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metanalysis - hellogѸ˥֥

ǽ: 2026-07-15 01:27

2014-08-30 Sat

#1951. Ѹΰ [shortening][personal_name][suffix][onomastics][metanalysis][term_of_endearment][hypocorism]

(pet name) 俷 (term of endearment) ϡŪˤ hypocorism ȸƤФ롥ꥷ hupo- "hypo-" + kórisma (cf. kóros (child))) ƤꡤҶ򤢤䤹ɽȤȤǤ롥Ѹ hypocorism κˤϤĤ뤬ŵŪʤΤ Robert Rob Τ褦˸ûΤǤ롥ε#1950. ʤ Bill William ΰΤˤʤΤ ([2014-08-29-1]) Ǥߤ褦ˡƬ˲ѰۤȼΤ⤢ꡤEdward Ned (cf. mine Ed), Edward Ted (cf. that Ed?), Ann Nan (cf. mine Ann) Τ褦ǤȤΰʬϤȤ뤳Ȥ롥
ۤˡ (hypocoristic suffix) -y -ie ղä Georgie, Charlie, Johnnie ʤɤ㤬ꡤȤ櫓̾˹ޤ롥ޤṳ̂Ĥ Elizabeth Betty, William Billy, Richard Ritchie ʤɤ¿ΰ۷Ȥ -sy, -sie ⤢ꡤElizabeth Betsy/Bessy, Anne Nancy, Patricia Patsy ʤɤˤߤ롥
ؿѸؼŵ (542) ˤСŪˤϡղäδ15溢 Charlie ʤɤåȥɤǻϤޤꡤ줬16ʹߤ˳Ϥ˹ޤäΤȤ롥ޤظʸˡŵ (670) ˤСϰΤǤ뤫̾ǤϤʤä18̾ȤƤǧ褦ˤʤä
OALD8 δ "Common first names" Ȥ䤬ꡤά̾䰦ΤΤˤĤƤϡǺܤƤ롥ʲФΤˤʳ̤դΤϡ̤λͿ޽񤫤­Ρˡ

1. Female names

AbigailAbbie
AlexandraAlex, Sandy
AmandaMandy
Catherine, Katherine, Katharine, KathrynCathy, Kathy, Kate, Katie, Katy
ChristinaChrissie, Tina
ChristineChris
DeborahDebbie, Deb
Diana, DianeDi
(Dorothy)(Dol)
EleanorEllie
ElizaLiza
Elizabeth, ElizabethBeth, Betsy, Betty, Liz, Lizzie
Ellen, HelenNell
FrancesFran
GeorginaGeorgie
GillianJill, Gill, Jilly
GwendolineGwen
JacquelineJackie
JanetJan
Janice, JanisJan
JenniferJenny, Jen
JessicaJess
JosephineJo, Josie
JudithJudy
KristenKirsty
MargaretMaggie, (Meg, Peg)
(Mary)(Moll, Poll)
NicolaNicky
PamelaPam
PatriciaPat, Patty
PenelopePenny
PhilippaPippa
RebeccaBecky
Rosalind, RosalynRos
SamanthaSam
SandraSandy
SusanSue, Susie, Suzy
Susanna(h), SuzanneSusie, Suzy
Teresa, TheresaTessa, Tess
ValerieVal
VictoriaVicki, Vickie, Vicky, Vikki
WinifredWinnie


2. Male names

AlbertAl, Bert
AlexanderAlex, Sandy
AlfredAlfie
AndrewAndy
(Anthony)(Tony)
BenjaminBen
BernardBernie
(Boswell)(Boz)
BradfordBrad
CharlesCharlie, Chuck
ChristopherChris
CliffordCliff
DanielDan, Danny
DavidDave
DouglasDoug
EdwardEd, Eddie, Eddy, (Ned), Ted
EugeneGene
FrancisFrank
FrederickFred, Freddie, Freddy
Geoffrey, JeffreyGeoff, Jeff
GeraldGerry, Jerry
GregoryGreg
HenryHank, Harry
HerbertBert, Herb
JacobJake
JamesJim, Jimmy, Jamie
JeremyJerry
John
Johnny
JonathanJon
JosephJoe
KennethKen, Kenny
Laurence, LawrenceLarry, Laurie
LeonardLen, Lenny
LeslieLes
LewisLew
LouisLou
(Macaulay)(Mac)
MatthewMatt
MichaelMike, Mick, Micky, Mickey
NathanNat
NathanielNat
NicholasNick, Nicky
PatrickPat, Paddy
(Pendennis)(Pen)
Peter, Pete
PhilipPhil
Randolph, RandolfRandy
RaymondRay
RichardRick, Ricky, Ritchie, Dick
RobertRob, Robbie, Bob, Bobby
RonaldRon, Ronnie
SamuelSam, Sammy
SebastianSeb
Sidney, SydneySid
StanleyStan
Stephen, StevenSteve
TerenceTerry
TheodoreTheo
ThomasTom, Tommy
TimothyTim
VictorVic
VincentVince
WilliamBill, Billy, Will, Willy


⿮ ʸͺ ƽؿѸؼŵ١ҡ1987ǯ
ͺ° ̭ ԡظʸˡŵ١Ʋ1992ǯ

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2014-08-02 Sat

#1923. only ΰ̣ but [adverb][shortening][negative][negative_cycle][semantic_change][reanalysis][metanalysis][terminology][clipping][but]

Ѹ but ¿1ĤǤ롥ˡ¿ʻߤƤ³졤ֻ졤̾졤졤̾졤ưޤǤϰϤΤʤȤƤˡܤʸˤ only ΰ̣Ѥ but 롥ʸ󤲤褦

He is but a child.
There is but one answer to your question.
There were a lot of famous people there: Tom Hanks and Julia Roberts, to name but two.
I heard it but now.
I don't think we'll manage it. Still, we can but try.


but Τΰ̣ˡŪˤϤɤ褿ΤͤƤߤСHe is but a child. Ȥʸ He is nothing but a child. Ȥ롥ԤǤ but ϡ?ơפΰդֻʬϤΤȤƤ깽¤Ȥʤ뤬Ԥι깽¤Ȼ¾ƱȤʤΤϰ츫Ի׵ĤǤ롥Ūˤ only ΰ̣ but ϡޤ nothing but Τ褦깽¤꼭æ뤳ȤˤäΤǤ롥ṳ̂뤤ϾάλǤ롥Stern (264) ϼΤ褦˽Ҥ٤Ƥ롥

In English, an original ne--butan has been shortened to but: we nabbað her buton fif hlafas and twegen fiscas > we have here but five loafs and two fishes (Horn, Sprachkörper 90), he nis but a child > he is but a child (NED but 6). The immediate cause of the omission of the negation is not quite certain. It is not impossible that influence from other uses of but may have intervened.


OED but, prep., adv., conj., n.3, adj., and pron. θ6aˤƱݤεҤ롥

By the omission of the negative accompanying the preceding verb . . ., but passes into the adverbial sense of: Nought but, no more than, only, merely. (Thus the earlier 'he nis but a child' is now 'he is but a child'; here north. dialects use nobbut prep., conj., and adv. = nought but, not but, 'he is nobbut a child'.)


ʤOED ǤLangland (1393) ˡνȤʤäƤ뤬MED but (conj. (also quasi adj., adv., and prep.)) 2a ˤС13 The Owl and the Nightingale 㤬롥
û̡άݤȤƤϡne butan > but Ѳϡ"negative cycle" Ȥͭ̾ʥե󥹸 ne . . . pas > pas ѲȤ롥pas ְ (pace) ۤɤΰ̣ǡľܤΰ̣ôƤ ne ȶ򶯤Ư򤷤Ƥne ޤäƼ줿̡pas 켫Τΰ̣ƤޤäΤǤʸˤ Ce n'est pas possible. > C'est pas possible. Ѳ򻲾ȡˡ pas ηФѲϡΰ̣򼺤ΰ̣ȤѲǤ뤫顤#1586. ʬβ̶ʬ ([2013-08-30-1]) Ǽ Croft νѸǤ "metanalysis" Ȥ
ΤˡȤȶƤ꼭æǡΰ̣ȤǤ϶̤ƤꡤŪû̡άǤˡ̣δϰ̣ž (meaning transfer) Ȥ (contagion) ȤƤ֤ȤǤbut pas ΥǤϡˤư㤤롥 (115) Ѥ褦ʸʸηϡǤˤƤˡ

ne + pas Ǥϡ꼭 ne ΰ̣ pas ΰ̣ҰӤȴ֤줿ΤФơ but ȯãǤϡbutan ΰ̣ϤΤޤݻ졤Τ ne ΰ̣žƤ롥˴ؤƶ̣Τϡ꼭 ne ϲŪ˾äƤޤäΤˡ̣ʤ˴Τ褦˻ĤäƤǤ롥Ĥޤꡤ but ˡǤϡά줿Ǥΰ̣žƤ֤but ¾ˡ٤ựʣˤʤäƤ롥


äơbut ηФѲϡCroft Τ "metanalysis" ˤϸ̩ƤϤޤʤ褦˸롥Ĥϡbut ηФѲ򡤴 (contagion) ǤϤʤûŪ (contractive contagion) ɽpas ѲȤ϶̤Ƥ롥ʤStern ϤΥ̣Ѳ෿Τʤ Shortening ʤ٤ ClippingˤȤƵ󤲤Ƥʡ#1873. Stern ˤ̣Ѳ7ʬ ([2014-06-13-1]) 򻲾ȡˡ

Stern, Gustaf. Meaning and Change of Meaning. Bloomington: Indiana UP, 1931.
ְ̣Ѳסذ̣١ԡˡˡīҽŹ2012ǯ106--33ǡ

Referrer (Inside): [2025-07-30-1]

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2013-08-30 Fri

#1586. ʬβ̶ʬ [reanalysis][metanalysis][exaptation][analogy][terminology][do-periphrasis][negative_cycle]

εǡʬ (reanalysis) ʬ (metanalysis) ȤѸȤ櫓̤ѤƤCroft (82--86) ϸԤԤ1ǤȹͤƤ롥ĤޤꡤʬϤϰʬϤξ̳ǰǤȤƤ롥Croft ˤС"form-function reanalysis" ϢŪ (syntagmatic) 4κʬϤŪ (paradigmatic) 1κʬϤض̤롥ʲơȤȤ˼

(1) hyperanalysis: "[A] speaker ananlyzes out a semantic component from a syntactic element, typically a semantic component that overlaps with that of another element. Hyperanalysis accounts for semantic bleaching and eventually the loss of syntactic element" (82) 㤨СűѸˤ°ʤ򽾤ư줬ꡤư٤гʤ夤ȤгʤȤϰ̣Ūʺۤäȹͤ뤬ưԤ򼨤Ǥ¿쾯ʤƱǽͭƤˡѸˤ°ʹ¤Ϥͥгʹ¤˼ä줿Ѳϡ°ʤδްդ졤Ū;Ȥʤꡤ°ʹ¤гʹ¤˵ۼȤ򤿤ɤäƤꡤhyperanalysis 1ȹͤ롥
(2) hypoanalysis: "[A] semantic component is added to a syntactic element, typically one whose distribution has no discriminatory semantic value. Hypoanalysis is the same as exaptation . . . or regrammaticalization . . ." (83) Somerset/Dorset Ǥϡ3ñͳ褹 -s do-periphrasis ȯŸȤ߹蘆뤳ȤˤꡤɸѼˤϸʤζ̤"I sees the doctor tomorrow." 1٤νɽ路"I do see him every day." Ϸ֤νŪʽɽ魯Ǥϡ-s do Ū˼Ѥ줿ǽȤϰۤʤ뵡ǽô蘆褦ˤʤäȹͤ롥
(3) metanalysis: "[A] contextual semantic feature becomes inherent in a syntactic element while an inherent feature is analyzed out; in other words, it is simultaneous hyperanalysis/hypoanalysis. Metanalysis typically takes place when there is a unidirectional correlation of semantic features (one feature frequently occurs with another, but the second often does not occur with the first)." (83) ³ since ˤĤơλŪʰ̣鸶򼨤̣߽Ф줿㤬󤲤롥"negative cycle" ̤Ǥ롥
(4) cryptanalysis: "[A] covertly marked semantic feature is reanalyzed as not grammatically marked, and a grammatical marker is inserted. Cryptanalysis typically occurs when there is an obligatory transparent grammatical marker available for the covertly marked semantic feature. Cryptanalysis accounts for pleonasm (for example, pleonastic and paratactic negation) and reinforcement." (84) 㤨С"I really miss having a phonologist around the house." "I really miss not having a phonologist around the house." not ̵ͭΰ㤤ˤ⤫餺ƱǤ롥not ϡmiss ˰Ť˴ޤޤƤŪ not ˤäƸ߲˾üԤˤ롤cryptanalysis η̤ǤȤߤʤȤǤ롥
(5) intraference: ƱηǤεǽˤäơ֤̤η֤ƶ㡥Croft ˾ܤϤʤäŪ (analogy) ˶ᤤΤȹͤ롥interference ̤θηϤȤƤȤ館ΤФơintraference ƱηϤΤʤǤȤƤȤ館롥

Τ褦ʺʬϤζʬϡǽΩ줫Ѳ褦Ȥݤ1ĤΥǥȤƻͤˤʤ롥

Croft, William. "Evolutionary Models and Functional-Typological Theories of Language Change." Chapter 4 of The Handbook of the History of English. Ed. Ans van Kemenade and Bettelou Los. Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2006. 68--91.

Referrer (Inside): [2014-12-22-1] [2014-08-02-1]

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2013-05-15 Wed

#1479. his °ʤο [genitive][clitic][synthesis_to_analysis][syntax][metanalysis]

his °ʤˤĤƤϡ#819. his °ʡ ([2011-07-25-1]) Ǽ夲αѸ˾ν#1417. °ȯã ([2013-03-14-1])
ԤǤϡJanda Allen θΰ㤤˸ڤJanda ܸ̾ (enclitic) ȤƤ -'s ȯã޲𤷤¤Ȥơhis °ʤ򤪤ɾΤФơAllen Ū -es °ʤŪʬ (metanalysis) ˤ꽽ʬȤơhis °ʤδͿɾʤξԤεˤϰĹû뤬his °ʤѤ褦ˤʤäʳǰʬϤȤȤϴְ㤤ʤ
his °ʤνиȯãˤĤƤϤ˵ɬפhis °ʤοˤĤƤϤޤܤʤhis °ʤϡűѸѸ˨꤬졤15ʹߤˤʤꡤ17ޤ¸³18溢ޤǤˤѤ줿ѤȤʤäطʤˤϲäΤ
Janda (247--48) ϡΤ褦Ƥ롥

Though 'very rare in the North and infrequent in the rest of the country, [it] gains ground considerably in the 15th century and remains a popular means of expression right down to the 17th' (M:161). 'The use of his . . . as a sign of the genitive . . . had its widest currency in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries' (P:196). Use of the construction declined gradually thereafter, so that it was virtually lost by the mid-eighteenth century. It has been conjectured that '[t]he pronoun form dropped out partly perhaps because of the antipathy of most stylists from the sixteenth century on to "pleonastic" or repetitive pronouns' (T:125)--and, in general, to any analyticity (periphrasis) in English where it diverged from Latin syntheticity. (247--48)


Ĥޤꡤ16ʹߤʸԤ (1) his °ʤΤľĹ(2) ƥΤ֤ѸʬäǤϤʤȤޤJanda ̤βս (250) ǡ-'s Ȥɽδ㤬ΩȡǽŪˤ⡤h 첻μ岽ˤ벻ξṳ̈ơ˲Ūˤ his °ʤʬŪ˲᤹ʤʤäΤǤϤʤȤݤΤȤҤ٤Ƥ롥ʸŪӲŪʾȤ߹碌ˤꡤhis °ʤ -'s ΤۤŪ˹ޤ褦ˤʤäȤȤβ뤿ˤϡξˤĤƤܺ٤ʸڤɬפ

Janda, Richard. "On the Decline of Declensional Systems: The Overall Loss of OE Nominal Case Inflections and the ME Reanalysis of -es as his." Papers from the Fourth International Conference on Historical Linguistics. Ed. Elizabeth C. Traugott, Rebecca Labrum, and Susan Shepherd. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 1980. 243--52.
Allen, Cynthia L. "The Origins of the 'Group Genitive' in English." Transactions of the Philological Society 95 (1997): 111--31.

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2013-03-14 Thu

#1417. °ȯã [genitive][clitic][synthesis_to_analysis][metanalysis][corpus][ppcme2][syntax]

Ѹʹߤ apostrophe s ϡ̾ˤĤȤߤʤϡ̾ˤĤܸ (enclitic) ȤߤʤۤΤǤ롥ȤΤϡthe king of England's daughter Τ褦° (group genitive) ȤƤˡǧ뤫Ǥ롥apostrophe s ϡ³˷Ūñ̤Ȥϡ췲³Ūñ̡ʤܸ (clitic) Ȥߤʤɬפ롥
apostrophe s εȹͤ -es ϡѸˤϡΤ̾ˤĤ޸ä줬̾ܤ°ʤˡΤϤʤηϲäΤѸˤǤ˵ƤǤ롥
Ĥθ (Janda) ˤС°ʤؤȯŸʳǡ#819. his °ʡ ([2011-07-25-1]) ޲ȤƺѤΤǤϤʤȤñ㲽ƼС(1) °ʸ -es ȿ;̾ñ° his Ȥ̵ƱȤʤ¤ȡ(2) ľ̾̾ȤƤ his °ʤȤ2ؤäơΤ褦㼰ǽȤʤäΤǤϤʤȤ

king his doughter : king of England his doughter = kinges doughter : X
X = king of Englandes doughter


Allen ϤƱդʤPPCME2 䤽¾ѸƥȤͿ뤢Ƥ̡his °ʤ޲ȤʤäƷ°ʤȤ븫ˤϡڵ塤̵Ȥ롥Allen ϡȤ櫓"attached genitive" Ū -es °ʡˤ "separated genitive" his °ʡˤȤδ֤ˡĶ˱Ƥʬ۾κʤȤ򺬵ˡѸ his °ʤ "just an orthographical variant of the inflection" (118) Ǥȷ롥
Ǥϡ°ʤȯã his °ʤ޲ȤΤǤϤʤäȤȡ¾ˤɤΤ褦ʷꤨΤAllen ϤȤơ"the gradual extension of the ending -es to all classes of nouns, making what used to be an inflection indistinguishable from a clitic" (120) ƤƤ롥14ޤǤ°ʸΧ -(e)s 褦ˤʤꡤ줬Ϥ޸ȤƤǤϤʤ̵Ѳܸª˻äΤǤϤʤȤޤǽη°ʤϡThe grete god of Loves name (Chaucer, HF 1489) þe kyng of Frances men (Trevisa's Polychronicon, VIII, 349.380) ˸褦ʡм򼨤 of ȼä귿Ǥꡤʣ̾ȤǤ褦ɽǤ롥줬Ȳ򤵤졤ľ˽ͭ򼨤 -(e)s ĤȤΤϤޤäԻ׵ĤǤϤʤ
Allen ϡ16Ⱦ鸽 his °ʤʿŪ her °ʤ their °ʤˤĤƤϡǤ-(e)s ˤ뷲°ʤΩʬ (metanalysis) η̤ǤꡤŪɽˤʤȸƤ롥ΰʬϤ"spelling pronunciation" ʤ "spelling syntax" (124) ȸڤƤΤ̣
Allen ηѤ褦 (124)

A closer examination of the relationship between case-marking syncretism and the rise of the 'group genitive' than has previously been carried out provides evidence that the increase in syncretism led to the reanalysis of -es as a clitic. There is evidence that this change of status from inflection to clitic was not accomplished all at once; inflectional genitives coexisted with the clitic genitive in late ME and the clitic seems to have attached to conjoined nouns and appositives before it attached to NPs which did not end in a possessor noun. The evidence strongly suggests that the separated genitive of ME did not serve as the model for the introduction of the group genitive, and I have suggested that the separated genitive was an orthographic variant of the inflectional genitive, but that after the group genitive was firmly established there were attempts to treat it as a genitive pronoun.


Allen Appendix I ˤơMustanoja (160) his °ʤȤƵ󤲤ƤűѸѸ줫[2011-07-25-1]ǵ󤲤ˤ¿路ǤƤ롥
ʤ°ʤˤĤƤϡBaugh and Cable (241) ˤñʸڤ롥

Janda , Richard. "On the Decline of Declensional Systems: The Overall Loss of OE Nominal Case Inflections and the ME Reanalysis of -es as his." Papers from the Fourth International Conference on Historical Linguistics. Ed. Elizabeth C. Traugott, Rebecca Labrum, and Susan Shepherd. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 243--52.
Allen, Cynthia L. "The Origins of the 'Group Genitive' in English." Transactions of the Philological Society 95 (1997): 111--31.
Mustanoja, T. F. A Middle English Syntax. Helsinki: Société Néophilologique, 1960.
Baugh, Albert C. and Thomas Cable. A History of the English Language. 5th ed. London: Routledge, 2002.

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2013-02-14 Thu

#1389. between θ츻 [etymology][preposition][prescriptive_grammar][metanalysis]

ʸˡǤϡbetween among λȤʬˤĤơԤϡ2ĤΤΤδ֡סԤϡ3İʾΤΤδ֡פΰ̣˻Ȥ٤ȤƤ롥ξԤζ̤εҤϡºݤλѤ˾Ȥ餷Ūʴ¿Խʬ٤§ȤƤͤ¿ε§εäΩĴפϡbetween θ츻ˤ롥츻 "by two" Ǥ뤫顤Ūˤ2ĤΤΤƤϤʤʤȤ櫓Ǥ롥
Ǥϡ⤦ܤ between θ츻ߤƤߤ褦űѸǤϡbetwēonum η betwēon ηȤäԤθȾ -twēonum Ͽ twā (two) ʣͿʷбԤθȾ -twēon Ʊʣгʷб롥Ԥηϡbetwēonan ʤɤΰ۷֤ȯãѸ bitwene(n) ȤʤꡤԤη˸¤줿Ѹ bitwen Ȥʤäμ岽ȾüˤꡤɤΤȤ15ˤ2ͻ礷 between Ϣʤ֤ΩĤޤꡤbetween ϡűѸ̤2η֤Ѹˤͻ礷̤󤹤뤳ȤǤ롥űѸ between the seas ʤɤιʸϡbe sǣm twēonum "by seas two" ȤƸ뤳Ȥ顤 "by" "two" ̡ŪǽôäƤȹͤ뤬"by two seas" Τ褦ܤ֤¤Ȥˡ1Ĥʣֻʬ (metanalysis) ˻äΤˡto us-ward to-ward us ΰʬϤ롥
ơbetween ˤϡŤᤫƱ줬롥betwixt Ǥ롥ϸűѸ betwēox ͳ褹뤬Ⱦ -twēox ̤ȡޥĸ *twa "two" + *-iskaz "-ish" ˤɤĤ2ĤۤɤΤΤδ֡פȤ褦ʡȤäΤűѸǤ betwux, betyx ʤɤΰ۷֤äѸǤ bitwix(e) ʤɤη֤ͥȤʤä1300ǯˡDracula ˸ whilst ([2010-09-17-1]) #739. glide, prosthesis, epenthesis, paragoge ([2011-05-06-1]) ǿ줿褦ˡ -t źä졤줬̲ʤѸθˡbetwixt and between ʤɤäĤϤäꤷʤˤȤ礬롥
Ѹˤ֤ʤɤϡMED "bitwēne (prep.)" "bitwix(e) (prep.)" 򻲾ȡ
ʤƬ˽Ҥ٤ between among εŪʻȤʬˤĤơOED "between, prep., adv., and n." ϸ19ˤơŪʴʰոҤ٤Ƥ롥

In all senses, between has been, from its earliest appearance, extended to more than two. . . . It is still the only word available to express the relation of a thing to many surrounding things severally and individually, among expressing a relation to them collectively and vaguely: we should not say 'the space lying among the three points,' or 'a treaty among three powers,' or 'the choice lies among the three candidates in the select list,' or 'to insert a needle among the closed petals of a flower'.


Fowler's (106) Ǥ⡤Ūʶ̵̤뤳ȤƤ롥 (176) Ǥϡbetween 3İʾΤΤѤˡϼǧ뷹ꡤäƹǤϤηפȤ롥

Burchfield, Robert, ed. Fowler's Modern English Usage. Rev. 3rd ed. Oxford: OUP, 1998.
ͧ ԡظѸˡŵ١Ʋ2006ǯ

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2013-02-13 Wed

#1388. inorganic for [preposition][syntax][metanalysis][germanic]

Ѹʸˡˡto ΰ̣μɽ魯ˡfor + ̾פ֤빽ʸ롥 for ϼȤʸˡŪʵǽôäƤˤ¼Ūʰ̣⤿ʤΤǡ"inorganic for" ȸƤФ뤳Ȥ롥for . . . to . . . ʸεȯãϱѸˤǤ˰ƤѸΤ褦Ʊʸ򹭤ͳѤǤϥޥϤƤʤͳʻȤ "Hearne was no critic. A hasty and ill-natured judgment might conclude that it sufficed for a document to appear old for him to wish to print it." ʤɤ󤲤ʤ顤Zandvoort (265) inorganic for ޤ๽ʸˤĤƼΤ褦ɾƤ롥

Both in familiar and in literary style this construction has branched out in so many directions that not only has it become one of the most distinctive features of modern English syntax, but on occasion, too, one of those that may be employed to give to an utterance a somewhat esoteric turn.


ǼͳȸƤǤΤϡ"It is absurd for us to quarrel." Τ褦ŵŪˡΤߤʤ餺͡Ķ˸줦뤫㤨С"The rule was for women and men to sit apart." Τ褦ʼǤˡ"For us to have refused the loan would have been a declaration of economic war." Τ褦ʾ濫뤤Ϸ̤ˡ"She longed for him to say something." "I always wanted so for things to be beautiful." Τ褦ưθ֤ˡ"I am not afraid for them to see it." Τ褦˷ƻθ֤ˡ"There were cries for the motion to be put." Τ褦̾ȴؤäŪɽ魯ˡʤɡZandvoort (268) ϡinorganic for ΤˡηŪ˵Ҥʸˡ񤬸ʤʤǡKruisinga ̤ιֵΡȤ˼ƤʷˤŪͤҤ򸫤Ĥ仿

Prepositional Object and Stem with to.
Type: I shall be glad for you to help us. --- With regard to the facts of Living English it must be understood that the constr. is a supplementary one to the plain object & stem. the two are really parallel: a) the plain obj. & verbal stem are used with verbs; b) the preposit. object & stem is used with nouns & adjectives chiefly, and as a subject & nom. predicate, i.e. in practically all the other functions when a stem with to can be used at all. Finally the prep. obj. with stem is found with verbs, in a more or less clearly final meaning (see quot. in Shorter Acc.: pushing the glasses along the counter nodded for them to be filled).


"It is absurd for us to quarrel." ʤɤιʸεˤĤƤϡѸˤǤ "It is absurd for us | to quarrel." "It is absurd | for us to quarrel." Ȥʬ (metanalysis) ˤΤȤƤ롥Zandvoort (269) ϡΰʬϤǽȤʤ뤿ˤ for us absurd θ˸뤳ȤɬפǤꡤѸθǤϤξƤȤŻ뤹롥ɥĸ䥪Ǥϡ for us ʬϷƻ˸ΤǤꡤʬϤϤʤƱ²ȤӤ˴Ťιʸεˤ "the fixity of English word-order" (269) ȤޤɬפȤμĥϤ롥

Zandvoort, R. W. "A Note on Inorganic For." English Studies 30 (1949): 265--69.

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2013-01-04 Fri

#1348. 13ʹߤ v [phonetics][etymology][metanalysis][consonant][v]

[v] ϤȤͭ໤첻Ǽ䤹ȤŪħ롥ͭ໤ȤŪˤϡбμ岽ˤäƤ⤢롥ƥ rīpam "bank, shore", sētam "silk", focum "hearth" θڥǤ riba, seda, fuego "fire" ໤Ƥꡤե󥹸Ǥ rive, soie, feu Τ褦ˤ˼岽뤤ϾüƤ (Bloomfield 374)
[v] ˸ꤹСѸǤ⡤λҲ첻ǤФкƤ롥Ѹ auger, curfew, had, head, kerchief, lady, lark, lord, poor ϡȯ [v] ޤޤƤʤ [v] äƤ[v] κ13ʹߤΤȤƤ롥
(401, 410--11) ˤС[v] κ줿ĶˤϤĤμबǧ롥Ǥ3夲褦1ܤϡa ˸³k, g, l ֤ĶǤ롥㤨Сauger hawk ʤɤǡŪ [v] Ƥ롥ԤϸűѸ nafogār ̤ꡤ nafu "nave" + gār "spear" ιǤ롥Ѹ a g ˶ޤ줿 [v] 졤 a nauger an auger ʬΤǤʰʬϤˤĤƤϡ[2009-05-03-1]ε#4. ǶܤǤѸñȯڤƤ롩פ metanalysis γƵ򻲾ȡˡԤϡűѸ h(e)afoc Ѹˤ [v] 줿ΤǤ롥
d ֤ˤƤǤꡤűѸ hæfde "had", hēafdes "head's", hlǣfdige "lady" ʤɤˤ [v] ü
3ܤϡΤĹ첻θ֤ǡ r(C), l, m, n ֤ˤƤǤꡤűѸ lāferce "lark" 䡤ťե󥹸줫μѸ cuevrechief "kerchief", cuevrefeu "curfew", povre "poor" ʤɤˤ [v] ü
Ϣơlady lord θˤˤĤƤϡ#23. "Good evening, ladies and gentlemen!"ϴְ㤤 ([2009-05-21-1]) 򻲾ȡ

Bloomfield, Leonard. Language. 1933. Chicago and London: U of Chicago P, 1984.
סزˡ١Ѹ11罤۽Ź1985ǯ

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2012-11-23 Fri

#1306. for the nonce [etymology][inflection][metanalysis][terminology][sir_orfeo][oed][dative][genitive][ormulum]

for the nonce ʤäơ¤ϡʬˤȤ礬롥The team is called "the Lions," at least for the nonce. Τ褦˻Ȥ롥ɽˤϡ괧 the ΤĤƤζ޷̾Ĥߤ졤츻Ū˶̣
ߤη֤ľܤˤĤʤϡ1200ǯ餤κȤ Ormulum ˤ forr þe naness ȤƸ롥3θƬ n ϡľ괧νѸǤñͿʶ޷ þen θ n ʬ (metanalysis) 줿ΤǤꡤ촴ΰȺƲᤵƸߤ˻äƤ롥ĤƤñͿʶ޸ճʤȤDzŪĤäƤǤ롥
ζϡŪˤ̣Ūˤ⸽ѸǤ *for the once б뤫Τ褦˸뤬Ūˤ3 onceone's [2009-07-18-1]ε#81. once twice -ce Ȥϲפ򻲾ȡˤѸ°ʤ˴Ťɽľͳ褹Ȳ򤹤ˤ롥OED ˤС°ʷϳΤ˴ŪˤϴͿζϡषűѸ˸ to þam anum νѸ to þan ane ʤɤӤ٤one ͿʤޤɽȤƻϤޤäΤǤϤʤȤ夷°ʷϡͿʷִ줿Τȹͤ롥ִͳȤƤϡְ١פ̣Τ°ʤͳ褹 anes, ones ¤ǡͿʤͳ褹 ane, ene Ѥ줿Ȥ顤ξԤθؤäΤǤϤʤ
ѸǤϡʬϤη֤η֤¸ƤꡤMED ˤ ōnes (adv.) θ5 nōnes (n.(1)) θ1ξˡζ礬ϿƤ롥ԤˤСߤ׻ˡפȡ¤ϡפθΤۤˡոȤ "indeed" ۤɤθ䡤ΧŪȤƤΰ̣δˡȵܤƤ롥դ뤤ȤƤBliss Sir Orfeo (Auchinleck MS, ll. 51--56)

Þe king hadde a quen of priis
Þat was y-cleped Dame Heurodis,
Þe fairest leuedi, for þe nones,
Þat miȝt gon on bodi & bones,
Ful of loue & of godenisse;
Ac no man may telle hir fairnise.


Ȥưʳˤ⡤nonce ˤϡ׻ΡפȤƻȤƤˡ롥̾ȤȤ˰ʣơؤνѸȤ nonce-word ׻ˡnonce-form ׻ˤʤɤȻȤˡνϡOED Ի James Murray 1884ǯ OED Ǥ񤭤ѤȤǤ롥

1884 N.E.D. Fasc. 1, p. x, Words apparently employed only for the nonce, are, when inserted in the Dictionary, marked nonce-wd.


OED ˤλݤܤܤƤΤ顤OED ˤ뼫ˡȤäƤ褤

Bliss, A. J., ed. Sir Orfeo. 2nd ed. Oxford: Clarendon, 1966.

Referrer (Inside): [2015-10-16-1] [2014-11-11-1]

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2012-06-23 Sat

#1153. ̾ adviceư advise [spelling][etymological_respelling][etymology][metanalysis][caxton][loan_word][pronunciation_spelling][sobokunagimon]

̾ <advice> /ədˈvaɪs/ ǡư <advise> /ədˈvaɪz/ ȰۤʤΤϤʤȯֻξˤѤʵ䤬󤻤줿OED 츻ŵεҤ򻲹ͤˡ򤤤Ƥ椯
ޤθΩ򿶤֤äƤߤ롥ƥƬ ad- "to" ˡvidēre "to see" βʬ vīsum äΤǡ "according to one's view" ۤɤǤ롥顤¯ƥ *advīsu(m) "opinion" ȤäΤǤϤʤȹͤƤ롥ʩˤ⤳ʿŪäꤵƤꡤce m'est à vis "this is according to my view" ce m'est avis "this is my view" ȰʬϤ줿Τ뤳Ȥ¿ޤ¯ƥʩǤϡ̾ *advīsāre > aviser Ȥư줬
Ѹؤϡ14˸ʩ줫顤̾ưξѤ줿ϡֻˤ⡤1ҲȤ <d> Ƥ餺ǽҲ <c> ǤϤʤ <s> äե󥹸¦Ǥϡ14--16ˡ̻ƥ򻲾Ȥ <d> 褵ֻ advis [2011-02-09-1]ε#653. Ѹˤե󥹼ѸȥƥѸζ̡פ򻲾ȡˡ15 Caxton ѸƳ夵Ʊ15ˤϡ2첻ĹǤ뤳Ȥ뤿˸ <e> źä줿ơ16ˤϡ̾ˤĤơҲ̵Ǥ뤳Ȥ뤿 <s> <c> ؽ񤭴줿ޤȤС14--16ˤƤ avis > advis > advise > advice ȤȯֻѲɤȤǤ롥
ưˤĤƤϡե󥹸 aviser ͳ褹ΤȤ <s> ͭҲɽ路Τǡηϩκǽʳ˸ <c> ؤν񤭴뤳ȤϤʤääȤ⡤ºݤˤϡѸǡư <c> ֻ⤢ä褦ǡ̾Ȥ¿κƱϤä褦Ǥ롥
̾ advice ư advise ֻϡetymological_respelling "pronunciation spelling" ([2011-07-05-1], [2011-07-31-1]) Ȥäʣʲη̤Ǥꡤζ̤ϸ츻ŪʤΤǤϤʤƱͤȤơ̾ prophecy ư prophesy ⤢롥⡤18˳Ω츻ŪֻΩǤ롥

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2012-04-26 Thu

#1095. acknowledge Ǥ <kn> /kn/ Ȥȯ [spelling_pronunciation_gap][blend][contamination][metanalysis][etymology]

#122. /kn/ ǻϤޤñ ([2009-08-27-1]) εǡǤƬ /kn/ Ū /k/ 岽üƤˡߡֻ <kn> Фȯ /n/ б̤ȤʤäƤ뤳ȤǤޤ /k-n/ Ϣ³ˤϡ/k/ ϼʤäȤ acknowledge ( ac- + knowledge ) 󤲤θˤ (blend or contamination) ʬ (metanalysis) Ȥ̣ݤؤäƤ롥ϤˤĤƿ줿
Ѹֻ <acknowledge> ȽǤˡθ ac + know + ledge ؤȷʬϤǤ褦ˤߤ롥know 캬ǤꡤƬ ac- -ledge ղäΤ褦κۤ򤷤Ƥ롥줬ΤȤưȤƵǽƤȤΤϰճǤ롥ȤΤϡledge (< OE -lāc) ϡknowledge wedlock ([2011-05-12-1]ε#745. 뺧 wedlockפ򻲾ȡˤʤɤ˸̤ꡤ̾ʤˤϲŪбǧƤ餺¾ƤƤˡƬ ac- Τۤϡֻ on ƬѷΤǤ롥űѸˤϡoncnāwan ǧ롨ǧˤȤ줬ꡤacknowledge Ȥΰ̣Ϣ³ϵʤ
ޤȤȡacknowledge ϼΤ褦ʸФΤǤϤʤȿ¬롥ޤűѸ "know" 캬Ȥ oncnāwan Ȥư줬¸ߤ"know" 캬Ȥ̾Ȥơknoulech(e) Ѹᤤʳ12˸줿̾ϡʻžˤꤽΤޤưȤƤѤƤꡤθưȤƤϡճˤ᤯ϢŤƤΤ⤷ʤoncnāwan ͳ褹 knoulech(e) ȤѸ˺aknowleche Ȥ줬ޤ줿
ޤ줿ꡤ캬Ƭ /k/ ƬذĤ줿褦ʰʬŪֻ <ack-> ѤƤꡤǤƬϡ on- ͳ褹ΤǤϤʤޥŪ a(c)- (ex. accept, acquire) ȤƺƲᤵƤȤ롥̤Ȥơ/k/ Ƭ¦βȤǧ褦ˤʤꡤ1718ˤ know(ledge) ʤɤθǸƬ /k/ üݤˤ⡤acknowledge /k/ ϾüȤ줿ΤǤ롥
츻ŪʴΩƤСacknowledge(ment) ϡѸ캬 know Τʤͣ /k/ ݤäȤȤǤ뤬ʬϤȤŪŪΩƤСݤ줿 /k/ ϡ캬°벻ǤϤʤƬ°벻ȹͤ٤

Referrer (Inside): [2021-09-15-1] [2012-11-07-1]

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2012-02-08 Wed

#1017. par [etymology][derivation][metanalysis][semantic_change]

ƥ pār Ȥƻ濴Ūʸ "equal, equal to, a match for, of the same rank or age, fit, meet, suitable, proper, right" ¿줬߽Ф졤ĤϱѸˤѤƤ롥ʡ (469--71) ꡤѸä󤹤Ȱʲ̤ꡥ

compare, comparable, incomparable, incomparably, comparative, comparatively, comparison; par, parity, disparity; pair; peer, compeer, peerage, peerless; disparage, disparagement; umpire


compare θϡƱΤΤĤ碌פǤꡤߤǤѵȤʤäƤ뤬֥饤Хפɽ魯̾ȤƤѤ줿ƱԤŨȤߤ뤫̣Ȥߤ뤫ϻŤǡcompeer ϤषԤΤȤ館ȿǤƤꡤ֡פƱνפɽ魯Ʊͤˡpeer ϡ²ֵ²פΰ̣ȯãѸؼѤ줿 par ϡʿ̲ʡפ̣롥pair ƱΤ2Ĥʤ1ȤǤ롥umpire ϡ[2010-07-25-1]ε#454. GVS ʳФ褦˸ brier, choir, friar, umpireפǤߤ褦ˡnon-peer ƱǤʤԡˤκǽ n ʬ (metanalysis) 졤æͳ褹롥
ơƥ pār ϡĸ *perə- "to allot" ˤΤܤꡤ캬ΰ̣ϡֳƤ롤ƤפȤäȤƤפϤޤꡤס٤סƱסƱ̤μԡפʤɤؤỌ̇̄ȯŸ줬߽Ф줿ΤȤߤ뤳ȤǤ
pār ΰϢꤢΤϡΰ̣ι꤬ܸΤ캬ξȤ⤷ۤɰפ뤫Ǥ롥ˤĤƤεǡ

ʡ ԡرѸ츻ŵ١ܿ޽饤֡1992ǯ

Referrer (Inside): [2012-02-09-1]

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2012-01-31 Tue

#1009. 롼ʸʸȴطο츻 [runic][etymology][metanalysis]

[2010-06-24-1]ε#423. ե٥åȤˡ׵ڤ[2012-01-28-1]ε#1006. 롼ʸѼפǡ롼ʸε˿줿ˤĤƤ¿Ѹ˻ĤäƤ뤤Ĥθθ츻顤롼ʸʸΤʤˤˤĤΤ뤳ȤǤ롥
롼ʸν뤤ϹˤĤƼͿϡwrite Ǥ롥θϰĸ̤ŤˤäƤ뤬ڤޤϼ˽ĤơʸʤɤĦפȤäƤϡɥĸ reißen ʰˤ˻Ĥ롥ܸǤֽ񤯡פϡߤפ̤롥
롼ʸŪᤤʸߤΤäȤСɤ߲򤯺Ȥ read äˤʤűѸ rǣdan ˤϡ̴֡ʤΡ˰̣ɤ߼롤᤹פθǧ졤ñˡɤפȤָƤפδްդ̾Ĥϡread one's mind, read the future, read a riddle ʤɤɽ˻Ĥ롥Ǹɽˤ riddle ΤϢűѸ rǣdels ˤͳ褷Ʊ²ŪιʸȤ롥14˸ -s ʣȤʬ (metanalysis) 졤ߤη֤θ줿[2010-04-06-1]ε#344. cherry ΰʬϡפ򻲾ȡˡ
롼ʸߤʽ񤤤ǺȤСbeech ʥ֥ʤڡˤä⤷ʤ첻ؤ̤ book ˤ̤ǽ뤳Ȥϡ[2011-01-19-1]ε#632. book beechפǿ줿
Ǹˡrune Τθ츻ŪˤϡűѸ rūn ʤ䤭롤ѡˤͳ褹ȲᤵƤѡפ connotation ϡťΥɸбˤϤäȤƤ⡤űѸˤϤξڵ򤬤ʤűѸǤϤषꥹȶˤǤƱȤơμζͭפۤɤΰ̣Ѥ줿Ȥ⤬ (Crystal 9) űѸ rūn ϸѸǤ */raʊn/ ȤʤϤϻĤäƤʤ¤ΤȤ֥롼ʸפȤƤ rune νФ17ΤȤǡ̲ؼԤˤƥͳƤκƳǤ롥ḽǤϡrune ˭ǿŪ connotation ơʤ͡Ϥ򤫤ΩƤƤ롥

Crystal, David. The English Language. 2nd ed. London: Penguin, 2002.

Referrer (Inside): [2017-07-05-1]

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2012-01-15 Sun

#993. flat adverb ˤĤƤ줳 [flat_adverb][adverb][adjective][swearword][intensifier][metanalysis][hendiadys][cleft_sentence]

ǯư衤flat_adverb ˤĤƤĤ񤤤ƤĴ٤Ƥ뤦˽꤬ޤäƤΤǡȤƽ񤭻ĤƤ

(1) ּˤѤ졤üŪ϶ɽסʾp. 507ˡñ줬褯ѤΤϡʸŪûʬṲ̄ǡΤǤϤ϶ɽȤƹޤ뷹: It hurts bad. / Take it easy. / Go slow.סʹ, p. 522
(2) Ƥθ졦¯¿Ѥ뤳ȤϴҤ󤲤ʹڡpp. 86, 91ˡex. act brave, dance graceful, land safe, work regular, sit tight, mighty dangerous, reasonable busy, moderate good luck, everlasting cold, get ugly drunk, hustlingest busy; I see things different than I used to.; You are plain lucky.
(3) ζʤ̾ʤɤ׻ŪѤ롥ex. "Love Me Tender", "Treat me nice".
(4) ȤƤ very εȤ ([2012-01-12-1], [2012-01-13-1]) ̾򽤾ηƻϢ³ˤơηƻ줬ηƻ򽤾ȤưʬϤ㤬ߤ (ex. an icy cold drink, a blazing hot fire) ˡ̾줬ʤȤΩ burning hot, soaking wet, dazzling white ʤɤ⸫͡p. 589ˡ
(5) ƻ줬ƱΥڥˤ5ढꡤʲ iii, iv դ꤬ŵŪ flat adverb ȸƤФΤ (Huddleston and Pullum 568)

idaily, hourly, weekly, deadly, kindly, likely
iidownright, freelance, full-time, non-stop, off-hand, outright, overall, part-time, three-fold, wholesale, worldwide
iiibleeding, bloody, damn(ed), fucking
ivclean, clear, dear, deep, direct, fine, first, flat, free, full, high, last, light, loud, low, mighty, plain, right, scarce, sharp, slow, sure, tight, wrong
valike, alone, early, extra, fast, hard, how(ever), late, long, next, okay, solo

(6) flat adverb -ly adverb Ǥϡʬʸ (cleft sentence) Ǿ줿ǧǽۤʤ롥flat adverb ϡưʬǤ뤳Ȥˤ֤ǤȤ狼ˤʤ뤿ˡǧ٤㤯ʤΤǤϤʤʹڡp. 522ˡ

*It was slow that he drove the car into the garage. vs It was slowly that he drove the car into the garage.
*It was loud that they argued. vs It was loudly that they argued.

flat adverb ³줿̤θǽȡǤ뤳ȤΤˤʤꡤǧ䤹ex. It was loud and clear that he spoke.; It was extremely loud that they argued.
(7) A and B ȷƻ³ȡA-ly B ۤɤΰդȤʤ (hendiadys) ⡤ƻ첽ȤݤΰȤƤȤ館뤳ȤǤ͡pp. 531, 589ˡex. nice and cool (= "nicely cool"), good and tired (="well tired"), rare and hungry (="quite hungry").

ͧ ԡظѸˡŵ١Ʋ2006ǯ
ͺ° ̭ ԡظʸˡŵ١Ʋ1992ǯ
Huddleston, Rodney and Geoffrey K. Pullum. The Cambridge Grammar of the English Language. Cambridge: CUP, 2002.
ж Ϻ ԡظѸؼŵ١Ʋ1973ǯ
⿮ ʸͺ ƽؿѸؼŵ١ҡ1987ǯ

Referrer (Inside): [2016-08-19-1]

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2012-01-13 Fri

#991. ȤƤ very εȯã (2) [etymology][semantic_change][conversion][adverb][adjective][flat_adverb][intensifier][metanalysis]

ε[2012-01-12-1]˰³դ very ˤˤĤոϡvery Ū˷ƻȤȤȤĶˡˤĤʤäΤǤϤʤȤ Mustanoja Ҳ𤷤MED Ʊͤ˹ͤƤ褦ǡ"verrei (adj.)" θ츻ˤơ񤷤뤳Ȥ˿Ƥ롥

When verrei adj. precedes another modifier, it is difficult if not impossible to distinguish (a) the situation in which both function as adjectives modifying the noun, from (b) that in which the modifier nearest the noun forms a syntactic compound with it (which compound is modified by verrei) and from (c) that in which verrei functions as an adverb modifying the adjective immediately following; some exx. of (a) and (b) now in this word may = (c) and belong to verrei adv.


㤨Сa verrai gentil man ȤǹͤС(a) ɤߤǤ "a true gentle man"(b) Ǥ "a true gentleman"(c) Ǥ "a truly gentle man" ȤѸɽ˼칽¤βȤʤ롥μζܤΤޤʹ¤顤ʬ (metanalysis) η̡ȤƤ very ȯãȹͤ롥
ǵäΤϷƻ줫ؤʻž (conversion) ˤֿ¡פȤϤޤݻƤȤϤֿ¤ˡˡפθ֤ȤƤ⡤ˡפζդθؤƻΤϡƶᤤ֤κζϾǤ뤳ȤϡMED "verrei (adv.)" 2 (a) (d) ͿƤΥǡ󤫤⤦Τ롥Ƹɽ魯ʸ̮٤Ƥ⡤ߤ˰̣ɤۤʤΤˤ狼ˤȽǤǤʤ
ֿ¤ˡפ֤ȤƤפζϺ´ˤϡǤѤ "sign-off" ʸ㤬Ŭvery ȤƤˡȯãȤơPaston Letters ʸ Vere hartely your, Molyns 롥Ǥ hartely "sincerely, affectionately" ۤɤΰդǡvere ϡֿ¤ˡפθȡñ˶դ򼨤֤ȤƤפθȤ¸ƤȲᤷ (Room 278)
ʾΤ褦ˡvery ϡե󥹸ƻμѢƻֿ¤Ρעֿ¤ˡע֤ȤƤפءˡȸȯŸƤߡȯŸκǽʳȤ⤤٤⤦1ĤѲʹǤ롥϶ոν̿Ȥ⤤̣ѲʤΤοζդƤƤȤΤǤ롥ʲϡåץ꡼ mere ιǿƤ륳ȡ

very ˡˤϤۤȤϤΤʤդˤʤäƤޤäI'm very glad to meet you. ʤ񤤤ǤƤȤƤ⤦줷ˤϡI'm glad to meet you. ʤ񤤤ǤƤ줷ˤ⡤Фդ˷礱ɽȤʤ뤳Ȥ롥


very ΰ̣ѲˤϡΰΥɥޤޤƤ롥䡤ȤˤϻʤȤäƤ⡤very ϡˤΤ顥

硼 T. åץ꡼ ƻ ϻ إåץ꡼Ѹ츻ŵ١罤ۡ2009ǯ
Room, Adrian, ed. NTC's Dictionary of Changes in Meanings. Lincolnwood: NTC, 1991.

Referrer (Inside): [2012-01-15-1] [2012-01-14-1]

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2012-01-12 Thu

#990. ȤƤ very εȯã (1) [etymology][semantic_change][conversion][adverb][adjective][flat_adverb][intensifier][metanalysis]

[2012-01-04-1]ε#982. ꥫѸθѽФ flat adverbפǡ衤ƻǤ good real ȤƸȤѤ褦ˤʤäƤƤ뤳Ȥ˿줿ƻ줫ʻž (conversion) Ǥͭ̾ȤƤϡո very 󤲤ʤ櫓ˤʤ
very ϡѸǺѤζոȤäƤ褤Frequency Sorter ˤСBNC ˤ very ٤86̤Ǥ롥θ줬դȤܳŪѤФΤ15ʹߤǤꡤѸ̤м礿ˡϡֿΡޤȤΡΡפ̣ƻä⤽ΤϤǡθϸťե󥹸Ʊηƻ ve(r)rai ѤΤǤʸե󥹸Ǥ vraiˡѸǤνϡc1275θϡin very truth, Very God of very God ʤɤδѶ˻ĤäƤ롥14ˤϡ괧ͭ̾ȼäơ֤ޤˤΡΡפ̣붯ոȤƤѤϤᡤˡϸѸ the very hat she wanted to get, at the very bottom of the lake, do one's very best ʤɤˤߤ롥
᤯14Ⱦˤϡ嵭ηƻбȤơֿˡˡפθ very λѤǧƤ롥ʤƻ줫ؤžȤ򤯸ϡthat is a verrai gentil man (Gower CA iv 2275), he was a verray parfit gentil knyght (Ch. CT A Prol. 72), this benigne verray feithful mayde (Ch. CT E Cl. 343) ʤɤ˸ȤǤ롥Ǥ very ˡϡ³ƻƱʤηƻǤ롥̣ŪˤŪˤ⡤2ηƻĴȲǤʤȤʤĤޤꡤʬ (metanalysis) ȵ롥Τ褦ʶ礬Ū˹Ԥʤ褦ˤʤȡ٤̾줬ʤĶǤ very ƻԤȤƵǽ˻äΤǤϤʤޤverray penitent verray repentaunt ʤɤΤ褦ˡvery ̾Ū˵ǽƤȤᤷƻ򽤾褦⡤ʻžή岡ȹͤ롥ơ15ˤ϶դȤ̤ˤʤꡤ16ȾޤǤˤϤޤŵŪʶդǤä full, right, much ɤȤΤ褦٤ޤä
ʾ塤Mustanoja, pp. 326--27 򻲹ͤ˵Ҥ1ĤϤΤȤѸѤ줿¾¿ζ⡤ΥڡǺ٤ҤƤΤǻͤޤǤˡ
ͤƤߤС[2012-01-04-1]ǤߤƸŪ real ⤫ĤƤ ve(r)rai Ʊ͡ե󥹼ѸǤꡤġֿΡޤȤΡΡפ̣ƻǤ롥a real good soundtrack ʤɤɽߤȤҤ Mustanoja very ˴ؤΤޤƤϤޤ褦ˤפ롥ˤ֤Ƥ뤫Τ褦

Mustanoja, T. F. A Middle English Syntax. Helsinki: Société Néophilologique, 1960.

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2011-04-04 Mon

#707. dragoman [plural][etymology][metanalysis][analogy][kyng_alisaunder]

ɸθϡ֡ʥӥ졤ȥ륳졤ڥ륷Ρԡפ̣롥OED θϡ"An interpreter; strictly applied to a man who acts as guide and interpreter in countries where Arabic, Turkish, or Persian is spoken." Ǥ롥츻ϥӥ tarjumān ԡפǡ͡ʸͳե󥹸줫Ѹ drugeman Ȥ14˼Ѥ줿 MED 򻲾ȡˡϡޤ޺ǶɤǤ Kyng Alisaunder ȤΤǡʲ˰Ѥ롥Alexander οʷФơDarius ΤȤ Salome ˷褦¥̡Smithers ǤꡥֻϰѼԡ

For Alisaunder is ypassed Achaye,
And is ycome to Arabye,
And is on þis half þe flum Jordan,
And so me seide a drugeman.
Haue we þe feld ar he,
We scullen hym wynne, hym maugre.' (B 3395--400)


θ줬⤷Τϡ츻Ūˤ man Ȥ̵طˤ⤫餺man ޤʣȸäʬϤ졤dragomen ʤʣ᤯鸽Ƥ뤳ȤμǤ⡤ʣȤ dragomans ˲ä dragomen ܤƤ롥Quirk et al. (306) Ǥ⡤". . . the irregular plural can be found also in nouns that are not 'true' compounds with -man; eg: dragoman ? dragomans or dragomen." ȤƸڤƤ롥 German *Germen, human *humen ʣƤޤפʬ ( metanalysis ) ˴ŤѤȤ뤬ѤˤĹ˵ܤۤɤ˰̲ȤȤBNC θǤϡdragomans 3㡤dragomen 1㤢ä
̾̾ʣηƯ ( analogy ) ϡ¿ -s ʣؤΰĤȤƯ٤Ե§ i-mutation ˤʣǤäƤ⡤Ȥ櫓٤ι⤤ men ε۰Ϥ˶ȹͤ ([2011-03-22-1]) ѸäˤƥפοȤưŪʵ۰Ϥؤ -s μΤʤǡñΤ٤Ȥ˹⤤۰Ϥͭ men ʤȿƤ---ʹޤ뤫⤷ʤʤʤߤˡѸ̾ʣ򽸤᤿θǤϡʣ20496ȡΤ2431ȡ man ʣäμȤΥͥ륮 11.86% men ƤȻפϫ

Smithers, G. V. ed. Kyng Alisaunder. 2 vols. EETS os 227 and 237. 1952--57.
Quirk, Randolph, Sidney Greenbaum, Geoffrey Leech, and Jan Svartvik. A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language. London: Longman, 1985.

Referrer (Inside): [2024-12-16-1]

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2010-10-17 Sun

#538. monokini trikini [etymology][folk_etymology][metanalysis][analogy][prefix]

ε[2010-10-16-1] bikini θ츻ˤĤĴ٤太⤷Ϣ줬롥monokini trikini
ܤñ򡥤ޤbikini bi ƥǡ2פ̣ƬʬϤ2ԡοפȲ᤹롥˰äơ1ԡοפɽΤ˥ꥷΡ1פ̣Ƭ mono- ѤȤȤǤ롥Ʊͤˡ3ԡοפˤϥƥ졦ꥷΡ3פ̣Ƭ tri- Ƥ
줾οΥץʥǥդˤ򤼤ҸȤϰʲ򻲾ȡ

monokini
bikini
trikini

εǤߤ褦ˡbikini ϥޡθϸθͭ̾ͳ褹Τǡ츻Ū˥ƥ䥮ꥷƬȤϴطʤäơmonokini trikini ͷӤˤ¤Ǥ롥⤷ΤϡθФƼ㤨 monokini ˤĤơҡؿ¼ŵ6ǡ٤ϡֵŪ¤פƤ뤬Ϸޤ OALD8 "the first syllable misinterpreted as bi- 'two'" ȤƤ롥ԤΤäƤ롥ϤͷӤǤ礦ȸ
ܤȤϤäΤΡOALD8 ϩǤ⤹ȤɤʤƽɤäƲ⤹롥

(1) bikini bi + kini ʬ ( metanalysis )
(2) bi- 2פ̣ƥƬȤơkini "piece(s)" 餤ΰ̣˲ᤷָ̱츻 ( folk etymology )
(3) bi-, mono-, tri- Ȥŵ˴ŤƬηϤ ( analogy ) Ū˱Ѥ monokini trikini ޤ

θͷӤǤ촪㤤Ǥ졤̤Ȥ3˴ޤޤ뤳Ȥˤʤä kini ϱѸˤưηǤȤΩȤäƤ⤤⤷ʤ

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2010-08-15 Sun

#475. That's a whole nother story. [metanalysis][corpus][ame]

ѸθǡɸΤ褦ɽ롥֤ޤä̤äפȤ̣ǡLDOCE5 ˤ nother, 'nother θФΤȤ˼Τ褦ʵҤ롥

a whole nother ... used humorously when emphasizing that something is completely different from what you have been talking about. It is a changed form of 'another whole':
- Texas is a whole nother country.
- That a whole 'nother ball game.


another ( a(n) + other ) ʬ򤷤ƶĴ whole 򶴤߹ݤˡa whole other ǤϤʤ a whole nother ʬ ( metanalysis ) ƶ߹ɽǤʰʬϤ[2009-05-03-1]򻲾ȡˡCorpus of Contemporary American English (COCA) ǤϷ빽ʿ㤬󤬤äBritish National Corpus (BNC) Ǥ㤬ʤäMerriam-Webster's Advanced Learner's English Dictionary Ǥ "US informal" Υ졼٥뤬դƤꥫѸ¿ɽȤäƤ褵
ơŤѸߤƤߤȡa whole nother Τ褦˴֤˷ƻ줬ޤäƤ륿פ nother 㤳ޤĤƤʤa + nother ȰʬϤƤ᤯1300ǯ鸽Ƥ롥ane nothir sentence an nother maner ʤɤ򸫤ȡnother ǤΩȤǧƤȤʬ롥ѸƸ졩ˤ a whole nother Ȥ礬ŪʰʬϤȤɤΤ褦ʴطˤΤʳĴǤǤ롥

Referrer (Inside): [2014-11-11-1]

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2010-07-25 Sun

#454. GVS ʳФ褦˸ brier, choir, friar, umpire [gvs][metanalysis][phonetics]

( The Great Vowel Shift ; see [2009-11-18-1] ) Ǥϡ̾ /ɛ:/ /i:/ ؤʳ徺ʳ徺ʤä㳰Ȥ break, great, steak ʤɤθ줬äȤ [2009-11-19-1], [2009-11-20-1] ǸGVS ϤȸνϤ٤ȡʳФ褦˸췲¾ˤ⤢롥
ɸ˷ǤϡѸǤϤ줾 brer, quer, frere, noumper(e) ȤƸƤθǸ r ȼäĹ첻Ϥ /e:/ äΤǡGVS ˤнϤ /i:/ ȤʤϤºݤˤϤ˰ʳʤ첻 /aɪ/ ȤƸ˻äƤ롥̾ȯŸ beer, career, cheer, deer, here, mere, peer, severe, sincere, steer ʤ¿θȿǤƤꡤ嵭ξθ췲 /e:/ > /i:/ > /aɪ/ ʳФΤפ㳰ȹͤʤ롥
frer ʤɤθ췲ˤĤĴ٤ƤߤȡǤѸ־夲פФ۷ frir Ԥ줿פꡤΤ褦ʰ۷ GVS ϤˤʤäΤǤϤʤȹͤ롥ʤθ췲ǤΤߡ־夲פ줿۷̲Τ̤ȤʳФ褦˸ȤơƱͤ break, great, steak ˤ⼨ͿƤ뤫⤷ʤ
Ѹ friar ϡƥ frāter ե󥹸 frère ФѸ frer ȤäƤΤ嵭Τ褦ʳФǤꡤ/a:/ /aɪ/ ޤǸ򹭤ιȤ롥Ʊͤˡ*non-pār > *no(u)mper > noumpere > umpire ĹιʤߤˡθΡֿȽפΰ̣ϡ츻 non-peer ƱǤʤԡפǤ뤳ȤͤǼǤƬ n ξü16ʬ ( metanalysis ) ˤäΤȤƤ ( a noumpere > an oumpere )

סزˡ١Ѹ11罤۽Ź1985ǯ185ǡ
ͺ켣 رѸIIIA١Ѹ10罤۽Ź1984ǯ107ǡ

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