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shocc - hellogѸ˥֥

ǽ: 2026-07-15 01:27

2022-05-31 Tue

#4782. cleanse ˺פĤư -(e)sian [suffix][etymology][oe][verb][word_formation][derivation][vowel][shortening][shocc]

ε#4781. open warn -(e)n ư ([2022-05-30-1]) ǡűѸư -(e)nian 夲űѸˤϤۤ -(e)sian Ȥư⤢äϤѲư2ब롥
ƱͤˡLass Hogg and Fulk Ѥǡ-(e)sian ˤĤƤβñ򼨤

(i) -s-ian. Many class II weak verbs have an /-s-/ formative: e.g. clǣn-s-ian 'cleanse' (clǣne 'clean', rīc-s-ian 'rule' (rīce 'kingdom'), milt-s-ian 'take pity on' (mild 'mild'). The source of the /-s-/ is not entirely clear, but it may well reflect the IE */-s-/ formative that appears in the s-aorist (L dic-ō 'I say', dīxī 'I said' = /di:k-s-i:/). Alternants with /-s-/ in a non-aspectual function do however appear in the ancient dialects (Skr bhā-s-ati 'it shines' ~ bhā-ti), and even within the same paradigm in the same category (GR aléks-ō 'I protect', infinitive all-alk-ein). (Lass 203)


(iii) verbs in -(e)sian, including blētsian 'bless', blīðsian, blissian 'rejoice', ġītsian 'covet', grimsian 'rage', behrēowsian 'reprent', WS mǣrsian 'glorify', miltsian 'pity', rīcsian, rīxian 'rule', unrōtsian 'worry', untrēowsian 'disbelieve', yrsian 'rage'. (Hogg and Fulk 289)


űѸȤƤϤ褯ư줬¿Τǰʤ -(e)nian ƱͤˡߤޤǻĤäƤưϵǤ롥1줬 cleanse Ǥ롥ƻ clean /kliːn/ бư cleanse /klɛnz/ 첻ûʤäȤˤĤƤϡ#3960. Ҳûλ ([2020-02-29-1]) 򻲾ȡ

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2021-03-31 Wed

#4356. friend ֻȯˤĤ­ [spelling][spelling_pronunciation_gap][vowel][trish][shocc][gvs][diphthong]

ε#4355. friend ֻȯ ([2021-03-30-1]) ǡ<friend> /frɛnd/ Ե§ˤĤŪܤäƻȤŵ򼨤Ƥޤ Jespersen (4.312) 顥

The short [e] now found in friend OE frēond must be due to the analogy of friendship, friendly, in which /e/ is the usual shortening; in friend we have early /iˑ/ (< /eˑ/) in B 1633, while D 1640, J 1764, W 1775, 1791 etc.. have short /e/, and G 1621 and others a short /i/ due to a shortening subsequent on the transition of /eˑ/ > /iˑ/. Cf. fiend OE fēond, which kept its vowel because no derived words were found to influence it.


ϢơJespersen (3.241) give, live ʤɤ⤫ĤƤĹ첻äƤȤ˿Ƥ롥
Upward and Davidson (178) ꡥ

In late Old English, short vowels were lengthened before consonant sequences such as /mb/, /nd/, /ld/ and /rd/. This lengthening was lost again in many cases by the end of the Middle English period. With the action of the GVS, one sees modern reflexes of the remaining long vowels in words such as climb, bind, mild, yield, old, etc. However, in some words there was a subsequent shortening of the vowel, leading to pairs of words similar or identical in spelling in Modern English but with different pronunciations: wind (verb, with /aɪ/) but wind (noun, with /ɪ/), fiend and friend, etc.


ˡDobson (Vol. 2, 9) ⻲Ȥ

Shortening of OE ē to occurs in a number of words beside forms that preserve the long vowel. The shortening is normal in bless and brethren, but for both of these Hart shows [i:] < ME ę̄. The comparative liefer (OE lēofra) has four times beside ę̄ once in Bullokar. In friend the shortening is probably due to derivatives (friendly, friendship) in which the vowel occurs before a group of three consonants in words which (in the case of friendly in oblique forms) were trisyllabic and had a secondary stress; but it might also tend to occur in oblique cases of the simplex in which the n and d were separated by the syllable-division. ME is recorded by Levins and eleven later sources (including Robinson, Hodges, and Cooper); but ę̄ is retained by Salesbury, Cheke, Laneham, Bullokar, Wharton (followed by J. Smith), and Price (followed by Lye and The Protestant Tutor). Fiend is not recorded with ME .


Dobson (Vol. 2, 11) ⤦1ġ

Friend has in the Welsh Hymn, Mulcaster, Gil, Wallis, Lloyd, Poole, Coles, Lye (beside ę̄), WSC (beside ), Price's 'homophone' list (though elsewhere he records [i:]), the rhymes of Poole and Coles, and perhaps in Ray . . . . Fiends has in the Welsh Hymn and the 'homophone' lists of Hodges ('near alike'), Price, Coles (Eng.-Lat. Dict.), and WSC (the pairing is with fins); it has [i:] in Wallis. Bullokar rhymes field on (cf., probably, Chaucer's hild 'held' and fil 'fell' < earlier hę̄ld, fę̄ll).


friend ȯֻ˴ؤѤʵΤ褦ˤߤ뤫⤷ʤŪѲѰۤεϸ¤ʤ̤Ǥ롥

Jespersen, Otto. A Modern English Grammar on Historical Principles. Part 1. Sounds and Spellings. London: Allen and Unwin, 1909.
Upward, Christopher and George Davidson. The History of English Spelling. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell, 2011.
Dobson, E. J. English Pronunciation 1500--1700. 1st ed. Oxford: Clarendon, 1957. 2 vols.

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2020-03-02 Mon

#3962. Early Middle English Quantity Adjustment θ [vowel][sound_change][phonology][phonetics][meosl][homorganic_lengthening][shocc][trish][drift][emeqa]

Ϣε Ritt ˰͵򤷤ʤ顤űѸ줫ѸˤϢ첻̤˴ؤѲ˾ƤƤŪˤϡ첻Ĺû˴ؤʲ4ĤѲǤ롥

ƱĹ (Homorganic Lengthening; homorganic_lengthening)
Ҳû (Shortening before Consonant Clusters; shocc)
3û (Trisyllabic Shortening; trish)
Ѹ쳫Ĺ (Middle English Open Syllable Lengthening; meosl)

褳첻ѲϤ줾ΩݤȤƲᤵƤε#3961. 3ûλ ([2020-03-01-1]) κǸǤ⿨줿̤ꡤ¤䴰Ūʴطˤꡤ1Ĥζή (drift) ȤȤ館ФƤƤ롥Ritt Ϥ Early Middle English Quantity Adjustment ȸƤǤ롥
2ĤĹˤĤƤϡ#3958. Ritt ˤѸ쳫Ĺθ ([2020-02-27-1]) ǿ줿褦ˡ1ĤδؿȤƤȤ館뤳ȤǤ롥ƤθǤƤ

MEOSL Formula

2ĤûˤĤƤΩƤ뤳ȤǤ롥ûĹϸ䴰ŪǤꡤû¥ʤĶǤĹ졤εդޤǤ롥ȡûθϡĹθžФ褤ȤȤˤʤ롥Ritt (95--96) ε󤲤Ƥûθϼ̤ꡥ

Shortening Formula

      The probability of vowel shortening was proportional to
      a. its height
      b. syllable weight
      c. the overall weight of the weak syllables in the foot

      and inversely proportional to
      a. the (degree of) stress on it
      b. its backness
      c. coda sonority


ޤСĹûθȤ߹碌ơ礭1Ĥ Early Middle English Quantity Adjustment θΩƤ뤳ȤǤ (Ritt 96)

EMEQA Formula

Ritt βοĺϡΤ褦˲ĶȲѲδطΨȤư츫ߤΩѲӤĤƤߤˤ롥

Ritt, Nikolaus. Quantity Adjustment: Vowel Lengthening and Shortening in Early Middle English. Cambridge: CUP, 1994.

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2020-03-01 Sun

#3961. 3ûλ [sound_change][vowel][phonology][phonetics][shortening][shocc][trish][compound][meosl][homorganic_lengthening][gvs][drift]

ε#3960. Ҳûλ ([2020-02-29-1]) ǿ줿 SHOCC (= Shortening before Consonant Clusters) Ȥ褽Ʊ⤦1Ĥ첻ûȤơ3û (Trisyllabic Shortening (= TRISH)) ȤѲ롥3ˤƶΤ1Ĺ첻ûȤΤ꼰ȼΤ褦ˤʤ롥

V [-long]/__C(C)σσ


Ritt (99--100) ꡤѸǤη֤ˤ󤲤褦Ѹη֤ӤǤΤΤߤ󤲤롥

heafodu PL'head'
cicenu PL'chicken'
linenes GEN'linen'
æniȝe PL'any'
ærende'errand'
æmette'ant'
suþerne'southern'
westenne DAT'waste (desert)'
deorlingas PL'darling'
feorþinȝas PL'farthing'
feowertiȝ'forty'
freondscipe'friendship'
haliȝdaȝ'holiday'
alderman'alderman'
heringes PL'herring'
stiropes PL'stirrup'
Monenday'Monday'
Thuresday'Thursday'
seliness'silliness'
redili'readily'
bretheren PL'brethren'
evere'ever'
othere ACC'other''
redeles PL'riddle'
boseme ACC'bosom'
wepenes PL'weapon'


ȤȤ3Фۤʣ3ˤʤäΡ̾ʣʤɤζ޸դ3ˤʤäΤˤ뤳ȤäˤꡤѸ south, holy, moon ʤɤ2첻Ĺ첻ĤΤФơʣ southern, holiday, Monday Ǥû첻ȤʤäƤͳ롥¾ζˤĤƤϡʲε⻲Ȥ줿

#1751. ʣ1Ǥβû̡ ([2014-02-11-1])
#260. ([2010-01-12-1])
#1297. does, done 첻 ([2012-11-14-1])
#1750. bonfire ([2014-02-10-1])

֤εǡѸ쳫Ĺ (meosl)ƱĹ (homorganic_lengthening)Ҳû (shocc) ʤɡűѸ줫ѸϢ첻̤˴ؤѲ򰷤äƤ餬ߤ䴰طˤäȤܤͤ롥ˤСζή (drift) ϼλΡ첻ܡ (gvs) ˤĤʤäƤΤǤꡤˤ錄Ĺѥפ٤ȤȤʬ롥

#2048. ƱﲻĹĹIJû ([2014-12-05-1])
#2052. Ѹˤˤ첻μפʼŪŪѲ ([2014-12-09-1])
#2063. Ĺ첻Ф¶ˡ ([2014-12-20-1])
#1402. Ѹ줬ǯ֡첻򶯲Ҳ岽Ƥͳ ([2013-02-27-1])
#3916. 岻ζ̤첻Ѳδط ([2020-01-16-1])
#3914. Stenbrenden ۩첻ܤĹɺήΰˤʤס ([2020-01-14-1])

ʸ嵭2020/03/02(Mon)̾ϻ moon Ĺ첻ŦޤơΡָѸ south, holy, moon ʤɤ2첻ĤΤФơפָѸ south, holy, moon ʤɤ2첻Ĺ첻ĤΤФơפ˽ޤ꤬Ȥޤ

Ritt, Nikolaus. Quantity Adjustment: Vowel Lengthening and Shortening in Early Middle English. Cambridge: CUP, 1994.

Referrer (Inside): [2020-03-02-1]

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2020-02-29 Sat

#3960. Ҳûλ [sound_change][vowel][consonant][phonology][phonetics][shortening][shocc][homorganic_lengthening]

ε#3959. Ritt ˤƱĹλ ([2020-02-28-1]) ˰³űѸ줫Ѹ⤦1Ĥ첻̤ѲȤơҲû (Shortening before Consonant Clusters (= SHOCC) or Pre-Cluster Shortening) λRitt (98) ѸǤη֤ǾҲ𤷤褦Ѹη֤ӤǤΤΤߤ󤲤롥

kepte'kept'
brohte'brought'
sohte'sought'
þuhte'thought'
demde'deemed'
mette'met'
lædde'led'
sprædde'spread (past)'
bledde'bled'
fedde'fed'
hydde'hid'
softe'soft'
fifta'fifth'
leoht'light'
hihþu'height'
dust'dust'
blæst'blast'
breost'breast'
fyst'fist'
mist'mist'
druhþ'drought'
clænsian'cleanse'
halja'holy (man), saint'
mædd'mad'
fætt'fat'
wræþþo'wrath'
cyþþo'kin'
feoll'fell'
fiftiȝ'fifty'
twentiȝ'twenty'
bledsian'bless'
wisdom'wisdom'
wifman'woman'
hlæfdiȝe'lady'
ȝosling'gosling'
ceapman'chapman'
nehhebur'neighbour'
siknesse'sickness'


SHOCC ̤̾ꡤ2İʾλҲľˤäĹ첻ûѲǤ롥꼰мΤ褦ˤʤ롥

V [-long]/__CCX
where CC is not a homorganic cluster


ΰʬ̤ꡤSHOCC kept, met, led, bled, fed ʤɸ촴ǽѲưβʬŵŪˤߤ롥ޤfifth 󤲤Ƥ뤬ˤĤƤϡ#1080. ʤ five ν fifth ʤΤ ([2012-04-11-1]) #3622. latter η֤űѸ졦Ѹ "Pre-Cluster Shortening" ([2019-03-28-1]) 򻲾Ȥ줿ˤϤʤδ against û첻 /ɛ/ ǤȯˤĤƤͻ뤳ȤǤcf. #543. says said Ϥʤû첻ȯ뤫 (2) ([2010-10-22-1]
SHOCC ϡäƱĹ (homorganic_lengthening) Ȥ褽ƱƤꡤ䴰Ūʴطˤ벻ѲǤ뤳ȤդƤʲ⻲ȡ

#2048. ƱﲻĹĹIJû ([2014-12-05-1])
#2052. Ѹˤˤ첻μפʼŪŪѲ ([2014-12-09-1])
#2063. Ĺ첻Ф¶ˡ ([2014-12-20-1])

Ritt, Nikolaus. Quantity Adjustment: Vowel Lengthening and Shortening in Early Middle English. Cambridge: CUP, 1994.

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2019-03-28 Thu

#3622. latter η֤űѸ졦Ѹ "Pre-Cluster Shortening" [consonant][vowel][shortening][adjective][comparison][sound_change][etymology][shocc]

#3616. 촴첻ûפӵͳ褹 latter, last, utter ([2019-03-22-1]) Ǽ夲褦ˡѸǤϡƻӵˤƸǤĹ촴첻û륱äܤ򤹤ˤϡűѸ줪Ѹ "Pre-Cluster Shortening" ʤ벻Ѳ򤬷礫ʤ
"Pre-Cluster Shortening" ȤϡλҲǡĹ첻û첻ؤûǤ롥Ūˤϡ᤬ֽŤפʤꤹΤ򤱤뤿ΰŪάȲᤵ롥ȤƤϡfeed, keep, meet, sleep ʤɤĹ촴첻ư˻ޤʬܼä fed, kept, met, slept û첻ΤƱǤ롥餿ƷƻˤĤƤС촴Ĺ첻ĸФơҲǻϤޤűѸӵ -ra ѸǤ -er ȯŸˤդӵη֤û첻򼨤褦ˤʤäΤȤˤƤ롥Lass (102) ˤС

Originally long-stemmed adjectives with gemination in the comparative and superlative showing Pre-Cluster Shortening: great 'great'/gretter, similarly reed 'red', whit 'white', hoot 'hot', late. (The old short-vowel comparative of late has been lexicalised as a separate form, later, with new analogical later/latest.)


Ĺ첻˻Ҳ³û첻 "Pre-Cluster Shortening" ϡդ줿Ѳ1ȹͤ졤ºݤ˱Ѹ첻ˤǤϰۤʤ˰ۤʤĶƤ롥Lass (71) ˤСűѸΤϰʲ̤gospel ˤĤƤϡ#2173. gospel d æ ([2015-04-09-1]) 򻲾ȡˡ

About the seventh century . . . long vowels shortened before /CC/ if another consonant followed, either in the coda or the onset of the next syllable, as in bræ̆mblas 'branbles' < */bræːmblɑs/, gŏdspel 'gospel' < */goːdspel/. This removes one class of superheavy syllables.


θűѸβѲ3ҲϢ³֤ΤѸСǤ2ҲϢ³֤Ƥ롥夲Ƥƻ촴Ĺûθؤ˴ͿΤϡνѸΤΤǤ (Lass 72--73)

Long vowels shortened before sequences of only two consonants . . . , and --- variably--- certain ones like /st/ that were typically ambisyllabic . . . . So shortening in kĕpte 'kept' < cēpte (inf. cēpan), mĕtte met < mētte'' (inf. mētan), brēst 'breast' < breŏst 'breast' < brēost. Shortening failed in the same environment in priest < prēost; in words like this it may well be the reflex of an inflected form like prēostas (nom./acc.pl.) that has survived, i.e. one where the /st/ could be interpreted as onset of the second syllable; the same holds for beast, feast from French. This shortening accounts for the 'dissociation' between present and past vowels in a large class of weak verbs, like those mentioned earlier and dream/dreamt, leave/left, lose/lost, etc. (The modern forms are even more different from each other due to later changes in both long and short vowels that added qualitative dissociation to that in length: ME /keːpən/ ? /keptə/, now /kiːp/ ? /kɛpt/, etc.)


latter ʤ last) ϡνѸβѲˤϤ֤ȤޤĤäȤõ٤ΤǤ롥

Lass, Roger. "Phonology and Morphology." The Cambridge History of the English Language. Vol. 2. Cambridge: CUP, 1992. 23--154.

Referrer (Inside): [2020-07-13-1] [2020-02-29-1]

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2014-12-20 Sat

#2063. Ĺ첻Ф¶ [drift][vowel][phonetics][meosl][homorganic_lengthening][shocc]

#2052. Ѹˤˤ첻μפʼŪŪѲ ([2014-12-09-1]) ǡGörlach ˤѸˤˤ첻Ѳ򳵴Ѥ첻Ѳˤ˰ӤƤߤĬήȤơRitt ϡ#1402. Ѹ줬ǯ֡첻򶯲Ҳ岽Ƥͳ ([2013-02-27-1]) Ǥߤ褦˶ˤ򾧤Ƥ뤬̤γ٤顤⤦1Ĥɸ˷ǤĬήŦǤ뤫⤷ʤ
Ƭ (128--29) ϡ (117--42, 142--51) 򻲾Ȥʤ顤Ѹˤˤ첻μפĹû򡤻头Ȥ˰ʲΤ褦ƤʸűѸ줫ѸˤƤѲˤĤƤϡ#2048. ƱﲻĹĹIJû ([2014-12-05-1]) ⻲ȡˡ

ҸűѸ
(1) ƱĹ (Homorganic Lengthening)
gōld, lāmb, fīndan 'find' lāng
Ѹ
(2) Ĺ (Open Syllable Lengthening)
bāke mēte 'meat' hōle lōve < OE lufu week < OE wike
(3) 첻³Ĺ (Hiatus Lengtheningե󥹼)
gīant < giant pōet < poet
ҽѸ
(4) ̵໤Ĺ (lengthening before voiceless fricatives)
(/a/, /ɔ/ ___ [f, s, θ]) blāst mōss stāff sōft bāth clōth

ҸűѸ
(5) 3Ҳû (shortening before three consonants)
godspell deoppra 'deeper' wundrian 'wonder'
(6) 2Ҳû (shortening before two consonants, ŻҲޤ)
fifta 'fifth' sohte '(he) sought' læssa 'less'
(7) 3û (Trisyllabic Shortening)
laferce 'lark' halidæġ 'holiday' emetiġ 'empty'
Ѹ
(8) Ʊû (Homorganic Shortening)
land wind enden 'end'
(9) /u:/-û / ___ [x, v, m]
ruf < rōugh 'rough' plume < plūme 'plum'
ҽѸ
(10) ûҲû (shortening before a single consonant)
breath dread blood good cloth
(11) û (Open Syllable Shortening)
heavy weapon pleasant seven
(12) 2û (shortening in two syllabic words)
nickname < ēkename breakfast twopence


첻Ĺûˤ򤳤Τ褦ǡƬϡûĹ¿ѻĹΤΤû㤬ŦѸΤȤƤߤȡûͥǤꡤĹФ¤ޤäƤȤĬή롥Ƭ (129--30) ۩

űѸ衤ѸǤĹ첻Фʸ̮¤ޤäƤȹͤ롥űѸˤ첻ǤäƤĹû¸ߤĹ첻иĶä¤ƤʤäȤᤤĹ첻Ѥ³3Ҳ֤ˤĹ첻ʤʤ(5)3Ҳûˡ³2ҲǤĹ첻Ǥʤʤä(6)2ҲûˡѸûҲǤûä(10)ûҲûˡΤβṽ¤˴ؤΤǤϡűѸ˸3ܤĹ첻ʤʤ(7)3ûˡѸä2θ2ܡ1ˤǤûä(12)2ûˡΤȤƤϡűѸˤʤĹ첻Ф¤ޤäȹͤ롥


嵭ŪʱѸ첻˴ѤȤ⤤뤬ǤϤʤΤ褦ĬήΤϱѸ첻ˤεŪʲ

Ƭġ˽ҡ"Consonant cluster" ȲѲðȲṽ¤ᤰäơס츦θߡ١ϩˡˡҤĤ˼2013ǯ127--43ǡ
סزˡ١Ѹ11罤۽Ź1985ǯ

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2014-12-09 Tue

#2052. Ѹˤˤ첻μפʼŪŪѲ [phonetics][vowel][meosl][homorganic_lengthening][gvs][diphthong][timeline][drift][compensatory_lengthening][shocc]

ޥλ夫űѸ졤ѸФƶѸ˻ޤǤαѸ첻ˤ򤶤äȤޤȤ᤿ߤȻפäΤǡפʼŪŪѲޤȤƤߤʲɽϡGörlach (48--49) 첻μ̤˴ؤѲάǯɽɥå󥰤ΤǤ롥

PeriodQuantityQuality
RuleExamplesRuleExamples
WGmc--OE  ai > ā, au > ēa, ā > ǣ/ē, a > æstān, ēage, dǣd, dæg cf. Ge Stein, Auge, Tat, Tag
7--9th c.compensatory lengthening*sehan > sēon "see", mearh, gen. mēares "mare"  
9--10th c.lengthening of before esp. [-ld, -mb, -nd]fēld, gōld, wāmb, fīnd, but ealdrum  
shortening before double (long) consonantswĭsdom, clæ̆nsian, cĭdde, mĕtton  
shortening in the first syllable of trisyllabic wordshăligdæg, hæ̆ringas, wĭtega  
OE--MEshortening in unstressed syllableswisdŏm, stigrăpmonophthongization of all OE diphthongsOE dēad, heard, frēond, heorte, giefan > ME [dɛːd, hard, frœːnd, hœrtə, jivən]
12th c.  [ɣ > w] and vocalization of [w] and [j]; emergence of new diphthongsOE dagas, boga, dæg, weg > ME [dauəs, bouə, dai, wei]
  southern rounding of [aː > ɔː]OE hāl(ig) > ME hool(y) [ɔː]
12--14th c.  unrounding of œ(ː), y(ː) progressing from east to westME [frɛːnd, hertə, miːs, fillen]
13th c.lengthening in open syllables of bisyllabic wordsnāme, nōse, mēte (week, door)  
15th c. GVS and 16--17th century consequences    
esp. 15--16th c.shortening in monosyllabic wordsdead, death, deaf, hot, cloth, flood, good  
18th c.lengthening before voiceless fricatives and [r]glass, bath, car, servant, before  


ΤȤƼѲ̤ѲʤûĹηäƤꡤѸ첻˿̤򷫤֤Ƥʬ롥ġѲϤδطˤΤ⤢뤬̤ȤƤʤäΤǤꡤŪˤϳơΩȤϤޤǤʤǤ⡤βѲΤȤƤȤ館褦Ȥߤ⤢뤳ȤŦƤ㤨С#1402. Ѹ줬ǯ֡첻򶯲Ҳ岽Ƥͳ ([2013-02-27-1]) 򻲾Ȥ줿

Görlach, Manfred. The Linguistic History of English. Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1997.

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2014-12-05 Fri

#2048. ƱﲻĹĹIJû [phonetics][vowel][homorganic_lengthening][meosl][shocc]

űѸ줫Ѹˤơ첻̤ѲȵäǽƱﲻĹ (Homorganic Lengthening) 12--13ˤƳĹ (Open Syllable Lengthening) IJû (Closed Syllable Shortening) Ȥ롥ñȯ櫓ǤϢŪ櫓Ǥʤष1Ĥθ΢Ǥ줿̴طˤ벻ѲȤߤʤ٤ΤǤ롥
줾ѲάҤ褦ƱﲻĹϸűѸޤǤƤ첻βѲǡ#145. child children 첻Ĺ ([2009-09-19-1]) ǿ줿̤ꡤƱʤ뤤϶ᤤĴﴱˤĴ2ĤͭҲ³ˡԤû첻Ĺ첻ȤΤŪˤ /ld/, /rd/, /rð/, /rl/, /rn/, /rz/, /mb/, /nd/, /ŋg/ û첻Ĺ롥Ϣ³2ĤλҲͭľ첻˰ޤ뤳Ȥˤʤ뤿ᡤ̤Ȥ첻β̤Ĺʤ롥cild cīld ءblind blīnd ءclimban clīmban ؤѲ
˳ĹϽѸ첻βѲǡ#1230. over offer ϺǾФǤϤʤ ([2012-09-08-1]) ǤܤҤ٤褦ˡˤû첻Ĺ첻ȤΤnama nāma ءberan bēran ءofer ōfer ؤѲ
ǸIJûϳĹƱŪ첻βѲǡIJˤĹ첻û첻ȤΤsōfte softe ءclǣnsian clænsian ءkēpte kepte ؤѲ
ơ3ĤβѲظึ˰ܤ֥륷 (64) ˤСűѸˤϴܲṽ¤Ȥ4Ĥηꤨ(1) V|C (ex. beran), (2a) VC|C (ex. settan), (2b) VV|C (ex. dēman), (3) VVC|C (clǣnsian) Ǥ롥Τ3⡼餫ʤ (2a) (2b) ŪʸȹͤƤꡤ(1) ϤûΡ(3) ϤĹΤȤƼŪʹ¤Ȳᤵ롥δ餹ȡűѸʹߤβѲϡŪ (1) (3) ι¤Ū (2) ι¤ؤȽƤȤȤ館롥(1) V|C beran ϡ첻Ĺ뤳Ȥ1⡼ä(2b) VV|C bēran ؤܶᤷ(3) VVC|C clǣnsian ϡ첻û뤳Ȥ1⡼鸺餷(2a) VC|C clænsian ؤܶᤷΤ褦ˡĹIJû2ѲˤĤƤϡ3⡼δܹ¤ؤνȤư礷򤹤뤳ȤǤ롥
ƱﲻĹˤĤƤϤɤϢ³2ĤƱλҲϸߤĴŪ˶̩Ǥ뤿ᡤŪˤϤ1ĤλҲǤ뤫Τ褦˿񤦤褦ˤʤäȹͤƤߤ褦ȡ (2a) VC|C cild ϡŪ /ld/ 1ҲȤߤʤȤˤСष (1) V|C °뤳Ȥˤʤ롥(1) ϸæ԰ʹ¤ʤΤǡ첻򿭤Ф (2b) VV|C ܶᤷƤʣʡгʷ cildru Τ褦 /ld/ θˤ⤦1ĻҲ³ˤϡĹ֥å뤿ᡤû첻ݤ졤˻롥
嵭θʲ˿ޤǼ

Homorganic Lengthening, Open Syllable Lengthening, and Closed Syllable Shortening

Ϣơ#1402. Ѹ줬ǯ֡첻򶯲Ҳ岽Ƥͳ ([2013-02-27-1]) ε⻲ȡ

른塦֥륷ˡ 忡 СⲬ ͥˡرѸˡˤȸ١ݽǡ1999ǯ

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2012-04-11 Wed

#1080. ʤ five ν fifth ʤΤ [numeral][adjective][inflection][oe][phonetics][assimilation][analogy][sobokunagimon][shocc]

ɸϡѤʵؤ˴󤻤줿䡥 five Фƽ fifth ǤΤϤʤ twelve Фƽ twelfth ǤΤϤʤȤΤƱǤ롥
εΤ褦ˡִܷ A ФơϢ A' Ե§ӤӤƤΤϤʤפȤפϾʤʤ󵯤դ˸ۤŪ¤Ф¤ǤȤȤФФ롥ΥǸС /v/ Ĵ five ФơϢ줬Ե§ /f/ fifth ȤʤäƤΤϤʤפǤϤʤ /f/ Ľ fifth ФơϢ줬Ե§ /v/ five ȤʤäƤΤϤʤפȹͤ٤Ǥ롥Ūˤ fifth /f/ ϼǤꡤfive /v/ פʤ Ǥ롥
űѸ̤ȡ5פ fīf Ǥꡤ12פ twelf äֻ˼Ƥ̤ꡤ̵ [f] Ǥcf. ɥĸ fünf, zwölfˡűѸǽ -(o)þa ä໤Ҳ [f] θǤ [t] ȤƼ¸졤űѸǤб fīfta, twelfta ȤƸ줿Ѹʹߤˡ¾νȤ (analogy) ˤ t th ֤졤Ѹ fifth, twelfth ޤ줿
⤦1ä٤ϡűѸǡ5ܤΡפ fīfta Ĺ첻򼨤ߤǤû첻򼨤Ȥϡ2Ҳ³ĶľĹ첻ûȤѸˤŪʲѲη̤Ǥ롥ƱѲФޤڥ򤤤ĤѸǤϤƤ첻βؤ롥[2009-05-14-1]ε#16. -th ̾ΤȤˤʤäư졦ƻϡפ⻲ȡ

feel -- felt
keep -- kept
sleep -- slept
broad -- breadth
deep -- depth
foul -- filth
weal -- wealth
wide -- width


fifth ˤĤƤϡΤ褦λҲ촴첻̤˴ؤ¿Ѳä촴2ҲȤƤϸűѸӤ̵ /f/ ѾƤƤꡤűѸδ fīf ľϤλ¹ȤäƤ褤
ǤϡܼŪꡥűѸδ fīf θҲͭ /v/ ȤʤäΤϤʤѸǤ⤽ϡ5פΤ褦ñȤ̾ŪѤȡ5ĤΡפΤ褦˷ƻŪѤ礬롥űѸǤϡƻȤƤδϡ¾̾ηƻƱͤˡط̾ʡʤɤʸˡƥ꡼˽äζ޸Ȥäfīf ϡʤ顤Υƥ꡼˴ؤʣȤƤζ޸ȤäŵŪˤ -e ä¾θ⡤ɡѸޤǤˤ -e ؼ̤ˡűѸǤϡ§Ȥͭ˶ޤ줿̵໤Ʊ (assimilation) ˤͭΤǡfīfe2Ҳ <f> ֤ƤƤ [v] ȯ줿ơ䤬Ƥͭķ̵֤ķ֤֤ܷȤߤʤ褦ˤʤätwelve ˤĤƤƱͤλǤ롥ºݤˤϡζޤξϰ̤ηƻʣǤꡤʤ [v] Ķ޷ΤۤͥȤʤꡤܷǧ褦ˤʤäΤϡ̤٤ȤƻĤ롥
ΤʤǤϡޤ five / fifth twelve / twelfth Τߤ嵭βѲξ˹פˡ̤ȤơԵ§פ˸ѤԤȤΩäƤ롥ŪˤԵ§ȸ븽ݤ⡤̻Ūˤϡʤٵ§ŪѲη̤Ǥ뤳Ȥ狼äƤ롥§ŪʲѲԵ§ʽϤͿȤΤ̷⤷Ƥ褦ˤϤФдѻ뤳ȤǤ롥ޤԵ§ʷѲ§ŪʽϤͿ㤨ѡˤȤΤޤˤϤФдѻΤǤ롥

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2010-10-22 Fri

#543. says said Ϥʤû첻ȯ뤫 (2) [pronunciation][spelling_pronunciation][sobokunagimon][shocc]

[2010-10-20-1]η³says, said ȯˤĤ Jespersen äƤߤȡΤ褦ʵҤä

The shortening of /ɛi/ to [e] in said, says, saith [sed, sez, seþ] is probably due to the frequent unstressed use in "said ˈhe," etc. It is mentioned by D1640 [Daines, Orthoepia Anglicana] and C1685 [Cooper, Grammatica Linguæ Anglicanæ] (facilitatis causa dicitur sez sed). In the North [ei] is still heard, and in the attributive use of the ptc. (the said witness, etc.) [seid] is sometimes heard instead of [sed] even in the South. (11.35: 324--25)



٤ι⤤ư줬֤̾Ķǡξ줬ͻ礷夤ûȯˤʤ뤳ȤϰŪʤΤǡsaid ˈhe ˤϤ롥ȤơʤǤϤʤŪʤ̾ư줬ͻ礷Τ prithee ִ勞Сפ롥 pray thee ṳ̂Ǥ롥
says, said ξˤϼ̾Ȥͻˤ岽ûȤǽ[2010-10-20-1]Ǥ⿨줿 against ( /əgeɪnst/ or /əgɛnst/ ), again ( /əgeɪn/ or /əgɛn/ ) ξˤϤƤϤޤʤǺƤ Jespersen 򻲾Ȥȡagainst μ岽ûϸ /-nst/ ȤҲäƤ˵ΤȤҲԤ첻ûϳΤˤ˵äƤꡤŵϼѲưβʬ˸ ( ex. dream -- dreamt, keep -- kept, mean -- meant ) (4.312: 120--21) ޤagain ȯ against ȯ䡥
μ岽ûȯϡ"ease of articulation" ޤ "facilitatis causa" λʪȤ롥

Jespersen, Otto. A Modern English Grammar on Historical Principles. Part 1. Sounds and Spellings. 1954. London: Routledge, 2007. 324--25.

Referrer (Inside): [2020-02-29-1] [2011-11-28-1]

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