εthe + ӵ + for/because ([2011-07-17-1]) ιʸȴϢơɸΡthe + ӵ, the + ӵפιʸ夲ʤ櫓ˤϤʤѸǤϤߤιʸǤ롥
(1) The older we grow, the weaker our memory becomes.
(2) It becomes (the) colder the higher you climb.
(3) The more facts you've got at your fingertips, the more easy it is to persuade people.
ջС̾ (1) Τ褦Ѥֽ°, פνˤʤ뤬(2) Τ褦ˡּ, °פνˤ뤳ȤǤ롥ξ硤 the ϾάǽǤ롥ޤ(3) the more easy Τ褦ˡ̾ more ˤ뱪ȤʤǤ⡤ιʸǤ more Ȥ뤳Ȥ롥
Ρthe + ӵ + for/becauseʸξƱͤˡܹʸ the ξȤűѸ se ζʷ (instrumental) ̤롥ιʸǡ The "by how much" ֤ɤפΰդδطȤơ the "by so much" ֤פΰդλؼȤƵǽƤꡤξԤƱơ֡ĤФۤɤޤޤġפΰ̣߽ФƤ롥OED νϡKing Alfred Pastoral Care (ca. 897) ꡥѸ줫 MED entry for "the (adv.)", 1. (c) ȡ
Ðæt her ðy mara wisdom on londe wære, ðy we ma ȝeðeoda cuðon.
űѸζʤΰˡͳ褹ʴطȻؼˤȤƤ the ¸ƤȤΤϤǤäǤ롥ѸǤĤƤζʤεǽθƤ¾ˤϤʤ䡤1Ĥ why 롥why ϵǽФ꤫֤⤫ĤƤζʤκפĤƤꡤޤ˲βФǤ롥[2009-06-18-1]ε֡5W1H٤ʤ̡6H١פǸűѸε̾ζɽwhy who ʷˤʤֲˤäơǡפ֤ʤפΰ̣
äƤthe + ӵ, the + ӵʸФȹͤΤϡؼζʤĤäƤ뤫ФǤϤʤ³ʴطˤȻؼ줬Ʊ빽ʸϡ"when . . . (then)", "where . . . (there)", "if . . . (then)", "although . . . (yet)" ʤɸѸˤढ뤬³¦Ȼؼ¦ƱѤΤϡthe ʳˤϤʤűѸǤ þā . . . þā . . . "when . . ., (then)" þǣr . . . þǣr . . . "where . . ., (there)" ʤɡξƱѤ㤬¾ˤäȤͤСthe + ӵ, the + ӵʸϲʲФʤΤǤ롥
ɸιʸϡФ for because ʤɤθɽ魯ȼ֤äޤޤä?פΰ̣ɽ魯ʸĤ롥
- I was the more upset because he blamed me for the accident.
- I like him all the better for his human weaknesses.
- If we plant early, it will be all the better for our garden.
- The danger seems to make surfing the more exciting.
- She began to work the harder, because her salary was raised.
- If you don't like it, so much the worse for you
- The child was none the worse for being in the rain all night.
- She doesn't seem to be any the worse for her bad experience.
the ϸűѸλؼ se ζ (instrumental case) þȳ ̤[2009-09-28-1]εָűѸη se ζޡפζɽȡˡ "by so much" ۤɤλؼŪʰ̣ɽ路³ӵꤷäơɸιʸϸűѸ줫ѤƤŤʸǤ롥
The Owl and the Nightingale (O&N) Ƭ (ll. 19--20) ˡιʸ롥Cartlidge Ǥ鸽ѸȤȤ˰Ѥ롥
Ho was þe gladur uor þe rise,
& song a uele cunne wise.
She [The nightingale] was happy having the branches around her
and she sang in all sorts of different modes.
Ho "nightingale" ؤþe gladur uor þe rise ֻޤ뤬椨ˤääפȲǤ롥ʸ̮ɤǤ⡤ʤޤȤäΤȽȤʤǤϹʸȤ̤ʸŪʲɬפΤ褦Cartlidge ˤȡ"Ich habbe on brede & eck on lengþe / Castel god on mine rise." (ll. 174--75) Ȥ褦˻ޤʬξȤƤ뤯餤顤ʥˤȤäƻޤϤפʤΤȤȤ狼롥ޤͤθ Arbore frondosa cantat philomena iocosa "A nightingale sings happily in a leafy tree" ˸ڤƤΤǤϤʤȤ롥the 1Ĥ᤹Τ⤿䤹ʤ the the Ǥ롥
Ѹˤ the ˤĤƤϡMED entry for "the (adv.)", 1. (a) ȡ
Cartlidge, Neil, ed. The Owl and the Nightingale. Exeter: U of Exeter P, 2001.
ܥ֥Ǥⲿ٤夲Ƥ2Ĥ˱Ѹ쥳ѥ PPCMBE ( Penn Parsed Corpus of Modern British English; see [2010-03-03-1]. ) COHA ( Corpus of Historical American English; see [2010-09-19-1]. ) ˤĤơܻرѸ쥳ѥ٤κǿ˸ΡȤȯɽƤ롥ξԤȤ2010ǯ˸줿ѸΥѥ줾ѼǤ뤳ȡޤԻŪۤʤ뤳Ȥ٤ӤоݤˤŬʤɽϤȤ륳ѥΰŪħ٤뤳Ȥϰ̣
PPCMBE 1700--1914ǯΥꥹѸƥ949,000ǹƤꡤParsed Corpora of Historical English 1ʤƱͤ˹ʸϤ줿Ťб륳ѥȤ³ռǤ롥ͭǥǡꤹɬפ롥COHA 1810--2009ǯΥꥫѸƥ4Ͽ祳ѥǤ롥ϡʸϤϤƤʤCOHA ̵ǥ饤Ǥ뤿Ȥ䤹եꤵƤΤǽʥǡǤʤȤ롥
ѥεϤȤط뤬PPCMBE ɽ (representativeness) 롥PPCMBE ΥѥƥȤ18غ٤ʬषƥǯ10ǯߤǤȤȡȤʤޥܤ¿롥ϡʬ٤ͭյʬϷ̤ФʤȤȤǤꡤѤ˺ݤդפ롥
COHA ΥѥƥȤ Fiction, Popular Magazines, Newspapers, Non-Fiction Books 4绨Ĥ˶ʬƤ롥٤ʬθˤѤǤʤ10ǯߤǤƥޥܤŬڤʥΥƥȤۤƤꡤɽϤ褯ݤƤ롥Fiction ιΨɤλ50%ƤꡤFiction θħä˸áˤѥΤθħ˱ƶͿƤȹͤ졤ʬϤκݤˤϤդפ롥
ܻϡξѥΰʾħѸˤƻӵ顦ǾˤäƼƤ롥CONCE (Corpus of Nineteenth-Century English) Ѥ Kytö and Romaine ԸˤС19δ֡ӵαФγϡ30ǯߤƬ57.1%67.8%ؤäƤȤƱͤĴ COHA PPCMBE 10ǯߤ˻ܤȤԤǤ1810ǯ64.7%1910ǯ74.3%¤äƤ뤳ȤΤ줿ԤǤ1810ǯ79.4%1910ǯ78.0%ޤɤ줬㤷äȤܡp. 56ˡCONCEƱͤ30ǯߤʬϤľȡPPCMBE ǤͭդѲܴۤѻǤۤɤη̤ǤȤ
ѥϤ줾ȼħäƤ롥褯İѤɬפ뤳ȤǧϢơ[2010-06-04-1]εή˵դäƤӵˡפȡ
2ĤλŦѥ---ɽסرѸ쥳ѥ18桤Ѹ쥳ѥز2011ǯ49--59ǡ
Kytö, M. and S. Romaine. "Adjective Comparison in Nineteenth-Century English." Nineteenth-Century English: Stability and Change. Ed. M. Kytö, M. Rydén, and E. Smitterberg. Cambridge: CUP, 2006. 194--214.
ѸǷƻӵ顤ǾΤˡ(1) -er, -est Ȥղäˡȡ(2) more, most Ȥ֤ˡΡ礭ʬ̤꤬ꤦ롥
̤ (1) ( inflection )(2) ( periphrasis ) ȸƤ֤Kytö (1) ϼºݤˤ϶ޤϴؤäƤʤȤ (123)ǤϵϾάƤ뤬-er, -est ޤǤʤȤ뺬ϡ餯 (a) ٤Ƥηƻ졦줬Ӥ櫓ǤϤʤ(b) ηƻ졦ϱŪˤӵ顤Ǿ줺(c) ˤηƻ졦ϱǤղäǤ롤ʤɤʬۤФ餱ƤΤǡ-er, -est ղäʸˡŪɬܤǤפȤȤֶޡפȤߤʤΤϤդ路ʤȤȤʤΤǤϤʤ
ǡCarstairs-McCarthy ˤ -er, -est ϶ޤȸƤ֤٤Ȥ
The justification for saying that comparative and superlative forms of adjectives belong to inflectional rather than to derivational morphology is that there are some grammatical contexts in which comparative or superlative adjectives are unavoidable, anything else (even if semantically appropriate) being ill-formed: (41)
ϡޤȸƤ뤿ˤϡ٤ƤδϢˤʸˡŪɬܤǤʤФʤΤ뤤ϤʬˤʸˡŪɬܤǤФ褤ΤȤǤ롥㤨Сʸ pretty Ѥ褦ȤʤʸˡŪ prettier ˤʤФʤʤ
This girl is prettier/*pretty than that girl.
ʸ̮Ǥϡ-er ʸˡŪɬܤǤ뤫ޤȸƤǺ٤ʤ褦˻פ롥beautiful ѤΤǤСmore ˤ뱪ˡǤʤФʤʤ
This girl is more beautiful/*beautifuler/*beautiful than that girl.
Ǥ -er ʸˡŪɬܤǤʤɤʸˡŪǧʤ櫓ǡΤ褦 pretty beautiful ʤɸ֤褦Ǥ϶ޤȤʤΤǤϤʤȤΤ Kytö
줬 -er ȤΤ more ȤΤζ̤ΤˤĤΤǤСθ¤ˤơ췲ˤƤ -er ղäʸˡŪɬܤȤȤˤʤꡤޤȸƤӤ뤳ȤˤʤΤ⤷ʤΤʶ̤ʤΤ[2010-06-04-1]ǤҤ٤ȤǤ롥ޤȸƤ٤뤫ɤϡŪΤ褦
Kytö, Merja. " 'The best and most excellentest way': The Rivalling Forms of Adjective Comparison in Late Middle and Early Modern English." Words: Proceedings of an International Symposium, Lund, 25--26 August 1995, Organized under the Auspices of the Royal Academy of Letters, History and Antiquities and Sponsored by the Foundation Natur och Kultur, Publishers. Ed. Jan Svartvik. Stockholm: Kungl. Vitterhets Historie och Antikvitets Akademien, 1996. 123--44.
Carstairs-McCarthy, Andrew. An Introduction to English Morphology. Edinburgh: Edinburgh UP, 2002. 134.
Ѹʻž ( see [2009-11-03-1] ) ˤϡ͡롥ư좪̾졤ƻ좪̾졤̾좪ư졤ƻ좪ư졤̾좪ƻ㤬Ū¿ƻ좪ưǤϡ?ˤפ뤤ϡ?ˤʤפΰդؤž calm, dirty, humble; dry, empty, narrow ʤɤ롥̣Ǥϡƥưβʬ -atus ͳ褹 -ate ¿μѸư⡤ƻ좪ưžȹͤ뤳ȤǤ ( ex. assassinate, fascinate, separate )
ȤDZʸƥȤɲˡƻӵȤѤƤ lower ưȤɤ߰㤨ȤǵŤΤӵη֤ưžȤΤǤϤʤ㤯פȤưžΤǤСӵǤϤʤΤޤޤ low ǤϤʤΤ¤ΤȤOED ˤưΤȤƤ low ϸߤǤѤ1200ǯ˸졤18ޤǻȤƤǡưȤƤ lower ϡֲפΰ̣17˽ƸƤ롥
ƻӵ餫ưž¾õȤ顤better פĤϸűѸ줫ȤƤ롥worse űѸ줫ưȤƻȤƤ19ѤȤʤäƤưĤƤΤžǤϤʤ13˽Ф worsen Ӥ褦ˡɤ佼ˡ ( suppletion ) ˤԵ§ӵפܤĤ OED ˰Ƥ椯ȡless ⸽ߤѤ13?17ޤưȤѤƤȤ狼ämore 14?15˻㤬ä
佼ˡˤӵϡб븶ȤηŪʷӤĤ夤Τǡ̸ĤθȤƸäΤʤϿƤ롤ĤޤòƤȹͤ롥㤨 better good ȤֲˤäΤǤϤʤgood ΩäȤϿƤ뤫餳ưؤžꤦΤǤϤʤդˤС佼ˡˤʤ̤ηƻ -er ӵ֤ϡ֤ȶӤĤƤΤǡžˤȤȤʤΤǤϤʤβΤ lower 㳰ȤʤäƤޤ
ͤƤߤȷƻ lower ñʤ low ӵǤϤʤȤ˵Ťlower ϡ֤㤤פȤ than ³Ǥʸ̤ΰ̣¾ˡ֡ʬ˲̤ΡסäפȤŪȯỴ̈äƤ롥Ԥΰ̣ǤνФ1590ǯǡκ lower low Ȥ̸ĤθȤƸòȹͤ뤳ȤǤΤǤϤʤlow lower Ϸ֤ -er ̵ͭˤ̩ܤ˷ӤĤƤ뤬̣ξǤϾֵΥפȹͤ롥ϡžˤư lower 17˸ϤȤȻŪˤ礹褦˻פ롥
ѸʸˡǤϡƻӵϡ-er Ȥղä ( inflection ) more ֤뱪 ( periphrasis ) ˤäƷ롥ŬѤ뤫ˤĤƤϡ㳰ϤΤΤ褽ηϤ롥첻ϸ§ȤƶȤꡤʳ¿ϸ§ȤƱȤ롥Τ -y, -ly, -er, -le ʤɤĤΤˤĤƤ϶Ȥ뤳Ȥ¿ȤºݤˤξˡȤ˲ǽʸ⾯ʤʤ
Kytö (123) ˤȡѸΤη16νޤǤˤ褽ΩȤűѸˤϻȯŪʱơ٤Ƥηƻˤƶ§ä13ˤʤȥƥαƶʤ餯ϥեαƶˡƶĴŪǼȯŪˤⱪƤơѸ̤Ƴ礷ϡ ( synthesis ) ʬ ( analysis ) ظѸΰŪʸѲή˾ä椨Ȥͤ롥
Ѹ줫ѸӵʤȺǾˤʬۤ Helsinki Corpus Ĵ Kytö θˤȡsynthesis analysis ؤȤŪήȿơ⤫ʤǴ궯ĤäƤ췲ˤäƤϤष衦礷ƤȤޤȤȤơΤ褦˽Ҥ٤Ƥ롥
The results indicate that while the comparison of adjectives first followed the tendency of English to favour analytic forms as against synthetic, it was the synthetic forms that finally took over during the period when the Present-day usage became established. (140)
ή˵դäƤ褦˸ӵˤϤ⤷
Kytö, Merja. " 'The best and most excellentest way': The Rivalling Forms of Adjective Comparison in Late Middle and Early Modern English." Words: Proceedings of an International Symposium, Lund, 25--26 August 1995, Organized under the Auspices of the Royal Academy of Letters, History and Antiquities and Sponsored by the Foundation Natur och Kultur, Publishers. Ed. Jan Svartvik. Stockholm: Kungl. Vitterhets Historie och Antikvitets Akademien, 1996. 123--44.
[2009-11-08-1] Shakespeare ӵ ( double comparative ) λѤˤĤƿ줿ѸʸˡȤˡworser ʤɤӵ 褯˼ꤢ롥 Nevalainen ˿Ƥ Kytö and Romaine θˤȡºݤΤȤӵ٤ӵΤ 1% ˤʤȤɸѸλ餹ݤǤ뤬椨ˡºݰʾɾƤޤ
ɸѸǤϡӵϤʤ龯ʤ---Ȥ⡤ѤǤ롥٤㳰Ĥ롥Ĥ[2009-11-08-1]Ǥ줿 lesser Ǥ롥⤦Ĥϡlesser ⵤŤˤΤΡ٤Ϥ֤⤤Ȼפ nearer Ǥ롥near Ϥ켫ΤŪˤӵǤꡤ-er ղä nearer ϡʤӵȤȤˤʤ롥
űѸǤϡбƻ졦θ nēah äơӵ餬 nēaraǾ餬 nīehsta äϡ줾ŪˤϸѸ nigh, near, next бƤ롥
near ϡΤ褦ӵäѸ鸶ȤƲᤵ륱ФƤβϡ㤨иѸǤ come near come nearer ŪˤۤƱȤʤ뤳ȤǤ褦Ʊͤȯãϡ naer ˤѻȤ
16ˤϡӵȤƤ near ˡ⤤ޤ줿ӵȤ nearer ФʹߡӵȤƤ near Ͻ˿षƤäơnear ϸȤޤѤä
̤ȤơѸˤϡűѸηƻ졦 nēah ͳ褹ӵ顦Ǿ餬ʻ¸뤳ȤȤʤä켰ηǤϡ nigh ϸǤꡤӵ near ѤȤʤäƤꡤǾ next ϡֺǤᤤפּΡפؤỌ̇̄ꤵƤ롥̣ŪˡŪͭɸ ( marked ) ηȤäƤ
̣Ǥõʤ̵ɸ ( unmarked ) ηǤ롥ޤѤäȤƤ near ˵§Ū -er, -est ղä졤§ŪӵȺǾΰ̣֤ᤤס֤äȤᤤפɽΤߤǤ롥
ޤȤȰʲΤ褦ˤʤ롥
| 켰ͭɸ | nigh ʸ | near ) | next ʡּΡס |
| ̵ɸ | near | nearer | nearest |
Shakespeare ȤԤǤϤʤѸˤ椷Ƥ Shakespeare ˤϤʤȤǤäˤʤ롥Shakespeare ȤʤХ־ξϤ줳̵¤ΤȻפΤǡȤʤ褦˥դǾΥˤޤȤƤߤ
Open Source Shakespeare: http://www.opensourceshakespeare.org/
ƥȻȤȸadvanced search ǽ̤νϤ⸫䤹Ū˻Ȥ䤹ե
The Complete Works of William Shakespeare: http://shakespeare.mit.edu/
HTMLǤɸŪ Shakespeare Title, Act, Scene 狼äƤ˻Ȥ䤹
The Collected Works of Shakespeare: http://www.it.usyd.edu.au/~matty/Shakespeare/
HTMLǤɸŪ Shakespeare äθǽͭѡ
Mr. William Shakespeare and the Internet: http://shakespeare.palomar.edu/sitemap.htm
ϥ֥ȡ濴ȤơShakespeare ٤롥ʥȤʤΤǤƥȥޥåפؤΥ
Links to HTML Complete Works Sites: http://shakespeare.palomar.edu/works.htm#Collected
¾ HTML 줿ƥȤؤΥ
Shakespeare Search Tools: http://shakespeare.palomar.edu/searching.htm#Shsearch
¾θġؤΥglossary ؤΥ⤢ꡥ
ߤˡ嵭 Open Source Shakespeare θˤꡤworse worser λ٤Ĵ٤Ƥߤworser Ϥӵ ( double comparative ) η֤ǡ16?17äˤ褯Ѥ줿ȤƤ롥
η̡worse 178㡤worser 21㡥ʸߤƤߤȡworser Our worser thoughts the worser part of it ʤɤΤ褦˸ŪˡηƻȤѤ뷹ǡworse ñȤѤ뷹Ȥ狼롥ϡѸɸˡȤ¸ߤӵǤ lesser äѤŪˡѤΤбƤ롥
ʤɤʤɡäȤȯ롥
ʸ嵭2014/02/08(Sat)ɲŪͭѤʥȤʲ˵Ƥ
Shakespeare's Words: David Crystal ˤ Shakespeare θؤƳŪ
Shakespeare Authorship
Stratford-upon-Avon - Shakespeare Birthplace Trust
Royal Shakespeare Company (RSC)
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