
NZ οݥѡڥʡǡܥܥ뿧οƻؤΤ褦ʪΤȢ˵ͤƤΤˤʤäƤʼ̿ˡyam ֥।⡤ޥΥפ।̾ΤäƤꡤ餯ɤǿ٤ƤƤȻפϤ줿ȤʤäΤǡ̤ΤοʪܤˤƤΤǤ롥ĤäƤߤ
Ĵ٤ƤߤȡȤꡤǤʴˤꡤ¿褦¾ڤ֤ΤñʤΤǡ֤ǤȤˤ餬äǤ⾮ΤϿƻǾʤΤǡΤ㥬Τ褦˴ñˤϤʤΤƤߤȡĿʬʼ̿ˡ㥬Τ褦ʤ꿴ϤǡǥץǤ뤳Ȥʬ롥ΤޤǤäƤߤȸǤƤ饤ޤޤʤꡤ֤Ƥߤɤ¾ڤʶõʤȸĤʤۤɤ¸ߴʤäƤޤäʬ˲Ф̤Ƚ餫ʤꡤߤäƤäȡĥޥΤ褦ʴŤߤФ롥ʾδۤϽФƤϥĥޥβ̸ߴȤɾˤȤɤޤääȥ磻ɤ˹Ԥäۤɤä⤷ʤ
yam ϡܤǤϤޤ긫ʤΡʰǮӤǹʬۤƤꡤɴबǧȤ礭̣ۤʤȤΤǡΤϤɤʼäΤȻפäƤ롥եꥫɥΦ٥ȥʥʿΤ˻μ郎̣Ȥ줬äΤ̣ĥޥ˶ᤤΤǡꥫαѸǤϥĥޥؤ yam Ȥ褦ȤƤ̤Ǥ롥ιʥʥȥ֤Ȥ
yam ϡߥͥͥˤƤϡʪȤƤΤߤʤ餺ʸŪˤפǡ̤ͭԤϼҲŪ̾Ȥϵ˹ԤʤȤʤʺʪäΤޥ
ľ yam θ츻رѸ츻ŵ٤Ĵ٤Ƥߤեꥫθϸͳ褹Ȥ졤ͥǡֿ٤פ̣ nyami ȤƤ뤬褯ʬäƤʤ褦衼åѤäơڥǤ ñame ʸŤ†igñameˡݥȥ ihnameե igname ȤʤäѸǤ⡤1588ǯΰʲνޤϡ yam ˤϤߤʤƬä줿Ǹ졤inamy, nnames, iniamos ʤֻ͡ʸڤ롥
1588 A fruite called Inany [Italian Ignami]: which fraite is lyke to our Turnops, but is verye sweete and good to eate. (Hickock, translation of C. Federici, Voyage & Trauaile f. 18)
ȤѸǤ17ȾФϡȤȤθƬæƤ롥Yeams, jamooes, Yames, Yams, Jammes, Jambs, Guams ʤɥåܤֻ鼡ؤȽи516̤ through Ȥ̤ΰ̣ԴѤȤäƤ褤
ȯϡʤꥸʥθƬæǤ롥رѸ츻ŵ٤ OED ⤳ˤϿƤʤn æؤäƤǡ˻פĤΤϡʬ (metathesis) Ǥ롥ҤȤޤ¾ϹͤѸΤߤǰƬ˥ߥ졼Ƥߤ褦㤨 */iniam/ θƬ첻ۣ沽 */əniam/ Τ褦ʸꤹ롥ʹ꤬괧 an /ən/ ֤줿ΤȸäƲᤷ촴 /iam/ ȤڤФƤޤäȤʥʥꥪ
ܵˤ heldio Ǥ⤢ޤ#1629. yam ٤ɡ츻Τۤä --- NZݡꤪİС
߷ ˧ͺԽ紴ˡرѸ츻ŵٿǡҡ2024ǯ
ʼȱĤƤ YouTube ֤ͥΤۤإͥϡޤ¿ˤƤޤǿ#381. It is important for you to . . . It is kind of you to . . . äƻʸȻפ줬Ǥ롼Ĥޤäޤϡİ4ʾȹĴǤ¿Ūɷ㤹뤳ȤǤΤǤϤʤȴפäƤޤϡưƤ hellog ȤĤġơޤȤʤäʸäƤޤ
ơιʸ It is kind of you to come. ɽ롤ͤιưɾƻѤʸǤعʸˡǤϡΰ̣μȼʸȤơŪ It is important for you to go. ιʸȥåȤdzؽ뤳Ȥ¿Ȼפޤơkind, foolish, wise Τ褦ʿʪɾηƻξˤֻȤ of important necessary Τ褦ʾˤ for Ѥ롤Ƴؽ⤤ΤǤϤʤǤ礦ʻ伫ȤޤˤǤˡ
ʤʪɾηƻ˸¤ä of ѤΤȤͳޤƧ߹Ƕ뤳ȤϾʤǤ礦ưǤŦƤ̤ꡤξԤɽŪˤֻ줬ؤʿŪʹʸ˸ޤŪʥ롼ĤϤޤäۤʤΤǤ
ޤimportant for you ιʸˤĤơϡȤ it is important for you ֤ϤʤˤȤäƽפפ to go ֹԤȤפȤ2ĤǤȤ߹蘆äƤǤΤǤĤޤꡤfor you important ŪˤֻäΤǤ֤ʤˤȤäơʽפˡפȤȤǤ͡Ȥyou ³ to go ΰ̣μǤ⤢뤳Ȥ顤ФˤĤ for you to go Τ1Ĥ礭ʼΤ褦˺Ʋᤵ褦ˤʤޤΰʬ (metanalysis) ȸƤФ븽ݤŵǤ
kind of you ιʸϤɤǤ礦ϰʬϤǤĤޤʤʤ顤of you Ǥϡ֤ʤˤȤäơʿڤˡפΰ̣ˤϤʤʤǤڤʤΤϡ֤ʤȤʤΤǤꡤΰ̣طªˤ̤βõɬפΤǤ
of ΤϡǤܥ֥ε#4116. It's very kind of you to come. of ˡϡ ([2020-08-03-1]) #4117. It's very kind of you to come. of ˡŪˤϡֹټԡס ([2020-08-04-1]) Ǥ⤷̤ꡤֹټԡפ of ȹͤΤǤŪǤѸǤϼư֤ιټԤ by ǼΤ̤ǤѸ줫ѸˤƤ of ͥǤĤޤꡤof you "(done) by you" ʤʤˤäƤʤ줿ˤ˶ᤤ̣礤ƤΤǤ
OED ҤȤȡιʸθ It was a kind thing of you to come. Τ褦ʡƻ줬̾ thing act, part ʤɤäȤ狼ޤθˡֹټԤ ofפŬѤСa kind thing (done) by you ֤ʤˤäƤʤ줿ڤʤȡפȥࡼ˲ǤޤιʸȤ뤦ˡ֤ˤ thing Τ褦̾줬ά졤It was kind of you... Ȥη˲вƤäȤΤΤ褦Ǥ
Τ褦ˡ츫Ȼ̤ä2ĤιʸޤäۤʤȯηаޤäƤȤΤϡ⤷ȤǤ͡عʸˡǽвѤʵ¿ϡˤ̤뤳ȤǡΤ褦祤Ĥ뤳Ȥ¿Ǥ줳Ѹ˸̣Ǥ
ˤĤơܤϾ嵭 YouTube ưйǤޤǥ Voicy heldio ǤϢΤǡ碌Ƥİ
heldio: #91. It's kind of you to come. of
heldio: #387. It is important to study. ιʸˤĤƱѸˤƤߤޤ
315ˡǯ٤ī㡼ɶǤΥֺ¡ָ츻ŵǤɤѸˡפκǽȤʤ12֤ޤϡִ㤤ޤ줿ñפꤷơֻΡפˤäñζĤΤ褦ˡرѸ츻ŵ٤䤽¾λ̤ơ츻ȤϲñȤϲȤˤ䤤ޤ
12Ƥ markmap Ȥ֥ġˤޥɥޥåײޤʲȤƤɤˡѤˤȤС
ͩˤĤ ghost_word ΥǵĤƤε#5800. ghost word --- Skeat ۩ּ˺ϿƤϤʤס ([2025-03-14-1]) ǿ줿褦ˡghost word ʤѸ¤ФΤϡʸؼ Walter W. Skeat (1835--1912) Ǥ롥
εǿ줿褦ˡabacot ʤñ줬 bycocket 줿ʸʬϤؤäƤ뤫ˤȤͩΤ褦ȹͤƤ롥Skeat ϡΤ褦ʸŵŪͩȹͤSkeat Ϥޤͩϴ¸ññʤѤȺƱ٤ǤϤʤȤ⤯ghost word 1 (p. 352) Skeat Ѥ褦
I propose, therefore, to bring under your notice a few more words of the abacot type; words which will come under our Editor's notice in course of time, and which I have little doubt that he will reject. As it is convenient to have a short name for words of this character, I shall take leave to call them "ghost-words." Like ghosts, we may seem to see them, or may fancy that they exist; but they have no real entity. We cannot grasp them; when we would do so, they disappear. Such forms are quite different, I would remark, from such as are produced by misuse of words that are well known. When, according to the story, a newspaper intended to say that Sir Robert Peel had been out with a party of friends shooting pheasants, and the compositor turned this harmless piece of intelligence into the alarming statement that "Sir Robert Peel had been out with a party of fiends shooting peasants," we have mere instances of misuse. The words fiends and peasants, though unintended in such a context, are real enough in themselves. I only allow the title of ghost-words to such words, or rather forms, as have no meaning whatever. (352)
μĥθ塤Skeat ϼѸʸɤ߰㤤ˤäͩƤñȯɤ߰㤤θ塤äޤϢʤȼѤƤĤͩȵŤ뤳ȤΤʤ˶ͩؤȯŸƤΤȷپĤ餷Ƥ롥Skeat ϤäƤΤɮԤϡΤ褦ñϤ켫ΤˤäƤꡤ⤷ƹǤˡ
Skeat, Walter W. "Report upon 'Ghost-words,' or Words which Have no Real Existence." in the President's Address for 1886. Transactions of the Philological Society for 1885--87. Vol. 2. 350--80.

315ڡ 17:30--19:00
ꡧī㡼ɶ
̡饤Υϥ֥åɷ1֤θƨۿ
ߡī㡼֥
ǯٷ˰٤ΥڡǡرѸ츻ŵ١ʸҡȤĤıѸûˤɤī륷ָֺ츻ŵǤɤѸˡ³Ƥޤ315ڡˤ˳֤12ϡǽȤʤޤޤǤ˱ѸûˤϤ褽äΤǡǽͷӿܤΡִ㤤ޤ줿ñפȻפޤ
¾θƱͤǤѸˤʤä졤ʤä줬㤤ޤಿ餫ΡֻΡפˤꡤ¸ߤϤȤȤޤñ˸츻ԾܤȤ櫓ǤϤʤ̣ǤΥ顼ˤƤޤä졤ȤФ褤Ǥ礦¸θ줫 (analogy) ˤäޤ줿졤츻뤤ָ̱츻 (folk_etymology) ˴Ť졤ͩ (ghost_word) ʤɡֻΡפΥפ͡ǤΤ褦Ե§ʽмñ줿⡤ѸääʹʤƤΤǤιֺ¤ǤϡĤΤ褦ˡرѸ츻ŵ٤䤽¾μȤĤġѤԤñ줿ȵ줿Ȼפޤ
11ʬˤĤƤϡơפޥɥޥåפˤޤȤƤޤΤǡʲε
#5625. ī륷ֺ¤1ֱѸ츻ŵڤפޥɥޥåײƤߤޤ ([2024-09-20-1])
#5629. ī륷ֺ¤2ֱѸäˤѤפޥɥޥåײƤߤޤ ([2024-09-24-1])
#5631. ī륷ֺ¤3ֱñȡ֥ˡ§ספޥɥޥåײƤߤޤ ([2024-09-26-1])
#5639. ī륷ֺ¤4ָαѸ˻ĤűѸκספޥɥޥåײƤߤޤ ([2024-10-04-1])
#5646. ī륷ֺ¤5ֱѸ졤ƥȽвפޥɥޥåײƤߤޤ ([2024-10-11-1])
#5650. ī륷ֺ¤6ֱѸ졤θȸפޥɥޥåײƤߤޤ ([2024-10-15-1])
#5669. ī륷ֺ¤7ֱѸ졤ե˿פޥɥޥåײƤߤޤ ([2024-11-03-1])
#5704. ī륷ֺ¤8ֱѸ졤ȸήפޥɥޥåײƤߤޤ ([2024-12-08-1])
#5723. ī륷ֺ¤9ֱѸ졤ƥꥷƴפޥɥޥåײƤߤޤ ([2024-12-27-1])
#5760. ī륷ֺ¤10ֱѸ졤νܿפޥɥޥåײƤߤޤ ([2025-02-02-1])
#5774. ī륷ֺ¤11ֱѸˤߤ븽οפޥɥޥåײƤߤޤ ([2025-02-16-1])
ֺܹ¤ξܺ٤ȤߤɤرѸ츻ŵ١ʸҡϡ˵֤Ĥļ֤Ф¸ޤʴϢդޤΤǼŵʤȤ֤ˤꤢޤˡ

٤ΥǽˤĤƤϡheldio Ǥ#1381. 315ڡˤīֺ¡ִ㤤ޤ줿ñפ˸ơǤ⤴⤷ƤޤҤİ
߷ ˧ͺԽ紴ˡرѸ츻ŵٿǡҡ2024ǯ
#344. cherry ΰʬϡ ([2010-04-06-1]) εǡΰʬ (numerical metanalysis) ŵȤ cherry, pea, sherry Poutsma (138) ꡤɸ3줬Ʊݤ¾Ǥ뤳ȤΤäΤǡ˵Ƥ
burial, from Mid. English buriels. When the e was changed to a in Mod. English, burials seemed to be a plural like victuals, vitals, espousals, etc.
marquee, from Mod. English marquees, a modified spelling of French marquise.
riddle, from Mid. English redels.
burial riddle ˴ؤƤϡŪˤϸ촴 -els ȤǤƤ줬ƥͳ̾첽 -al (ex. arrival, denial) ʣ -s ˺ʬϤ줿Ȥ롥ޤmarquee Ȱ˼夲 cherry ˤĤƤϡեǸ촴Ƥ -ise ʬϤ줿̤Ǥ롥
ΰʬϤλƤȡоݤȤʤˤϸ츻ŪŪħ뤳Ȥ狼롥
Poutsma, H. A Grammar of Late Modern English. Part II, The Parts of Speech, 1A. Groningen: P. Noordhoff, 1914.
German ʥɥĿ͡ˤʣ Germans Ǥ *Germen ˤϤʤʤ츻Ū -man ʣǤϤʤƱͤ human ʿʹ֡, Ottoman ʥޥȥ륳͡, talisman ʸˤʤɤ⡤-man ϤޤǸ촴ΰǤꡤ츻Ū -man ʣǤϤʤˡʣϵ§Ū - s Ĥ humans, Ottomans, talismans Ȥ롥*humen, *Ottomen, *talismen ȤϤʤʤ
ȼ㴳𤬰ۤʤΤ#707. dragoman ([2011-04-04-1]) ǾҲ𤷤̾ʣǤ롥dragoman ˤϸ츻Ūˤ -man ʣǤϤʤΤΡʣȤƤ dragomans Τߤʤ餺 dragomen Ѥ롥Ԥϰδ㤤뤤ϰʬ (metanalysis) ˴ŤŪˤϵƤƤ
˰ۤʤ륿פ夲 Norman ʣ̾ϡ츻Ūˤ north + -man Ǥꡤ餫 -man ʣǤcf. #1568. Norman, Normandy, Norse ([2013-08-12-1])ˡäơʣ *Normen Ȥʤ뤳Ȥͽۤ뤬ºݤˤΤȤ1Ĥ̾촴ȤƲᤵ褦ˤʤäΤNormans ȤѤƤ
Ȥ Norman θˤҤȤȡĤƤʣȤ Normen ѤƤȤ狼롥OED űѸ줫κǽʸƤߤ褦
OE Þær wæs Harold cyning of Norwegan & Tostig eorl ofslagen, & gerim folces mid heom, ægðer ge Normana ge Englisca, & þa Normen [flugon þa Englis[c]a].
Anglo-Saxon Chronicle (Tiberius MS. B.i) anno 1066
OE Harold for to Norwegum, Magnus fædera, syððan Magnus dead wæs, & Normen hine underfengon.
Anglo-Saxon Chronicle (Tiberius MS. B.iv) anno 1049
Ť Normans Τ̤ۤʣä褦ǤϤ롥
c1275 (?a1200) Seoððen comen Normans [c1300 Otho MS. Normains]..and nemneden heo Lundres.
Laȝamon, Brut (Caligula MS.) (1963) 7115
c1325 (c1300) þus was in normannes hond þat lond ibroȝt.
Chronicle of Robert of Gloucester (Caligula MS.) 7498
-man ָ̱츻Ūʣᤰϡۤˤ⤢뤫⤷ʤ
ε#5307. Birmingham 3Ĥȯ ([2023-11-07-1]) ΰѤˤڤä褦ˡ̾ϸŤϰ̳ʡʸűѸʹߤͿʡˤη뤳Ȥ¿äƱֻͤȼä뤳Ȥ⡤Ϥ¿äϹͤƤߤмΤȤǤ롥ȡͿʸֻ줬Τޤ̾Τΰ˼ޤƤޤФƤ롥ˡηȾ˺ȡʬ (metanalysis) 뤳Ȥˤʤ롥Τ褦ʻʪ̾˻ĤäƤ롥
Clark (476--77) ˤȡ㤨 Attercliffe ϸűѸ *æt þǣm clife (DB Atecliue) "beside the escarpment" ͳ褷Byfleet ϸűѸ bī flēote "by a stream" ˡBygrave ϸűѸ bī grafan "beside the diggings" ˤ줾ͳ褹롥
괧 the ΰ̾˼ޤƤޤ⤢롥㤨 Thurleigh ϸűѸ (æt) þǣre lēage "at the lye" ̤롥Noke Ѹ atten oke ˡ켫ΤϸűѸ *(æt) þǣm ācum "at the oak-trees" ̤Ȥ顤Ƭ n ϷζΡѷ˰ƤȤ롥Rye Rea ƱͤǡűѸ (æt) þǣre īege/ēa "at the water" ΰʬϤˤȯãɽ魯
⤦1Ķ̣Τ Scarborough, Edinburgh, Canterbury ʤɤ˸ borough ֻԡפΰ۷֤űѸμʡг -burg ͳ褹Τ -borough/-burgh Ȥʤ뤬Ϳ -byrig ͳ褹Τ -bury Ȥʤ롥
ʣˤĤƤƱͤɤ줬졤Hastings -s ʣʡгʷ̤뤬Barking, Reading ʤɤʣͿʷ̤ȤʸűѸʣͿʷ -um 줬ʳŪ˼岽ƾüˡ
ʾ塤ֻ졤졤ʷȤʣ߹礤̾η֤ʣ˭ʤΤˤƤȤʬ
Clark, Cecily. "Onomastics." The Cambridge History of the English Language. Vol. 1. Ed. Richard M. Hogg. Cambridge: CUP, 1992. 452--89.
ɸ¿αѸؽԤȤΤ뵿ǤϤʤǤ礦
ܲ khelfʷѸ˥եˤǤֱѸ˥ƥ50褬ŤƤޤ413Ϥơkhelf СˤѸ˥ƥĤ1ĤĸƤƤޤƥĸ khelf θĥå @khelf_keio ⤪Τ餻ƤޤΤǡҥեޥȤƤѤ
ơɸεˤĤ422˸줿ƥ#9. ʤ be going to ̤̣ΡҲ𤷤ޤ

ˡΥƥĤ heldio ǤޤƥĺԤȤ̤ȤǡѤʵäƤޤ#711. ʤ be going to ̤̣ΡȤۿƤޤҤİ
ƥĤǤǤƤ褦ˡɤʸˡ (grammaticalisation) ǤѸ˸Ǥ˽פʳǰѸǤΤǡܤƤܥ֥Ǥ¿εǼ夲ƤΤǡĤƤߤޤ
#417. ʸˡȤϡ ([2010-06-18-1])
#1972. Meillet ʸˡ([2014-09-20-1])
#1974. ʸˡȯŸȳ (1) ([2014-09-22-1])
#1975. ʸˡȯŸȳ (2) ([2014-09-23-1])
#3281. Hopper and Traugott ˤʸˡܼ ([2018-04-21-1])
#5124 Oxford Bibliographies ˤʸˡγס ([2023-05-08-1])
Ȥ櫓 be going to ˴ؤʸˡεȴϢơʲȡ
#2317. Ѹˤ̤ȯã ([2015-08-31-1])
#3272. ʸˡ2ĤΥᥫ˥ ([2018-04-12-1])
#4844. ̤ɽȯѥ ([2022-08-01-1])
#3273. Lehman ˤʸˡμ١6 ([2018-04-13-1])
ʸˡ˴ؤȤƤϡ#2144. ȯãȵǽƤȯ ([2015-03-11-1]) ǾҲ𤷤ݺƻͺʸˡѸ١ʳҡ2014ǯˤǤ
ݺ ƻͺʸˡѸ١ҡ2014ǯ
Ūʺʬ (reanalysis) ˤϤĤμब뤬 Fertig (32) ѤĤġ̾첽 -ness ¤ -ess ͳ褹ȤҲ𤹤롥
This [type of reanalysis] occurs frequently when the reanalysis affects the location of a boundary between stem and affix. A well-known example involves the Germanic suffix that became English -ness. The corresponding suffix in proto-Germanic was -assu. This suffix was frequently attached to stems ending in -n, and this n was subsequently reanalyzed as belonging to the suffix rather than the stem. In Old English, we find examples based on past participles, such as forgifeness 'forgiveness', which could still be analyzed as forgifen + ess, but also many instances based on adjectives, such as gōdness 'goodness' or beorhtness 'brightness', which provide unambiguous evidence of the reanalysis and the new productive rule of -ness suffixation . . . . Similar reanalyses give us the common Germanic suffix -ling --- as in English darling, sapling, nestling, etc. --- from attachment of -ing (OED -ing, suffix3 'one belonging to') to stems ending in l, as well as the German suffixes -ner and -ler, attributable to words where -er was attached to stems ending in -n or -l and then extended to give us new words such as Rentner 'pensioner' < Rente 'pension' and Sportler 'sportsman'.
رѸ츻ŵ٤⤦äƤ -ness ϶Ѳʬθ˸ n ޥĸμѲưܼ *-atjan ͳ褹 *-assus ʸθűѸ -essˤ³ΤǤ롥Ĥޤ n ϴΤΰäΤ줬 -ess Ȱβơ-ness ʤ뿷ǤȤ櫓
-nisɥĸ -nisȸ -inassus Τ褦ʿŪ㤬ޥ˳ǧ뤳Ȥ顤κʬϤβϥޥĸʳǵäƤȹͤ롥ޥ֤첻κۤˤĤƤԾܤǤ롥ѸǤߤƤѸǤ -nes(se) -nis(se) ʻ¸ƤѸʹߤԤͥȤʤä
ȶ -ness Ȥ1ĤȤäƤ⡤̣ˤƤΤ
Fertig, David. Analogy and Morphological Change. Edinburgh: Edinburgh UP, 2013.
߷ ˧ͺԡˡرѸ츻ŵ١ҡ1997ǯ
Vιܡڹߡפ̣ notch 괧˴ؤʬ (metanalysis) η̤η֤ǤȤɤ9 Words Formed by Mistakes: When false division gives us real words εˤȡnotch ʬϤȤ㤤ˤä1ĤȤƾҲ𤵤Ƥʤ¾Ȥ apron, ingot, nickname, umpire, orange, aught, newt, adder Ƥˡ
εǤϡ (an) ickname (a) nickname ȤƸäʬϤ졤 nickname Ȥ촴Ф줿ΤƱͤˡťե줫Ѥ줿 oche ˤĤƤ⡤(an) oche (a) noche Ф줿ΤȤƤ롥
ʤۤɤȻפ OED notch, n. dzǧƤߤεȤϾͻҤۤʤ롥Τ˸ťե䥢Υޥ oche ʤ֤Ϥä褦Ǥ14Ƭ˥Υޥˤ noche ʤ۷֤ǧƤȤΤѸǤ notch νФ1555ǯǤꡤѸˤ괧δؤʬϤȤϡΥޥˤƤǤ n Ƭźä줿֤ΤޤޱѸ˼Ѥ줿ȤۤľǤϤʤȤΤ OED Υɤ롥츻ˤϼΤ褦ˤ롥
Apparently < Anglo-Norman noche (early 14th cent.), variant of Anglo-Norman and Middle French osche notch, hole in an object (1170 in Old French), oche incised mark used to keep a record (13th cent.; French hoche nick, small notch; further etymology uncertain and disputed: see below), with attraction of n from the indefinite article in French (compare NOMBRIL n.).
ˤȡn θƬźäϳΤ괧δؤʬϤη̤ǤϤ뤬ѸǤΰʬϤǤϤʤեǤΰʬϤȤȤˤʤ롥Ѹ an/a Ȥ۷֥ڥΤΥޥˤȤʹȤʤäΤǾƬҤͤä Anglo-Norman Dictionary NOTCH1 äƤߤȡβ⤬ä
The nasal at the beginning of the word is believed to be the result of a lexicalized contraction of the n from the indefinite article: une oche became une noche. This nasalized form is not found in Continental French and, according to the OED, only appears in English from the second half of the sixteenth century (as notche).
ɤѸ an/a ȸ̩ʰ̣ʿŪʰʬϤȤ櫓ǤϤʤ褦괧 n ĹƸ³θ촴Ƭ˻ۤ줿ɽۤŬڤ⤷ʤ⡤β⼫Τ OED ȤƤ뤳Ȥ⤢ꡤ1ĤβȤƤȤ館ƤΤ褤⤷ʤ
ͤޤǤˡOED ΰѤˤ̤ꡤnombril Ȥ n ⡤ѸǤϤʤեˤ괧δؤʬϤη̤ȤƤ롥
ɸθϤֶϼԡ֡۶ԡפ̣롥̾ helpmate /ˈhɛlp ˌmeɪt/ θѤ뤬ޤ helpmeet /ˈhɛlp ˌmiːt/ Ѥ롥ŪˤߤСޤʸԤΤۤͳǤꡤԤϤδ㤤ˤäޤ줿Ǥ롥
meet ưֲפǤϤʤŬʡդ路פ̣ʷƻǤ롥ޤꤪܤˤʤȤпΡإ륫ˤʡ(15:32) "It was meet that we should make merry." ʤγڤߴ֤ʤˤȤ롥űѸΥꥢ *ġemēte (WS ġemǣte) ˤΤܤꡤɥĸ gemäss б롥̣ϸűѸǤɥĸǤŬʡդ路פǤ롥
ơΡ (2:18, 20) an help meet for him ȤɽФƤ롥ΤȼηȤĻáƥͿ褦Ȥ뤯Ǥ롥ˤȤäƤդ路ÿ͡פۤɤ̣Ȥ̾ȷƻ줫ʤ help meet ʤɽhelpmeet Ȥ1Ĥ̾ȤƸƤޤääʬϤƤޤäΤǤʤΤ褦ʲʬ (metanalysis) ȸƤ֡ˡθνִ֤ˡֶϼԡ֡פ̣ͩ helpmeet Ѹ˽и
meet ʤ̾¸ߤʣ2ǤȤ夭äΤ䤬ơ֡פ̸̣츻 mate ȯʣ2ǤǦӹߡhelpmate ޤ줿ȹͤ롥
ʲʸΤ褦ˡhelpmate θ to for ֻȼȤ¿Τϡmeet ƻŬʡդ路פɽ路Ƥ̾ĤȤʤʤ
He was a faithful helpmate to his master.
She was a true helpmate to her husband.
You are a good helpmate for our work.
ɸѤʵˤĤ2֤ε ([2020-05-03-1], [2020-05-04-1]) Ƥޤ⤽³Ǥ
Japanese Chinese ƻǤ뤫̾ȤѤǤʣ -s ĤʤΤȤФơѸˤ Japaneses Chineses Τ褦̾ -s ʣ̤˻ȤƤΤ顤Τ褦ʷƻ쵯˵ϼʤȤȤޤǵߤƤޤ䤦٤ϡʤ Japaneses Chineses ȤʣޤǤѤˤʤäƤޤäΤǤ
ͤ1ĤϡޤǤݤ̷⤹褦ǤϤޤϤ굯Ū˷ƻǤȤռˤ³ǽŪˤϤ줬ȤǤ㤨 Those students over there are Japanese. ʹȤ Japanese ʣ̾ȤơܿͤפȤǤޤƻȤơܡʿ͡ˤΡפȤǤޤĤޤξŪǤŪˤƻǤꡤ٤ȤƤƻȤѤ뤳Ȥ¿ȤСȤä꤬̾ΤĤǤʸȯȤƤ⡤ʹϷƻȤ뤫⤷ޤȤ̾Ȥ Japaneses ʹ줿⤢äȤϤĹ֤ˡϤ Japanese ηƻȤߤʤȤԲǽǤϤޤ
⤦1ĤδϡϤεȴؤäƤޤthe English, the French, the Scottish, the Welsh, ʤɡ -ish ʤ䤽ΰ۷ˤķƻͳ褹?͡פ -(e)s 餺ŪѤ뤳ȤȤʿΤǤϤʤȤ⵿ޤcf. #165. ̱²ƻ i-mutation ([2009-10-09-1])ˡ
ˤ⤦1ĤδʤСȯ˴ؤ⤢뤫⤷ޤJapaneses Chineses Ǥϸ³ /-zɪz/ ȤʤꡤȯԲǽȤϤ鷺Ȥ⺤ˤʤޤ뤿ʣ -s ڤȤȤǽޤϢƽͭʤ -s λȤƤߤޤȡ/s/ /z/ ǽͭ̾νͭʤ Socrates' death, Moses' prophecy, Columbus's discovery ʤɤ֤ޤȯȤƤϽͭʤʬ /-ɪz/ ϼ¸ʤΤ̤Ǥ³ȯˤʤ뤿ȹͤޤJapanese, Chineses ˤƱ褦ȯװѤΤ⤷ޤ
Ūװ⤦1IJäʤСJapanese Chinese θ /z/ ΤʣθθΤȤƴ㤤줿Ū˴ѻ줿ȤŦƤޤ礦OED Ǥϡ㤤η̤ȤƤñȤƤ Chinee Portugee λ㤬𤵤ƤޤΤ褦ʴ㤤Ūˤϡְʬϡ (metanalysis) Ȥޤˤ̲ȤŪ¤ϤޤʤȤ Japaneses Τ褦ʻϢ³ԼǤȤ嵭˴Ū˴ؤäƤǽ魯ǤϤޤ
ʾ塤٥εǤˤϻäƤޤѸˡѸؤδɸѤʵäƤߤޤѸˤΥݥƥ̥Ϥ˵ŤƤ館йǤ
([2020-01-18-1]) Ⱥ ([2020-01-19-1]) ε˰³Chibanian ȤˤĤƤꡥθ -ian ˤĤƹͤƤChiba -ian δ֤ˤ n ϤäΤʤΤɽŪˤ -nian ΤΤ褦ˤߤ뤬ϢߤƤ褦ˡ츻ŪˤФޤ -ian ʬǤ롥
ͥåȤĴ٤Ƥߤȡ n ޤ Chibanian ̾ΤˤĤƥȤƤ֡͡إХ˥٤Ǥ褤ΤΤۤTwitter Ǥǵ䤬ɽƤ롥ợʤƤ롥
ϥƥ츦Ԥ˲ꤤȤꤤȤäƤȾʬϾ̤Ǥ롥伫Ȥ⤳2֤εǥƥޤƸ츻ҤȤƤäƤޤ Chibanian ϤޤǸŪ Neo-Latin ¤Ǥ롥̿̾ˤäƤɤޤǸ̩ˡʸŵ˥ƥθƧޤ٤ʤΤ뤤϶ǯ¤촷ˤʤ٤٤ʤΤˤĤƤϡŪʵϤ櫓ǤϤʤChibanian ǤʤȤ⡤Chiban, Chibian, Chibean ʤɡ餷̿̾ǤвǤ褤ΤǤϤʤȻפäƤ롥#2979. Chibanian ϥƥ졩 ([2017-06-23-1]) Ǥ⼨褦ˡChibanian ˤܸ̾ޤޤƤΤΥƥƤƤꡤΤȤƤϱѸ֤ȯȤޤ˥ϥ֥åɤΤޤΤǤ롥3줬Ǹߤ˲Ȥä褷ƤӤߤʤΤʤΤ줫θθεϤĤȤǡʿ¤ˤ餻ʤǤ롥
ȤȤǡƤ n ˤĤƤ⼫ͳ˲ᤷƤ褤ȻפϢ첻Ȥ褤Romanian Iranian ʤɤˤʤä -nian ڤФȸƤ褤⤷ʤcf. #3488. С ([2018-11-14-1]) СˡȤ Panama Ф Panamanian Ȥ㤬롥OED ˤȡPanamanian 2ܤ n ˤĤơ"English -n-" 뤤 "-n-, connective element" ȤƤ롥פˡͳƤȤȤGuam -- Guamanian, Honduras -- Honduranian ƱͤΤ褦㤬ȤФΤǤ롥
Ȥ̾դˤɸʣʷֲФƷ줿ư줬롥˶С t graft hoist ΤȤ
ε#3777. set, put, cut Τۤˤ⤢ä̵ѲѤư ([2019-08-30-1]) Ȥط뤷#438. ƻӵ餫ưؤž ([2010-07-09-1])#2731. -ate ưϤɤΤ褦 ([2016-10-18-1])#3763. ƻ -ate εȯã ([2019-08-16-1])#3764. ư -ate εȯã ([2019-08-17-1]) Ȥ̩ܤ˴ؤ롤θǤ롥
graft ܤڤ롤ܿˤϥե grafe ̤ꡤȤȸ t ϤʤäѸ˼Ѥƺ줿ʬ graft 餯 set, put, cut ʤɤθ촴 -t ̵ѲưǥȤơΤޤȤƲᤵ줿Ȥ櫓ꥸʥ˶ᤤ graff ȤԸդǤϤ뤬˳ǧ롥
Ʊͤ hoist Ȥ롤夲ˤ⡤ hyssen ѤΤѸƳ줿ǡ t դȺƲᤵ줿ȹͤ롥ꥸʥ˶ᤤ hoise ⡤ߡȤ¸ߤ롥
ʾ Jespersen (38) ľܰѤƤ
graft: earlier graft (< OF grafe). The ptc. graft was mistakenly interpreted as the unchanged ptc of an inf graft. Sh has both graft and graft; the latter is now the only form in use; it is inflected regularly. || hoist: originally hoise (perhaps < Middle Dutch hyssen). From the regular ptc hoist a new inf hoist sprang into use. Sh has both forms; now only hoist as a regular vb. The old ptc occurs in the well-known Shakespearean phrase "hoist with his own petard" (Hml III. 4.207).
Ƭ̾դˤֲȽҤ٤ʬ (metanalysis) Ȥʬ (reanalysis) ΰȤƸƤФ褤
Jespersen, Otto. A Modern English Grammar on Historical Principles. Part VI. Copenhagen: Ejnar Munksgaard, 1942.
̻ŪݤȤƤɸνѸ췲ˤĤ⡤« (bound morpheme) ȼͳ (free morpheme) δ֤ιԤ˴ؤѸ졦ǰǤ롥 (111--12) Ѥ롥
̻ݤȤơ (agglutination) ȤϡΩ줬岽Ωä¾ǤղäܼˤʤؤȤСѸ friendly -ly εΩ̾ līc ΡΡפǤä
εդβ Jespersen (1922: 284) ʤġ(secretion) ǤꡤŪʬϤʤñ̤ʬ (metanalysis) η̡Ūϰ̤ơܼΤ褦Ǥ¤ƤѸǤϡ?ΥϥСפ̣ -burgerֽʹפ̣ -gate ʤɤǤβޤ졤줾 cheeseburger, baconburger Koreagate, Irangate ο줬Ƥ롥
դΤϡפȤѸ϶ˤơȤ櫓ʬˤơ̤γǰɽ魯Ȥʡ#522. ˤ ([2010-10-01-1]) ȡˡ夲Τϡ̻ŪʸݡʸѲˤ˴ؤѤפǤ롥ȤƵƤ līc -ly ϡȤΩƤͳǤ«DzȤʤäǤ롥
СפפƱ«Dz1ͳǤǤϤʤȤȤʤ̣ͭñ̤ǤʤäΤǤħ롥˵Ƥ burger ϡȤ Hamburg + er Ǥ hamburger ʬ (metanalysis) ηָ̡äơڤФ줿Τ줬«ǤȤ夷ƤޤäǤ롥äȤ⡤burger hamburger û̷ȤƤѤΤǡ«Ǥ餵˿ʤǼͳDzȤƤ뤳ȤǤ (cf. hamburger)
Ǥ˴ط붦ŪѸ췲ˤĤƤϡ#700. 졤ǡܼ캬촴ʣ졤Ρ ([2011-03-28-1]) ⻲Ȥ줿ޤȤƿ줿 -ly ˤĤƤϡ#40. -ly ([2009-06-07-1])#1032. -e ο -ly ȯãס#1036. ֻѷפ -ly ([2012-02-27-1]) ⻲ͤޤǤˡФ¾ȤƤϡ#97. ֥åס ([2009-08-02-1])#98. ֥åפ֥˥åפǤϤʤ֥åפڤФͳ ([2009-08-03-1])#105. ܸä֥å ([2009-08-10-1])#538. monokini trikini ([2010-10-17-1]) ʤɤȡ
ůȡ6ϡѲä ԡˡ˸ءīоȸإȯŸԡ3īҽŹ2018ǯ106--30ǡ
Jespersen, Otto. Language: Its Nature, Development, and Origin. 1922. London: Routledge, 2007.
island ˤȤСѸˤǤ츻Ūֻ (etymological_respelling) ȤδطǤ褯˵롥ܥ֥Ǥ#580. island --- ʤֻȯ ([2010-11-28-1]) ӡ#3227. ֺ¡֥ڥǤɤѸˡפ4doubt <b>--- ѸΥڥס ([2018-02-26-1]) Υ饤ɤ6ڡǼ夲Ƥ<s> Ϥθ츻δ㤤˴ŤΤǤꡤष츻Ūֻ (unetymological spelling) ȸƤ֤٤Ǥ롥
island ˴ؤơ⤦1ĤޤΤƤʤŪʸäȤҲ𤷤Ԥ봧ʤɤθȤδ֤ˤʬ (metanalysis) ηneiland Τ褦ʸǤ롥Ĥޤꡤan eilond a neilond ʤɤȡָäơڤʬ줿̤ȤǤ롥ѸǤϡMED īlōnd (n.) ˤҤ褦ˡatten "at the" ˸³륱ʤɤǤ㤬ä褦䤬ϤǸĤΤϡThe Bestiary Ǥ롥Cathegrande ʷߡˤ1Ĥ neilond ˤǤ뤫Τ褦ȽҤ٤륷Ǥ롥
a1300(a1250) Bestiary (Arun 292) 387: Cethegrande is a fis..ðat tu wuldest seien get, gef ðu it soge wan it flet, ðat it were a neilond.
ޤ⤫ǤϤʤȤ⡤Ϥؤơ̾ΤʤǤθѤ봷ä褦ǡѸ̾Ȥ Neiland ⸫뤳Ȥ顤ʬŪˤ n ƬˤİʬϷ⡤٤ή̤ƤΤ⤷ʤΤȤϡ1θ츻Ǥ īeg- ēa Ϥֿ塤פΰ̣ķǤǤȤФƤȤ롥ơϿ츻Ū <s> <island> Ω뤿Ǥ⤢Τ
jade ʥҥˤϡ1617ˤơեѤ줿Ǥ롥եǤ l'ejade ȻȤƤ褦ˡ촴첻ǻϤޤäƤ괧Ȥδ֤ΰʬ (metanalysis) ̤ le jade Ȳ졤jade θθФǧ˻äΥեñ켫Ȥϡڥ (piedra de) ijada ʲʢСˤѤΤǡijada ϥƥ īlia ʲʢˤ̤롥ϡҥˤ˸ȿƤȤˤʤࡥ
Τ褦˥衼åѤǥҥɽ魯줿Τ϶äƤŪ٤ϥ衼åѤ̤ۤȤɻʤäǤ롥Ǥϥ٥ȥʥǥҥΤ줿ᡤʤɤǰѤ줿ΡǿפΡǡפֿֿפп2̤ǿ̤ȸƤΤϤޤǤꡤǤƱ2Ļ֥糧ߡפؤΤˤƱ줬Ѥ줿
ҥϥᥭˤ뤬˽Ҥ٤̤ꡤڥǥҥʢ¡ʿ¡¡ˤ˸Ȥ줿Τϡᥭβ餫ڥͤμäȤ⤵롥
ʤҥܤǤ롥㸩ɱήξij˻ϤꡤʸʹߡܳϡؤȱФ줿Ť줿餿ʶ̤Ǥ롥
ε#2891. ե bleu ФƱѸ blue ʤΤϤʤ ([2017-03-27-1]) ȴϢơƱǼĤμȤƵ줿 orange ֻˤĤƹͤƤߤ
ޤϡθθ츻ɤäƤߤ褦θϤǤꡤθ⤽ϰ˵ĤΤʤƥɥʥߡ nāramˤϤȤƥåȸ졤ڥ륷졤ӥФơ衼åѤؤΥꥢ naranza, naranz, narans ʤɤηäƤɥ줫饤ꥢ˻ޤǡӤƸƬ n Ȥդ줿衼åѤäƴ֤ʤꥢ졤ݥȥ졤եʤɤǤϸƬ n æ⸽줿㤨СAnglo-Norman Ǥϡ1200ǯ pume orenge ȸƤ롥1400ǯ˥եѼ狼Ѹ˼Ѥ줿Ȥθ⡤orenge ʤɤǤä
Ƭ n üͳˤĤƤϡ̾ꥢեˤơ֤줿괧Ȥδ֤Ǥΰʬ (metanalysis) Ȥ (cf. Sp naranja) ѸˤС a norange äΤ an orange ʬϤƤޤäȤȤʡ#4. ǶܤǤѸñȯڤƤ롩 ([2009-05-03-1]) ȡˡΩĥӥʳǤ⡤Ȥ n æƤä褦Ǥ롥
ơäʤΤ첻ʻˤǤ롥ŪˤѰۤѲƬ첻ʻˤˤĤƤϡѸեǤϤ褽 o ǸꤷƤꥢʳޤǤ a ήǤ롥OED ˤСo ؤѲϡ̾ȤƤ Orange Ȥ䡤뤤ϡֲפ̣ե or ȤηդʤʤֲβʪסˤŦƤ뤬ºݤΤȤϤɤʤΤʬʤ
2첻ʻˤˤĤƤϡ˺٤ȤƤ롥OED ˤСѸ줫Ѹˤơʲμֻǧ롥
horonge, oronge, orynge, orenge, orange, oreche, orenche, orrange, orrendge, orryge, orrynge, urring, orendge, oringe, orrenge, orringe, aurange, oreng, aurange, oireange, orang, oranȝe, oranje, oreinȝe, oreng, orenge, orenȝe, orenȝie, orenze, oreynȝe, oreynze, organege, oriange, orienge, orinche, oring, oringe, orinye, orrange, orrenge, orriange, orange
a, e, i, o, y, ea, ey, ia, ie, ʤɲǤ⤢ȤǤ롥Ҳ֤ޤơȤˤ¿ֻͤäȤʬֻɸಽη̡ǽŪ orange Ф줿櫓¾¿ñɸֻƱͤˡʤȤ櫓ֻ뤳ȤˤʤäΤŪ뤳Ȥ
ȯˤĤƤϡLongman Pronunciation Dictionary ˤȡ奤ꥹѸǤ /ˈɒrɪnʤ/ ̤奢ꥫѸǤ /ˈɔːrɪnʤ/ 8䡤/ˈɑːrɪnʤ/ 2Ȥֻˤȯˤ衤ŪˤɤޤˤñΤ褦
Ǹˡθ2첻ȤƤ a Ѥ줿櫓̤Ȥ <a> = /ɪ/ ȤŪޤʥޥå뤳ȤˤʤäȤˤƤdamage, vintage, Israel ʤɤϤˡ
춭 n Ϳʬ metanalysis αѸˤ#4. ǶܤǤѸñȯڤƤ롩 ([2009-05-03-1])#27. ʬϤˤϤɤФ褤 ([2009-05-25-1])#475. That's a whole nother story. ([2010-08-15-1])#1306. for the nonce ([2012-11-23-1])#1951. ѸΰΡ ([2014-08-30-1]) ʤɤǼ夲Ƥ괧 an ؤ뤳Ȥ¿ΰʬ (numerical metanalysis) ȤΤ뤬 (cf. #344. cherry ΰʬϡ ([2010-04-06-1])) ͭ̾ mine, thine Ϳ⾯ʤʤ
ϡѸǤʤɤ˻ĤˤʤɸŪ naunt (aunt) nuncle (uncle) ˤߤʬϤ夲롥MED aunte (n.) OED naunt, n. ˤСο² n ǻϤޤ۷ϡa1400 (1325) Cursor Mundi (Vesp.) þi naunt ȤƽФ롥ۤˤ þy naunt, my nawnte ʤɽͭ̾ȤȤ˸㤬졤ʬϤβ뤳ȤǤ롥naunt ϸɸȤƺѤ뤳ȤϤʤäWright English Dialect Dictionary (cf. EDD Online) ˤСʤȤ19ˤ n.Cy., Wm., Yks., Lan., Chs., Stf., Der., Wor., Shr., Glo., Oxf., Som. ʤɼȤƥǹԤƤ
Ʊ褦 nuncle ˤĤĴ٤ƤߤȡMED uncle (n.) OED nuncle, n. ˡʬϤˤ n þi nunkle Τ褦㤬15˸롥ʤ̾ȤƤ Nuncle 1314ǯ˽ФΤǡʬϤβΤΤƤ褦Ѹˤϡ줫ʬȻפ nunky, nunks ʤɤθ OED ˵ϿƤ롥EDD ˤСnaunt Ʊ n.Cy., Yks., Lan., Chs., Der., Lei., Wor., Shr., Glo., Hmp., Wil., Dor., Som., Dev. ʤɤνǹѻ롥
ͭ̾ mine thine ԤʬϤϡOED N, n. ˾ܽҤƤ뤬¿14--16Ƥ롥ɸȤ夷ʤäΤ¿Ȥȹ碌ơΰʬϷѸˤ˼ƤƤӤθʬۤϤɤΤ褦ʤΤä餫ˤɬפɸ˻ĤäƤʬϤ˲äơɬʬۤʤäΤ褦ʡּŪʡװʬϤ碌ƹθ뤳Ȥạ̇̄ҤǽȤʤ뤫⤷ʤ
ʤѸ aunt ϡƥ amita ťե aunte ͳ1300ǯ˱ѸäƤΤեǤϤθƬ t ղä tante ɸಽرѸ츻ŵ٤Ϥ t ˤĤơĻλȤ papa βýŷ antante 뤤 t'ante thy aunt ͳ褹ʤɽ⤬פȤƤ롥⤷ t'ante ΤǤСե tante ȱѸ naunt ϲۤʤ졤Ʊͤ˰ʬϤȤȤˤʤ롥
Powered by WinChalow1.0rc4 based on chalow