hellogѸ˥֥     ChangeLog ǿ     ƥǿ     ڡ 1 2 3 4 ڡ / page 2 (4)

comparison - hellogѸ˥֥

ǽ: 2026-07-15 01:27

2021-12-29 Wed

#4629. Shakespeare 2ӵ顦Ǿ [shakespeare][emode][comparison][double_comparative][superlative][adjective][adverb]

ܥ֥ΰʲεǽ񤤤ƤShakespeare most unkindest cut of all (JC III.ii.184) Τ褦ʡεʸˡǤ˳ʤȤ2źǾʤ2ӵ (double_comparative)ˤѤȤϤ褯ΤƤ롥ºݤˤϡShakespeare Τ褦ɽȤ櫓Ѥ櫓ǤϤʤΤȤäƤ뤳ȤϳΤǤ롥

#195. Shakespeare ˴ؤ Web resources ([2009-11-08-1])
#3615. Ѹ2ӵ顦ǾԸˤʤ ([2019-03-21-1])
#3619. Lowth Ф2ӵȲǾ ([2019-03-25-1])

ǤϡShakespeare ¾ΤɤΤ褦2ӵ顦ǾȤäΤCrystal and Crystal (88) ɽŪ󤷤ƤƤΤǡƸ

[ Double comparatives ]

more better (MND III.i.18)
more bigger-looked (TNK I.i.215)
more braver (Tem I.ii.440)
more corrupter (KL II.ii.100)
more fairer (E3 II.i.25)
more headier (KL II.iv.105)
more hotter (AW IV.v.38)
more kinder (Tim IV.i.36)
more mightier (MM V.i.235)
more nearer (Ham II.i.11)
more nimbler (E3 II.ii.178)
more proudlier (Cor IV.vii.8)
more rawer (Ham V.ii.122)
more richer (Ham III.ii.313)
more safer (Oth I.iii.223)
more softer (TC II.ii.11)
more sounder (AY III.ii.58)
more wider (Oth I.iii.107)
more worse (KL II.ii.146)
more worthier (AY III.iii.54)
less happier (R2 II.i.49)

[ Double superlatives ]

most boldest (JC III.i.121)
most bravest (Cym IV.ii.319)
most coldest (Cym II.iii.2)
most despiteful'st (TC IV.i.33)
most heaviest (TG IV.ii.136)
most poorest (KL II.iii.7)
most stillest (2H4 III.ii.184)
most unkindest (JC III.ii.184)
most worst (WT III.ii.177)

Τʤ more nearer λϤ⤷츻򿶤֤Сޤ3ӵ (triple comparative) Ǥ롥#209. near Ρ ([2009-11-22-1]) ֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio)near ϤȤӵäɤ



Crystal, David and Ben Crystal. Shakespeare's Words: A Glossary & Language Companion. London: Penguin, 2002.

Referrer (Inside): [2021-12-30-1]

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2021-12-16 Thu

#4616. ƻθӵ̣ [adjective][semantics][comparison]

ƻθ (positive degree) ӵ (comparative degree) ΰ̣Ūʴطϰ츫ȼΤ褦ˤߤ롥ʲ (1) (2) ٤Ƥߤ褦

(1) John is tall.
(2) John is taller than Peter.

ѤŪʸ (1) 顤ӵѤŪʸ (2) Ū줿Τ褦ˤߤ롥ϤñǤϤʤ(1) ϥʸʤؤι⤤Ȥްդ뤬(2) ǤϥϥԡĹȤͤȤ⤵ۤؤ⤯ʤˤȤ롥С(1) μϥŪĹǤΤФ(2) μϥŪĹǤ롥(2) (1) ñ줿ΤǤϤʤ
ˡƻ tall θΰ̣ܤƤߤ褦 (1) ϥŪĹȤƤȽҤ٤褯ͤƤߤȡ⵿路ȤΤϡؤ⤤פȤŪ˵ꤵΤǤϤʤޤŪ˵ꤵΤ(1) ̣Ƥ뤳ȤϡʿŪʿ͡ʤ뤤¿ο͡ˤؤ⤤Ȥ¤ǤꡤˤӤ΢˻ޤƤΤǤ롥Ʊͤˡ־ݤ礭ס֥ͥߤϾפ⡤줾üԤǤʹ֤ΥۤδȤƤ־ݤϡʿʹ֤礭ס֥ͥߤϡʿʹ֤˾פۤɤްդƤȹͤ롥
ȡtall δŪʰ̣ taller αŪʰ̣ŪȤȥ졼ȤʸϲʤФʤ餯ʤ롥षդ taller ΰ̣ץߥƥǤꡤtall ϤŪ줿̣Ǥ򤷤ʤФʤʤʤޤ˵žȯۤ (Klein 2)
̣Ū taller Τۤ tall ŪǤȤϡľѤȿ롥Ѹޤ᤿¿θǷŪ̵ɸʤΤӵǤϤʤΤۤǤꡤºݡָפȤѸ줬ΤȤ򼨺Ƥ (cf. #3843. ʤƻ졦Ρָפ "positive degree" ȸƤФΤ ([2019-11-04-1]
츫Ʋ꤬ʤ tall taller ̣פΤۤäƤ뤳Ȥ˵Ť

Klein, Ewan. "A Semantics for Positive and Comparative Adjectives." Linguistics and Philosophy 4.1 (1980): 1--45.

Referrer (Inside): [2022-07-22-1]

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2021-08-17 Tue

#4495. δñѸ in English٤Ϣ6֤ʤƻӵˤ -er more Ρ [notice][sobokunagimon][rensai][comparison][adjective][adverb][suffix][periphrasis][link]

NHK饸ֺ¡δñѸ in Englishפ9ΥƥȤȯȤʤޤϢܤƤֱѸΥܥʵפ6Ȥʤޤϡ֤ʤƻӵˤ -er more ΡפǤ

δñѸ in English2021ǯ9



Ѥʵ֤ȤäƤ褤Ǥ͡ûƻʤ -erĹƻʤ more Ȥ褦˳ФƤ¿ȻפޤäûĹȤΤǤ§Ȥ1Ǥ -ermore Ǥ褤Ȥơ2ϤɤʤΤʹȤʤʤ񤷤Ǥ͡Ʊ2Ǥ early, happy -er Ǥafraid, famous more ޤϢܵǤϡդʣʻޤơʤ٤פŪ򤭤Ƥߤޤɤɤ
֤ȤȤǡܥ֥Ǥ͡ʷǼ夲ƤޤϢܵŪƤޤޤޤɤ

#4234. ʤӵˤ -er ĤΤ more ĤΤȤΤǤ --- hellog 饸ǡ ([2020-11-29-1])
#3617. -er/-est more/most --- ӵ顦Ǿκ ([2019-03-23-1])
#4442. 2ηƻӵ -er more ([2021-06-25-1])
#3032. ӤȶӤζάˡ ([2017-08-15-1])
#2346. more, most ѤӤȯã ([2015-09-29-1])
#403. ή˵դäƤӵˡ ([2010-06-04-1])
#2347. Ӥȯãˤե󥹸졤ƥαƶˤĤơ ([2015-09-30-1])
#3349. ѸˤƻӤζ޷ vs ηװ ([2018-06-28-1])
#3619. Lowth Ф2ӵȲǾ ([2019-03-25-1])
#3618. Johnson ˤӵ顦Ǿκε§ ([2019-03-24-1])
#3615. Ѹ2ӵ顦ǾԸˤʤ ([2019-03-21-1])
#456. Ӥ -er, -est ϶ޤݤ ([2010-07-27-1])

Referrer (Inside): [2022-07-22-1]

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2021-06-25 Fri

#4442. 2ηƻӵ -er more [comparison][sobokunagimon][adjective][adverb][suffix][periphrasis][-ly]

ƻ졦 (comparison) ϡܥ֥Ǥ͡˰äƤѸǤΤ˷ΤĤƤʤӵ餬 -er ʶӡˤ more ʶӡˤȤŪطʤˤĤƤϡ#2346. more, most ѤӤȯã ([2015-09-29-1])#2347. Ӥȯãˤե󥹸졤ƥαƶˤĤơ ([2015-09-30-1])#3032. ӤȶӤζάˡ ([2017-08-15-1])#3617. -er/-est more/most --- ӵ顦Ǿκ ([2019-03-23-1])#3703.رѸ춵٤Ϣ4֤ʤӵκ -er more 2बΤס ([2019-06-17-1])#4234. ʤӵˤ -er ĤΤ more ĤΤȤΤǤ --- hellog 饸ǡ ([2020-11-29-1]) ʤɤǼ夲Ƥ
ûˤ -er ĤĹˤ more ֤ȤΤ§Ǥ롥û⤢Ĺ⤢2ˤĤƤϡɤ줬㤷Ƥ줤꼰Ǥʤºݡʸˡ򤤤äƤߤȡñ줴ȤˤɤӵηΤ̤ʤΤˤĤƵҤ̯˰ۤʤΤǤ롥ϡҤȤޤ LGSWE 7.7.2 򻲾Ȥơ2ηƻˤĤƹͤƤߤ
2ηƻ줬ӵηѤ뤫ϡβŪ礭¸뤳ȤΤƤ롥-y ǽΤˤĤƤϡ-er ̤Τ褦󤲤ȡ

angry, bloody, busy, crazy, dirty, easy, empty, funny, gloomy, happy, healthy, heavy, hungry, lengthy, lucky, nasty, pretty, ready, sexy, silly, tidy, tiny


-y ǽƻȤȤǤС餫ƬĤ3ˤʤäƤ⡤ӵ -er Ȥ뷹 (ex. unhappier) Ѹˤδϡ250ǯۤˤϾۤʤäƤ餷Ȥܤͤ (cf. #3618. Johnson ˤӵ顦Ǿκε§ ([2019-03-24-1]))
-ly ǽƻɤ줬㤷褦ǡ㤨 early ӵ earlier ̤likely ˤĤƤ more likely Τ̤ۤǤ롥ۤɤ򼨤ȤƤϡ

costly, deadly, friendly, lively, lonely, lovely, lowly, ugly


ʤɤ󤲤롥Ʊɤ򼨤ΤȤơʲΤ褦˼岻ǽ2ηƻ󤲤Ƥ

mellow, narrow, shallow, yellow; bitter, clever, slender, tender; able, cruel, feeble, gentle, humble, little, noble, simple, subtle; sever, sincere; secure, obscure


ξηɤ򼨤ƤȤȤϡ¾ؤȾ괹ʤǤȤȡĤޤѲκǤ뤳Ȥʳξڤ櫓ǤϤʤʤȤ˼롥ξζ硦ʻ¸Ϥ줳1000ǯۤ³Ƥ櫓ޤ˷ʤ

Biber, Douglas, Stig Johansson, Geoffrey Leech, Susan Conrad, and Edward Finegan. Longman Grammar of Spoken and Written English. Harlow: Pearson Education, 1999.

Referrer (Inside): [2022-07-22-1] [2021-08-17-1]

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2021-06-19 Sat

#4436. ƻΥץȥ [comparison][adjective][adverb][category][prototype][pos][comparison]

ʻ (part of speech = pos) ȤΤϡǤ褯ΤƤʸˡ (category) 1ĤǤ롥ƤθѸʤʸˡѸʤϡʸˡƤˤĤ줿٥Ǥ롥졤ʡӡԡ˲ĻʤɤѸ줬ФƤ顤ʸˡƤˤĤƸäƤΤȹͤƤ褤
ѸηƻʤˤȤʻˤĤƹͤ硤 (comparison) ȤʸˡƤ1ĤȤʤ롥ܸʤɤǤϡӡפʸˡƤȤ̰봷Ϥʤʽ֤פˡ1ĤȤ٤²ˤƤϸηϤ˿ޤ줿ʸˡƤȤơ̻뤵뤳ȤˤʤäƤ롥ϤޤˤδФĤƤʤΤѸؤˤȤʸˡƤ̻ŪˤⶦŪˤ׻뤵ƤȤϳΤǤ롥
ϤޤäƷƻʤˤʸˡƤȤȤ줬ƻǤ뤫Ȥäơɬ⤳ƤͿ櫓ǤϤʤ˷ƻ餷ƻӤƤŬ礹뤬ۤɷƻ餷ʤƻӤȤƤʤդ˸Сƻ夲ȤӤƤŬ礹뤫ɤǡƻ餷ƻ줫Ǥʤƻ줫Ƚ롥ϡȤʤƻ˴ؤץȥ (prototype) Ǥ롥
Crystal (92) ƻΥץȥפˤĤʬ䤹ͿƤƤ롥

   The movement from a central core of stable grammatical behaviour to a more irregular periphery has been called gradience. Adjectives display this phenomenon very clearly. Five main criteria are usually used to identify the central class of English adjectives:

(A) they occur after forms of to be, e.g. he's sad;
(B) they occur after articles and before nouns, e.g. the big car;
(C) they occur after very, e.g. very nice;
(D) they occur in the comparative or superlative form e.g. sadder/saddest, more/most impressive; and
(E) they occur before -ly to form adverbs, e.g. quickly.

We can now use these criteria to test how much like an adjective a word is. In the matrix below, candidate words are listed on the left, and the five criteria are along the top. If a word meets a criterion, it is given a +; sad, for example, is clearly an adjective (he's sad, the sad girl, very sad, sadder/saddest, sadly). If a word fails the criterion, it is given a - (as in the case of want, which is nothing like an adjective: *he's want, *the want girl, *very want, *wanter/wantest, *wantly).

 ABCDE
happy+++++
old++++-
top+++--
two++---
asleep+----
want-----


The pattern in the diagram is of course wholly artificial because it depends on the way in which the criteria are placed in sequence; but it does help to show the gradual nature of the changes as one moves away from the central class, represented by happy. Some adjectives, it seems, are more adjective-like than others.


ƻȤʸˡƤˤĤơäˤӤȤʸˡƤˤĤƤϡʲε򻲾ȡ

#3533. ̾ -- ƻ -- ưϢ³Ʋ ([2018-12-29-1])
#3835. ƻʤɤΡӡפֵפȤƤˤĤơ ([2019-10-27-1])
#3843. ʤƻ졦Ρָפ "positive degree" ȸƤФΤ ([2019-11-04-1])
#3844. ӵ4ˡ ([2019-11-05-1])

Crystal, David. The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Language. Cambridge: CUP, 1995. 2nd ed. 2003. 3rd ed. 2019.

Referrer (Inside): [2024-08-06-1] [2022-07-25-1]

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2021-06-19 Sat

#4436. ƻΥץȥ [comparison][adjective][adverb][category][prototype][pos][comparison]

ʻ (part of speech = pos) ȤΤϡǤ褯ΤƤʸˡ (category) 1ĤǤ롥ƤθѸʤʸˡѸʤϡʸˡƤˤĤ줿٥Ǥ롥졤ʡӡԡ˲ĻʤɤѸ줬ФƤ顤ʸˡƤˤĤƸäƤΤȹͤƤ褤
ѸηƻʤˤȤʻˤĤƹͤ硤 (comparison) ȤʸˡƤ1ĤȤʤ롥ܸʤɤǤϡӡפʸˡƤȤ̰봷Ϥʤʽ֤פˡ1ĤȤ٤²ˤƤϸηϤ˿ޤ줿ʸˡƤȤơ̻뤵뤳ȤˤʤäƤ롥ϤޤˤδФĤƤʤΤѸؤˤȤʸˡƤ̻ŪˤⶦŪˤ׻뤵ƤȤϳΤǤ롥
ϤޤäƷƻʤˤʸˡƤȤȤ줬ƻǤ뤫Ȥäơɬ⤳ƤͿ櫓ǤϤʤ˷ƻ餷ƻӤƤŬ礹뤬ۤɷƻ餷ʤƻӤȤƤʤդ˸Сƻ夲ȤӤƤŬ礹뤫ɤǡƻ餷ƻ줫Ǥʤƻ줫Ƚ롥ϡȤʤƻ˴ؤץȥ (prototype) Ǥ롥
Crystal (92) ƻΥץȥפˤĤʬ䤹ͿƤƤ롥

   The movement from a central core of stable grammatical behaviour to a more irregular periphery has been called gradience. Adjectives display this phenomenon very clearly. Five main criteria are usually used to identify the central class of English adjectives:

(A) they occur after forms of to be, e.g. he's sad;
(B) they occur after articles and before nouns, e.g. the big car;
(C) they occur after very, e.g. very nice;
(D) they occur in the comparative or superlative form e.g. sadder/saddest, more/most impressive; and
(E) they occur before -ly to form adverbs, e.g. quickly.

We can now use these criteria to test how much like an adjective a word is. In the matrix below, candidate words are listed on the left, and the five criteria are along the top. If a word meets a criterion, it is given a +; sad, for example, is clearly an adjective (he's sad, the sad girl, very sad, sadder/saddest, sadly). If a word fails the criterion, it is given a - (as in the case of want, which is nothing like an adjective: *he's want, *the want girl, *very want, *wanter/wantest, *wantly).

 ABCDE
happy+++++
old++++-
top+++--
two++---
asleep+----
want-----


The pattern in the diagram is of course wholly artificial because it depends on the way in which the criteria are placed in sequence; but it does help to show the gradual nature of the changes as one moves away from the central class, represented by happy. Some adjectives, it seems, are more adjective-like than others.


ƻȤʸˡƤˤĤơäˤӤȤʸˡƤˤĤƤϡʲε򻲾ȡ

#3533. ̾ -- ƻ -- ưϢ³Ʋ ([2018-12-29-1])
#3835. ƻʤɤΡӡפֵפȤƤˤĤơ ([2019-10-27-1])
#3843. ʤƻ졦Ρָפ "positive degree" ȸƤФΤ ([2019-11-04-1])
#3844. ӵ4ˡ ([2019-11-05-1])

Crystal, David. The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Language. Cambridge: CUP, 1995. 2nd ed. 2003. 3rd ed. 2019.

Referrer (Inside): [2024-08-06-1] [2022-07-25-1]

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2021-01-25 Mon

#4291. ¤ not so ... as not as ... as ¿ [comparison][presupposition][negative][antonymy]

as ... as ƱӤ꤬ not so ... as Ȥʤ뤳ȤϡعʸˡǤ褯ΤƤ롥ȤƤκǽ as ʸ̮Ǥ so ˤʤȤȤΤȼΤϡŪˤԻ׵ĤϤʤ#693. as, so, also ([2011-03-21-1]) Ǥߤ褦ˡas ϸ츻Ū so ζĴη֤Ȥ⤤so ... as Ūˤ˳ʤǤⲿǤʤ
̩ˤиѸˤƤ not as ... as ̤˸롥ĤޤꡤΤƤ not as ... as ϡnot so ... as ȸ뤳ȤǽȤˤʤñ٤ǤС¤ not as ... as ΤۤȤƤ¿ΤǤ롥Ӻʤ⡤ BNCweb "not as (_{ADJ} | _{ADV}) as" "not so (_{ADJ} | _{ADV}) as" ǸƤߤȡ줾1,355313ԤŪȤʤ81.24%)
Quirk et al (15.71) ˾ܤnot so ... ä˹ޤΤϡǸ as ʲάȤȤʤĤޤ not so ... as ȤʤʤȤˡʲ򻲾ȡ

He's not as naughty as he was.
He's not so naughty as he was.
He's not so naughty (now).


ޤƱˤСüԤˤäƲϰۤʤ褦not so ... as (presupposition) üʿ񤤤򼨤Ȥ

Some prefer to use so . . . as with negative clauses. But for some people so tends to carry the absurd implication of a possibility that is then negated, and they therefore find it odd to say:

   (?)Her baby is not so old as I thought.

The reason is that for them the sentence implies that a baby can be old. In other words, an unmarked term old . . . cannot be used in this context to cover the whole scale.


ȿոͭɸˤĤƤϡ#1804. gradable antonym ΰ̣ ([2014-04-05-1]) 򻲾Ȥ줿
ƱӤιʸ˴ؤƤϡϢơ#3346. A is as . . . as B. ϡA Bס ([2018-06-25-1]) ⻲ȡ

Quirk, Randolph, Sidney Greenbaum, Geoffrey Leech, and Jan Svartvik. A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language. London: Longman, 1985.

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2020-11-29 Sun

#4234. ʤӵˤ -er ĤΤ more ĤΤȤΤǤ --- hellog 饸 [hellog-radio][sobokunagimon][comparison][adjective][adverb]

ûƻ졦ӵ顦Ǿˤˤ -er, -est դĹƻ졦ӵ顦Ǿˤˤϡθ more, most դ줬Ѹεʸˡ뵬§ǤϱѸˤˤŪ§Ȥ٤ǤꡤŤŬѤƤ§ǤϤޤ󡥸ĹˤäƤӵ顦Ǿˡ뤫Ȥ§ϡˤʤΤǤǤϡβİ



⤽Ѹӵ顦Ǿˤ -er, -est դȤˡޤǤmore, most ֤ˡϡ餯ե󥹸ƥȤˡȤѸ˼졤ѸˤƳΩˡʤΤǤ
פ˱ѸΩ줫ߤȡޤ -er, -est ѤƷŪ˽ƤΤˤǥե󥹸ƥ줫αƶˤꡤmore/most ѤŪɽ褦ˤʤäȤפǤ
ε˴ϢġȤƤϡ##3617,3032,456,2346,403,2347,3349,3619,3618,3615,3703εå

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2020-08-02 Sun

#4115. ʤthe ӵ顤the ӵפǡ?Фۤ?פΰ̣ˤʤΤǤ --- hellog 饸 [hellog-radio][sobokunagimon][hel_education][article][comparison][adjective][instrumental]

hellog 饸12ϡ1ĤθȤƳؽ뤳Ȥ¿ɸιʸˤĤơ

The longer you work, the more you will earn. ĹƯƯۤɡ¿ΤԤޤ
The older we grow, the weaker our memory becomes. ǯȤФȤۤɡϤϿꤨޤ
The sooner, the better. ᤱᤤۤɤ褤

ιʸǤϡӵѤ᤬2󤵤Τǡ?Фۤ?פȤ̣ˤʤ뤳ȤϲȤʤʬ뵤ΤǤʤ괧 the ФƤΤ礦 the ϤäʤΤǤ礦ϡ򤭤򤷤Ƥޤ



¤϶äۤˤθŤʸʤΤǤ͡⡤the (adverb) ȤƵǽƤȤϡͤȤƤϡwhen . . . then, if . . . then, although . . . yet, as . . . so Τ褦عʸƱ˰Ф褤ȤȤˤʤޤ
ˤĤƾܤ򤷤ϡ##812,811εå

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2020-07-30 Thu

#4112. ʤ careless ȿФ *caremore ǤϤʤ careful ʤΤǤ --- hellog 饸 [hellog-radio][sobokunagimon][hel_education][suffix][comparison]

hellog 饸11󡥺ϡǯαѸˤμȤӽФƤäۤɥ󥹤Τ褤ѤʵǤ󥹤ߤޤʤۤɤ䡥ˤĤƴñ˲Dz⤷Ƥߤޤ



Ĥޤꡤ츻ҤȤСƻʤӵ less -less ȤϤޤäʪȤȤˤʤΤǤ϶äǤ͡Ȥơηƻ able -able ʤʪǤޤˤҤä֤ꤽʶسλ¡
դʸϤǤäɤߤϡ##3699,4071εåɤ

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2019-11-05 Tue

#3844. ӵ4ˡ [comparison][adjective][adverb][semantics]

ε#3843. ʤƻ졦Ρָפ "positive degree" ȸƤФΤ ([2019-11-04-1]) #3835. ƻʤɤΡӡפֵפȤƤˤĤơ ([2019-10-27-1]) ǡƻ졦 (comparison) ˤĤĴ٤Ƥ롥ʲϡؿѸؼŵ٤ comparison ιफˤʤKruisinga (Handbook, Vol. 4, §§1734--41) ˤӵ4ˡҲ𤷤褦

(i) оӵ (comparative of contrast)
a younger son ˤӵ younger ϡan elder son elder ǰƬˡоŪѤƤ롥How slow you are! Try and be a little quicker. Τ褦ˡƥŪо⤢롥unique, real, right, wrong ʤɤηƻŪоŪʰ̣ͭƤꡤ椨оӵȤ뤳ȤϤʤ

(ii) ͥӵ (comparative of superiority)
2ԤˤĤƱħĤ¾⤤٤ɽ魯Ѥ롥He worked harder than most men. Τ褦ʰŪʸǤ롥оӵ̤ʾȹͤ뤳ȤǤ롥

(iii) ӵ (comparative of proportion)
ʿԤ2ĤѤ뤳Ȥ¿ƱΨáɽ롥The more he contemplated the thing the greater became his astonishment. You grow queerer as you grow older. Life seemed the better worth living because she had glimpsed death. ʤɤ㤬롥

(iv) ӵ (comparative of graduation)
á뤳Ȥɽ魯Τ and ѤӵŤͤΡThe road got worse and worse until there was none at all. ʤɡworse and worse Ȥ even worse ʤɤź⤢뤷worse 1ĤñȤѤ⤢롥

ӵ̣ŪʬषƤߤȶ̣ŪȯãĴ٤ƤߤȤ⤷

⿮ ʸͺ ƽؿѸؼŵ١ҡ1987ǯ

Referrer (Inside): [2022-07-22-1] [2021-06-19-1]

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2019-11-04 Mon

#3843. ʤƻ졦Ρָפ "positive degree" ȸƤФΤ [comparison][terminology][adjective][adverb][sobokunagimon]

#3835. ƻʤɤΡӡפֵפȤƤˤĤơ ([2019-10-27-1]) ǡƻ졦ˤߤ (comparison) Ȥ (category) ˤĤƹ̤ͤ˱ѸӤˤƤϡ3Ĥε (grade) ̤롥 (positive degree)ӵ (comparative degree)Ǿ (superlative degree) Ǥ롥DZѸѸ˴ؤ comparative superlative Ϥ褯ʬΤpositive ȤΤޥ򤷤ˤɤ positive ȤΤ
OED positive, adj. and n. ƤߤȡʸˡѸȤƤΰ̣ϡ12˵󤲤Ƥ롥

12. Grammar. Designating the primary degree of an adjective or adverb, which expresses simple quality without qualification; not comparative or superlative. . . .


positive negative ȿФȤ櫓ǤϤʤä˲⽤侮ٹܤƤʤƻ졦줽ΤΤΤ򤤤 absolute Ū, intrinsic ܼŪ, independent ΩŪˤȤäƤ褤ۤɤΰ̣ŪŪʵǤ comparative superlative ФơӤʤŪʵ positive Ȥ櫓̣ǡŪƤѸ졦ǰȤ롥
ʸˡѸȤƤν1434ǯȤʤäƤ롥Ѹ˻񤹤Ūʸ򤤤Ĥ

c1434 J. Drury Eng. Writings in Speculum (1934) 9 79 Þe positif degre..be-tokenyth qualite or quantite with outyn makyng more or lesse & settyth þe grownd of alle oþere degreis of Comparison.
1704 J. Harris Lexicon Technicum I Positive Degree of Comparison in Grammar, is that which signifies the Thing simply and absolutely, without comparing it with others; it belongs only to Adjectives.
1930 Frederick (Maryland) Post 15 Jan. 4/2 The Positive degree is used when no comparison is made with any other noun or pronoun, except as to their class; it is expressed by the simple unchanged form of the adjective; it expresses a certain idea to an ordinary extent.


嵭ͤȡܸΡָפȤ褷ưʤ

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2019-10-27 Sun

#3835. ƻʤɤΡӡפֵפȤƤˤĤ [comparison][adjective][adverb][category][terminology][fetishism]

ѸŵŪʷƻ졦ˤϡ顦ӵ顦Ǿζ̤롥ܸΡӡפֵפȤѸˤϡѸ "comparison", "degree", "gradation" ʤɤб뤬⤽⤳ϸŪˤɤΤ褦 (category) ʤΤBussmann Ѹ켭ŵꡤޤ "degree" ιܤߤƤߤ褦

degree (also comparison, gradation)
All constructions which express a comparison properly fall under the category of degree; it generally refers to a morphological category of adjectives and adverbs that indicates a comparative degree or comparison to some quantity. There are three levels of degree: (a) positive, or basic level of degree: The hamburgers tasted good; 'b) comparative, which marks an inequality of two states of affairs relative to a certain characteristic: The steaks were better than the hamburgers; (c) superlative, which marks the highest degree of some quantity: The potato salad was the best of all; (d) cf. elative (absolute superlative), which marks a very high degree of some property without comparison to some other state of affairs: The performance was most impressive . . . .
   Degree is not grammaticalized in all languages through the use of systematic morphological changes; where such formal means are not present, lexical paraphrases are used to mark gradation. In modern Indo-European languages, degree is expressed either (a) synthetically by means of suffixation (new : newer : (the) newest); (b) analytically by means of particles (anxious : more/most anxious); or (c) through suppletion . . . , i.e. the use of different word stems: good : better : (the) best.


Ʊͤ "gradation" ȤܤƤߤ褦

gradation
Semantic category which indicates various degrees (i.e. gradation) of a property or state of affairs. The most important means of gradation are the comparative and superlative degrees of adjectives and some (deadjectival) adverbs. In addition, varying degrees of some property can also be expressed lexically, e.g. especially/really quick, quick as lightning, quicker and quicker.


ˤ褦 "degree" "gradation" ְ̣ƤǤ뤳ȤϤ狼롥ѸΤߤʤ餺ܸǤ֤ɤס֤äɤסֺǤɤסֺɡפʤɤɽ͡ѰդƤꡤӡפֵפ뵡ǽ̤Ƥ뤫̸ŪˤϤ줬˷֡ŪʡʸˡƤǤ⤢ȤȤˤϤʤʤäƤޤСޤްǤʸˡʡʸˡޤˤƤΤʸˡƤȤǧƤ뤬ܸǤäʸˡƤȤꤵƤʤȤΤȤǤ롥
ġʸˡƤϡ̸ŪŪ褯ߤΤ⤢СǤʤΤ⤢롥ʸˡƤȤϡ̣Ǹ̸ˤեȤ٤ΤǤ롥θˤĤƤϡ#2853. ˤȿʹ֤ʬե ([2017-02-17-1]) Ϥ fetishism γƵ򻲾Ȥ줿

Bussmann, Hadumod. Routledge Dictionary of Language and Linguistics. Trans. and ed. Gregory Trauth and Kerstin Kazzizi. London: Routledge, 1996.

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2019-06-17 Mon

#3703.رѸ춵٤Ϣ4֤ʤӵκ -er more 2बΤ [notice][hel_education][elt][sobokunagimon][adjective][adverb][comparison][rensai][latin][french][synthesis_to_analysis][link]

614ˡرѸ춵١罤۽Źˤ7ȯ䤵ޤѸϢֱܵѸƳΰФ䤹ѸˤΥĥܡ4ܤȤ֤ʤӵκ -er more 2बΤפǺܤƤޤ

رѸ춵2019ǯ7



ƻ졦ɽˤĤƤϡܥ֥Ǥ (comparison) γƵǰäƤޤʲˡϢܵˤȤ櫓Ϣο֥Υ󥯤ĥäƤޤΤǡ碌ɤǤС-er more ˴ؤʬˤĤ򤬿ޤȻפޤ

#3617. -er/-est more/most --- ӵ顦Ǿκ ([2019-03-23-1])
#3032. ӤȶӤζάˡ ([2017-08-15-1])
#456. Ӥ -er, -est ϶ޤݤ ([2010-07-27-1])
#2346. more, most ѤӤȯã ([2015-09-29-1])
#403. ή˵դäƤӵˡ ([2010-06-04-1])
#2347. Ӥȯãˤե󥹸졤ƥαƶˤĤơ ([2015-09-30-1])
#3349. ѸˤƻӤζ޷ vs ηװ ([2018-06-28-1])
#3619. Lowth Ф2ӵȲǾ ([2019-03-25-1])
#3618. Johnson ˤӵ顦Ǿκε§ ([2019-03-24-1])
#3615. Ѹ2ӵ顦ǾԸˤʤ ([2019-03-21-1])

δ졡ֱѸƳΰФ䤹ѸˤΥĥܡ4󡡤ʤӵκ -er more 2बΤסرѸ춵2019ǯ7桤罤۽Ź2019ǯ61462--63ǡ

Referrer (Inside): [2021-06-25-1]

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2019-06-13 Thu

#3699. ʤ careless ȿФ *caremore ǤϤʤcareful ʤΤǤ [sobokunagimon][suffix][comparison]

ѸˤμȤǴ󤻤줿Ѥ⤷Ǥcareful careless Τ褦еηƻˤơФȤ -ful -less ֤Ƥޤʤ -ful Ф -less ʤΤǤ礦-less -more εդäΤǤϤʤǤ礦
ΤˡȤʤ餵ޤͤȤʤäǤμ򤵤˰ʤ뤳ȤǤǤƬ -ful Ϸƻ full ͳ褹뤳Ȥʬޤη֤ϤޤǸǤ͡Ȥе -less Ϸƻӵη֤äƤޤդʿԲIJǤ
򤹤ȡӵ less -less ȤƱΤǤϤʤޤä̸츻ʤΤǤߤǤֻƱʤΤǤޤƤޤޤűѸǤԤ lǣs(sa)Ԥ -lēas Τ褦˰ۤʤ֤򼨤Ƥޤ˵äѲη̡ξԤˤƱ֤˼̤ƤޤäȤ櫓ʤΤǤ
ӵ less ϡ־פ̣캬 *leis- ˤΤܤޤ -less ϥޥĸ *lausaz ͳ褷ޤԤ loose, lose, loss ʤɤȴϢ?ʤǡƤפ̣ޤ?ʬˤ롤Ƥפ̣ full, -ful еδطˤ뤳Ȥʬ뤫Ȼפޤ
ȤȤǡѸѤƷޤȡּͳ less ȹ« -less ϸߤ̵ط̸츻ͳ褹뤫פȤʤޤ

Referrer (Inside): [2020-03-22-1]

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2019-03-28 Thu

#3622. latter η֤űѸ졦Ѹ "Pre-Cluster Shortening" [consonant][vowel][shortening][adjective][comparison][sound_change][etymology][shocc]

#3616. 촴첻ûפӵͳ褹 latter, last, utter ([2019-03-22-1]) Ǽ夲褦ˡѸǤϡƻӵˤƸǤĹ촴첻û륱äܤ򤹤ˤϡűѸ줪Ѹ "Pre-Cluster Shortening" ʤ벻Ѳ򤬷礫ʤ
"Pre-Cluster Shortening" ȤϡλҲǡĹ첻û첻ؤûǤ롥Ūˤϡ᤬ֽŤפʤꤹΤ򤱤뤿ΰŪάȲᤵ롥ȤƤϡfeed, keep, meet, sleep ʤɤĹ촴첻ư˻ޤʬܼä fed, kept, met, slept û첻ΤƱǤ롥餿ƷƻˤĤƤС촴Ĺ첻ĸФơҲǻϤޤűѸӵ -ra ѸǤ -er ȯŸˤդӵη֤û첻򼨤褦ˤʤäΤȤˤƤ롥Lass (102) ˤС

Originally long-stemmed adjectives with gemination in the comparative and superlative showing Pre-Cluster Shortening: great 'great'/gretter, similarly reed 'red', whit 'white', hoot 'hot', late. (The old short-vowel comparative of late has been lexicalised as a separate form, later, with new analogical later/latest.)


Ĺ첻˻Ҳ³û첻 "Pre-Cluster Shortening" ϡդ줿Ѳ1ȹͤ졤ºݤ˱Ѹ첻ˤǤϰۤʤ˰ۤʤĶƤ롥Lass (71) ˤСűѸΤϰʲ̤gospel ˤĤƤϡ#2173. gospel d æ ([2015-04-09-1]) 򻲾ȡˡ

About the seventh century . . . long vowels shortened before /CC/ if another consonant followed, either in the coda or the onset of the next syllable, as in bræ̆mblas 'branbles' < */bræːmblɑs/, gŏdspel 'gospel' < */goːdspel/. This removes one class of superheavy syllables.


θűѸβѲ3ҲϢ³֤ΤѸСǤ2ҲϢ³֤Ƥ롥夲Ƥƻ촴Ĺûθؤ˴ͿΤϡνѸΤΤǤ (Lass 72--73)

Long vowels shortened before sequences of only two consonants . . . , and --- variably--- certain ones like /st/ that were typically ambisyllabic . . . . So shortening in kĕpte 'kept' < cēpte (inf. cēpan), mĕtte met < mētte'' (inf. mētan), brēst 'breast' < breŏst 'breast' < brēost. Shortening failed in the same environment in priest < prēost; in words like this it may well be the reflex of an inflected form like prēostas (nom./acc.pl.) that has survived, i.e. one where the /st/ could be interpreted as onset of the second syllable; the same holds for beast, feast from French. This shortening accounts for the 'dissociation' between present and past vowels in a large class of weak verbs, like those mentioned earlier and dream/dreamt, leave/left, lose/lost, etc. (The modern forms are even more different from each other due to later changes in both long and short vowels that added qualitative dissociation to that in length: ME /keːpən/ ? /keptə/, now /kiːp/ ? /kɛpt/, etc.)


latter ʤ last) ϡνѸβѲˤϤ֤ȤޤĤäȤõ٤ΤǤ롥

Lass, Roger. "Phonology and Morphology." The Cambridge History of the English Language. Vol. 2. Cambridge: CUP, 1992. 23--154.

Referrer (Inside): [2020-07-13-1] [2020-02-29-1]

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2019-03-25 Mon

#3619. Lowth Ф2ӵȲǾ [comparison][double_comparative][superlative][lowth][prescriptive_grammar][adjective]

#2583. Robert Lowth, Short Introduction to English Grammar ([2016-05-23-1]) #3036. Lowth ζؤˡˡ ([2017-08-19-1]) ǾҲ𤷤褦ˡʸˡȤͼ Robert Lowth ˤ1762ǯʸˡˤ͡ʸˡζػ߾बߤ뤬Ϣ夲ƤƻӤˤĤƤ⡤2ӵ (double_comparative) ȡ̣Ū˲ʺǾؤΥФʤƤ롥Lowth (34--35) ϢսȴФ

[4] Double Comparatives and Superlatives are improper.

"The Duke of Milan, / And his more braver Daughter could controul thee." "After the most straitest sect of our religion I lived a Pharisee." Shakespeare, Tempest. Acts xxvi. 5. So likewise Adjectives, that have in themselves a Superlative signification, admit not properly the Superlative form superadded: "Whosoever of you will be chiefest, shall be servant of all." Mark x. 44. "One of the first and chiefest instances of prudence." Atterbury, Serm. IV. "While the extremest parts of the earth were meditating a submission." Ibid. I. 4.

"But first and chiefest with thee bring
Him, that you soars on golden wing,
Guiding the fiery-wheeled throne,
The Cherub Contemplation." Milton, Il Penseroso.
"That on the sea's extremest border stood." Addison, Travels.

   But poetry is in possession of these two improper Superlatives, and may be indulged in the use of them.
. . . .
[5] "Lesser, says Mr. Johnson, is a barbarous corruption of Less, formed by the vulgar from the habit of terminating comparisons in er."
      "Attend to what a lesser Muse indites." Addison.
   Worser sounds much more barbarous, only because it has not been so frequently used:

"Chang'd to a worser shape thou canst not be." Shakespeare, 1 Hen. VI.
"A dreadful quiet felt, and worser far / Than arms, a sullen interval of war." Dryden.


ƤΤ more braver, lesser, worser Τ褦2ӵ顤most straitest Τ褦2źǾ顤 chiefest, extremest Τ褦ˤȤȺǾ̣äƤƻ򤵤˺Ǿ鲽ǾǤ롥⡤̤ˤäƤΤ Shakespeare, Milton, Addison, Dryden ʤɤʪ·ɤ߱ʤά Lowth ξʤǤˡʤlesser ϸߤǤ̤ѤƤ뤳Ȥա
Shakespeare worser ѤˤĤƤϡ#195. Shakespeare ˴ؤ Web resources ([2009-11-08-1]) 򻲾Ȥ줿ޤDryden Ϥ worser λѤ椨 Lowth ˤäǺᤵƤ뤬#3220. 󥰥ɻ˾αѸ쥢ǥߡɤ Dryden αѸ˾ɾ ([2018-02-19-1]) ǿ줿褦ˡ¤ Dryden Ȥ2Ӥ񤷤ƤΤǤ롥
Ѹˤ2ӤˤĤƤϡ#3615. Ѹ2ӵ顦ǾԸˤʤ ([2019-03-21-1]) ׻ȡ

Lowth, Robert. A Short Introduction to English Grammar. 1762. New ed. 1769. ʱѸʸݹ亮꡼13Ʋ1968ǯ9--113ǡ

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2019-03-24 Sun

#3618. Johnson ˤӵ顦Ǿκε§ [johnson][dictionary][prescriptive_grammar][comparison][superlative][adjective][suffix][lexical_diffusion]

1755ǯ Johnson μνʸ "Grammar of the English Tongue" ꤹʸˡҤξϤ롥ǷƻӤˤĤƤ⥹ڡ䤫Ƥ뤬-er/-est Ӥ more/most ӤȤȤʬϡ⵬§ȤΤ񤷤ä褦Johnson ʤλ򸫤Ƥߤ褦
 

          The Comparison of Adjectives.

   The comparative degree of adjectives is formed by adding er, the superlative by adding est, to the positive; as, fair, fairer, fairest; lovely, lovelier, loveliest; sweet, sweeter, sweetest; low, lower, lowest; high, higher, highest.
   Some words are irregularly compared; as good, better, best; bad, worse, worst; little, less, least; near, nearer, next; much, more, most; many (or moe), more for moer), most (for moest); late, latter, latest or last.
   Some comparatives form a superlative by adding most, as nether, nethermost; outer, outmost; under, undermost; up, upper, uppermost; fore, former, foremost.
   Many adjectives do not admit of comparison by terminations, and are only compared by more and most, as benevolent, more benevolent, most benevolent.
   All adjectives may be compared by more and most, even when they have comparatives and superlatives regularly formed; as fair; fairer, or more fair; fairest, or most fair.
   In adjectives that admit a regular comparison, the comparative more is oftener used than the superlative most, as more fair is oftener written for fairer, than most fair for fairest.
   The comparison of adjectives is very uncertain; and being much regulated by commodiousness of utterance, or agreeableness of sound, is not easily reduced to rules.
   Monosyllables are commonly compared.
   Polysyllables, or words of more than two syllables, are seldom compared otherwise than by more and most, as deplorable, more deplorable, most deplorable.
   Disyllables are seldom compared if they terminate in some, as fulsome, toilsome; in ful, as careful, spleenful, dreadful; in ing, as trifling, charming; in ous, as porous; in less, as careless, harmless; in ed, as wretched; in id, as candid; in al, as mortal; in ent, as recent, fervent; in ain, as certain; in ive, as missive; in dy, as woody; in fy, as puffy; in ky, as rocky, except lucky; in my, as roomy; in ny, as skinny; in py, as ropy, except happy; in ry, as hoary.


Johnson ϤΤ褦ǡʤε§˱ʤ⻶ȤơMilton Ben Jonson μ󤲤Ƥ롥
Ǥ˰ѤҤˤϡ̣¿ޤޤƤ롥ȤС֡Ѥɽ魯Ǥ most ȤղäȤΤϸ츻Ūˤ⤷ (ex. nethermost, outmost, undermost, uppermost, foremost) outer ˤĤƤϡ#3616. 촴첻ûפӵͳ褹 latter, last, utter ([2019-03-22-1]) 򻲾ȡޤforemost ˤĤƤϡ#1307. most mest ([2012-11-24-1]) 򻲾ȡ
äơӤƻˤĤ most ѤǾ more ѤӵΤۤ٤ȤΤⶽ̣ŦӵȺǾǤϤ⤽ⷹۤʤ뤫⤷ʤȤϡ٤ࡥ
Milton λˤϵ줿 virtuousest, famousest, pow'rfullest ʤɤ Johnson ʤλˤǤϵƤʤʤäƤȤ⸫ƨʤJohnson Ǥ˸ŪʴФäƤȤˤʤ뤫ȤʬκСJohnson λޤǤ˸ʬۤȤϤǤäƤȹͤƤ褵
Τ褦ʡֺפ1ˤĤơLass ŦƤ뤳Ȥ⼨ŪǤ롥Lass (157) ϡJohnson ǤϵƤƤʤ woody, puffy, rocky, roomy ʤɤζӤߤǤϵƤƤ¤ͤȡ鸽ޤǤ˶ӤŬϰϤ礷ƤǽȽҤ٤Ƥ롥⤷ʤСθóȻ (lexical_diffusion) ȤƤߤ뤳ȤǤ
18εʸˡɤľϡѸ줫鸽ѸˤƤθѲΡȯפ¥Ƥ롥

Lass, Roger. "Phonology and Morphology." 1476--1776. Vol. 3 of The Cambridge History of the English Language. Ed. Roger Lass. Cambridge: CUP, 1999. 56--186.

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2019-03-23 Sat

#3617. -er/-est more/most --- ӵ顦Ǿκ [comparison][adjective][suffix][superlative]

Ѹˤɸ䤤ϡޤΤĤƤʤǤ롥ѸŪˤ⡤ȯã丽ˤĤñ˵Ҥ뤳Ȥ񤷤ޤʤ椬ʤƤ롥ӤȶӤζŪطʤˤĤƤϡ#403. ή˵դäƤӵˡ ([2010-06-04-1])#2346. more, most ѤӤȯã ([2015-09-29-1])#3032. ӤȶӤζάˡ ([2017-08-15-1])#3349. ѸˤƻӤζ޷ vs ηװ ([2018-06-28-1])#3614. Ѹ2ӵ顦ǾԸˤʤ ([2019-03-21-1]) ʤɤǾҲ𤷤ƤΤǡ
ϡɸѸˤӵ顦Ǿξפηˡʬۤ˴ؤơLass ˤ복 (156) äƤ

(i) Monosyllabic bases take suffixes: bigg-er, bigg-est, etc. Periphrasis is usually not available (**more big), though there are exceptions, e.g. when two adjectives are predicated of a single head (more dead than alive). Suffixed participles must take periphrasis (**smashed-er).
(ii) Disyllables preferentially take suffixes, though periphrasis is available for many (hairy, hairi-er/more hairy). Some suffix(oid)s however require periphrasis: e.g. -ish (**greenish-er), -est (**honest-er), -ous (**grievous-er), -id (**rigid-er), as well as -less, -ful, and some others. Participles cannot be suffixed (**hidden-er). This may be a function of the somewhat ambiguous status of the comparative and superlative endings, somewhere between inflections proper and derivational affixes. (The former are normally terminal in the word: care-less-ness-es.)
(iii) Trisyllabic and longer forms take periphrasis (**beautiful-er, **religiously-er); hence the comic effect of Alice's 'curiouser and curiouser'. But suffixation of longer forms is available for special stylistic purposes . . . .


Τ褦˴ΤβǾʬƤơ㳰ȯƤޤ񤷤(ii) ȤƵ󤲤Ƥ褦ˡ-er/-est ϶ܼʤΤܼʤΤȤ䤤⡤Ū˽פǤ (cf. #456. Ӥ -er, -est ϶ޤݤ ([2010-07-27-1])) ѸؤˤȤäƤѸˤˤȤäƤ⡤ӡӤʤΤǤ롥

Lass, Roger. "Phonology and Morphology." 1476--1776. Vol. 3 of The Cambridge History of the English Language. Ed. Roger Lass. Cambridge: CUP, 1999. 56--186.

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2019-03-22 Fri

#3616. 촴첻ûפӵͳ褹 latter, last, utter [etymology][comparison][vowel][adjective]

ѸޤǤϡƻθ촴첻û -er դפӵˡäȤ great ӵ餬 gretter Ȥʤäꡤwhite whitter Ȥʤäꤹ褦촴첻Ĺݤ֤ʻ¸ƤΤǡ¿ηƻˤƤϡ䤬Ƥ餬ͥȤʤꡤ촴첻ûפӵ֤¸ߴƤä
ȤǤӤΤlate θ촴첻ûפӵǤ latter ȺǾ last Ūˤ late ӵ顦ǾȤϤߤʤƤ餺̤θùܤȼƤ뤬Ūˤ̩ܤ˴ؤäƤ롥ʤ첻Ĺݤä֤ϳơ later, latest ȤʤꡤߤɸŪ late ӵ顦ǾȤʤäƤ롥
Ʊͤˡout θ촴첻ûפӵ֤ߤ utter ϢʤäƤ롥ξ⡤utter out ȴϢƤȤŪʴФϤʤʤäƤꡤΩ̤θȤʤäƤ롥餳utterly Τ褦ˡʤդ뤳ȤǤ롥Ĺ첻ݤäפ outer ȤʤäϤǤϤ out ӵ֤ȤƤϰռ줺̤ηƻȤƼƤΤ⤷
latter laterutter outer Τ褦ˡƱǽ̤Ѱ۷ˤʤäΤߤʬΩؤȯŸƤȤϾʤʤӤˤĤơ#55. through θ츻 ([2009-06-22-1])#86. one ȯ ([2009-07-22-1])#693. as, so, also ([2011-03-21-1]) 򻲾ȡ
ʾ塤Lass (156) 򻲾ȤƼɮ

Lass, Roger. "Phonology and Morphology." 1476--1776. Vol. 3 of The Cambridge History of the English Language. Ed. Roger Lass. Cambridge: CUP, 1999. 56--186.

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