯ٤ֱѸˤδ֤ˡƤưhel (helkatsu) ŪŸƤޤޤhellog ɼԤγͤ⡤Ҥ줾θhelʤƤйǤ
ǯ˰³ǯ٤λhel1ĤȤʤΤī㡼ɶǤΥ饤ֺ¤ǤΤΥȥϺǯΤΤѾ˾äȤԻĤʱñפΤޤޤǤʤȤ⤳νմˤĤƤϡָ츻õäƸűѸ졦Ѹ츶ʸءפȤźơ˥Ȥޤ
ǯ٤ϡ1Ĥñ겼뤳ȤDZѸˤΥѥΥޤŸ˾ȤǤ⤽ϼѤĤġˡָʸ̣ɡפȤղòͤäȹͤƤޤŪˤϡ225˸Ҥ괩Ԥ줿ŪԲϻϲͭˡظűѸ졦Ѹҿӡ١ʸҡ2026ǯͥƥȤȤƳѤޤ
մθΰʸϰʲ̤Ǥ
֤ʤαñϡʰ̣ȤΤסϡѸγˤޤմϡűѸ졦ѸûʸȤơñԻĤˤõޤ̾̾ʸǫɤ߲ǡѸˤؤȽIJ˹Ƥޤʸ˹ѸˤʪȤƳڤֺ¤ǤԲϻϲͭظűѸ졦Ѹҿӡ١ʸҡ2026ǯˤͥƥȤȤ鸶ʸ̣ɤޤ
ֺܹ¤κħϡñʤ츻ˤȤɤޤ餺θ줬ºݤ˲ʸǤɤΤ褦©ŤƤΤºݤΥƥȤ̤θƤˤޤޤ̤رѸ츻ŵ٤رѸ츻ϥɥ֥å٤ˤ˻Ȥʤ顤츻οʥäƤޤ
մ1 15:30--17:00 ˳֤ޤ饤ιֵǤΤǡɤǤ⤴äޤ2֤θƨۿ⤴ޤͽꤵƤ饤ʥåפϰʲ̤Ǥ
1. 425ڡˡknight õäѸ츶ʸ
2. 523ڡˡagain õäѸ츶ʸ
3. 627ڡˡghost õäƸűѸ츶ʸ
1ָ˳֤1ϡƻǤʤߤ knight 夲ޤϡ־ǯפֽԡפ̣Ƥθ줬ˤƹʿʬؤ褦ˤʤäΤѸθʸ˿ʤ餽ΰ̣Ѳéޤ
2ϡ again Ǥůʤ褦˸뤳θˤϡֻȤƤˡˤȤɤޤ餺¿꤬ƤޤѸΥƥȤǤϤɤΤ褦֤졤ѤƤΤǤ礦
3ϡǤϡͩפؤ ghost ǤűѸˤϡפֺפ̣ƤθγĴ⤤ʸȤȤ̣襤ޤ礦
űѸѸθʸʹȡʹ뤫⤷ޤ̵ۤѤǤֱѸˤʪפڤिκȤơ䤬ʥӥȤޤֺ¤ξܺ٤Ȥߤϡīθڡ
ܥγ֤˸ơVoicy heldio ǤƤޤ#1778. 425ڡˡظ٤ˤ뿷ǯ٤ī륷Ϥޤޤİǯ١ͤȰˡʸȤȤ˱ѸˤοƤȤڤߤˤƤޤ
Բ ϲ ͭظűѸ졦Ѹҿӡ١ҡ2026ǯ
߷ ˧ͺԽ紴ˡرѸ츻ŵٿǡҡ2024ǯ
߷ ͧ ɹ δˡʡ 쵮 ءʹܶϡˡرѸ츻ϥɥ֥å١ҡ2025ǯ

khelfʷѸ˥եˤΥСǤꡤѸֻˤȤ߷顤ʤȤФƶä٤˥塼Ϥޤ
ǯ51餴ȤΥ֥ȤǸƤϢܴ֡رѸ츻ŵ٤ǤɤѸֻˡĤ˥ե٥åȤκǽʸǤ A ιܤ٤ɤ߽̤ȤΤȤǤޤϻ߷A ΥץȡǤȤޤ
δ褬ɤۤɴ̵ͭšʡˤʤΤǤ뤫ϡ hellog ΥȡˤǤ⼨Ƥޤ䤬αѸ츻ŵפȸƿ䤷˿䤷ƤرѸ츻ŵ (kdee) 1ڡܤɤ褦ȻߡֻŪ˶̣ȥԥå夲Ʋ⤹Ȥޤ˶ԤȤ⤤Ǥ
ͽǤ3ǯۤɤɤܻؤƤȤΤȤǤƤߤ A 1ǯפȤ¤ˡμŵαȡ߷γصŪʼǰħƤޤȤ415դ note 1ǯơرѸ츻ŵ٤AǻϤޤɤƤߤǤƻΤ֤äƤޤA 307 εѤ߾夲ƤȤΤϡ˶äǤ
䤫߷ǿ note ˴ȤǤⶦͭȻפޤ
1ǯä A ΥץȡǤȤޤhelοʿۤ줿Ȥ˴Ǥ⡤ĤҤȤĤ꤬⤷Ǥ͡ɽֻפˤ⡤ĤܤƤޤ˥뤴Ȥ͡ʤڤߤǤ줫ΥȥԥåڤߤˤƤޤ
߷β̥Ϥϡñʤ뼭ŵˤȤɤޤ餺ȤȤƤλäˤ褯Ƥ륹ڥѤˤޤ¬뤫餳ĤҤȤĤε˽ŤߤФΤȻפޤ
hellog ɼԤγˤϡҤεͭϢܤɤƤФȻפޤ٤⤤ǤɤिӤ˿ȯϤǤ߷Ϣܥ RSS եƤФȻפޤޤ߷ note 碌ƥå
رѸ츻ŵɤȤСheldio/helwa ΥꥹʡǤ lacolaco ˤ ֱѸ츻ŵɥΡȡ ܤǤŪֻˤò߷ȡŪʤ⤷ɵ᤹ lacolaco Τ2ͤζˤäơߡرѸ츻ŵ٤ᤰhelϡĤƤʤ夬Ƥޤ2̲ͤȤơ#1718. رѸ츻ŵ٤ɤƤ뤢2ͤ --- helwa ǯ⡤ҤİѸθ礭ѤȻפޤ
ŵϡְפΤǤϤʤɤפΤȤʸۤɺդƤ륳ߥ˥ƥȻפޤǸθҤ⡤äդαʤԽǴǤäƤΤǤϤʤǤ礦
khelf helwa ̤helؤɤɤäƤޤɼԤγ⡤Ҥγư礷ꡤ뤤ϼ黲äꤷơѸˤȤ夲Ƥޤ礦
߷ϡ B ΰƤޤ͡B ν308. B, b ʸǤޤǡǤ줫ڤߤǤ
ʲϢ뵭碌Ƥɤߤ
߷ note helwaϤޤˡֱѸˤءפä~helwaղ~2025ǯ518
߷ note 1ǯơرѸ츻ŵ٤AǻϤޤɤƤߤ2026ǯ415
hellog #5861. khelf ߷֡رѸ츻ŵ٤ǤɤѸֻˡץϤƤޤ ([2025-05-14-1])
hellog #6034. khelf ߷Ρ֡رѸ츻ŵ٤ǤɤѸֻˡפϤȾǯ ([2025-11-03-1])
߷ ˧ͺԽ紴ˡرѸ츻ŵٿǡҡ2024ǯ
줿֤ΤۤإͥפưǤϡ#411. ܤǥԥѸ줬äƤΤϤꤷơαѸ˾ƤϢϡhellog ȤƤ#2559. αѸ ([2016-04-29-1])#2596. ־ȤСפ ([2016-06-05-1])#3353. ִ50ǯ ([2018-07-02-1]) Ǽ夲ƤΤǡ⻲Ȥ줿
ưǾҲ𤷤ܤǤϡαѸˤĤƤθڤϷڤʤƤΤߤहǤޤΤƤʤѸѼ (lesser-know_varieties) ¿Ҳ𤵤Ƥ롥ܼΤޤޤѼΰȤʤäƤΤǡƤ
1. Introduction
Part I: The British Isles
2. Orkney and Shetland
3. Channel Island English
Part II: The Americas and the Caribbean
4. Canadian Maritime English
5. Newfoundland and Labrador English
6. Honduras/Bay Islands English
7. Euro-Caribbean English varieties
8. Bahamian English
9. Dominican Kokoy
10. Anglo-Argentine English
Part III: The South Atlantic Ocean
11. Falkland Islands English
12. St Helenian English
13. Tristan da Cunha English
Part IV: Africa
14. L1 Rhodesian English
15. White Kenyan English
Part V: Australasia and the Pacific
16. Eurasian Singapore English
17. Peranakan English in Singapore
18. Norfolk Island and Pitcairn varieties
ѸǤȤϤѼ˸¤äƤΤƤʤΤ¿뤳Ȥ狼

Schreier, Daniel, Peter Trudgill, Edgar W. Schneider, and Jeffrey P. Williams, eds. The Lesser-Known Varieties of English: An Introduction. Cambridge: CUP, 2010.

#6188. heldio 2026ǯ1ȾΥ٥Ȳꥹʡɼ --- 412ޤǥץ ([2026-04-06-1]) Ǥ⤷Ȥꡤ2026ǯ1Ⱦ1--3ˤˤ Voicy heldio Υ٥ۿꥹʡɼ»ܤޤ412äڤ餻ƤޤǯٽΤ¿˻ʻˤ⤫餺¿Υꥹʡγ˲1ɼʺ10ɼˤꤸƤޤϤ꤬Ȥޤ
ɼޤȤޤޤΤǡ𤤤ޤ heldio Ǥ #1781. heldio 2026ǯ1ȾΥꥹʡɼηȯɽȤƲDz⤷ƤޤΤǡ碌Ƥİ
ΥϡľˤȡؤäޤǤޤȤС֡ظűѸ졦ѸٺפפǤζʽȤ礭ʥ˥塼ꥹʡγγؽߤȸ˥̤ȸäƤ褤Ǥ礦ʲ˾̡ɼΨ19%ʾˤۿǺܤޤ
ڡ1̡44%ˡ
#1755. ظűѸ졦Ѹ٤űѸ Early Britain 1ɤ (1)
ڡ2̡37%ˡ
#1751. ظűѸ졦Ѹ٤űѸ Early Britain 1ɤ
ڡ3̡33%ˡ
#1758. ظűѸ졦Ѹ٤űѸ Early Britain 1ɤ (2)
ڡ4̡30%ˡ
#1710. ظűѸ졦Ѹٻɤʬβ⥷ (1) --- űѸ첻
#1761. ظűѸ졦Ѹ٤űѸ Early Britain 1ɤ (3)
#1764. ظűѸ졦Ѹ٤űѸ Early Britain 1ɤ (4)
ڡ7̡26%ˡ
#1716. ظűѸ졦Ѹٻɤʬβ⥷ (3) --- űѸλҲʸԡˡ
#1720. رѸΥ롼ġʸ˲ǰ --- ߷ͧȤ from KKH
ڡ9̡22%ˡ
#1677. 2026ǯѸˤޤ
#1685. ɽʸɽʸɽʸ
#1713. ظűѸ졦Ѹٻɤʬβ⥷ (2) --- űѸλҲԡˡ
#1723. ظűѸ졦ѸٿˤϥإᥤȤΥɥޤä
#1742. ۵ --- teach/taught ˴ؤŷŪŦᤰäơ
ڡ14̡19%ˡ
#1705. khelf ߷Ȥ --- ֡رѸ츻ŵ٤ǤɤѸֻˡ200ǰ
#1706. ζʽظűѸ졦Ѹ١ʸҡˤ
#1717. ŷ̤ͥΡرѸ츻ϥɥ֥å١ؤϤƤαѸˡټ¶Ѥ⤷
#1722. ظűѸ졦Ѹٻɤʬβ⥷ (4) --- űѸζ
#174. ten -teen6
#1750. 夵ΡֱѸΤʤ5ʬǡפäƤޤ̿ --- 28ơ
2026ǯ1Ⱦη̤֤ޤȡʤȤäƤΩĤΤϡ225˸Ҥ꿷줿ظűѸ졦Ѹ٤˴ϢβǤɥפɮƬˡ٥10Ⱦʬʾ夬Ūʶʽ˴ϢƤǤǸűѸɤȤֹ״ǤϤޤꥹʡγ̤ҼǮ˿餤ĤƤäȤޤäˡ¦ˤɥޤä#1723. ظűѸ졦ѸٿˤϥإᥤȤΥɥޤä䡤̾ϥ˥åȻפ褦ʸűѸ첻ȻҲơ⤷⤤ٻƤꡤñʤμνˤȤɤޤʤhelפɾƤΤȤơ餻Ƥޤ
̲˭Ǥ7̤ˤ߷ͧȤε#1720. رѸΥ롼ġʸ˲ǰ --- ߷ͧȤ from KKHʤʤǤϤΡʡ˥åʷϵǤαѸ˥ȡμ˿Ϥ褯ΤǤСؤǤޤ9̤#1742. ۵ --- teach/taught ˴ؤŷŪŦᤰäơϡαԤѻ˻ϤޤѸˤοʥؤϢʤ롤說說λߤޤʤ̲Ȥɾޤ
khelfʷѸ˥ե˥СƤꡤ#1705. khelf ߷Ȥ --- ֡رѸ츻ŵ٤ǤɤѸֻˡ200ǰ̤ޤޤ#1717. ŷ̤ͥΡرѸ츻ϥɥ֥å١ؤϤƤαѸˡټ¶Ѥ⤷ܤᡤѸˤǮϤ˹äƤ뤳Ȥޤ
Ⱦ볫äö#1677. 2026ǯѸˤޤ⡤ٻޤ̤ꡤ3֤Ϥޤν֡뤤Ͻ֤Ǥä褦˻פޤűѸɤ¿Υꥹʡĩ路ϤȤϡhelˤ礭ʰ̣ĤȤˤʤꤽǤѡʥƥȤƤϴդޤ
ǸˡΥꥹʡɼ˴ؤ롤ꥹʡ ykagata note Ҳ𤷤ޤɼ֤κǽ412֡heldio 2026ǯ1ȾΥ٥Ȳꥹʡɼפɼꤹ뵭ޤѡʥƥȤƤؤͤˤʤꡤĴǤ꤬Ȥޤ
2026ǯ4ʬ1ޤΥꥹʡɼη̤褯褯ʬϤ2Ⱦ⡤ꥹʡγȤȤ͡ʱѸˤηʿįƤФȻפäƤޤ³ heldio ꤤޤ
Բ ϲ ͭظűѸ졦Ѹҿӡ١ҡ2026ǯ
߷ ͧرѸΥ롼ġ١˼Ҥطʸˡӡ2026ǯ
ѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable 6ǤαʸVoicy heldio ȤǥѤơĶɤƤǤ
ī heldio ˤơ10ˤϤ³Ԥۿޤ#1780. ѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤ (63-4) with Taku --- helwa 齻ղǤɤߤƤ hellog ϡβۿϢưȤʤäƤޤ
⡤إᥤȤ Taku ʳءˤɲɤƤޤĤ⤢꤬Ȥޤפ֤ˡ̤ǤΥ饤դɽȤʤäƤޤΤǡڤİ뤫ȻפޤΥ˾äĹϿ뤳ȤˤʤäΤǡheldio ǤȾȾ2ʬƤϤƤޤϸȾȤʤޤ
оݤαʸǺܤޤ礦Baugh and Cable, p. 83) B&C 633ʸΤߤǤäɤƤޤ
So few were there that I cannot remember a single one south of the Thames when I came to the kingship." A century later, Ælfric, abbot of Eynsham, echoed the same sentiment when he said, "Until Dunstan and Athelwold revived learning in the monastic life no English priest could either write a letter in Latin, or understand one." It is hardly likely, therefore, that many Latin words were added to the English language during these years when religion and learning were both at such a low ebb.
űѸ츶ʸθѤꡤɤߤˤսǤ˹ߤʸȤ߹ޤƤ뤫ɤˤạ̈廊սȤʤޤޤĶɤΤˤظˤ븶ʸʺξˤϸűѸ츶ʸˤռ뤳ȤڤⴶȻפޤ⤿ؤ¤ΤɽȤʤޤ
B&CɽβˤĤƤϡ٤ƥ饢Ǥޤ#5291. heldio ΡֱѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤץĴ˿ʤǤޤ ([2023-10-22-1]) С

Baugh, Albert C. and Thomas Cable. A History of the English Language. 6th ed. London: Routledge, 2013.
328ڡˤˡǯ٤ī㡼Υֺ˾äȤԻĤʱñǽȤʤ12ߴȤƤ3ˤ֤ޤ2025ǯ٤Υñϡbe ưǤΤñǤ͡
be ưϡޤ˰۾ʱñǤʤ am, is, are, was, were, be, being, been ƱưʤΤʸˡ̣ҲϤΤܤ٤Ķٸ1̤ the ˼2̡ˤˤơѸˤԻĤȤ⤷Ž̤줿ñǤ90ʬιֵǤϰƤ꤭ʤۤɤǤ
ƤĤ̤ markmap ˤޥɥޥåײޤѤˤȤС

ޤǡ2025ǯ٤Υ111ˤĤƤʲ̤ޥɥޥåפƤޤ2025ǯ٤ΥޥɥޥåפǤΤޤȤϤǴȤʤޤä꤬͡Ȥޤ
#5857. 2025ǯ٤ī륷ֺ¤1she --- 츻䤨ʤ̾פޥɥޥåײƤߤޤ ([2025-05-10-1])
#5887. 2025ǯ٤ī륷ֺ¤2through --- ޤ¿ֻͤĸפޥɥޥåײƤߤޤ ([2025-06-09-1])
#5915. 2025ǯ٤ī륷ֺ¤3autumn --- ³ƤפޥɥޥåײƤߤޤ ([2025-07-07-1])
#5949. 2025ǯ٤ī륷ֺ¤4but --- Ĥ¿³פޥɥޥåײƤߤޤ ([2025-08-10-1])
#5977. 2025ǯ٤ī륷ֺ¤5guy --- ̾饫եʰ̣Ѳ뤲פޥɥޥåײƤߤޤ ([2025-09-07-1])
#6013. 2025ǯ٤ī륷ֺ¤6English --- ƤñɤޤǤꤹפޥɥޥåײƤߤޤ ([2025-10-01-1])
#6041. 2025ǯ٤ī륷ֺ¤7I --- 1;ñ̾ᤰʪפޥɥޥåײƤߤޤ ([2025-11-10-1])
#6076. 2025ǯ٤ī륷ֺ¤8take --- ⤿餷ĶܸפޥɥޥåײƤߤޤ ([2025-12-15-1])
#6076. 2025ǯ٤ī륷ֺ¤8take --- ⤿餷ĶܸפޥɥޥåײƤߤޤ ([2025-12-15-1])
#6098. 2025ǯ٤ī륷ֺ¤9one --- ñʤ͡ˡعäפޥɥޥåײƤߤޤ ([2026-01-06-1])
#6139. 2025ǯ٤ī륷ֺ¤10very --- ʪפ纮ζոءפޥɥޥåײƤߤޤ ([2026-02-16-1])
#6167. 2025ǯ٤ī륷ֺ¤11that --- ؼ줫¿ǽؤפޥɥޥåײƤߤޤ ([2026-03-16-1])
2025ǯ٤ΥϰʾǽλǤ2026ǯ٤īǤαѸ˹ֺ¤Ϸ³ƤޤʤȤǯ٤Ⱦϥ饤ֺ¤Ȥ³ĤνմΥơޤϺǯ٤Ρ˾äȤԻĤʱñפѤޤޤ̤ꡤܤ٤1ñӡϤޤ륹礭ʱѸˤƤޤʻߤȤơظűѸ졦ѸҿӡȤűѸѸ줫ûʸɤ߲ʤ顤ñΥʥäƤȹͤƤޤմ3Υ饤ʥåפϰʲ̤Ǥ
1. 425ڡ15:30--17:00"knight" õäѸ츶ʸ
2. 523ڡ15:30--17:00"again" õäѸ츶ʸ
3. 627ڡ15:30--17:00"ghost" õäƸűѸ츶ʸ
ܺ٤䤪ߤθڡɤǯ٤īֺ¤ꤤޤ

46ʷˡkhelfʷѸ˥եˤˤرѸ˿ʹ٥κǿȤʤ13椬־Ǹޤ椫9֤ȤʤǿǤPDFǼͳ˱ɤޤ
ǯ٤γϤȤȤϤ줿κǿƤ줿ɮءԽؤ khelf Сˤϡ鴶դޤ
ɤ߱Τ4̹Ǥ̤Υϥ饤ȤҲ𤷤Ƥޤ礦
1̤ϡhellog Ǥ䤷˿䤷ƤԲϻϲͭˤ̾ظűѸ졦ѸҿӡҲ𤹤봬ƬǤ¤Ρ֥䥸ߡפĤĤ⡤λԤʻͽȤϰ褹餫ʸسؽΤƤǤ⤢ޤʸˡδݰŵΤǤϤʤޤϳάĤǤƥȤӹȤϡűѸ졦ѸؤӻϤ褦ȤɼԤˤȤäơ϶ȤʤϤǤ
2̤ǤϡȶԵ§Ѳ̾ foot --- feet ޤʤ촴첻ѲΤطʤˤϡޥĸˤޤ̤ i-mutation Ȥ§ŪʲѲǤޤ츫ȡԵ§פ˻פ븽ݤŪɳФơֵ§ŪפǤäȤ狼ȤѸˤ̣̣廊뵭ǤƱ̤Τ⤦1ĤεӤ夲ƤꡤԤΰտޤĬήӤˤɤȿǤ뤫ͻƤޤ
3̤ϡΥӥ塼ʡֱѸ˥饦פǤϡˡؤʡˡkhelf СäǤäƤޤػβդȤνв顤֥åؤޥؤǤκ߳ΥԥɡƽѸˤʸˡ˸θ˻ޤǤߤܤƤޤѸ˸ԤɤΤ褦ռäƱѸȸäƤΤΤ뵮ŤʵȤʤޤܥӥ塼ˤĤƤ⤢ޤΤǡ餫⤪ɤߤˤʤޤ
4̤ˤϡѸˤλϤޤ䤦βȲεǺܤƤޤǤΤǤǤϾܺ٤ϽҤ٤ޤѸ˾νפǯ夬ʣƤꡤ줾˾ħҲ𤵤Ƥޤ
⡤khelf СΡֱѸˤ̥ϤפȤǮդ˴ž夬ȤʤäƤޤդοι֤ˡҤäȻ̤äƤߤƤ
ǸˤʤޤعؤμǡرѸ˿ʹ٤ѤϡѼİΤᡤΥեꤴޤȹǤֱѸˤδ֤ˡפդȤ䤿 khelf γưhelˤؤߤȤʤޤΤǡꤤפޤ
رѸ˿ʹ٤ΥХåʥС khelf ΥڡˤƸƤޤ1椫12ޤǡ碌Ƥڤߤ
رѸ˿ʹ1ϴ2022ǯ41
رѸ˿ʹٹ泰12022ǯ410
رѸ˿ʹ22022ǯ711
رѸ˿ʹٹ泰22022ǯ718
رѸ˿ʹ32022ǯ103
رѸ˿ʹ42023ǯ111
رѸ˿ʹ52023ǯ410
رѸ˿ʹ62023ǯ814
رѸ˿ʹ72023ǯ1030
رѸ˿ʹ82024ǯ34
رѸ˿ʹ92024ǯ512
رѸ˿ʹ102024ǯ98
رѸ˿ʹٹ泰32024ǯ98
رѸ˿ʹ112024ǯ1230
رѸ˿ʹ122025ǯ77
Ϣ /l/ ˤĤˤƤ롥RP Ǥ /l/ ΰ۲1ġְŤ [ɫ]פϡѸ˾塤Ԥ첻ФƼ˼ŪʱƶͿ³ƤޤΤ褦첻˱ƶͿˡ [ɫ] 첻ƾäƤȤʤäˤϸ RP Estuary English Ǥ¿쾯ʤƤǤ⤢롥Cruttenden (203) ꡤŤ [ɫ] 첻ؤαƶȡ켫Ȥ첻üˤĤƤβսѤ롥
The velarization of [ɫ] often has the effect of retracting and lowering slightly the articulation of a preceding front vowel, e.g. feel, fill, fell, canal; in the case of /iː/+[ɫ], a central glide between the vowel and [ɫ] is often noticeable, and the [ɪ] element of [eɪ, aɪ, ɔɪ] tends to be obscured, e.g. in pail, pile, oil. /uː/ before [ɫ] tends to be more monophthongal and nearer to C[u].
Variations in the quality of the back vowel resonance associated with [ɫ] are, however, to be found among RP
Ϣϡ#2027. ɤdzȤ miuk ȯ ([2014-11-14-1]) Ǥ줿ޤ#3947. Ҳˤ l æ ([2020-02-16-1]) Ȥ碌ơl ϼϤβˤƶͿ뤷ʬȤü䤹ȤħǡѸ˾βѲΥץ졼䡼ȤäƤ褤ΤǤ롥
Cruttenden, Alan. Gimson's Pronunciation of English. 6th ed. New York: OUP, 2001.
ε#6191. 뤤 l ȰŤ l ([2026-04-09-1]) ˰³¦ /l/ ˴ؤꡥѸˤˤ /l/ Υ롼ġ뤤ϼʥˤĤơCruttenden (204) Ѥ롥
Chief sources---PresE /l/ derives from OE [l,ll] (land, climb, all, tell, apple), from OE [hl], [xl] or [l̥] (loaf, ladder)---since OE front vowels tended to be diphthongized before /l/, it seems likely that /l/ in such a position was velarized in OE as it is today; from OF [l] (lamp, close, colour, veal, able). In many cases pre-consonantal [ɫ], especially after back or open vowels, was vocalized to [ʊ] (walk, talk, half, folk) in the early fifteenth century, such a pronunciation being commonly shown by the seventeenth-century grammarians; but in some cases (halt, salt, malt), it has been retained; in others, an /l/ has been re-introduced in spelling and pronunciation (fault, falcon, emerald, soldier, realm) or merely in the spelling (calm, palm, balm). The loss of /l/ in could, should, would occurred in eModE.
űѸˡʤȤ⤢ĶǤϰŤ [ɫ] ԤʤƤŪڵȤȤ뤤 [l] ˤĤƤϤɤʤΤŤ RP Τ褦ʬۤǡ뤤 [l] ¸ƤΤ뤤ϱѸˤ椫餢Ѽˤ۲ȤʬۤϤΤե /l/ Ū뤤 [l] Ǥ뤳Ȥͤ碌ȡݥ饤ȤĴȤƤ뤤 [l] ѸƳ줿ȤȤϹͤʤΤ/l/ ĴҤȤĤȤäƤߤƤ⡤⤷ѸˤǤ
Cruttenden, Alan. Gimson's Pronunciation of English. 6th ed. New York: OUP, 2001.
RP (= Received Pronunciation) Ǥϡ¦ /l/ ˡ뤤 [l] (clear [l]) ȡְŤ [ɫ] (dark [ɫ]) ̤롥뤤 [l] ϡ̤Ÿ˻夲Ĵǡ첻βȤʤ롥Ť [ɫ] ϸ̤˻夲Ĵǡ첻βȤʤ롥
줾줬ʬۤΤǤ롥첻뤤 /j/ ֤Ǥ뤤 [l] ¸졤ʳΤ٤Ƥΰ֤ǤϰŤ [ɫ]¸롥ʲĤΰ۲ñȤȤ˵Ƥߤ롥
뤤 [l]: leave, let, lock; blow, glad, splice; silly, yellow, alloy; medley, ugly, nobly; feel it, fall out, all over ʺǸΤ褦˸춭ˤ뤤 [l]
̵θ֤Ǥ̵뤤 [l] : play, please, plant, apply, aplomb, clean, close, climb
̵̵θ֤뤤̵θ֤ǤʬŪ̵뤤 [l] : placebo, aptly, butler, antler, ghastly; sloppy, slow, slink, fling, flow, earthly
Ť [ɫ]: feel, fill, fell, help, bulb, salt; alpine, elbow, halter
粻Ū [ɫ̩]: table, middle, cudgel, camel, final
̵Ҳθ֤ǤʬŪ̵粻Ū [ɫ̩] : apple, little, satchel, awful
ڤܤ /l/ ˤĤƤϡξζ̩ˤʤäƤ뤬뤤 [l] ȰŤ [ɫ] κǾФüԤȤΤ褦üԤˤƤϡǤζڤ˱ coupling [ˈkʌplɪŋ] (connecting device) coupling [ˈkʌpɫɪŋ] (joining) ̤Ȥ
뤤 [l] ȰŤ [ɫ] RP Ǥ̤뤬ʳѼǤ϶̤ʤȤ¿㤨С̥ꥫѸ졤ɸॹåȥɱѸ졤ȥꥢѸ졤˥塼ɱѸ졤Ѹ졤̥륺ѸǤϡ٤Ƥΰ֤ǰŤ [ɫ] 롥ɱѸ졤ɽѸ졤륺Ѹ졤Tyneside Ǥϡ٤Ƥΰ֤뤤 [l] 롥
ʾ塤Cruttenden (200--05) ˰͵ƼɮϢơ#1817. Ѹ /l/ /r/ (2) ([2014-04-18-1]) ⻲Ȥ줿
Cruttenden, Alan. Gimson's Pronunciation of English. 6th ed. New York: OUP, 2001.
#1834. ʸǯɽ ([2014-05-05-1])#2399. ݷʸǯɽ ([2015-11-21-1])#2414. ʸǯɽʥӥǡˡ ([2015-12-06-1]) ³⤦1ľܤʸǯɽȤ Powell (xvii--xx) ΤΤǺܤ
| 9000 BC | |
| Widespread use of geometric tokens throughout Near East, c.8500 BC | |
| Appearance of complex tokens, c.4500--3400 BC | |
| 4000 BC | |
| Round clay bullae that enclose tokens, impressed with cylinder seals, c.3500--3400 BC | |
| Protocuneiform numerical flat clay tablets, sealed or unsealed, with impressions of three-dimensional tokens or imitations of token shapes by means of a stylus, c.3400--3300 BC; first logograms with numbers c.3300 BC | |
| ProtoElamite writing, c.3300(?)--3000 BC | |
| Egyptian hieroglyphic writing, Pharaonic civilization emerges, c.3250 BC | |
| 3000 BC | EARLY BRONZE AGE |
| Tokens disappear, c.3000 BC | |
| Sumerian cities flourish in Mesopotamia, c.2800--2340 BC | |
| Texts in Sumerian cuneiform that reflect order of words in speech; similar development in Egypt, c.2800--2400 BC | |
| Minoan civilization flourishes in Crete, c.2500--1450 BC | |
| Akkadian Empire in Mesopotamia, c.2334--2220 BC; Akkadian cuneiform | |
| Linear Elamite writing, c.2150 BC | |
| Third Dynasty of Ur, c.2120--2000 BC | |
| Cretan hieroglyphs, c.2100 BC--c.1700 BC | |
| 2000 BC | MIDDLE BRONZE AGE |
| Arrival of Indo-European Greeks in Balkan Peninsula, c.2000 BC | |
| Babylon's ascendance under Hammurabi, c.1810--1750 BC; Old Babylonian cuneiform | |
| Old Assyrian cuneiform, c.1800 BC | |
| Cretan Linear A, c.1800 BC--1450 BC | |
| 1600 BC | LATE BRONZE AGE |
| Hittite Empire rules in Anatolia, c.1600--1200 BC; Hittite cuneiform; Luvian Hieroglyphs | |
| 1500 BC | West Semitic syllabic writing invented, c.1500(?) BC |
| Destruction of Cretan palaces, c.1450 BC | |
| Destruction of the rebuilt Cnossus, c.1375 BC | |
| Amarna tablets in Middle Babylonian cuneiform, c.1350 BC | |
| Trojan War occurs, c.1250(?) BC | |
| Chinese script first attested in the Shang Dynasty on oracle bones, c.1200 BC | |
| 1100 BC | IRON AGE begins with destruction of Mycenaean cities in Greece and other sites in the Levant |
| Earliest Mesoamerican "writing," from Olmec territory, c.1140--400 BC | |
| 1000 BC | Greek colonies are settled in Asia Minor, c.1000 BC |
| NeoAssyrian cuneiform, c.1000--600 BC | |
| NeoBabylonian cuneiform, c.1000--500 BC | |
| 900 BC | NeoHittite cities flourish in northern Syria, c.900-700 BC |
| Earliest "Isthmian" writing, c.900 BC (?) | |
| 800 BC | GREEK ARCHAIC PERIOD begins with invention of Greek alphabet, c.800 BC |
| Illiad and the Odyssey, attributed to Homer, are written down, c.800--775 BC | |
| Greek colonies in southern Italy and Sicily, c.800--600 BC | |
| Olympic Games begin, 776 BC | |
| Hesiod's Theogony is written down, c.775--700(?) BC | |
| Rome, allegedly, is founded, 753 BC | |
| 600 BC | Formation of Hebrew Pentateuch (first "five books" of Bible) during Babylonian Captivity of the Hebrews, 586--538 BC |
| Cyrus the Great of Persia, c.600--529 BC | |
| "Zapotec" writing from the valley of Oaxaca in Mexico, c.600--400 BC | |
| Expulsion of the Estruscan dynasty at Rome and the foundation of the "Roman Republic," 510 BC | |
| 500 BC | Late Babylonian cuneiform, c.500 BC--AD 75 |
| Behistun inscriptions (Old Persian cuneiform, Late Babylonian cuneiform, Elamite cuneiform), c.500 BC | |
| CLASSICAL PERIOD begins with the end of Persian Wars, 480 BC | |
| Herodotus, c.484--420 BC | |
| Thucydides, c470--400 BC | |
| Plato, c.427--347 BC | |
| 400 BC | |
| Aristotle, c.384--322 BC | |
| Alexander the Great conquers the Persian Empire, founds Alexandria 336--323 BC | |
| HELLENISTIC PERIOD begins with death of Alexander in 323 BC | |
| 300 BC | |
| Earliest Mayan writing, c.250 BC | |
| Mouseion founded by Ptolemy II, ruled 285--246 BC | |
| 200 BC | |
| Ptolemy V carves the Rosetta Stone, 196 BC | |
| ROMAN PERIOD begins when Greece becomes Roman province, 146 | |
| 100 BC | |
| Diodorus of Sicily, c.80--20 BC | |
| Vergil, 70--19 BC | |
| Augustus defeats Antony and Cleopatra at battle of Actium and annexes Egypt, 30 BC | |
| Augustus Caesar reigns, 27 BC--AD 14 | |
| Year 0 | |
| Last Mesopotamian cuneiform, AD 75 | |
| AD 200 | Classic Maya Period, c.AD 250 until AD 900 |
| Plotinus, a NeoPlatonist Greek philosopher writes that the hieroglyphs are allegories, c.AD 250 | |
| Coptic phase of pharaonic Egyptian recorded in modified Greek alphabet called Coptic script, c.third century AD | |
| AD 300 | |
| Last hieroglyphs inscribed at Philae near Aswan, AD 396 | |
| AD 400 | European MEDIEVAL PERIOD begins with fall of Rome in AD 476 |
| Hieroglyphics, by Horapollo(?) c.fifth century AD | |
| AD 1500 | |
| Herná Cortés lands in Mexico, AD 1519 | |
| AD 1600 | Mesoamerican writing disappears, c.AD 1600 |
| Travelers' reports bring information about cuneiform to Europe | |
| AD 1700 | MODERN PERIOD |
| Rosetta stone found in Egypt, AD 1799 | |
| AD 1800 | |
| Jean François Champollion deciphers Egyptian hieroglyphs, AD 1822 | |
| Henry Rawlinson and others decipher Mesopotamian cuneiform, c.AD 1850 | |
| AD 1900 | |
| Micahel Ventris deciphers Linear B, AD 1951 | |
| Yuri Knorosov establishes the phonetic basis of some Mayan signs, AD 1952 |

ǯ٤ޤ328ڡˡѸˤ֥ͭإᥤȤˤ֥ޥ Helvillian 418ˡޤϵǰ٤ǯٳϹȤȤǡդ餷ȡޤޤޤ줿ŪŽ̤줿ȤʤäƤޤ
ΡɽΤȤСפϡɻ̤ mozhi gengo ôƤޤγξ˷Ϧ㲼˾Ū1Ǥä٤ϤιޤǤǶᡤ䤬 heldio Ƿ䤷ƤظűѸ졦Ѹҿӡ٤ɽǥ˹ƤΤǤֲΰ̤פȴ롤ǯ٤λϤޤˤդ路ŪɽǤ͡
ɮؤε⡤̤Ȥ˿ʲߤޤޤari ϡ볦θ츻顤helޤΥ硼ޤǡѤ餺Ρari פƤޤ
ԽѰΤ1 Grace ϡ䤬硼ֱѸˤߤҲ𤷤ƤäۤǧθؤδʸˡܳŪʽɾƤƤޤlacolaco ΡֱѸ츻ŵɥΡȡפ D οäƤޤե٥åȤʸȤ˰ۤʤ츻ΡַʿפΤϡɼԤʤǤϤζϤǤ礦
Lilimi ϡʩο֤ȤȤˡNHK 饸ظŵɡ٤ؤǮפ֤äƤޤ饸ʸԤȤơ˶ФƤǤmozhi gengo ϡɽ˴ϢΤۤvalueless priceless ΰ̣ŪʤɡԤŪͻŸƤޤ
鸽ؽΥҥȤ⽼¤Ƥޤsorami ˤ츻ϡϤ hel Υեȸۤɤδ٤ǤߡΡ־ȳؤֱѸˡץϡ¤ͤؤ֤٤˰Ƥޤumisio ˤ夵Ρ֥ץήפ뿷ְʤɤʤääơġפˤĤƤ⡤ŸܤΥޤ
ykagata ϡظűѸ졦Ѹٿ夲30Ϣȯפ䡤ɥĸ̤ӸŪθͭƤƤޤ֤ޤͤפΡűѸ˽ƽвäݤο𡹤´εϿ⡤٥ƥˤϤʤʡ˿ʻͿƤƤ͵徺Ǥ
ˤظűѸ졦Ѹ٤ΥХŪѽѤܤǤ~ߤˤ뤤 L ȰŤ Lפξ¤פΤۤǤ̵פȺ״֤ˤˤֻפΥʸ夵ˤ̲캮ŪܽҤʤɤϡɤڤäƤѸˤΥޥФ뤳ȤƤޤޤ note ǡֱѸˤפιάˡˤĤƾ줵Ƥ Helvillian Ǽ夲Ƥޤ
Ǹ Grace ˤ3 helwa ˤhelγưȡumisio ˤԽ嵭Ƥޤ
ɤǴΤϡΥߥ˥ƥǮ̤ȼι⤵Ǥ褷ƱѸˤΤǤϤʤߤγؤӹ礤ºŤ礦Ϥɤ̤äƤޤ
νաؤӤϤƤߤȻפäƤ볧Ҥ hel ؤ˲ääƤߤޤޤϥץߥꥹʡۿͥ ֱѸˤ (helwa)ƤߤƤ̵ȤʤäƤޤΤǡη˵ڤ˥ȥƤС
Helvillian 4ΤϡǤ#1768. Helvillian 4椬 --- νաȤФΥ롼Ĥɤι褦ȤƤϤƤޤҤ⤪İ͡
heldio 2026ǯ1ȾΥ٥Ȳꥹʡɼ2026ǯ46ʷˤ412 23:59 ޤɼʡˤƼդƤޤʤ뤤ϰʲQRɤɤˡҳΥޥ٥10ǤйǤ

嵭̤ꡤܥ֥βǡǤȤ⤤īۿ Voicy ֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio)ꡤ2026ǯ1ȾˤϤƤۿ90ˤΤʤ٥Ȳꥹʡɼ٥ȤŤޤ110ɼޤɼǤޤɼ46ʷˤ41223:59 ޤǥץƤޤΤǡεİƨۿʤɤİ褤ޥ٥ȤȤʤ10äǤФȻפޤ
ۿؤΥϡܵΰ뤤ƥİɤ11ۿ#1677. 2026ǯѸˤޤ331ۿ#1766. early, ere, erewhile, erstwhileޤǤ90ʬɼоݤȤʤޤ
2026ǯ볫ȤȤˡSNSǤΥХ̾ظűѸ졦Ѹ٤οʤɡѸ˳礤夬ޤ3֤ߤ֤̣Ǥ⡤10ɼꤸƤߤƤ
ΥꥹʡɼˤĤƤϡranking ε
īƱɼƤӤ heldio ۿϤޤ⤪İĤġʳäƤɼ
#1677. 2026ǯѸˤޤ (2026/01/01)
#1678. إᥤȤȤä˿ǯΤ (2026/01/02)
#1679. ؤϤ of Ѹˡ10ץ쥼Ȥïμˡ --- ǯΡֱѸ˾ͥ50ϢȯפΰѥݥȤ (2026/01/03)
#1680. 4.5MξۥХΡǮפǡɤ߲ --- SNSȱѸˤο (2026/01/04)
#1681. judge ֻȯᤰ夵ιͻ (2026/01/05)
#1682. 夵ΡֱѸΤʤ5ʬǡפäƤޤ̿ --- 25ơ (2026/01/06)
#1683. heldio 2025ǯ4ȾΥ٥Ȳꥹʡɼ --- 113ޤǥץ (2026/01/07)
#1684. Ūڥ (2026/01/08)
#1685. ɽʸɽʸɽʸ (2026/01/09)
#1686. ʸפȡʸס (2026/01/10)
#1687. ɽʸɽʸ (2026/01/11)
#1688. ֥ڥ⤷ޤ --- ǽŪ (2026/01/12)
#1689. ֥ڥ⤷ޤ --- ϼδ (2026/01/13)
#1690. mond ǤμˤѹˤĤơ (2026/01/14)
#1691. tennis, recipe, permit --- ̿ͳ褹Ѥäñ줿 (2026/01/15)
#1692. 쥫ƥϤ褽ץȥפ۹Ǥ (2026/01/16)
#1693. heldio 2025ǯ4ȾΥꥹʡɼηȯɽ (2026/01/17)
#1694. ǯХä mond ΡֱѸ˲̾ϤʤΤˤĤơ (2026/01/18)
#1695. ʸɽ쵡ǽǶ --- ɽյǽ (2026/01/19)
#1696. ѸˤäפԻĤʥȥɡ (2026/01/20)
#1697. rump steak --- ܥ꿩ݱѸˡ (2026/01/21)
#1698. Ѹ졤˿줹 (2026/01/22)
#1699. ٤ƤθѼϥեǤ (2026/01/23)
#1700. OED 12ΥåץǡȤǡڡסֱפʤܸ줫11줬ɲá (2026/01/24)
#1701. رѸ츻ϥɥ֥å٤ˤƥĤо (2026/01/25)
#1702. 131īֺ¤ very --- ʪפ纮ζոء (2026/01/26)
#1703. Austral English --- Edward Ellis Morris ԻΥȥꥢѸ켭1898ǯˡ (2026/01/27)
#1704. 夵ΡֱѸΤʤ5ʬǡפäƤޤ̿ --- 26ơ (2026/01/28)
#1705. khelf ߷Ȥ --- ֡رѸ츻ŵ٤ǤɤѸֻˡ200ǰ (2026/01/29)
#1706. ζʽظűѸ졦Ѹ١ʸҡˤ (2026/01/30)
#1707. Helvillian 2椬 --- ýϡڤס (2026/01/31)
#1708. ظűѸ졦ѸٿΥȥָѸ30ϢȯפϤƤޤ (2026/02/01)
#1709. khelf ߷Ȥ --- 츻 anthem (2026/02/02)
#1710. ظűѸ졦Ѹٻɤʬβ⥷ (1) --- űѸ첻 (2026/02/03)
#1711. 롼٤ޤ --- ݱѸˡ (2026/02/04)
#1712. lacolaco helwa ǯ --- ֱѸ츻ŵɥΡȡפζᶷ (2026/02/05)
#1713. ظűѸ졦Ѹٻɤʬβ⥷ (2) --- űѸλҲԡˡ (2026/02/06)
#1714. ykagata Ⱦȯ --- helwa ǯ (2026/02/07)
#1715. ꥹʡ sorami ˤرѸ츻ϥɥ֥å٥ư --- ΤαѸˡ (2026/02/08)
#1716. ظűѸ졦Ѹٻɤʬβ⥷ (3) --- űѸλҲʸԡˡ (2026/02/09)
#1717. ŷ̤ͥΡرѸ츻ϥɥ֥å١ؤϤƤαѸˡټ¶Ѥ⤷ (2026/02/10)
#1718. رѸ츻ŵ٤ɤƤ뤢2ͤ --- helwa ǯ (2026/02/11)
#1719. 롼Τ祦 --- ݱѸˡ (2026/02/12)
#1720. رѸΥ롼ġʸ˲ǰ --- ߷ͧȤ from KKH (2026/02/13)
#1721. رѸ츻ϥɥ֥å٥2Ƥ --- sorami Ȥ̡ (2026/02/14)
#1722. ظűѸ졦Ѹٻɤʬβ⥷ (4) --- űѸζ (2026/02/15)
#1723. ظűѸ졦ѸٿˤϥإᥤȤΥɥޤä (2026/02/16)
#1724. ֺ --- ηȯɽ (2026/02/17)
#1725. ȥꥢ轻̱ܥꥸˡν (2026/02/18)
#1726. ɼԤγرѸ츻ϥɥ֥å٤ءԡ from KKH (2026/02/19)
#1727. ɼԤγرѸ츻ϥɥ֥å٤ءʸԡ from KKH (2026/02/20)
#1728. ظűѸ졦Ѹ٥ХȤ̡ԡ --- helwa ǯ (2026/02/21)
#1729. ظűѸ졦Ѹ٥ХȤ̡ʸԡ --- helwa ǯ (2026/02/22)
#1730. ABפȤѲΤʤȡ̥Τ (2026/02/23)
#1731. ϼΤǤϤʤߤ롤κؤ١ (2026/02/24)
#1732. ŪظűѸ졦Ѹ٤ (2026/02/25)
#1733. 228īֺ¤ that --- ؼ줫¿ǽؤ (2026/02/26)
#1734. ֵʣ --- ηȯɽ (2026/02/27)
#1735. ֱѸˤפ (2026/02/28)
#1736. νդϱѸˤϤ褦 --- ֱѸˤפФ (2026/03/01)
#1737. 夵ΡֱѸΤʤ5ʬǡפäƤޤ̿ --- 27ơ (2026/03/02)
#1738. ˤʤ --- ԡ (2026/03/03)
#1739. ˤʤ --- ԡ (2026/03/04)
#1740. Helvillian 3椬 --- դ۵Ǥʥ餬о (2026/03/05)
#1741. ܥϷ The Mytre Tavern ꤪϤ (2026/03/06)
#1742. ۵ --- teach/taught ˴ؤŷŪŦᤰäơ (2026/03/07)
#1743. at ư첽Ƥ롩 --- khelf ߷Ȥ̡ (2026/03/08)
#1744. ظűѸ졦Ѹҿӡ٤˼äƳϲפޤ --- helwa ղ (2026/03/09)
#1745. ȶΡɽʸס (2026/03/10)
#1746. There is a book on the table. --- ñ3֤ⷫɸΤϤʤ (2026/03/11)
#1747. إᥤOGȤhel --- ֻȯЪΥᤰäơ (2026/03/12)
#1748. sorami ΡرѸ츻ϥɥ֥å٥乥Ĵ (2026/03/13)
#1749. ž --- ޤäƤޤ (2026/03/14)
#1750. 夵ΡֱѸΤʤ5ʬǡפäƤޤ̿ --- 28ơ (2026/03/15)
#1751. ظűѸ졦Ѹ٤űѸ Early Britain 1ɤ (2026/03/16)
#1752. ˤʤ --- ٥ԡ (2026/03/17)
#1753. رѸ춵٤ˤƿǯ٤Ρ֤ΤۤϢܡפȤƤޤ (2026/03/18)
#1754. 328īֺ¤ be --- ѸΡ¸ߡפ٤ĶԵ§ư (2026/03/19)
#1755. ظűѸ졦Ѹ٤űѸ Early Britain 1ɤ (1) (2026/03/20)
#1756. ּǯפθ촶ɲƤ --- Ƥ (2026/03/21)
#1757. ̣β --- semantic prosody (2026/03/22)
#1758. ظűѸ졦Ѹ٤űѸ Early Britain 1ɤ (2) (2026/03/23)
#1759. ӵ -er ȺǾ -est θ츻Ūط (2026/03/24)
#1760. furthermore --- 2ӵθƤ (2026/03/25)
#1761. ظűѸ졦Ѹ٤űѸ Early Britain 1ɤ (3) (2026/03/26)
#1762. furthermost --- ӵξ˺ǾäƤ (2026/03/27)
#1763. ˤΡ3źǾ --- firstmost, nexmost (2026/03/28)
#1764. ظűѸ졦Ѹ٤űѸ Early Britain 1ɤ (4) (2026/03/29)
#1765. Ѹֻˤ <e> (2026/03/30)
#1766. early, ere, erewhile, erstwhile (2026/03/31)


ֽϡheldio/helwa ꥹʡ sorami ˤرѸ츻ϥɥ֥å٥ο note ǸǤ6ƤޤѤ餺ڤؤ٤ɼζǤ2˸줿5ƤȤȤˡҲ𤷤Ȼפޤ
ޤ321˸줿5ƤǤѤ餺·ǡ伫Ȥⴶ㤷ĤIJƤޤ夲Ƥȥԥå¿ˤ錄ޤʣ holiday ꤫Ϥޤꡤ³ listen hear λȤʬʤɡؽԤĤޤ䤹ݥȤ䤫˥Ƥޤޤnice ΰ̣ѲϱѸˤŴĤΥͥǤ֤פ֤ФפȤäܸθѲ椵Ʋ⤹ݤɤˤϴޤ
ޤ5Ƥϥ桼ե졤 pdf ǤۤޤǻϤޤäƤޤз祵ӥȸ虜ޤعμȤ;䡤äȤƬѤʤϤʤǤ͡
³ơ줿Ф6ƤǤƬ饮ꥷͳñ˾ƤȤʤȤ⿴ˤʤäƤޤλ䤿ˤȤäƶˤƿȶñ줬ˤƸ奮ꥷʸطʤΩΤʬޤꥷͭι⾰ʶޤäơȤƤ٤⾯夬äƤ뤫⤷ޤʸθή˿˳ؽȤƤ˶ŪǤ
ȾǤ right ¿䡤trip travel θ츻Ūʤɡ겼꤬³ޤtravel ʤȡֹפͳ褹Ȥԥɤˤϡơ֤~ޤפ夲ĩԤ³Ф뤳ȴְ㤤ʤǤ͡
sorami ΥϡñظˤˤʸȤʹ֤αĤߤƤޤơֱѸˤδ֤ˡפϥ٥θƤ餷ƥĤȤʤäƤȻפޤ
ξƬˤϡ֤ΥǤϡҡرѸ츻ϥɥ֥å٤˵ͤޤä֤ؤáפˤƤϤƤޤȤΥͥˡƻҤλإˡǾȥˡΩƤäʤ⤼ҡפȤۤäꤹåդƤޤ͡ǸˤϤĤΤ褦ˡּȤξͥॢåס롼׳ưʤɤ˼ͳ˻ȤäƤйǤפȤ⤢ޤȤƤǤ͡
οҲȹ碌ơsorami ΥβҲ𤷤ʲ hellog ⤪ɤߤФȻפޤ
#6125. heldio/helwa ꥹʡ sorami ˤرѸ츻ϥɥ֥å٤Υ --- ΤαѸˡ ([2026-02-02-1])
#6132. sorami ΡرѸ츻ϥɥ֥å٥2 --- ΤαѸˡ ([2026-02-09-1])
#6166. sorami ΡرѸ츻ϥɥ֥å٥3ơ4ƤȲʷ --- ΤαѸˡ ([2026-03-15-1])
ҤΥƤߤƤơ˹ƤФȻפޤ
߷ ͧ ɹ δˡʡ 쵮 ءʹܶϡˡرѸ츻ϥɥ֥å١ҡ2025ǯ
ѸˤθŵŪ̾Ǥ Baugh and Cable 6ǤαʸVoicy heldio ȤǥѤơĶפΤĤɤǤäȲᤷƤĹŪʴǤפ֤κǿȤʤޤۿ2023ǯ717äΤǡ줳3ǯ³Ƥ뤳Ȥˤʤޤ63äƤޤŪˤϤޤޤűѸǤ
ǿϡī Voicy heldio ˤ#1770. ѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤ (63-3) with Taku --- helwa 齻ղȤƤϤƤޤ hellog ⡤heldio ۿϢưƤޤ
ĤΤ褦˥إᥤȤ Taku ʳءˤȤȤɤʤƤޤűѸθʸʤѤƤս꤬³Ƥ뤿ᡤɤߡפڤʬȤʤäƤޤʲˡоݤαʸǺܤޤBaugh and Cable, p. 83)
By the time of Alfred, things had reached such a pass that he looked upon the past as a golden age which had gone, "when the Kings who ruled obeyed God and His evangelists," and when "the religious orders were earnest about doctrine, and learning, and all the services they owed to God"; and he lamented that the decay of learning was so great at the beginning of his reign "that there were very few on this side of the Humber who could understand their rituals in English, or translate a letter from Latin into English, and I believe not many beyond the Humber.
˰³ظˤűѸ츶ʸͽۤʤɤ߿ʤޤTaku ⡤ռƲᤵƤޤɤȼƤƤ⡤줹űѸ츶ʸ˴ؿ⤿ΤǤϤʤȻפޤ
ۿǤƤ褦ˡظˤűѸƥȤɤʤɤ⡤ᤤۿȻפäƤޤB&CɤΤˤϡƻǤƻˤʤޤΤ褦ɤɤǤƱ heldio ǤϡظűѸ졦Ѹҿӡ٤ǤθűѸֺ¥ŸƤޤΤǡɤƤƤˤϡθűѸ츶ʸɬɤ߲ȤǤޤˤäB&Cɤ̣襤ܤʤ뤳ȤݾڤޤҤդ礤С
ơB&CɽβϡʽΤΤͭۿȤʤäƤޤˤ٤ƥ饢Ǥޤ#5291. heldio ΡֱѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤץĴ˿ʤǤޤ ([2023-10-22-1])

Baugh, Albert C. and Thomas Cable. A History of the English Language. 6th ed. London: Routledge, 2013.
١#979. Ѹֻ <e> ([2012-01-01-1]) Ǽ夲ǵ10˿Ԥ櫓ǤϤʤCarney ɤǤʬäȤɲûब롥ޤ Carney ϢսѤ (42)
Empty letters are naturally a target for the spelling reformers, but one should not rush in with the scissors too hastily. A favourite target is final <-e>. The instances of <-e> at the end of copse, bottle, file, giraffe, are often referred to as 'silent' letters, but they are very different. The <-e> of copse marks the word as different from the plural cops. The word bottle cannot sensibly be spelt as *<bottl>, since syllabic consonants are always spelt with a vowel letter and a consonant letter, except for <sm> in sarcasm, prism. Similarly it might be thought that file could be spelt *<fil>. It would still be different from fill, as it is in filing, filling. However, some degree of redundancy is essential to human language and that justifies taking the unit of correspondence to be <i..e>/aɪ/. Even the <-e> at the end of giraffe has something to be said in its favour. It can be said to mark the unusual final stress of the noun as in the <-CCe> of brunette, cassette, corvette, largesse, bagatelle, gazelle.
bottle ˴ؤ⤬ˤȤäƤܿΤäñβ粻 l ˤĤơ粻ŪҲѤȤˤϡɬ <e> տ魯Ȥ㳰Ȥ <-sm> Ƥ뤬ʳϤɤ <e> ɬܤΤ褦
⤦1Ķ̣Τ giraffe θ <e> Ǥ롥brunette, cassette, corvette ʤɤ㤫狼̤ꡤ <-VCCe> ֻȤʤˤϡ<V> ޤ˶롥ϡ<e> ǤȤ <CCe> ΤǼȤ٤Τΰ˻ͿƤȤǡ <e> 1ĤȲ᤹뤳ȤϲǽǤ롥
ۤˤ eye θ <e> Τ褦ˡ3ʸ§ (three-letter_rule) 뤿Υߡ <e> ⡤1ĤȤƥꥹȤ˲äƤ褤
ͤ³Ƥȡ<e> ϤäȵäƤܵƱݤǡ330 heldio ˤ#1765. Ѹֻˤ <e> ۿƤΤǡ⤪İС
Carney, Edward. A Survey of English Spelling. Abingdon: Routledge, 1994.

ǯ٤ϤޤޤѸˤγؤӻϤˤդ路λϿαѸ˹ֺ¤Τפޤ
褿411ڡˤ122֤ˤ錄ꡤ饤ˤ츦νմֺ¤֤ޤƱϡ䤬κƴäƶĤƤؤθ桦鵡ؤǤꡤǯϻֻդȤŤƤƤޤ
մֺ¤ϡ2֤ˤ錄ñȯֵΥ˥ХǤǯ١2ܤ412ˤ1ܡ10:00--11:20ˤˤơֱѸפôޤƤϡ80ʬDZѸˡפǤ¤ϻˤȤäƤ礭ĩǤ
ʤؤιֵ䡤Ʊô10ۤɤΥȤʤعֺ¤Ǥϡ֤ƤäȱѸˤɳƤޤϤäȶŽ̤80ʬ֤ΥǤȤʤޤ1600ǯʾˤ錄ѸΥʥߥû֤Ǥɤڤ뤫ߤǽʳιʤ顤伫ȤĥĤĤ說說ƤȤǤ
ֵγˤȤʤΤϡ̻ˤѤ̻ˤ⤹ȤߤǤȯѲֻʸˡžƸäγʤɡХХ˰ΤǤϤʤѸ֤ʤפȤѤʵˡѸΤΥѥΥޤƤ褦ŪƤܻؤޤ
νմֺ¤Ǥϡ̥Ūʹֵ·Ƥޤheldio ˤ⤴б餤ļ̦ʼҲءˤιֺ¤1ܤͽꤵƤޤإեˤȤäƤϤޤʤ2֤ȤʤϤǤ
ʤǯ٤νΥˤϡƱˤƥαѸ˹ֺ¡10ˤôͽǤ80ʬ֤ιֵϡΥạ̊äƤΥȤư֤ŤƤޤ
⥪饤ŤǤΤǡɤǤ⡤뤤ܲλΤ褦˳ǤʻˤդɬפǤˤäޤۿϤޤꥢ륿Ǥν¤ڤߤޤ礦
¤46ʷˤθ10ޤǤȤʤäƤޤܺ٤Ӥߤϡ츦HPɤ
ʰʲ嵭2026/04/03(Fri)
ܵƱݤǡ43 heldio ˤ#1769. 80ʬDZѸˡ --- 412츦νմֺ¤ǡϤޤΤǡҤ⤪İС
Ϣ#6181. 2ӵȤ٤ --- furthermore, nethermore ([2026-03-30-1]) ӡ#6182. ӵ١κǾȤ٤ --- furthermost, uttermost ([2026-03-31-1]) ǡ̯ʸӵ顦ǾñܤƤ. OED õƤ2줷Ĥʤä쥢Υ쥢2źǾñ firstmost nextmost ܤ
firstmost νϼ̤Ǥ롥
a1400 Þe science of elementis, whiche þat ben firstmoost force of natural þingis. (translation of Lanfranc, Science of Cirurgie (MS Ashmole) (1894) 9 (Middle English Dictionary))
θ塤OED ǤϤФ餯ڤƤꡤ˸Τ1973ǯȤʤäƤΤǡ¾1Ѹˤʤꡤˤʤäƺľ줿ȹͤΤfirst and foremost Ȥû̷Ȥפ蘆롥
nextmost ˤĤƤϡOED 2ΤߤƤ롥
1576 Hir next most note (to note) I neede no helpe at al. (G. Gascoigne, Complaynt of Phylomene in Steele Glas sig. P.iiiiv
1866 Neistmost, the next; as, 'Dinna tack the ane neist ye, bit the neistmost.' (W. Gregor, Dialect of Banffshire (Philological Society) 228C)
2Ĥϥåȥɤ Banffshire ˴ؤܤ줿ΤȤ
ñˤƤ⡤ˤޤ;ŪȺǾȤƤɤȤȤʤΤǤϤۤȤɻȤƤʤ褦
2źǾθȽҤ٤#6175. first and foremost ֤ΰ֤ˡˡפˤϺǾ4ĴޤޤƤ롪 ([2026-03-24-1]) ǿ줿褦 -most ϵõ -m -est/-ost 2κǾιηǤ뤫顤ˤ3źǾθȤ⤤뤳Ȥˤʤ롥
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2025 : 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12
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2015 : 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12
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ǽ: 2026-07-08 17:50
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