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ǽ: 2026-07-15 01:27

2026-04-16 Thu

#6198. ޤΤƤʤѸѼ [toc][variety][world_englishes][enl][lesser-know_varieties][caribbean][inohota][youtube]



줿֤ΤۤإͥפưǤϡ#411. ܤǥԥѸ줬äƤΤϤꤷơ޸αѸ˾ƤϢϡhellog ȤƤ#2559. ޸αѸ ([2016-04-29-1])#2596. ־޸ȤСפ ([2016-06-05-1])#3353. ޸ִ50ǯ ([2018-07-02-1]) Ǽ夲ƤΤǡ⻲Ȥ줿
ưǾҲ𤷤ܤǤϡ޸αѸˤĤƤθڤϷڤʤƤΤߤहǤޤΤƤʤѸѼ (lesser-know_varieties) ¿Ҳ𤵤Ƥ롥ܼΤޤޤѼΰȤʤäƤΤǡ󤲤Ƥ



1. Introduction
   Part I: The British Isles
2. Orkney and Shetland
3. Channel Island English
   Part II: The Americas and the Caribbean
4. Canadian Maritime English
5. Newfoundland and Labrador English
6. Honduras/Bay Islands English
7. Euro-Caribbean English varieties
8. Bahamian English
9. Dominican Kokoy
10. Anglo-Argentine English
   Part III: The South Atlantic Ocean
11. Falkland Islands English
12. St Helenian English
13. Tristan da Cunha English
   Part IV: Africa
14. L1 Rhodesian English
15. White Kenyan English
   Part V: Australasia and the Pacific
16. Eurasian Singapore English
17. Peranakan English in Singapore
18. Norfolk Island and Pitcairn varieties




ѸǤȤϤѼ˸¤äƤ⹭ΤƤʤΤ¿뤳Ȥ狼


Schreier-Lesser_front_cover.png



Schreier, Daniel, Peter Trudgill, Edgar W. Schneider, and Jeffrey P. Williams, eds. The Lesser-Known Varieties of English: An Introduction. Cambridge: CUP, 2010.

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2023-10-05 Thu

#5274. 19Υ󥰥ɱѸ򸦵椹յ [lmode][sociolinguistics][world_englishes][variety][standardisation][enl][esl]

19Υ󥰥ɱѸ򸦵椹ȤΤϤɤȤΤ100ǯʾαѸǤϤˤ衤ˤȸƤ֤ˤϿ뤷ºݤ̤ۤɤळȤǤ롥19αʸؤѹʸ˴ؿȤΤǤʬ뤬19αѸ줽ΤΤ˴ؿͯȤΤϤɤȤ
µ줿Ѹˤ Manfred Görlach ϡ嵭Τ褦ɾ뤳Ȥ¿19Υ󥰥ɱѸ˿øΩ1999ǯ˰ܤ路Ф English in Nineteenth-Century England: An Introduction Ǥ롥ܤƬ "Motivations for the present book" Ǥ롥ޤѤ褦 (1)

Interest in the history of English has recently focused on more modern periods than the traditionally favoured ones of OE and ME. However, whereas EModE is becoming a well-researched field, the investigation of the language after 1700 has been more patchy. The 18th century has, for various reasons, received more attention than the period between 1800 and 1900.
   No comprehensive description of 19th-century English --- in particular that of England --- has ever been attempted. And yet such a study promises to yield important insights, for the following reasons:


19Υ󥰥ɱѸܤ٤3Ĥͳ³ (1--5)

(1) The sociolinguistic foundations of PDE were laid in a period when the population expanded tremendously, especially in the industrial urban centres . . . , when the standard form of the language (St E) spread from the limited number of 'refined' speakers in the 18th century to a considerable section of the Victorian middle classes, and when general education began to level speech forms to an extent that is impossible to imagine for earlier periods.
(2) Comparisons between varieties of English in England and overseas are likely to provide evidence of the drifting apart of the colonial Englishes in spite of the retarding influences of British administration, the schools, and the influence of the high prestige of London English on educated speakers world-wide. Moreover, a description of the BrE of the time is a necessary precondition for evaluating the British linguistic input in overseas Englishes --- in regions where English is a native language (= ENL), like the American West, Upper Canada, Australia and New Zealand, the Cape and Natal, and in the great number of varieties of English used as a second language (= ESL) in Africa and Asia.
(3) A comparison of English in England with standard languages on the continent may well permit interlinguistic insights into parallels and differences in development within the framework of an increasingly similar West European material culture. Such comparisons might also prompt new questions and the application of new methods in cases where it has proved fruitful to look at sociolinguistic conditions in one culture which have been neglected in another.


3ĤλϤä꼡Τ褦ʼݤɤ

(1) 20ʹߤΥ󥰥ɱѸ߽ФھΤ
(2) ˳Ȼ ENL ESL μΤ
(3) 衼åѤνμҲŪоȤ

Görlach, Manfred. English in Nineteenth-Century England: An Introduction. Cambridge: CUP, 1999.

Referrer (Inside): [2023-10-06-1]

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2021-08-15 Sun

#4493. αѸѼˡ --- Mesthrie and Bhatt 12 [model_of_englishes][world_englishes][new_englishes][variety][pidgin][creole][esl][efl][enl]

ε#4492. αѸѼˡ --- Gupta 5ס ([2021-08-14-1]) ˰³αѸѼˡˤĤơ World Englishes ȤХܤ路 Mesthrie and Bhatt (3--10) ˤ12פؤʬҲ𤷤Ʊ͡Schneider (44) ͳƼ

(a) Metropolitan standards (i.e. the "respected mother state's" norm as opposed to colonial offspring, i.e. in our case British English and American English as national reference forms).
(b) Colonial standards (the standard forms of the former "dominions," i.e. Australian, New Zealand, Canadian, South African English, etc.).
(c) Regional dialects (of Britain and North America, less so elsewhere in settler colonies).
(d) Social dialects (by class, ethnicity, etc.; including, e.g. Broad, General and Cultivated varieties in Australia, African American Vernacular English, and others).
(e) Pidgin Englishes (originally rudimentary intermediate forms in contact, and nobody's native tongue; possibly elaborated in complexity, e.g. West African Pidgin Englishes).
(f) Creole Englishes (fully developed but highly structured, hence of questionable relatedness to the lexifier English; e.g. Jamaican Creole).
(g) English as a Second Language (ESL) (postcolonial countries where English plays a key role in government and education; e.g. Kenya, Sri Lanka).
(h) English as a Foreign Language (EFL) (English used for external and international purposes; e.g. China, Europe, Brazil).
(i) Immigrant Englishes (developed by migrants to an English-dominant country; e.g. Chicano English in the United States)).
(j) Language-shift Englishes (resulting from the replacement of an ancestral language by English; possibly, like Hiberno English, becoming a social dialect in the end).
(k) Jargon Englishes (unstable pre-pidgins without norms and with great individual variation, e.g. South Seas Jargon in the nineteenth century)
(l) Hybrid Englishes (mixed codes, prestigious among urban youths; e.g. "Hinglish" mixing Hindi and English).


Ѹʻѡˤˡϰ̡ǽ4ĤΥѥ᡼Ȥ߹碌ʬȤ롥ºݤ¸ߤʤˤȤѸѼ夷Ƥ봶롥ϳ餵ʬȤ櫓ǤϤʤʬǤϡʣΥƥ꡼ˤޤäƽ°Ƥޤ褦ʱѸѼ⤢ΤǤϤʤ

Schneider, Edgar W. "Models of English in the World." Chapter 3 of The Oxford Handbook of World Englishes. Ed. by Markku Filppula, Juhani Klemola, and Devyani Sharma. New York: OUP, 2017. 35--57.
Mesthrie, Rajend and Rakesh M. Bhatt. World Englishes: The Study of New Linguistic Varieties. Cambridge: CUP, 2008.

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2015-08-25 Tue

#2311. Tristan da Cunha [enl][world_englishes][map][geography][demography][statistics][lesser-know_varieties]

#2305. Ѹ25Ͽޡ ([2015-08-19-1]) 11ܤȤƵ󤲤Ƥ Tristan da Cunha ˤĤդä롥Tristan da Cunha ϡեꥫꥫΦΤɤ餫Υ줿䳤θ硥եꥫ2400ꥫ3360ΥƤ롥6Ĥξ礫ʤꡤͭ Tristan da Cunha Gough Island 2ĤΤߤǤ롥ηϡ1506ǯ˥ݥȥͤγ Tristão da Cunha ˤäȯ줿17ʹߡ٤ˤ錄ä꽻λߤäԤΤ1816ǯΥꥹַˤΤǤ롥St. Helena ήˤ줿ʥݥ쥪ε߽Ф˻ߤ뤿ʼȤ롥1816ǯ˱ѹΤȤʻ礵줿1817ǯ˷űषʹߤϡ˻ĤäμԤȡˤ衼åѿͤɺήԤ̱͸ΤۤȤɤǤä1886ǯˤ97ͤȤ𤬤롥1938ǯˤ St. Helena ݸΤȤʤä2009ǯˤϰ̤ϲä졤ѹ񳤳 St Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha ΰȤʤäƤ롥2015ǯߡ͸259ͤǤꡤΤۤȤȤѸȤ ENL ϰǤ롥

Map of Tristan da Cunha

ʲϢ볰󥯤ĥäƤ

Website of the Tristan da Cunha Government and Tristan Association
Wikipedia ˤ Tristan da Cunha ε
BBC ˤ St Helena, Ascension, Tristan da Cunha profiles
CIA: The World Factbook ˤ Saint Helena, Ascension, and Tristan da Cunha
Edgar Allan Poe ˤ The Narrative of Arthur Gordon Pym of Nantucket (1838) Chapter 15 ˡTristan da Cunha ŪŪʾܤҤ롥

ʤSt. Helena ˤĤƤϡ#177. ENL, ESL, EFL ϰΥꥹȡ ([2009-10-21-1])#215. ENS, ESL ϰαѸ첽ǯ ([2009-11-28-1])#1919. ѸγȻ˴ؤ4Ĥ crossings ([2014-07-29-1]) ǤڤƤ롥

ʸ嵭2015/09/01(Tue) McArthur, Tom, ed. The Oxford Companion to the English Language. Oxford: OUP, 1992. "TRISTAN DA CUNHA" (1056) ι⻲ȡαѸѼϡHighland English ƱħͭȹͤƤ롥

McArthur, Tom, ed. The Oxford Companion to the English Language. Oxford: OUP, 1992.

Referrer (Inside): [2022-04-22-1]

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2013-12-01 Sun

#1679. The West Indies αѸ [map][enl][creole][geography][caribbean]

The West Indies ɽˤϡ̥ꥫˤϤޤ졤Τ饫ֳӥᥭѤ֤Ƥ̾ؤ̾Τϥ֥ Indias ̾դȤͳ褹롥Greater Antilles, Lesser Antilles, Bahamas ν礫ʤ롥ϰӤϡå̮ȥǥ̮ĤʤлӤ٤Ǥ뤳ȡ̱ϡץơˤĤȤˤäƷӤĤƤ롥13Ωޤब¾ϱѡʩơڤǤ롥

Map of the West Indies  *  *

17--18ʩѡǥޡʤɤ󶯤ˤʬη̡ϰϢϼ夯ʤäϰϸŪˤʬ䡦̲ƤꡤѸե󥹸ʤɤζ̤ΤǤ롥ߤɽΤȤƤΰϤʤŪŪʴ4ĤϰʬΤǤ롥ϥޤҥѥ˥åϥ롼סɽ (The British West Indies or the Commonwealth Caribbean; cf. #1676. The Commonwealth of Nations ([2013-11-28-1]))ʩΥƥ (The French Antilles)Υƥ (The Dutch Antilles) 4Ĥ
Ȥ櫓Ѹܤ褦ŪʱΥɽϡBahamas, Jamaica, Caymans, British Virgin Islands, Barbados, Trinidad, Tobago, Leeward Islands, Winward Islands 鹽Ƥ1958ǯʬ Federation of West Indies ɽϢˮˤȤΩ椫 Bahamas, Barbados, Jamaica, Trinidad and Tobago ʤɤĤϰ褬¹ȤΩߡɽENLϰȸƤ٤Τϰʲ17ϰǤ롥

Anguilla, Antigua and Barbuda, Bahamas, Barbados, Bermuda, the Cayman Islands, Dominica, Grenada, Jamaica, Montserrat, Saint Christopher and Nevis (St. Kitts-Nevis), Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Trinidad and Tobago, the Turks and Caicos Islands, the Virgin Islands (US), the Virgin Islands (British)


չޤȡƤ Guyana Ƥ Belize ѸȤƱѸѤƤ롥ڥݥȥ줬ŪƤˤäƤϡ2ǤʤBelize ǤϥڥŪˡGuyana ˤĤƤϡ#385. Guyanese Creole Ϣ³Ρ ([2010-05-17-1]) ε⻲ȡ
ŪαѸϰˤĤƤϡ#1591. Crystal ˤѸüԤο͸ ([2013-09-04-1])#177. ENL, ESL, EFL ϰΥꥹȡ ([2009-10-21-1])#215. ENS, ESL ϰαѸ첽ǯ ([2009-11-28-1]) ⻲ȡ
ޤƱϰͭΥ쥪ϰǤ⤢롥Ϣơ#1531. pidgin creole ʬۡ ([2013-07-06-1]) ⻲ȡ

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2013-09-04 Wed

#1591. Crystal ˤѸüԤο͸ [statistics][demography][enl][esl][efl][elf][new_englishes][pidgin][creole]

εǰä#1590. ѸνѼ ([2013-09-03-1]) αѸѼܤ򹭤ȡ줳Ӥ English varieties ߡȯŸƤ뤳Ȥ狼롥ѸѼοФǤʤѸѼüԤο⤪Ӥ#397. üԿˤȥå25 ([2010-05-29-1]) ενǿ줿褦ˡüԿüԤ­碌ȡѸ1Ȥʤ롥ѸüԿ͸βߡ̤ˤĤƤϡʲεǰäƤ

#319. ѸüԿ͸ζɤեǥ ([2010-03-12-1])
#427. ѸüԤˢ֤ǥ ([2010-06-28-1])
#933. ѸαѸüԿ͸á ([2011-11-16-1])
#173. ENL, ESL, EFL üԿ͸ ([2009-10-17-1])
#375. ENLESL ο͸Ψ ([2010-05-07-1])
#759. 21͸ιϢͽ¬ ([2011-05-26-1])
#414. language shift θ줿Ѹüԥǥ ([2010-06-15-1])

ߤˤѸüԿ͸Τİ뤳Ȥ񤷤Crystal (61, 65--67) ǽҤ٤Ƥ褦ˡμο͸פˤ͡ʸŪŪ󤬲ݤ뤫Crystal (62--65) ϡΤʤ2001ǯߤαѸ͸פǯǤ褯礤˽ФѸüԤο͸פǤ롥

TerritoryL1L2Population (2001)
American Samoa2,00065,00067,000
Antigua & Barbuda*66,0002,00068,000
Aruba9,00035,00070,000
Australia14,987,0003,500,00018,972,000
Bahamas*260,00028,000298,000
Bangladesh 3,500,000131,270,000
Barbados*262,00013,000275,000
Belize*190,00056,000256,000
Bermuda63,000 63,000
Botswana 630,0001,586,000
British Virgin Islands*20,000 20,800
Brunei10,000134,000344,000
Cameroon* 7,700,00015,900,000
Canada20,000,0007,000,00031,600,000
Cayman Islands*36,000 36,000
Cook Islands1,0003,00021,000
Dominica*3,00060,00070,000
Fiji6,000170,000850,000
Gambia* 40,0001,411,000
Ghana* 1,400,00019,894,000
Gibraltar28,0002,00031,000
Grenada*100,000 100,000
Guam58,000100,000160,000
Guyana*650,00030,000700,000
Hong Kong150,0002,200,0007,210,000
India350,000200,000,0001,029,991,000
Ireland3,750,000100,0003,850,000
Jamaica*2,600,00050,0002,665,000
Kenya 2,700,00030,766,000
Kiribati 23,00094,000
Lesotho 500,0002,177,000
Liberia*600,0002,500,0003,226,000
Malawi 540,00010,548,000
Malaysia380,0007,000,00022,230,000
Malta13,00095,000395,000
Marshall Islands 60,00070,000
Mauritius2,000200,0001,190,000
Micronesia4,00060,000135,000
Montserrat*4,000 4,000
Namibia14,000300,0001,800,000
Nauru90010,70012,000
Nepal 7,000,00025,300,000
New Zealand3,700,000150,0003,864,000
Nigeria* 60,000,000126,636,000
Northern Marianas*5,00065,00075,000
Pakistan 17,000,000145,000,000
Palau50018,00019,000
Papua New Guinea*150,0003,000,0005,000,000
Philippine$20,00040,000,00083,000,000
Puerto Rico100,0001,840,0003,937,000
Rwanda 20,0007,313,000
St Kitts & Nevis*43,000 43,000
St Lucia*31,00040,000158,000
St Vincent & Grenadines*114,000 116,000
Samoa1,00093,000180,000
Seychelles3,00030,00080,000
Sierra Leone*500,0004,400,0005,427,000
Singapore350,0002,000,0004,300,000
Solomon Islands*10,000165,000480,000
South Africa3,700,00011,000,00043,586,000
Sri Lanka10,0001,900,00019,400,000
Suriname*260,000150,000434,000
Swaziland 50,0001,104,000
Tanzania 4,000,00036,232,000
Tonga 30,000104,000
Trinidad & Tobago*1,145,000 1,170,000
Tuvalu 80011,000
Uganda 2,500,00023,986,000
United Kingdom58,190,0001,500,00059,648,000
UK Islands (Channel, Man)227,000 228,000
United States215,424,00025,600,000278,059,000
US Virgin Islands*98,00015,000122,000
Vanuatu*60,000120,000193,000
Zambia110,0001,800,0009,770,000
Zimbabwe250,0005,300,00011,365,000
Other dependencies20,00015,00035,000
Total329,140,800430,614,5002,236,730,800


* դƤϰϡɸѸǤϤʤ pidgin/creole Ѹ줬ȤäƤϰǤ롥pidgin/creole ѼѸΰȤߤʤݤŪȤʤäƤΤǡΩ˱ƿͤ­줿ʶŪˤϡL1 ǼȤɽ700ͤL2 ǼȤեꥫ8,000ͤͿˡޤL1 L2 ο͸ϸ§ȤƾʤοפȤߤƤ褤ˤɽˤϡ#217. ѸüԤƱߥǥ ([2009-11-30-1]) οޤǤȤ Expanding Circle ιϰϴޤޤƤʤȤˤդ줿
ǵ󤲤ϰˤĤƤϡ#177. ENL, ESL, EFL ϰΥꥹȡ ([2009-10-21-1]) ӡ#215. ENS, ESL ϰαѸ첽ǯ ([2009-11-28-1]) ⻲ȡ

Crystal, David. English As a Global Language. 2nd ed. Cambridge: CUP, 2003.

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2009-10-21 Wed

#177. ENL, ESL, EFL ϰΥꥹ [elf][esl][enl]

[2009-10-17-1]ǡѸüԿ͸ ENL, ESL, EFL λʬǸϡƶʬüԿ͸ǤϤʤƶʬθϰοܤƤߤ
ʲϰ̾ꥹȤϡ ENL ͸ʤϰ (1) ESL ͸ʤϰ (2) EFL ͸ʤϰ (3) ȤʬषΤǤ롥(1) ˤĤƤϡ¾饤ХΤʤϰ (1a)פʥ饤Х줬Ĥ뤤İʾ¸ߤϰ (2a) ȤƤ롥ޤ(3) ˤĤƤϡѸ򶵰ΤʤdzȤƽƤΤΡҲˤѸλȤޤäƤƤꡤ¾ ESL ϰȤߤʤƤ褤ϰ (3a) Ȥơʳ̾ EFL ϰ (3b) ȤƤ롥1998ǯǤ McArthur ΥꥹȤ˵äƤ뤿ᡤɬǿξǤϤʤȤǤäƤꥹȤ򤳤ŻҲƤкѤǽȻפäƤηǺܡ

(1a) The ENL territories without major competition (30 territories)

Anguilla, Antigua and Barbuda, Ascension (Island), Australia, Bahamas, Barbados, Bermuda, British Indian Ocean Territory (BIOT), the Cayman Islands, Dominica, England (UK), the Falkland Islands, Grenada, Guyana, Hawaii, Liberia, Jamaica, the Irish Republic, the Isle of Man, Montserrat, New Zealand, Northern Ireland (UK), Saint Christopher and Nevis, Saint Helena, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Scotland (UK), the Turks and Caicos Islands, Trinidad and Tobago, Tristan da Cunha, the United States, the Virgin Islands (US), the Virgin Islands (British)


(1b) The ENL territories with one or more other major languages (6 territories)

Belize (also Spanish), Canada (also French), the Channel Islands (also French), Gibraltar (also Spanish), South Africa (also Afrikaans, Xhosa, Zulu, and other major local languages), Wales (UK: also Welsh)


(2) The ESL territories (57 territories)

Bahrain, Bangladesh, Belau, Bhutan, Botswana, Brunei, Cameroon, the Cook Islands, Costa Rica, Egypt, the Federated States of Micronesia (FSM), Fiji, Gambia, Ghana, Hong Kong, India, Israel, Jordan, Kenya, Kiribati, Lebanon, Lesotho, Malaysia, Malawi, the Maldives, Malta, the Marshall Islands, Mauritius, Namibia, Nauru, Nepal, Nigeria, the Northern Marianas, Oman, Panama, Puerto Rico, Pakistan, Papua New Guinea, the Philippines, Qatar, Rwanda, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Singapore, the Solomon Islands, Sri Lanka, Surinam, Swaziland, Tanzania, Tonga, Tuvalu, Uganda, Vanuatu, American Samoa, Western Samoa, Zambia, Zimbabwe


(3a) The EFL territories with English a virtual second language (17 territories)

Argentina, Belgium, Burma/Myanmar, Denmark, Ethiopia, the Faeroe Islands, Honduras, Kuwait, the Netherlands, the Netherlands Antilles, Nicaragua, Norway, Somalia, Sudan, Sweden, Switzerland, the United Arab Emirates


(3b) The EFL territories with English learned as the global lingua franca (the rest of the world) (122 territories)

Afghanistan, Albania, Algeria, Andorra, Angola, Armenia, Aruba, Austria, Azerbaijan, the Azores, the Balearic Islands, Belarus, Benin, Bolivia, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Brazil, Bulgaria, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cambodia, the Canary Islands, Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Chad, Chile, China, Colombia, the Comoros Islands, Congo, Croatia, Cuba, Cyprus, the Czech Republic, Djibouti, the Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, Equatorial Guinea, Estonia, Finland, France, French Guiana, French Polynesia, Gabon, Georgia, Germany, Goa, Greece, Greenland, Guadeloupe, Guatemala, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Haiti, Hungary, Iceland, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Italy, the Ivory Coast, Japan, Kazakhstan, Kirghizia, Korea (North), Korea (South), Laos, Latvia, Libya, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Macau, Macedonia, Madagascar, Madeira, Mali, Martinique, Mauritania, Mexico, Moldavia, Monaco, Mongolia, Morocco, Mozambique, New Caledonia, Niger, Paraguay, Peru, Poland, Pondicherry, Portugal, Réunion, Romania, Russia, Saint Pierre et Miquelon, San Marino, Sao Tomé and Principé, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Syria, Taiwan, Tajikistan, Thailand, Timor, Togo, Tunisia, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, Uruguay, Uzbekistan, the Vatican City, Venezuela, Vietnam, the Wallis and Futuna Islands, Yemen, Yugoslavia, Zaire


ʾ塤232ϰ补

McArthur, Tom. The English Languages. Cambridge: CUP, 1998. 53--54.

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