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comparison - hellogѸ˥֥

ǽ: 2026-07-15 01:27

2026-04-01 Wed

#6183. 2źǾ顤3źǾȤ٤ --- firstmost, nextmost [comparison][double_comparative][word_formation][suffix]

Ϣ#6181. 2ӵȤ٤ --- furthermore, nethermore ([2026-03-30-1]) ӡ#6182. ӵ١κǾȤ٤ --- furthermost, uttermost ([2026-03-31-1]) ǡ̯ʸӵ顦ǾñܤƤ. OED õƤ2줷Ĥʤä쥢Υ쥢2źǾñ firstmost nextmost ܤ
firstmost νϼ̤Ǥ롥

a1400 Þe science of elementis, whiche þat ben firstmoost force of natural þingis. (translation of Lanfranc, Science of Cirurgie (MS Ashmole) (1894) 9 (Middle English Dictionary))


θ塤OED ǤϤФ餯ڤƤꡤ˸Τ1973ǯȤʤäƤΤǡ¾1Ѹˤʤꡤˤʤäƺľ줿ȹͤΤfirst and foremost Ȥû̷Ȥפ蘆롥
nextmost ˤĤƤϡOED 2Τߤ󤲤Ƥ롥

1576 Hir next most note (to note) I neede no helpe at al. (G. Gascoigne, Complaynt of Phylomene in Steele Glas sig. P.iiiiv
1866 Neistmost, the next; as, 'Dinna tack the ane neist ye, bit the neistmost.' (W. Gregor, Dialect of Banffshire (Philological Society) 228C)


2Ĥϥåȥɤ Banffshire ˴ؤܤ줿ΤȤ
ñˤƤ⡤ˤޤ;ŪȺǾȤƤɤȤȤʤΤǤϤۤȤɻȤƤʤ褦
2źǾθȽҤ٤#6175. first and foremost ֤ΰ֤ˡˡפˤϺǾ4ĴޤޤƤ롪 ([2026-03-24-1]) ǿ줿褦 -most ϵõ -m -est/-ost 2κǾιηǤ뤫顤ˤ3źǾθȤ⤤뤳Ȥˤʤ롥

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2026-03-31 Tue

#6182. ӵ١κǾȤ٤ --- furthermost, uttermost [comparison][double_comparative][word_formation][suffix]

ε#6181. 2ӵȤ٤ --- furthermore, nethermore ([2026-03-30-1]) ȴϢơˤ⤷Ҳ𤷤furthermore ӵδΤξӵܤΤȤС夲 furthermost ʤɤӵδΤξ˺ǾܤΤǤ롥ӵǾפȤǤ̾դʤ褦ʡŸ3ȤʤäƤ롥
OED õ¤ꡤŪ -ermost ñ16򸫤Ĥ뤳ȤǤб -ermore ΤϡȰ˼OED ǤγñνǯդƤ롥

-mostearliest-moreearliest
hindermost1398hindermore1382
uttermost1398uttermore1382
furthermost?a1400furthermorec1175
innermost1413innermorea1387
uppermostc1450uppermorea1398
lowermost1547lowermore1662
lattermost1566lattermore1534
outermost1587outermorea1425
highermost1593  
windermost1597  
farthermost1619farthermorec1380
downermost?c1690downermore1435
bettermost1737  
biggermost1803  
endermost1803  
beatermost1827  


ƱΤФӵ顦ǾդڥñܤȡΤȤӵΤۤǯ᤯ľ塤뤤ϴֳ֤򤢤ƤǾ餬иƤΤʬʵդν򼨤ƤΤϡlowermost (1547) lowermore (1662) ΤߤǤˡʬۤ顤Ūˤäơӵθ -more 夫 -most ִ뤳ȤˤäƺǾθäȤŪꤹ뤳ȤǤ
бӵθ줬ʤڥʤƤʤǾθ⤢櫓ˤĤƤ᤯˳ΩƤǽλ㡤ʤ14˷줿 hindermost, uttermost, furthermost ʤɤľܤθǥδפˤʤäȹͤ뤳ȤǤΤǤϤʤ
ŪˤϽѸ濴ȤˤθޤäƤꡤ̣Ūˤ϶֤֤ˤݥ򼨤ΤФäƤ롥Ȥ櫓̯ʤΤȤƤ windermost endermost ʤɡwind end Ȥ̾줬縵δΤȤʤäƤΤ뤳Ȥޤbettermost/beatermost, biggermost ʤɥݥȤϴطΤʤ̤ηƻ줬١ȤʤäƤΤ⤢뤳Ȥˤդ
ӵǾΥޡ;Ūñ˺ܤȤ߽Ф񡹲ñ줿Ǥ롥

Referrer (Inside): [2026-04-01-1]

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2026-03-30 Mon

#6181. 2ӵȤ٤ --- furthermore, nethermore [comparison][double_comparative][word_formation][suffix][ormulum]

Ѹˤǡ2ӵ (double_comparative) ȤȡShakespeare 濴ȤѸ more worse worser Ȥ;Ūɽ꤬Ƭ⤫֡ӵκȤƷŪ;ꡤŪŪʴϸǤϥФΤǡȤƼ夲䤹Τ
Ʊ2ӵפȤˤϤޤΤΡޤܤߤʤΤ󰷤 furthermore uttermore Τ褦ʸǤ롥ޤ1ǤꡤΤʤӵ -er -more ξ¸ƤȤOED Ĵ٤ȡŪˤϼΤ褦㤬󤬤äƤ롥

backermore, downermore, farthermore, furthermore, hindermore, hithermore, innermore, lattermore, lowermore, northermore, outermore, rathermore, uppermore, uttermore


Ǥ⤢ٻȤƤΤ furthermore, nethermore ˸¤뤬ŪˤϾ嵭Τ褦ˤäȤä¿ϸѸ줫Ѹˤ¤줵Ƥꡤ̣Ūˤ϶֤֤˴ؤݥ򼨤Ȥ롥ΤȤ3ȤʤꡤŸʡӵ״ФȤħ롥Ǥ -more ϤϤŪǤϤʤѲäʤɤӵεơפ鷺 more better ȸäƤޤФ̤褦˻פ롥;Ǥ롤̵̤ǤʤɤȤäƴñ˼ΤƵ뤳ȤǤʤˤʤ췲Ǥ롥
ʤߤˤΤʤǺǤŤΤϡǤ⸽ furthermore ǡѸ˼Τ褦˽ФƤ롥

c1175 Þe sterrne comm rihht till þatt hus... & flæh itt ta na forrþerrmar. (Ormulum (Burchfield transcript) l. 7338)

Referrer (Inside): [2026-04-01-1] [2026-03-31-1]

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2026-03-29 Sun

#6180. űѸ졦Ѹˤ most ΰ۷ʬ [oed][adjective][adverb][comparison][superlative][oe_dialect][me_dialect][oe][germanic][analogy]

ɸϡǤˡ#1307. most mest ([2012-11-24-1]) Ǥ⡤OED most (ADJECTIVE, PRONOUN, NOUN, & ADVERB)򻲾ȤĤĿ줿Ȥ뤬 OED β򤸤äɤǤ

Old English māst, the normal Old English development of the Germanic form, is attested only in Northumbrian, but it is not certain whether it existed only in that region. The vowel quality of the usual Old English form (West Saxon mǣst, Kentish mēst) is unusual. It may have been formed by analogy with lǣst least adj. (or perhaps by i-mutation from an earlier form in ā, although this presents phonological difficulties). The reflex of this form survived in the south until the 15th cent. The establishment of the (originally northern) form most as the only form in the midlands and south was probably due to the influence of the related mo adv.1 and more adj.


űѸ West Saxon ʤɤǼ첻ȿиǤ lǣst 䤫⤷ʤȽҤ٤ĤġѸʤɤǤ첻̲Ƥطʤˤϡ٤ mo, more 䤬äΤǤϤʤȽҤ٤ƤʤɡӤ񤷤褦Ǥ롥
OED ˤϡ첻̤˴ؤڤ⤢ΤǡͤޤǤ˰ѤƤ

Some forms show early shortening of the vowel before the consonant cluster -st (e.g. masst in the β forms, must in the γ forms). Some early Middle English examples of mast from southern texts probably also show a shortening of Old English ǣ (compare α forms). Occasional forms (e.g. Older Scots mest, messt in the β forms) probably show the influence of early Scandinavian.


Ǿ -est ϡ#6170. ƻӵ -er ȺǾ -est εơ ([2026-03-19-1]) Ǹ褦ˡȤʤ륲ޥĸˤ2ĤΥפΤ첻ķ󤬰̲ΤȤäƤ褤Ǿ most ϡष첻ķ󤬰̲ˤζȤϻפ뤬űѸǤ -est -ost κߤ䡤ѸǤȤƤ -mest -most κƱʤɤλ¤ǰƬˤȡ̣
Ϣơʲε⻲Ȥ줿

#1320. LAEME Ǹ most ΰ۷֤ʬۡ ([2012-12-07-1])
#2346. more, most ѤӤȯã ([2015-09-29-1])

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2026-03-28 Sat

#6179. Ǿӵ "dental suffix" դ [oed][adjective][adverb][comparison][superlative][suffix][germanic][rhotacism][sound_symbolism][-st][consonant][dental_suffix]

ӵ -er ȺǾ -est εȯãɤäƤȡԤԤ˻ (dental_suffix) դΤǤ뤳Ȥʬ롥
#6170. ƻӵ -er ȺǾ -est εơ ([2026-03-19-1]) ǸȤꡤ⥲ޥĸ2ĤΥסʤ A פ */-iz-, -ist-/ B פ */-o:z-, -o:st-/ ̤ȹͤ롥ӵ˴ޤޤ *z rhotacism ˤäƸűѸޤǤ r Ȥʤä
ӵ˻դƺ줿ΤǾǤ롥OED -est (SUFFIX) ˤȡA פˤĤ "comparative suffix . . . + a dental suffix" ȤꡤB פˤĤƤ A פ˴ŤȤ롥κǾηϡޥˤⶦ̤˳ǧ졤˸奮ꥷ -ίστος ˤߤ롥
Ĵϻդǹ碌໤ӵɽ路ĺ򶯤᤿ǺǾɽ魯ȤäħŪʸƯƤΤȤ櫓űѸˤϡ-osð, -esð, -usð Τ褦໤ɽ魯ʸͭ۷ǧ褦
Ѹˤˤ -st ϡ͡褷Ƥ궽̣Ԥʤ-st γƵ򻲾ȡ

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2026-03-27 Fri

#6178. ʤӵ -ere ޤޤƤΤ [oed][adjective][adverb][comparison][oe][suffix][germanic][epenthesis]

#6170. ƻӵ -er ȺǾ -est εơ ([2026-03-19-1]) 衤-er Ȥμդεȯã˴ؿ󤻤Ƥ롥Ѹӵ -er ˤϡƻˤˤ衤A B Ȳ̾դƤ2ĤΥޥĸΥפ̤Ȥ롥
űѸʳޤǤˡƻӵȤƤ -ra ӵȤƤ -or ΩƤ -er ϾʤȤŪǤϤʤäѸˤʤȡʻˤĤƤӵϸľܤĤʤ -er Ūˤʤäΰ̲β˲äΤȤ櫓ƻӵˤ r e Ȥ첻뤳ȤˤʤäΤϡɤΤ褦ʷаޤǤʤΤ
OED -er (SUFFIX3) ˡΤ褦ʵҤä

Old English betera better adj. apparently preserves -era, but the word is an unusual case; compare the discussion at that entry. Later forms with epenthetic vowel, as -ere, -er develop in Middle English, but are rare in Old English.

Attested regularly formed adverbs continue type (ii) of the suffix, preserving the vowel before r in the final syllable (compare heardor harder), with very occasional reduction to -er in Old English. The adverbial and adjectival comparative endings merge in the course of Middle English.


εҤˤȡƻӵˤ e "epenthetic vowel" Ȥ롥첻λ¤Ҥ٤ƤǡʤɤΤ褦줿ΤˤĤƤϽҤ٤Ƥʤľ˵󤲤Ƥ롤betera ĤƤ e αƶǤ롤ȤɤʤȡǸڤƤӵ -or 䤽μǤ -er ƻˤȤäƤδפȤʤäȤͤ뤳Ȥˤʤ
ޤǤεǡƻӵ B פϡŤͳ褹뤫⤷ʤȤβ˿줿 (Krahe 1965: §56) ޤκǾ B פƻбǤñгʤηˤʤȤҤߤ (Campbell §670; p. 277) ƻδ֤ιԤ褬ˤˤˤꤹȡѸˤƤ -er ΰܲˤƱ褦ʹԤʺ줫ƻءˤäȹͤΤϡʬ˼ʤ褦˻פ롥

Campbell, A. Old English Grammar. Oxford: OUP, 1959.
Krahe, H. Germanische Sprachwissenschaft. II, Formelehre. Berlin: de Gruyter, 1965.

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2026-03-25 Wed

#6176. űѸηƻ졦ӵ顦ǾˤĤ Campbell [adjective][adverb][comparison][superlative][oe][suffix][oe_dialect][germanic][sound_change][vowel]

ΤȤŪĴ٤Ƥƻ졦ӵ顦ǾεȯãˤĤơűѸʸˡ路 Campbell ꡤϢ뵭Ҥ˺ϿŪ˻ĤƤ

1. ƻκǾΰ۷ȤȯãʲѲ (§331.6; p. 139)

superlatives in -ōst- had -ūst- before u, as d.p. -ūstumiz, and hence OE has -ost < -ūst, beside -ast < -ōst (§355.4) . . . .


2. ƻκǾΰ۷ʬ (§657; pp. 272--73)

The superlative normally ends in -ost < -ust (§355.4), more rarely in -ast (§331.6), and may be declined both strong and weak. The formative element is often changed to -est by vowel harmony, especially in cases with -ost- (§385). In eW-S -ost-, -ast-, and the more archaic -ust- are used occasionally, but in all texts -est- prevails heavily. In lw-S and lNorth. -ost prevails (lNorth. also -ust-). In VP and Ru.1 it is not possible to determine if -ost- or -ast- originally prevailed in the dialects, in VP because all the forms have est- by harmony, in Ru.1 owing to entire absence of material. eKt. has -ast. KG has extended -est- to the uninflected form.


3. ƻӵ顦Ǿε (§660; p. 277)

§660. Origin of forms. The comparative and superlative suffixes which caused mutation were Gmc. -izan-, -ista-, and these were regularly developed in OE, apart from the W-S syncopation in superlatives. The non-mutating suffixes were Gmc. -ōzan-, -ōsta-. The latter develops regularly to OE -ust, -ost, -ast (§331.6). The development of -ōzan- in OE is very difficult, as the invariable syncope of an originally long medial syllable has no parallel. It is a peculiarly OE development, even OFris. having -er-, a normal development of -ōz-, corresponding to OS, OHG -or-, ON -ar-, Goth. -ōz-. The OE form is presumably due to the influence of the comparatives in -iz-, in which syncope is normal. This suffix -iz- may have been used in Prim. OE, as in OHG, not only with the few a-, ō-stems with mutated comparatives, but with most i;̯a-, i;̯ō-stems, e.g. OE swētra is not from *su;̯ōtiōz- but *su;̯ōtiz-, cf. OHG suozziro. It would also probably be used with i-stem adjs. so far as these survived. Hence -r- < -iz- would be a very frequent comparative suffix, and might replace the form derived from -ōz- in the other adjectival classes.


4. ӵ顦Ǿε (§670; p. 277)

§670. Comparison of adverbs. Adjectival advs. have normally compar. -or, superl. -ost, e.g.:

     hearde, severely heardor heardost
     ġearwe, readily ġearwor ġearwost

-or also appears as -ur and -ar; -ost can appear as -ust, -ast (as in the superl. adj.). In origin -ost is merely the acc. sg. neut. of the superl. adjectival suffix. Compar. -or, -ur, -ar points to Gmc. -ōz, corresponding to Goth. -os. The final r (< z) should be lost in West Gmc., but is restored by analogy of the compar. adj.


Campbell, A. Old English Grammar. Oxford: OUP, 1959.

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2026-03-24 Tue

#6175. first and foremost ֤ΰ֤ˡˡפˤϺǾ4ĴޤޤƤ롪 [adverb][adjective][comparison][superlative][oe][suffix][-st]

first and foremost ֤ΰ֤ˡˡפȤե졼롥f ƬƧǤꡤ嶯Υꥺ⿴Ϥ褯ΧŪˤ褯ä󤷤OED ˤȡ14Ⱦ Langland ˤ Piers Plowman ˽ФƤ롥

c1400 (c1378) Þat she furste & formest ferme shulde bilieue. (W. Langland, Piers Plowman (MS Laud 581) (1869) B. xix. l. 116 [Composed c1378]


first foremost פ̣캬 */pr-/ ޤǤ뤬դƤۤʤ롥first ϺǾ -est 򼨤foremost Ϥޤ̤κǾ -most 򼨤Ƥ롥ԤϡǾ most Ʊ֤򼨤Ƥ뤬ϰۤʤꡤ-m -ost ʬ롥-m ϰĸˤޤ̤ǾǤꡤ-ost ϾҤκǾ -est ΰ۷ȸäƤĤޤꡤforemost ϡ2źǾפȤäƤ褤򼨤ƤΤ
űѸǤϡ-m Τߤ forma ְ֤Ρפΰ̣ǺǤ褯Ѥ줿ۤ fyr(e)st ⤢ä2źǾ fyrmesta ʤɤѤ줿ǸΤΤϡѸˤʤ most ΰ۷ȤդƤΤȲᤵ褦ˤʤꡤŪˤ⤽˰Ĥ -most Ȥʤäη̤ foremost Ǥ롥
ɸΥե졼ˤϡ -st, -m, -ost, -most 4ĤŪʺǾޤŤʤäƶ¸ƤȤΤ
űѸλˤĤƤϡʲ Lass (214) ΰѤ򻲾ȡ

1st. Go fruma, OE forma. This is from a base */pr-/ meaning 'before', plus the superlative suffix */-mo-/ (§8.4.2 above), i.e. it has precisely the sense 'foremost'. Similar forms occur in other IE dialects, e.g. Gr prá-mo-s, Li pìr-ma-s. There is an alternative type with the superlative */-istα-/, e.g. OE fyrst < */fur-ist-/, which of course comes down as ModE first, OIc fyrst-r.


Lass, Roger. Old English: A Historical Linguistic Companion. Cambridge: CUP, 1994.

Referrer (Inside): [2026-04-01-1]

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2026-03-23 Mon

#6174. ӵ -er ȺǾ -est ε [adverb][adjective][comparison][superlative][oe][germanic][suffix][rhotacism]

#6170. ƻӵ -er ȺǾ -est εơ ([2026-03-19-1]) ơƱȤʤդ -er, -est εͤ롥ӸŪˤ̡˸Ƥɬפ뤫
Lass (§8.4.2; p. 208) ꡤϢ2Ѥ롥űѸӵ顦ǾˤĤƤս

   Comparison of adverbs is usually in {-or}, {-ost}, occasionally spelled <-ur, -ar, -ust, -st>; the comparative reflects a PGmc */-o:-z/ (Go -ōs). By normal WGmc sound changes (as in the a-stem nom sg */-α-z/), the /r/ should have disappeared in OE; it is most likely retained by analogy to adjectival comparison.
   The superlative has the same vowel, but with the presumably adjectival superlative suffix */-st-/; in many cases there is an */-m-/ formative as well, giving a double superlative: inne-m-est 'inmost', ūte-m-est 'outmost' (cf. inne 'inside', ūte 'outside'). The simplex type can be seen in for-m-a 'first' (cf. for-e 'in front', and the discussion of ordinal numerals in §8.4.3), hinde-m-a 'last' (hinder 'behind'). This */-m-/ occurs in Gothic as well (fru-m-ist-s 'first'), though not elsewhere in West Germanic; it is an old IE marker, and can be seen in the Latin parallel to for-m-a, fru-m-ist-s, ie. pri-m-u-s 'first'.


ǰƬˡε ([2026-03-19-1]) ȹ碌ơƻ졦ӵ顦ǾˤĤơεȯãƤߤ

ƻӵ -er: AפBפκ硥BפεˤĤ꤫ǤϤʤ o-stem åʸȿǷޤफ
ӵ -er: ȶӤĤBפͳ褹롥r ĤΤϡƻӵ䤫
ƻκǾ -est: Aפͳ褹롥뤤ϡBפ첻岽֤ͳ褹Ȥͤ롥
κǾ -est: ȶӤĤBפͳ褹롥ҲʬˤĤƤϡƻκǾбʪ줿Τ

4Ĥθϸߤ˰ۤʤ֤򼨤Ƥ줬ƻδ֤ǡޤӵȺǾδ֤ǡʣ򷫤̡֤̤äƤȹͤƤΤ褵ѸޤǤˤϤܸۤʬۤˤɤ夤Ƥ˻ޤǡĤޤꥲޥĸ줫űѸˤƤϡ͡ʲ깭Ƥ롥

Lass, Roger. Old English: A Historical Linguistic Companion. Cambridge: CUP, 1994.

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2026-03-21 Sat

#6172. ƻӵ -er ñΥ [adjective][adverb][comparison][oe][germanic][suffix][ablative][flat_adverb][-ly]

ȡ#6170. ƻӵ -er ȺǾ -est εơ ([2026-03-19-1]) ȡ#6171. ƻӵ -er ε1Ĥ⤷ʤ */-o:z-/ ϸŤåʸޤ ([2026-03-20-1]) ȤƼ夲Ƥ꤫顤ƻ˰Ƥߤ
Lass (§8.4.2; p. 207) ʤǡűѸǺǤŵŪä -e űѸηƻӵ -ra ǤȵˤȤǽ˹ԤäȤʤ֤ϡεˤ̤ꡤޥĸ o-stem åʸȤȤǤ롥åʸˤ첻ΰۤʤ2Ĥη֤ꤷƤ롥

The most widespread OE formation is in {-e}, probably from the e-grade of the ablative, corresponding to L {-ē} < */-e:-d/: L facillim-ē 'easily', whose ablative origin is clear in OL facilum-ēd. So OE wīd 'wide', adv wīd-e, gelīc 'similar', adv ge-līc-e, etc.


³ñ -ly γơεˤڤǤ궽̣ΤǡѤ롥

Since {-e} was typically added to adverbialize the extremely common adjectives in -līc, the complex {-līce} was reinterpreted during OE times as an adverbial ending in itself, and there were thus a number of doublets off the same base: from heard 'hard' the adverbs heard-e, heard-līc-e, from hwæt 'brave' hwæt-e, hwæt-līc-e. (Our ModE adverbial {-ly} is of course the descendant of {-līce}.


ñ -ly ˴ؤϡflat_adverb γƵ򻲾ȡ

Lass, Roger. Old English: A Historical Linguistic Companion. Cambridge: CUP, 1994.

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2026-03-20 Fri

#6171. ƻӵ -er ε1Ĥ⤷ʤ */-o:z-/ ϸŤåʸޤ [adjective][adverb][comparison][oe][germanic][suffix][ablative]

ε#6170. ƻӵ -er ȺǾ -est εơ ([2026-03-19-1]) ǡ-er εȤ2ĤΥפäȤߤ2ĤΥפϥޥĸ */-o:z-/ ̤Ȥ뤬äˤĹ첻ɤ鸽줿ΤȽȤʤ1ĤϡΰǤ⿨Ƥ褦ˡ Krahe 󾧤ƤΤǡ̤ΤǤϤʤȤơϥޥĸ a-stem å (ablative) ͳ褹ΤǤϤʤȡ
դλˤĤơLass ̤βս (§8.4.2; p. 207) Ǥ⤦⤷ƤƤΤǡɤǤߤ褦űѸθ˴ؤѤ롥

. . . . One widespread marker is the o-stem ablative sg */-o:-d/ < */-o-ed/ or its later e-grade */-e:-d/. The o-grade appears in Latin adverbs of the type subit-ō (see §6.3.2), perhaps in Greek adverbs in -os; in Germanic it is transparent in the type Go ga-leik-ō 'similarly', OS gi-līc-o, OHG gi-līhh-o. This is common in Gothic, and is the normal formation in OS and OHG.
   In OE, this */-o:/ appears as /-α/, and only in a restricted class of adverbs from adjectives in */-inγ-, -unγ-/, e.g. wēn-ing-a 'perhaps', dearn-ung-a 'secretly'.


űѸǤ -a ȿǤƤȤȤˤʤ뤬Ǥ׷ĤäƤʤ⤷ Krahe ⤬ȤСƻӵ -er 첻ʬˤΤ鷺ʺפǧ롤Ȥ롥

Lass, Roger. Old English: A Historical Linguistic Companion. Cambridge: CUP, 1994.

Referrer (Inside): [2026-03-21-1]

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2026-03-19 Thu

#6170. ƻӵ -er ȺǾ -est ε [adjective][adverb][comparison][superlative][oe][germanic][suffix][rhotacism]

ƻӵ -er ȺǾ -est ˤƸη֤Ȥ夷ΤˤϡޥĸʹߡűѸФѸ˻ޤǤ͡Ѳʣ˴ؤäƤꡤޤäñǤϤʤޤӵȺǾˤϡ⤦1ıŪˡꡤ줾 more, most դȤ뤬ŪˤϤȾ嵭η֤Ȥδؤ⿼cf. #1307. most mest ([2012-11-24-1])#1320. LAEME Ǹ most ΰ۷֤ʬۡ ([2012-12-07-1])ˡˡforemost utmost ˸ -most Ȥޤ̤κǾ¸ߤΤߤδطȤǤ롥
塤1ĤҤȤɳ򤤤ƤȹͤƤ롥ޤϡƻǤϤʤˤӵ -er ȺǾ -est εˤĤĴ٤ƤߤLass (§6.3.2; pp. 149--50) Ѥ뤳ȤϤ褦

There were two regular comparative/superlative formations in Germanic, which can be illustrated by Gothic and Old English forms:

(6.33)A.*/-iz-, -ist-/
  PositiveComparativeSuperlative
 Goalþ-eis 'old'alþ-iz-aalþ-ist-s
 OEealdield-raield-est
 
 B.*/-o:z-, -o:st-/
  PositiveComparativeSuperlative
 Goarm-s 'poor'arm-ōz-aarm-ōst-s
 OEearmearm-raearm-ost/-ast


Type A reflects an IE suffix found in Latin comparatives of the type mai-ōr-em 'greater' (acc [s]g) < */mag-jo:s-m̥/; the zero-grade is /-is-/, and this remnant gives (by Verner's Law) Gothic -iz-, and later with rhotacism OE -r-. The -a ending is probably from the weak n-stem noun declension. This suffix of course causes umlaut of the root vowel, and leaves behind a front /e/ in the superlative.
   The B suffix is a Germanic development of unclear antecedents; it may reflect an original a-stem (OE o-stem) ablative ending */-o:-d/, which was used to form adverbs (type: L subit-ō 'suddenly', Go ga-leik-ō 'similarly': see §8.4.2). One possible scenario (Krahe 1965: §56) is a development in these adverbs of a comparative in */-o:is-/, later */-o:-s/; this served as an analogical target for the creation of a new suffix, and its extension to the adjective. Be that as it may, both A and B suffixes appear in all the Germanic dialects, but distributed differently; the A type is commoner in Gothic, the B type in NGmc and OE, while OHG shows a pretty even mixture.
   In OE, the choice of one or the other seems to be largely lexically determined; the adjectives that most often have type A are eald (ieldra, ieldest), geong 'young' (gi(e)ngra), hēah 'high' (hīer(r)a, lang 'long' (lengra), sceort 'short' (scyrtra); others that occasionally show it are brād 'broad' (brǣdra ~ brādra, strang 'strong' (strengra ~ strangra. Some basic A adjectives sometimes have B forms as well, e.g. geong with mainly gi(e)ngra but occasionally geongra.


Ѹηƻӵ -er ˤĤƤϡޥĸűѸ A B 2ĤΥפ̤뤬줬ľܤεǤΤ¨ǤǤʤΤ i-mutation ȼʤ B פΤۤͭϸȻˤǤ뤬⤽ B ˤĤƤϡεˤεԾܤȤ⤢롥ˤؤäƤǽꡤƻڤ뤳ȤϤǤʤκǾ -est ˤĤƤϡŪ A פ̤ȤߤƤ褤
Ǥ˾ʣ

Lass, Roger. Old English: A Historical Linguistic Companion. Cambridge: CUP, 1994.
Krahe, H. Germanische Sprachwissenschaft. II, Formelehre. Berlin: de Gruyter, 1965.

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2025-12-19 Fri

#6080. Ѹˤ any 괧Ūˡ [article][adjective][comparison][me][oe]

űѸο ān ̾괧 (indefinite article) ȯã褦ˡǤűѸ ǣniȝ ̾ƻ줬ȯãa(n) any ϡΤ褦˵ȯãˤ¿ᡤ̣ˡˤĤƸߤ˾줷Ƥȸ¦̤롥
㤨СѸǤäƱӤιʸˤơ괧 a(n) ͽۤȤ any 륱롥괧ȤƤ any ˡMustanoja (263) 긫Ƥߤ褦

In second members of comparisons, particularly in comparisons expressing equality, any is not uncommon: --- isliket and imaket as eni gles smeþest (Kath. 1661); --- tristiloker þan ony stel (RMannyng Chron. 4864); --- his berd as any sowe or fox was reed (Ch. CT A Prol. 552); --- as blak he lay as any cole or crowe (Ch. CT A Kn. 2692); --- fair was this younge wyf, and therwithal As any wezele hir body gent and smal (Ch. CT A Mil. 3234); --- his steede . . . Stant . . . as stille as any stoon (Ch. CT F Sq. 171); --- þ maden as mery as any men moȝten (Gaw. & GK 1953; any with a plural noun); --- also red and so ripe . . . As any dom myȝt device of dayntyeȝ oute (Purity 1046). The usage goes back to OE: --- scearpre þonne ænig sweord (Paris Psalter xliv 4).


ɽϸűѸ줫⤢ȤΤȤˤʤΤϡξ any Ͻ a(n) ѤʤΤȤΤϡѸ He is as wise as any man. Ϥˤ餺פ any ˡ۵뤫ñʤ괧Ȥ⡤any Ѥ궯Ĵΰ̣礤ФȤȤϤʤΤ

Mustanoja, T. F. A Middle English Syntax. Helsinki: Société Néophilologique, 1960.

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2024-05-20 Mon

#5502. դ٤űѸӵ顦Ǿ [superlative][comparison][adjective][adverb][suppletion][morphology][inflection][oe][i-mutation]

Ѹηƻ졦ӵ顦ǾˤԵ§ʤΤĤ롥good -- better -- best bad -- worse --worst ʤɤ佼ˡ (suppletion) 򼨤ΤΤƤ뤬ϸűѸˤ¸ߤषűѸǤϸ¿Ե§ӵ顦Ǿ餬äSweet's Anglo-Saxon Primer (19--20) ꡤդ٤Τ󤹤롥

Ρi-mutation ޤƻӵ顦Ǿ顡

MeaningPositiveComparativeSuperlative
"old"ealdieldraieldest
"young"ġeongġingraġingest
"long"langlengralengest
"strong"strangstrengrastrengest
"high"hēahhīerrahīehst


Ρsuppletion ޤƻӵ顦Ǿ顡

MeaningPositiveComparativeSuperlative
"good"gōdbetera, betrabetst
  sēlrasēlest
"bad"yfelwiersawier(re)st
"great"miċelmāramǣst
"little"lȳtellǣssalǣst


Ρ餬Ǥƻӵ顦Ǿ顡

MeaningPositiveComparativeSuperlative
"formerly"(ǣr)ǣrraǣrest
"far"(feorr)fierrafierrest
"before"(fore) forma, fyrmest, fyr(e)st
"near"(nēah)nēarranīehst
"outside"(ūte)ūterraūt(e)mest
  ȳterraȳt(e)mest


Ρsuppletion ޤӵ顦Ǿ顡

MeaningPositiveComparativeSuperlative
"well"welbetbet(e)st
  sēlsēlest
"badly"yflewierswier(re)st
"much"miclemǣst
"little"lȳtlǣslǣst


Davis, Norman. Sweet's Anglo-Saxon Primer. 9th ed. Oxford: Clarendon, 1953.

Referrer (Inside): [2025-01-01-1]

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2024-02-29 Thu

#5421. Ǿ -est ӵ -er ˤ⤦1դää [superlative][comparison][adjective][suffix][reconstruction][indo-european][analogy]

ؤäΤȤꡥ
Fertig (34) ˤȡɸ̤ꡤƻ졦κǾɸ -est ϡӵ -er ˤȯŸǤȤȤ餷

The superlative suffix -est, for example, is historically a combination of the ancestor of the -er comparative suffix (*-ôz-/*-iz- in proto-Germanic) followed by an originally separate *-to-.


ȤȤ *-ôz-/*-iz- *-to- ̡̡̤ä줬蘆뵡¿äΤǡ蘆ä̤η1ĤοȤ򤵤褦ˤʤäȤȤ
Ϥ礦ɸѸ -ist -ic ̡ȤߤʤƤ뤬蘆ä -istic 1ĤΩȤȤ館٤롥㤨 cannibalistic ˤơڤФ٤ -ist -ic 2ĤʬϤ⡤-istic 1ĤʬϤۤºŪȤΤϡ*cannibalist ȤñϤʤ
򶵷ȤСӵ -er -ist ˡǾ -est -istic ȤȤˤʤʬ䤹褦ʬˤ褦ʡ

Fertig, David. Analogy and Morphological Change. Edinburgh: Edinburgh UP, 2013.

Referrer (Inside): [2025-01-01-1]

[ | ѥڡ ]

2023-05-22 Mon

#5138. Ӥȯãȸܿ [comparison][adjective][suffix][superlative][contact][synthesis_to_analysis][latin][french][grammaticalisation][german][dutch][french_influence_on_grammar]

ƻ졦ӵ顦Ǿκˤϡ -er/-est դŪˡ more/most ֤Ūˡ롥줾ֶӡפȡֶӡפȸƤǤˤĤƤϡhellogheldio¾Ǥ͡˾Ҳ𤷤Ƥ#4834. ӵ顦Ǿˡ ([2022-07-22-1]) ˴Ϣ󥯤ޤȤƤΤǻȤ줿
Ѹޥ󥹽ˤǤϡӤӤؤѲƤ²˰̤˴ѻ礫ʬϤء (synthesis_to_analysis) Ĭή˱äȤƸ뤳Ȥ¿ѲϡӹʸΩȤʸˡ (grammaticalisation) 1ȤȤ館롥
Heine and Kuteva ˤܿ˴ؤҲ𤷤Ѹ䤤ĤθˤŪ˶Ӥȯã1װȤơޥ󥹽ȤθܿطƤΤǤϤʤȤѸ줬ե󥹸ƥαƶΤȤ˶ӤȯãȤ⼫ΤϸŤ餢ꡤ嵭ΥǤƤ̤Ǥ롥Heine and Kuteva ϡѸΤߤʤ餺¾θˤƤܿθ̤ȤܿŪװäȤϸ鷺Ȥ "an accelerating factor" (96) ȹͤ뤳ȤϲǽǤȽҤ٤Ƥ롥Ѹޤ4Ĥλ㤬󤲤Ƥ (96)

a. Analytic forms were still rare in Northern English in the fifteenth century, while in Southern English, which was more strongly exposed to French influence, these forms had become current at least a century earlier . . . .
b. In German, the synthetic comparative construction is still well established, e.g. schön 'beautiful', schön-er ('beautiful-COMP') 'more beautiful'. But in the dialect of Luxembourg, which has a history of centuries of intense contact with French, instances of an analytic comparative can be found, e.g. mehr schön ('more beautiful', presumably on the model of French plus beau ('more beautiful') . . . .
c. The Dutch varieties spoken in Flanders, including Algemeen Nederlands, have been massively influenced by French, and this influence has also had the effect that the analytic pattern with the particle meer 'more' is used increasingly on the model of French plus, at the expense of the inherited synthetic construction using the comparative suffix -er . . . .
d. Molisean has a 500-years history of intense contact with the host language Italian, and one of the results of contact was that the speakers of Molisean have given up the conventional Slavic synthetic construction by replicating the analytic Italian construction, using veče on the model of Italian più 'more' as degree marker. Thus, while Standard Croatian uses the synthetic form lyepši 'more beautiful', Molisean has più lip ('more beautiful') instead . . . .


Τ褦ʥǤϡȯãȯãϡܿˤäɬ ("propel") 줿ȤϸʤΤΡ® ("accelerate") ȤϸΤǤϤʤȤΤ Heine and Kuteva θǤ롥

Heine, Bernd and Tania Kuteva. "Contact and Grammaticalization." Chapter 4 of The Handbook of Language Contact. Ed. Raymond Hickey. 2010. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell, 2013. 86--107.

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2022-10-20 Thu

#4924. 鹽ʸȺƣϺ [syntax][history_of_linguistics][prescriptive_grammar][comparison][adjective][adverb][english_in_japan]

Ĥߤγȡ֥鹽ʸפȯͤˤĤƵˤʤäΤȤϡĴ٤Ƥߤͤ͡⤷͡äƤ⤽֥鹽ʸפȤϡˤܤαѸ춵ʼѸȳˤͭ jargon ݤʳưϰ̤ΤʤȻפäƤΤƳΤϺƣϺ Practical English Grammar (1898--99) 餷ƣܤΡֱʸˡפǤޤǡ٤ p. 112 ˼Τ褦ˤäʸ̮碌ưѤ롥

ĤŤƻˤƤ⡤Ȥߤ§Ƨ줿ǡ˴ޤޤɽΰ̣Ż뤵줿㤨Сפɽ certain some, any ΰ㤤Τۤ(a) few (a) little ˡˤ every, each, all, ever, always, since, ago, often, either, nearly, almost, still, same ʤɤˡ椵뤫Dz⤵줿ΤǤ롥
廊ơ㤨зƻ other ˡϢươ'one after the other' 'one after another' ʤɤɽҲ𤵤줿Ȥ˾ħ褦ˡġɽ˴Ϣ륤ǥ乽ʸ̤ηϲ뤳Ȥˤʤäη̡ΤˤȤäƤʤ߿ 'would rather A than B' 'no / not more /less than' Ϥᡤ'A whale is no more a fish than a horse is.', 'He saves what little money he earns.' Ȥä֤ʸƳ줿


ܤαʸˡˤ˻ȵ鹽ʸоǤ롥
ΤֹʸפȤäƤߤȡƤζ˶äŵ٤1ĤιʸȤܤ˸ΤǡƶϤ礭ΤֱѸεʸˡפȤǰ18󥰥ɤμڤʪ켫Τ绨ĤŪǤ롥򡤺ƣϺήΡ֥ǥפȤ֤ήȡߥΤ褦˺٤졤ġζŪʡֹʸפȤʤäƽФƤ롥ޤǶŪñ̤Ȥޤʤ¤ꡤѸȤʤؽԤˤȤäơֵʸˡפʤɤޤȤ˳ؤ֤ȤϤǤʤܿͳؽԤο߼äƺƣϺ꼰ΡֹʸפκǤͭ̾ʤΤ1ġ줬֥鹽ʸפʤΤǤϤʤ

ƣ 졡ܤΡֱʸˡפǤޤǡ١ҡ2022ǯ

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2022-10-03 Mon

#4907. no Ϸƻӵ褤äȤ the ֤ǤϤʤ [negative][comparison][adverb][adjective][article]

#1904. ƻ no no ϰۤʤ츻 ([2014-07-14-1]) Ǥߤ褦ˡ no ε򤿤ɤȸ "never" ˶ᤤ no Ȥ yes/no no 󤲤̤꤬褵εʸǼȤꡤ̤λȤ⤢롥
Their way of life is no different from ours. I am no good at tennis. Τ褦ʡηƻ줬ŪѤˡꤹ no Ѥ뤳Ȥ롥ϤƴŪǤꡤɤʽҷƻꤹݤˤ no Ѥ櫓ǤϤʤ
ŵŪȤƤ no ϡƻӵΤ¿no better, no longer, no more ʤɤ㤫顤Ǥϼ¼Ūʰ̣ȤƤ as good, as short, as little ƱȤʤפǤ롥
no Ȥ no one, no problem, no way Τ褦˷ƻȤѤ礬ꡤषƻӵȷӤĤȤƤ no ηǤˤĤƤϡƥϥäȤ⤢뤫⤷ʤǤʤääƵŤΤϡthe ȤƷƻʴŪʸ줬ϤƻӵȥåȤǡ֤ʬפΰ̣ŪѤ뤳ȤȤʿԴطǤ롥ܤϡ#811. the + ӵ + for/because ([2011-07-17-1])#812. The sooner the better ([2011-07-18-1]) 򻲾Ȥ줿
ΤȤ˵ŤƤ줿ΤϡQuirk et al. (10.58) ΤûȤǤ롥

Except for a few fixed phrases (no good, no different), the adverb no modifies adjectives only when they are comparatives (by inflection or by periphrasis): no worse, no tastier, no better behaved, no more awkward, no less intelligent. (Compare the positive with the: He is the worse for it.)


no the ʿŪʤΤλϤꤽǤʤä

Quirk, Randolph, Sidney Greenbaum, Geoffrey Leech, and Jan Svartvik. A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language. London: Longman, 1985.

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2022-07-22 Fri

#4834. ӵ顦Ǿ [comparison][category][adjective][adverb][youtube][notice][link][grammaticalisation]

YouTube ְʼδѸظإͥ42ƤޤֱѸӵ顦ǾϤʤ¿ͤʤΤꤷơѸӵ顦ǾηˤˤĤƤäƤޤ



ѸޤǤܸȰۤʤꡤƻӵ (comparative degree) Ǿ (superlative degree) Ȥäֵפʸˡƥ꡼ޤӡǾγǰʸˡ (grammaticalisation) ƤΤǤΤѸǤӤ˴ؤˡ乽ʸ͡ȯãƤޤ
ܤƤ⡤㤨ӵ -er դΡmore ֤Ρbetter worse Τ褦佼ˡ (suppletion) ʤΤʤɡब˭٤Ǥ
Τ褦ˡֵפˤĤƤϱѸˡѸŪ¿Ȥ⤢ꡤhellog ¾Ǥ⤷ФдϢ˿ƤޤʲϤ˴ؿäؤΤᵭǤ깭ɤߤ comparison εɤ

hellog

#3835. ƻʤɤΡӡפֵפȤƤˤĤơ ([2019-10-27-1])
#3843. ʤƻ졦Ρָפ "positive degree" ȸƤФΤ ([2019-11-04-1])
#3844. ӵ4ˡ ([2019-11-05-1])
#4616. ƻθӵ̣ ([2021-12-16-1])

#403. ή˵դäƤӵˡ ([2010-06-04-1])
#2346. more, most ѤӤȯã ([2015-09-29-1])
#2347. Ӥȯãˤե󥹸졤ƥαƶˤĤơ ([2015-09-30-1])
#3032. ӤȶӤζάˡ ([2017-08-15-1])
#3349. ѸˤƻӤζ޷ vs ηװ ([2018-06-28-1])
#3617. -er/-est more/most --- ӵ顦Ǿκ ([2019-03-23-1])
#3618. Johnson ˤӵ顦Ǿκε§ ([2019-03-24-1])
#4234. ʤӵˤ -er ĤΤ more ĤΤȤΤǤ --- hellog 饸ǡ ([2020-11-29-1])
#4442. 2ηƻӵ -er more ([2021-06-25-1])
#4495. δñѸ in English٤Ϣ6֤ʤƻӵˤ -er more Ρס ([2021-08-17-1])

heldio & hellog-radio ʢ heldio ȡ

hellog-radio #46. ʤӵˤ -er ĤΤ more ĤΤȤΤǤ
heldio #97. unhappyӵ -er ĤΤȿ§

Referrer (Inside): [2023-05-22-1]

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2021-12-30 Thu

#4630. Shakespeare ӵ顦Ǿä [shakespeare][emode][comparison][superlative][adjective][adverb][suffix][periphrasis][suppletion]

ε#4629. Shakespeare 2ӵ顦Ǿ ([2021-12-29-1]) ǡѸεʸˡǤϵƤʤ2ӵ顦Ǿ餬 Shakespeare ˤäƻȤƤ򸫤
Ȥϰۤʤ륿פǤ more, most ֤뱪ѤȤ Shakespeare Ǥ -er, -est դ޷ѤƤ䡤εդλѻ롥ˤϡǤӵǾˤʤʤŪפʰ̣ķƻ졦줬Shakespeare ǤϤθ¤ǤϤʤäȤ⤢롥 Shakespeare ˤ400ǯλ뤳ȤͤСΤ褦ʰ̣ŪѲäȤƤä٤ȤǤϤʤ
Shakespeare ȸθˡǰۤʤΤ Crystal and Crystal (88--90) 󤷤褦

[ ѸǤϱˡShakespeare Ǥ϶ˡ ]

Modern comparative Shakespearian comparative Example
---------------------- ----------------------------- -----------
more honest honester Cor IV.v.50
more horrid horrider Cym IV.ii.331
more loath loather 2H6 III.ii.355
more often oftener MM IV.ii.48
more quickly quicklier AW I.i.122
more perfect perfecter Cor II.i.76
more wayward waywarder AY IV.i.150

Modern superlative Shakespearian superlative Example
---------------------- ----------------------------- ---------------
most ancient ancient'st WT Iv.i10
most certain certain'st TNK V.iv.21
most civil civilest 2H6 IV.vii.56
most condemned contemned'st KL II.ii.141
most covert covert'st R3 III.v.33
most daring daring'st H8 II.iv.215
most deformed deformed'st Sonn 113.10
most easily easil'est Cym IV.ii.206
most exact exactest Tim II.ii.161
most extreme extremest KL V.iii.134
most faithful faithfull'st TN V.i.112
most foul-mouthed foul mouthed'st 2H4 II.iv.70
most honest honestest AW III.v.73
most loathsome loathsomest TC II.i.28
most lying lyingest 2H6 II.i.124
most maidenly maidenliest KL I.ii.131
most pained pained'st Per IV.vi.161
most perfect perfectest Mac I.v.2
most ragged ragged'st 2H4 I.i.151
most rascally rascalliest 1H4 I.ii.80
most sovereign sovereignest 1H4 I.iii.56
most unhopeful unhopefullest MA II.i.349
most welcome welcomest 1H6 II.ii.56
most wholesome wholesom'st MM IV.ii.70

[ ѸǤ϶ˡShakespeare Ǥϱˡ ]

Modern comparative Shakespearian comparative Example
---------------------- ----------------------------- ---------------
greater more great 1H4 IV.i77
longer more long Cor V.ii.63
nearer more near AW I.iii.102

[ ѸǤӵ顦ǾʤShakespeare ǤϼäƤ ]

Modern word Shakespearian comparison Example
---------------------- ----------------------------- ---------------
chief chiefest 1H6 I.i.177
due duer 2H4 III.ii.296
just justest AC II.i.2
less lesser R2 II.i.95
like liker KJ II.i.126
little littlest [cf. smallest] Ham III.ii.181
rather ratherest LL IV.ii.18
very veriest 1H4 II.ii.23
worse worser [cf. less bad] Ham III.iv.158

ȲȤӵ顦ǾκۤʤˤĤƤϡ#3618. Johnson ˤӵ顦Ǿκε§ ([2019-03-24-1]) ⻲ȡ

Crystal, David and Ben Crystal. Shakespeare's Words: A Glossary & Language Companion. London: Penguin, 2002.

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