Ѹˤǡ2ӵ (double_comparative) ȤȡShakespeare 濴ȤѸ more worse worser Ȥ;Ūɽ꤬Ƭ⤫֡ӵκȤƷŪ;ꡤŪŪʴϸǤϥФΤǡȤƼ夲䤹Τ
Ʊ2ӵפȤˤϤޤΤΡޤܤߤʤΤ furthermore uttermore Τ褦ʸǤ롥ޤ1ǤꡤΤʤӵ -er -more ξ¸ƤȤOED Ĵ٤ȡŪˤϼΤ褦㤬äƤ롥
backermore, downermore, farthermore, furthermore, hindermore, hithermore, innermore, lattermore, lowermore, northermore, outermore, rathermore, uppermore, uttermore
Ǥ⤢ٻȤƤΤ furthermore, nethermore ˸¤뤬ŪˤϾ嵭Τ褦ˤäȤä¿ϸѸ줫Ѹˤ¤줵Ƥꡤ̣Ūˤ϶֤֤˴ؤݥȤ롥ΤȤ3ȤʤꡤŸʡӵ״ФȤħ롥Ǥ -more ϤϤŪǤϤʤѲäʤɤӵεơפ鷺 more better ȸäƤޤФ̤褦˻פ롥;Ǥ롤̵̤ǤʤɤȤäƴñ˼ΤƵ뤳ȤǤʤˤʤ췲Ǥ롥
ʤߤˤΤʤǺǤŤΤϡǤ⸽ furthermore ǡѸ˼Τ褦˽ФƤ롥
c1175 Þe sterrne comm rihht till þatt hus... & flæh itt ta na forrþerrmar. (Ormulum (Burchfield transcript) l. 7338)
323ˤ YouTube ֤Τۤإͥκǿޤ#321. through ֤515̤ȻפäƤǤޤǤɾƤޤܲİ5000ϤǤˡ
through õ˴ؤ뤳ޤǤηаޤϡ#5738. 516ܤ through Ĥޤ ([2025-01-11-1]) εˡδϢƥĤؤΥäƤޤΤǡ餫餴
through ΰֻᤰõ椬ʤ餯515̤ڤƤȤפ֤˿516̤ܤĤäȤȤǡԤδ֡ʡˤį뤫Τ褦ˤ⤷äƤƤΤޤͤϤäƿܤǤؿΤ¿ϤʤȻפޤȯΰյˤĤ heldio ͭۿ֡516̤ throughפζȤϡǸäƤޤΤǡС
Ѹˤˤ through ֤515̤ꤢˤĤơޤ͡ʥǥˤˤƤ
hellog #53. Ѹ through ֤515̤ ([2009-06-20-1])
hellog #54. through ֤٥10ʥ10ˡ ([2009-06-21-1])
hellog #193. 15 Chancery Standard through ΰ֤14̤ ([2009-11-06-1])
hellog #3397. Ѹ through Υֻ ([2018-08-15-1])
hellog #5006. YouTube ǡ515̤ through ä ([2023-01-10-1])
hellog #5126. ֤إ饸б2Ȥʤä515̤ through β ([2023-05-10-1])
heldio #599. YouTube515̤ throughײؤ
heldio #709. ʤƱñ¿Υڥ¸ߤΤ --- ֤إ饸б2Ȥʤä515̤ through β
helwa ֡ڱѸˤ #210ۤΤۤ515̤ through פο
YouTube ֤Τۤإͥס#91. 롼αѸǤ֤ϥޥ롼롩through Υڥ515̤ꡪŪ뤵٥10
YouTube ֤Τۤإͥס#283. αѸ through ΤĤŤ꤬515̤ꤢΤϸѲξħ
YouTube ֤إ饸ס#228. ֱѸˤȤ through ֤515̤ꤢäáڴܰñ2ۡ
伫Ȥ͡ʥ齸Ƥڵ˴Ťơ515̤פȤƤ櫓˻֤ϫϤõСۤʤֻ⤦ϸĤȤȤʬäƤƺ516ܤ through Ĥä˰ռõƤ櫓ǤϤʤΤǡֵդפۤɤɽΤ⤷ʤ
ǯ note ˤ֡2024ǯ1228αѸ˶۵®3;ʣ̾ they ᤰäƤؤʤȤäƤޤOrmulum ȤѸΥƥȤ˸ they νˤĤƲ⤷Ȥơheldio Ǥ#1319. they ν --- ǯ۵ Ormulum Ƥߤ褦ۿ
Ǽ夲ʸƷǤ褦Τʤ through ٽи롥
& swa þeȝȝ leddenn heore lif Till þatt teȝȝ wærenn alde. Þatt naffdenn ðeȝȝ þurrh þeȝȝre streon. Ne sune child. ne dohhterr.
Ĥֻ þurrh Ǥ롥Ormulum κ Orm äֻϱѸ˾ͭ̾ǡˤĤơ#2712. ѸθŪ֤ꤿ ([2016-09-29-1]) #3954. 첻Ĺûʬ褦ȤѸο ([2020-02-23-1]) εǼ夲Ƥ through 516ܤֻϡˤ Orm ŪǤ롥<u> ɽ蘆첻û첻Ǥ뤳ȤΤˡ³ <r> 2ĽŤͤƤ롥
伫ȡޤǤθ Ormulum ˤ뤳ֻˤϲ٤ȤʤƤƤꡤ̣ǤܤǤϤ˷ǤƤ515̤ through ΰˡֻϴޤޤƤʤä516ܤֻΡַŪȯפǤϤʤñˡָȤפֽϳפȤäۤ褤Ǥפ֤˵Ͽƴ
ѸŪ첻ĹûɽʬΤǤ롥ȤطʤˤĤƤϡʲεʤɤƤ
#1826. 첻ĹûľܼȤǤʤ ([2014-04-27-1])
#2092. ե٥åȤ첻ľɽ魯Τ ([2015-01-18-1])
#2887. Ϣ3֤ʤѸ첻ɽΤʤΤס ([2017-03-23-1])
#2092. ե٥åȤ첻ľɽ魯Τ ([2015-01-18-1])
#2075. 첻첻Ĺû ([2015-01-01-1])
첻Ĺûʬ褦Ȥưʤä櫓ǤϤʤޤǽʬäȤǡʬˡϺƤΤ˸űѸǤϤΤ褦ʻߤϤۤܤʤʤäѸˤʤȤĤοƳ졤ʤˤϸޤǼѤ줿Τ⤢롥Minkova (189--90) ꡤΤ褦ʿ5褦
(1) ³λҲŤͤû첻ɽ魯
Ormulum ǺѤ줿ˡfollc (folk), þiss (this), þennkenn (think) ʤɤȤ롥Ĺ첻ˤϡӤƤ櫓ǤϤʤfó (for), tīme (time) Τ褦˥ȵդˡΤ뤳ȤääȤ⡤ο Ormulum ʳǤϤߤ줺ޤǸΩñȯλߤǤcf. #2712. ѸθŪ֤ꤿ ([2016-09-29-1])ˡ
(2) 첻ŤͤĹ첻ɽ魯
aa (aye), see (sea), stoone (stone(s)), ook (oak) ʤɡʬ䤹ˡȤʬŪˤϸޤ³Ƥ롥Ϣơ#3037. <ee>, <oo> ϤΤ <aa>, <ii>, <uu> ϤʤΤϤʤ ([2017-08-20-1]) ȡ
(3) Ҳθ <e> äơ첻ĹȤɽ魯
"magic <e>" ȾΤĹ첻ɽwife, stone, hole ʤɡѸ쳫Ĺ (Middle English Open Syllable Lengthening; meosl) ̩ܤ˴ϢɽοǤ롥ܳŪ˵§Τ16ΤȤθѸΩƤ뤳Ȥաcf. #2377. ԤĹ첻ɽ魯 <e> (1) ([2015-10-30-1])#2378. ԤĹ첻ɽ魯 <e> (2) ([2015-10-31-1])ˡ
(4) ۤʤ첻2Ȥ߹碌2Ż (digraph) Ĺ첻ɽ魯
<ie> [eː], <eo> [eː] ʤɡΤ褦2ŻϸűѸˤ⤢ä첻Ĺûɽ魯˻ȤƤ櫓ǤϤʤäѸǤ2ŻĹ첻ɽ魯ΤѤ줿ǡȤ롥Ѹ beat, boat, bound ʤɤȡ
(5) 첻 <i/y> źĹ첻ɽ魯
䥹åȥʬۤФ뤬baith/bayth (both), laith/layth (poath), stain/stayn (stone), keip (keep), heid (head), weill (well), bluid (blood), buik (book), guid (good), puir (poor) ʤɤȤĹ첻ɽ路
Minkova, Donka. A Historical Phonology of English. Edinburgh: Edinburgh UP, 2014.
cosmos ϡȤηϤȤƤΡֱפ̣Ǥ롥ꥷɽ魯 kósmos ͳ褷켫Τϰĸθ캬 *kes- Ťˤ̤ΤǤϤʤȤ롥ֱפθϡPythagoras ɤůؼԤΤȤߤʤƤȤˤ롥
ѸǤϰʲΤ褦12Ⱦ Ormulum ˺Ǥᤤñȯ㤬ߤ롥Orm ֻȽǤȡcosmōs Τ褦2첻Ĺ첻äȻפ롥
?c1200 Orm.(Jun 1) 17559: Werelld iss nemmnedd Cossmos, Swa summ þe Grickess kiþenn.
?c1200 Orm.(Jun 1) 17592: Tohh is þeȝȝre baþre shrud þurrh Cossmos wel bitacnedd.
Ormulum ʹߡñϤФ餯Ѥ줺17ȾФˤʤäƤ褦䤯Ƥ롥϶ѸκƼѤȤߤʤƤ褤ʪΡ֥⥹פθϡäͥ̾դ줿Τǡ1813ǯ˽ФƤ롥
ϢȤơcosmopolitan, cosmopolite ԡˤ롥ꥷ cosmo- ʱ衤+ politēs ʻ̱ˤͳ褷Ф17ȾܳŪʻѤ19ȾФǤ롥촶ˤĤƤϡ#3308. Cosmopolitan Vocabulary ȤɽˤĤơ ([2018-05-18-1]) Ǽ夲ΤǻȤ줿
ơcosmetic ʲѡơˤϢǤ롥ꥷηƻ kosmēticós äˤե cosmétique ͳ17˱ѸäΤǤ롥1605ǯ Bacon ǡƽѡפθѤ줿ֲѡפθȤƤ1650ǯΤΤǽǤ롥
cosmetic ϡߤαñȤƤϡֲѤΡƤΡפ˲ä֤٤ΡפȤͥƥʴްդѤ뤳Ȥ⤢ֵ״ĤޤȤͤβѤȤäüܻؤΤäΤѤꤹȡϤꥮꥷеǤ chaos ʺ١̵(< Gk kháos "gulf, abyss, chaos") ȤʤäƤޤΤդǤ
#3231. ɸ˼ Blake αѸ˻ʬ ([2018-03-02-1]) ǾҲ𤷤褦ˡBlake ˤѸ˻ʬϡŰƬŰɸಽȤʤ줿ʬǤ롥ŪʱѸˤλʬ˴ƤȡȻפȤĤ뤬Ȥ櫓Υޥ (norman_conquest) ˰ܤˤ1066ǯȤȾۤƤΤ褦29Ⱦ?1250ǯˤˤ϶äΤǤϤʤΥޥȤС̾Ѹ˾太ӥɻ˾λȤư뤬Blake θˤȡޤ2ǤλȤ֤Ť
Blake ˤС2ϥȥνɸबƶϤäȤ롥Υޥˤäƥȥνɸ̵˵ΤǤϤʤäޤ#2712. ѸθŪ֤ꤿ ([2016-09-29-1]) Ǽ夲褦ˡ1250ǯޤǤ˶ɽŪǤϤ졤AB language, Orm, Laȝamon ˤɸ˽ऺΰӤֻȯãƤꡤ褿٤ͽȤ̣ǡष3ܶᤷƤȤȤ館٤ǤϤʤ
Υޥ塤12Ⱦ13ˤƸ뤳θŪʡɸŪֻϡBlake ˤСޤǸűѸΥȥɸ˵ĤΤǤꡤβѷȯŸȤȤ館٤ȤΤ˾ʤ̲ѤäƤꡤȼȯŸ뤲Ƥ뤫⤷ʤĤƤɸήǤȤ̣ǡܼϲŪʤΤǤȤߤƤ롥
βŪݤäƤ2κǸΥƥȤ1Ĥϡ1258ǯΡ#2561. The Proclamation of Henry III ([2016-05-01-1]) ǤϤĤƤɸ̾ĤȤ졤κǤʬ䤹㤬 <æ> λѤǤ롥Blake (135) ˤСűѸή <æ> αѸ˾ǸλȤ
դǯĶȡŪʷϵϾä餫˿λ塤ĤޤɸȤǰʤؤäƤBlake (131) ۩
From now on there were no further attempts to create a standard English writing system which could be said to look back to that found earlier, and Old English manuscripts ceased to be living texts which were copied and recopied. A period of uncertainty as to writing in English succeeded, and when a new standard started to arise it would be based on different premises and a different dialect area.
Blake, N. F. A History of the English Language. Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1996.
ѸֻɸಽˤϡȥɸŪʤΤ뤬ΥޥνѸˤϤ줬̵˵Ѹˤʤäƽ˺ɸಽѸɸಽʤߡ17--18ɸֻΩ绨ĤǤ롥γѤˤСѸֻɸबޤǤʤäȤȤˤʤ롥ϤǴְäƤϤʤֻɸȤϤ鷺Ȥ⡤ٰӤֻȤȤǤСλˤĿͤ侮ĤΥ٥ǼƤפĤ롥褯ΤƤΤϡ(1) "AB language" ֻ, (2) Ormulum κ Orm ֻ(3) ֥ƥ Brut եǤ Laȝamon ֻǤ롥
(1) "AB language" ̾ϡƻΤλ Ancrene Wisse ޤ Cambridge, Corpus Christi College 402 Ȥ (= A) ȡϢ佡ޤ Oxford, Bodleian Library, Bodley 34 μ (=B) ͳ褹롥2ܡʵڤӴϢ뤤ĤμܡˤˤϡʤӤֻηϤѤƤꡤʣμ̻ˤäƤ줬ѤƤ뤳Ȥ顤餯13Ⱦˡνƻܼ濴Ȥʤäơɸֻ夲ߤʤƤΤȿ¬Ƥ롥
(2) Orm ϡLincolnshire ΥƥνƻΤǡ1200ǯˡʬ䤹ʪ Ormulum 路¸ͣΥƥȤ2ԤĶʸǤꡤ줬äۤɰӤֻǽƤ롥Orm ϡ첻̤ˤäƸ³ҲŤͤʤɤιɵ椷äֻηϤԤߤʬκʤǼΤǤ롥 Orm ֻϡ¾μܤˤहΤȯƤ餺ƸĿŪֻɸಽλϸ16θŪֻԤȤäƤ褤
(3) Laȝamon ϡWorcestershire λʺפǡ13Ƭ˱ʸǯ嵭ʸDZѸǤ˸ŤᤫʤäƤȤܤƬ (alliteration) 䡤ʸáֻ褵Υ른åʷϵ⤹ȤLaȝamon ϡºݤ˸űѸˤäֻɤ̤ȤơˤűѸֻռŪѤðۤǤꡤθĿŪֻɸಽλߤȤߤ뤳Ȥǽ
ʾ塤Horobin (98--102) ȤƼɮ
Horobin, Simon. Does Spelling Matter? Oxford: OUP, 2013.
#2351. ե줫ζưμѡ ([2015-10-04-1]) Ⱥε#2395. ե줫ζμѡ ([2015-11-17-1]) ˤ褦ˡѸѸ˥եñΤߤʤ餺ɽѤƤȼĥƤμĥФƿŤΩԤ⤤롥1ͤ Sypherd Ǥ롥Sypherd ϥեˡĥ Sykes ˤʸ French Elements in Middle English (1899) ȽŸ
Sypherd οʤǤ롥Sykes եαƶȻŦƤѸζɽ¿Sykes μ夲Ƥʸᤤ˽줿 Ormulum ˸Ƥ뤳Ȥ¾Ū˼ΤǤ롥Ormulum ϡEast Midland 1200ǯ˽줿ȤĹʽǡŪˤŪˤեαƶʤȤƥȤǤ롥ΥƥȤϡषťΥɸθŪƶΤȤΤƤ롥ǡSypherd (6--7) ϡSykes Τ֥եˡפȤϡषťΥɸˡȤͤΤǤϤʤȡռ롥
Now, if in the Ormulum, a poem free from French influence, these phrases which Mr. Sykes ascribes to the Old French occur with considerable frequency, we are surely justified in denying the overwhelming French phrasal influence on Middle English. Furthermore, the justification of this denial is strengthened when we find that in Old-Norse literature anterior to or contemporary with Orm there exist in comparative abundance many of the identical phrases found in the Ormulum and in other Middle-English literature. And finally, though I do not urge it, the probability of considerable Old-Norse phrasal influence on Orm demands consideration, especially if we bear in mind the following facts: (1) the marked Old-Norse influence in general on Orm; (2) the Old-Norse literature in which these phrases occur in homiletic, sermonic; (3) much of the literature antedates the Ormulum.
Sypherd ϤθʸΤʤǡťΥɸʸαѸθˡˤ褽бɽФơƤ椯оݤȤʤäΤ "bear witness", "take baptism", "take flesh, humanity", "take death", "take example", "take heed, take keep, take ȝeme", "take end", "take wife", "take rest", "take cross" ưǤꡤɬ¿ʤ㼨ΤȤФϤ롥
εǤҤ٤褦ˡμѤ¾ڤ뤳ȤϰƳSypherd ⡤ʸɸ崶ȤƤϡե줫μѤȤ⤽ΤΤԤȽƤ褦ʹ뤬餯ĥΤϡΤ褦ˤϿŤ˸礦٤Ǥꡤ̤βǽθ٤Ǥ롤ȤȤ
Sypherd, W. Owen. "Old French Influence on Middle English Phraseology." Modern Philology 5 (1907): 85--96.
3;ʣ̾줬Ѹˡ h- ťΥɸͳȤ th- ؤ֤ƤäȤϡѸˤǤϹΤƤ롥th- ؤִϡʤˤäƥߥۤʤäƤ (see #975. 3;̾μгʷǤϤޤѤʤä۲ ([2011-12-28-1]), #1843. conservative radicalism ([2014-05-14-1])) ٤ƤǷ֤줿ѥϡޤʤ°ʤǸ˼гʡͿʤгʤͻ礷Ρˤ th- ذܹԤȤѥ㤨С Ormulum (?c1200) ǤϡǤᤤʳǼʤ þeȝȝ ݤˤʤäƤꡤ°ʤǤ¿ h- Ĥʤʬ þeȝȝre гʤǤϵդ¿ þeȝȝm ʤ hemm ܤǤ롥
ɥǼʤ þei Τ14ǤꡤChaucer Ǥ þei / her(e) / hem ȤѥबѤƤ (#181. Chaucer ο;̾ηϡ ([2009-10-25-1])) 15ˤʤȡ°ʤ their her(e) ȶ礹褦ˤʤꡤˤ Caxton ʤɤ their ¾ͣȤʤ롥them ϺǤ٤Chaucer μ Lydgate Hoccleve Ǥޤ hem ΤߤǤꡤCaxton Ǥ them ΤΡޤ hem Τۤͥä16νˤʤäơ褦䤯 them 夷ɸѸξã뤳Ȥˤʤä (Lass 120; Mustanoja 134--35)
äơ3;ʣΥѥϡˤƤ⡤ǯ夳ۤʤ졤̤ưʲ3ʳФȤˤʤ (Lass 121)
| I | II | III | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Nominative | þei | þei | þei |
| Genitive | her(e) | her(e) ? þeir | þeir |
| Oblique | hem | hem | hem ? þem |
Ѹˤˤ̵ԹŸ /ʃ/ ϰŪʲǤäȤ뤬ɽ魯ֻϥꥨ˭٤äḽѸǤŻ (digraph) <sh> §Ȥ櫓ѸǤ͡ʰֻԤƤˤγάϡ#1893. إܥ <sh>, <ch>, <j> ϤɤΤ餤Ѹ ([2014-07-03-1]) Ǽۤˤ#479. bushel ([2010-08-19-1]) #1238. Υޥ̻οá ([2012-09-16-1]) εǴϢ˷ڤƤ
OED sh, n.1 ˰͵ơѸ˾塤λҲɤΤ褦֤ƤΤ⤦٤ҤޤϡOED εҤ˴ŤƤ餢ǯɽΤƤ櫓ǤϤʤΤǡͤޤǤˡ

ʲä롥űѸɸֻä <sc> ѸȿΰӤɤꡤ¾μΰֻ֤뤳ȤˤʤäλҲΥեβǤȤƤ¸ߤʤäᡤեǽȤ˴ƤѸμ̻ϡ餫ιפ뤳ȤˤʤäǤñʻߤñȤ <s> ѤˡǡѸǤϸƬȸ /ʃ/ ɽ魯ΤѤ줿ŪˤϤʤʤäŻҲ <ss> ϴĶФѤ줿Ȥ⤢ꡤ깭Ѥ줿ȸǤ <ssh> ᡤĹ16ޤѤ줿16ѤȤƤϡCoverdale (1535) ǤФѤ줿 <szsh> <szh> 뤬ޤѤǿԤϽФʤä<ss> <sch> ΤۤѸȾФͥäֻȤƤϡɥĸֻפ碌 <sch> ʤ櫓ˤϤʤȤ櫓ƬǤϹԤ졤Ǥ16ޤ³
θǤ˸ /ʃ/ ɽ魯ΤˡֻѤ줿롥㤨 she ɽ魯Τˡ13ˤ <sge>, , <sze> Τ褦ֻȤѤ줿East Anglia Ǥϡ褯ΤƤ褦 shall should θƬҲ <x> ֤졤̯ <xal> <xulde> ߤ줿ޤ -ship ѸǤϤȤ -<chipe> ֤줿
Ǹˡ1200ǯ Ormulum Ǥ⤹Ǥ˵§ŪѤƤ<sh> ͥŻȤ¾뤳Ȥˤʤ롥14Υɥʸ Chaucer ǤŪǤꡤCaxton ǤɸȤʤä
ḽѸǤϡĤθˤƤλҲɽ魯Τ¾λѤ뤳Ȥ⤢뤬츻Ū뤤ȯ٤ŪǤ롥㤨Сmachine, schedule, Asia, -tion (cf. #2018. <nacio(u)n> <nation> ֻѲ ([2014-11-05-1])) ʤɤǤ롥
#1825. <F> εȯŸ ([2014-04-26-1]) εǿ줿褦ˡ <F>, <U>, <V>, <W>, <Y> Ϥ٤ƥࡦե٥åȤ wāu ˵ĻʸǤ롥ƥ줫Ѹޤ¿θǤϡ<y> Ϥ줬ɽ魯椨 <i> ȷӤĤ뤳Ȥ¿षŪˤ <u> ȱ郎<Y> <U> ᤷʸǤ뤳Ȥϡꥷե٥åȤ20 upsilon ʸʸԤǤ뤳Ȥ⸫Ƽ뤳ȤǤ뤷űѸ <u> = /u/ 饦Ȳ߿첻 /y/ ɽ魯Τ <y> äƤȤΤ롥űѸǤϡ/y/ α߿ /i/ Ȥʤäᡤ<y> Ϥष <i> ȷӤĤ褦ˤʤä
<Y> <U> ζᤵ⤦1ĤϡY ̾ΤΤʤ˱Ƥ뤫⤷ʤѸ Y [waɪ] ȸƤФͳˤĤϤʤJespersen ˤС <Y> λ <U> β <I> äǤȤȴط롥[uiː] [wiː] Ȥʤꡤ첻ܤˤ [waɪ] ѲȤ桤pp. 183--84ˡ
OED ˤȡʸȯˤĤƤκǽθڤϡ1200ǯ˽줿 Ormulum l. 4320 ˤ IESOYS 5ʸܤξ˸ ƿı Ǥ롥1513ǯˤϡG. Douglas Virgil Æneid vii. Prol. 120 ˡ"Palamedes byrdis crouping in the sky, Fleand on randoune schapin lik ane Y." Ȥߤ롥ޤ16ȾˤϡΤʵҤߤ롥
1573 J. Baret Aluearie, Y hath bene taken for a greeke vowel among our latin Grammarians a great while, which me thinke if we marke well we shall finde to be rather a diphthong: for it appeareth to be compounded of u and i, which both spelled togither soundeth as we write Wy.
1580 W. Bullokar Bk. Amendm. Orthogr. 8 The olde name of :y: (which is wy).
ϢơH ̾ΤˤĤƤϡ#488. ȯɤΰ ([2010-08-28-1]) J ̾ΤˤĤƤϡ#1828. j ʸȲбˤĤƺˬ ([2014-04-29-1]) Z ̾ΤˤĤƤϡ#964. z ʸȯ (1) ([2011-12-17-1]) ӡ#965. z ʸȯ (2) ([2011-12-18-1]) ȡ
סرѸ쥢ե٥åȯãˡʸȲ١ʸҡ1970ǯ
whole ϡűѸ (ġe)hāl (healthy, sound. hale) ̤ꡤ켫Ȥϥޥĸ *(ȝa)xailaz˰ĸ * kailo- (whole, uninjured, of good omen) ̤롥heal, holy ȤƱǤꡤhale, hail Ȥ3Ÿʤäơ<whole> <w> 츻ŪѸˤʸƬ줿
MED hōl(e (adj.(2)) ǤϡֻȤ wholle Ƥꡤʲ15 <wh>- Ǥ˸줿Ȥ狼롥
a1450 St.Editha (Fst B.3) 3368: When he was take vp of þe vrthe, he was as wholle And as freysshe as he was ony tyme þat day byfore.
15μȤΥƥȤ˸ǽ <wh>- ϡwhole ƬҲ /h/ æȯ (h-dropping) diacritical ̤Ƥ褦Ȥ̤θǡ16ˤ /h/ æΤǤϤʤñֻθɤΤߤ˴ؤ <w> Ԥ褦ˤʤäɽŪ츻Ū <w> ϡѸ whore (< OE hōre) ˤǧǤwhore ˤ <w> 16ǡMED hōr(e (n.(2)) Ǥ <wh>- ϳǧʤˡ16ˤϡۤˤ whom (home), wholy (holy), whoord (hoard), whote (hot)) whood (hood) ʤɤ졤<o> ֤Ǥ츻Ū <wh>- 䤫ĬήƤȤ狼롥whole whore ΤߤɸѸޤʤ館ͳˤĤƤϡHorobin (62) ϡ줾Ʊ۵ hole hoar Ȥζ̤Τˤ뤹뤳ȤǤ뤫ǤϤʤȽҤ٤Ƥ롥
Helsinki Corpus Ǥä whole ΰֻƤߤȤʡַפ hole ʤɤϼȤǽѤߡˡѸޤǤ <wh>- 1⸡ФʤäѸˤʤȰʲΤ褦˰쵤˿ƩȤʬä
| <whole> | <hole> | |
|---|---|---|
| E1 (1500--1569) | 71 | 32 |
| E2 (1570--1639) | 68 | 2 |
| E3 (1640--1710) | 84 | 0 |
ɸϡ֤Сפΰ̣Ѥ롤褯Τ줿Ǥ롥ʤΤǶŪˤʬϤΤ̵̣Ūʴؿ餤̵̣ǤϤʤwere ˡɽ路ƤȤȤĤ⤷ʤas Ȥ³ƳDzˡȤȤΤ̯ʤΤǤϤʤ
˽Ҥ٤С as as if ѤȹͤƤ褤ʲ OED as, adv. and conj. P2 θˤȤꡤ"as if it were so" ۤɤɽȤʤäƤȹͤ롥
P2. a. as it were: (as a parenthetic phrase used to indicate that a word or statement is perhaps not formally exact though practically right) as if it were so, if one might so put it, in some sort.
ȤƤνФϡ1200ǯդ Ormulum (l. 16996) ǡ"Þatt lede þatt primmseȝȝnedd iss..iss all alls itt wære ȝet I nahhtess þessterrnesse." Ȥ롥
as = as if ȤƤˡϡOED θ6ˤƤ뤷ḽѸǤ?褦ˡפ褦ʥˤưճȤ褯Ƥ롥³ΤδʷǤϤʤά줿ФֻʤɤȤʤ뤳Ȥ¿ٹ (446--47) εƤʸ
It lifted up it head and did address / Itself to motion, like as it would speak.---Shakespeare.
And all at once their breath drew in, / As they were drinking all.---Coleridge.
Our vast flotillas / Have been embodied as by sorcery.---Hardy.
Boadicea stands with eyes fixed as on a vision.---Binyon.
She is lost as in a trance.---ibid.
I have associated, ever since, with the sunny street of Canterbury, dozing as it were in the hot light.---Dickens.
He fixes it, as it were in a vice in some cleft of a tree, or in some crevice.---Gilbert White.
Every man can see himself, or his neighbour, in Pepy's Diary, as it were through the back-door.---George Gordon.
㤨 "She is lost as in a trance." ̩ŸС"She is lost as (she would be if she were) in a trance." ȤʤΤɤˡȤơas = as if ˡȯãƤΤȻפ롥
ʤ"as (it would be as if) it were (so)" ˤƤϡit Ȥ it ȹͤ롥бľˡ as it is (= as it happens) ⻲ȡ
ٹ ﵭرʸˡ3ǡʸƲ1926ǯ
learn ˤϡԸšɸŪդȤꤵ줿Ѱʤֶ롤狼餻פθ롥He learned me how to skate. I'll learn you. ʻפΤ餻Ƥ뤾ˤʤɤʸ롥[2011-09-12-1]εǾҲ𤷤 EDD Online beta-version ˤСlearn θ4Ȥ "To teach, instruct; freq. used ironically as a threat of punishment." Ȥꡤ¾θ˭٤ʸäƤ롥
ֳؤ֡פȡֶפϻ180ٰۤʤꡤȿդȤߤʤ뤬줬 learn ȤΤʤ˶¸Ƥ롥[2010-11-14-1]εǾҲ𤷤#566. contronymפΤ⤦Ḥ̂Ȥˡξ碌ĸϡ leren ե apprendre ˤߤ롥
츻ɤȡ촴 *leis- "track, furrow" ̤롥Ф *laisjan 顤Gmc *liznōjan ˻ꡤ OE leornian "to learn" ȯŸGmc *liznōjan Ȥ OE (ġe)lǣran "to teach" ̤˴طƤꡤlore ʶƳμˤ⤽Ǥ롥"track, furrow" 촴θǤȤȤϡlearn ΰ̣κϡƻƳդˤꤽ
űѸǤϡleornian "learn" (ġe)lǣran "to teach" ̤ƤѸˤʤꡤlernen "teach" θӤӤ褦ˤʤäOED MED ˤȡϡ1200ǯ餤 Ormulum Ǥ롥
Uss birþþ itt [the Gospel] þurth sekenn, To lokenn watt itt lernet uss Off sawle nede. (19613)
ֶפθǺƵ̾ȤȤѤСѸ teach oneself Ʊͤˡֳؤ֡ؤפΰ̣Ȥʤ롥Sir Orfeo BlissǡAuchinleck MS, ll. 30--33ˤ l. 31 ǤϡƵ̾϶դǤϤʤʸ̤Ƶl. 33 lerned ϡֳؤ֡פǤ롥
Him-self he lerned for-to harp,
& leyd þer-on his wittes scharp;
He lerned so, þer no-þing was
A better harpour in no plas.
Ϣơƻ learned ʳؼΤ롤ؤʡˤ1300ǯ餤Фΰ̣ϡֶäפǤꡤlearn ΡֶפθβʬǤ롥12ѤƤ lered ӥɥĸ gelehrt ƱǤ롥
Bliss, A. J., ed. Sir Orfeo. 2nd ed. Oxford: Clarendon, 1966.
for the nonce ʤäơ¤ϡʬˤȤ礬롥The team is called "the Lions," at least for the nonce. Τ褦˻Ȥ롥ɽˤϡ괧 the ΤĤƤζ̾Ĥߤ졤츻Ū˶̣
ߤη֤ľܤˤĤʤϡ1200ǯ餤κȤ Ormulum ˤ forr þe naness ȤƸ롥3θƬ n ϡľ괧νѸǤñͿʶ þen θ n ʬ (metanalysis) 줿ΤǤꡤ촴ΰȺƲᤵƸߤ˻äƤ롥ĤƤñͿʶճʤȤDzŪĤäƤǤ롥
ζϡŪˤ̣Ūˤ⸽ѸǤ *for the once б뤫Τ褦˸뤬Ūˤ3 once 뤤 one's [2009-07-18-1]ε#81. once twice -ce ȤϲפȡˤѸ°ʤ˴Ťɽľͳ褹Ȳˤ롥OED ˤС°ʷϳΤ˴ŪˤϴͿζϡषűѸ˸ to þam anum νѸ to þan ane ʤɤӤ٤one ͿʤޤɽȤƻϤޤäΤǤϤʤȤ夷°ʷϡͿʷִ줿Τȹͤ롥ִͳȤƤϡְ١פ̣Τ°ʤͳ褹 anes, ones ¤ǡͿʤͳ褹 ane, ene Ѥ줿Ȥ顤ξԤθؤäΤǤϤʤ
ѸǤϡʬϤη֤η֤¸ƤꡤMED ˤ ōnes (adv.) θ5 nōnes (n.(1)) θ1ξˡζ礬ϿƤ롥ԤˤСߤˡפȡ¤ϡפθΤۤˡոȤ "indeed" ۤɤθ䡤ΧŪȤƤΰ̣δˡȵܤƤ롥դ뤤ȤƤBliss Sir Orfeo (Auchinleck MS, ll. 51--56)
Þe king hadde a quen of priis Þat was y-cleped Dame Heurodis, Þe fairest leuedi, for þe nones, Þat miȝt gon on bodi & bones, Ful of loue & of godenisse; Ac no man may telle hir fairnise.
Ȥưʳˤ⡤nonce ˤϡΡפȤƻȤƤˡ롥̾ȤȤ˰ʣơؤνѸȤ nonce-word ˡnonce-form ˤʤɤȻȤˡνϡOED Ի James Murray 1884ǯ OED ǤѤȤǤ롥
1884 N.E.D. Fasc. 1, p. x, Words apparently employed only for the nonce, are, when inserted in the Dictionary, marked nonce-wd.
OED ˤλݤܤܤƤΤ顤OED ˤ뼫ˡȤäƤ褤
Bliss, A. J., ed. Sir Orfeo. 2nd ed. Oxford: Clarendon, 1966.
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