(pet name) 俷 (term of endearment) ϡŪˤ hypocorism ȸƤФ롥ꥷ hupo- "hypo-" + kórisma (cf. kóros (child))) ƤꡤҶ䤹ɽȤȤǤ롥Ѹ hypocorism κˤϤĤ뤬ŵŪʤΤ Robert Rob Τ褦˸ûΤǤ롥ε#1950. ʤ Bill William ΰΤˤʤΤ ([2014-08-29-1]) Ǥߤ褦ˡƬ˲ѰۤȼΤ⤢ꡤEdward Ned (cf. mine Ed), Edward Ted (cf. that Ed?), Ann Nan (cf. mine Ann) Τ褦ǤȤΰʬϤȤ뤳Ȥ롥
ۤˡ (hypocoristic suffix) -y -ie ղä Georgie, Charlie, Johnnie ʤɤ㤬ꡤȤ櫓̾˹ޤ롥ޤṳ̂Ĥ Elizabeth Betty, William Billy, Richard Ritchie ʤɤ¿ΰ۷Ȥ -sy, -sie ⤢ꡤElizabeth Betsy/Bessy, Anne Nancy, Patricia Patsy ʤɤˤߤ롥
ؿѸؼŵ (542) ˤСŪˤϡղäδ15溢 Charlie ʤɤåȥɤǻϤޤꡤ줬16ʹߤ˳Ϥ˹ޤäΤȤ롥ޤظʸˡŵ (670) ˤСϰΤǤ뤫̾ǤϤʤä18̾ȤƤǧ褦ˤʤä
OALD8 δ "Common first names" Ȥ䤬ꡤά̾䰦ΤΤˤĤƤϡǺܤƤ롥ʲФΤˤʳ̤դΤϡ̤λͿΡˡ
1. Female names
| Abigail | Abbie |
| Alexandra | Alex, Sandy |
| Amanda | Mandy |
| Catherine, Katherine, Katharine, Kathryn | Cathy, Kathy, Kate, Katie, Katy |
| Christina | Chrissie, Tina |
| Christine | Chris |
| Deborah | Debbie, Deb |
| Diana, Diane | Di |
| (Dorothy) | (Dol) |
| Eleanor | Ellie |
| Eliza | Liza |
| Elizabeth, Elizabeth | Beth, Betsy, Betty, Liz, Lizzie |
| Ellen, Helen | Nell |
| Frances | Fran |
| Georgina | Georgie |
| Gillian | Jill, Gill, Jilly |
| Gwendoline | Gwen |
| Jacqueline | Jackie |
| Janet | Jan |
| Janice, Janis | Jan |
| Jennifer | Jenny, Jen |
| Jessica | Jess |
| Josephine | Jo, Josie |
| Judith | Judy |
| Kristen | Kirsty |
| Margaret | Maggie, (Meg, Peg) |
| (Mary) | (Moll, Poll) |
| Nicola | Nicky |
| Pamela | Pam |
| Patricia | Pat, Patty |
| Penelope | Penny |
| Philippa | Pippa |
| Rebecca | Becky |
| Rosalind, Rosalyn | Ros |
| Samantha | Sam |
| Sandra | Sandy |
| Susan | Sue, Susie, Suzy |
| Susanna(h), Suzanne | Susie, Suzy |
| Teresa, Theresa | Tessa, Tess |
| Valerie | Val |
| Victoria | Vicki, Vickie, Vicky, Vikki |
| Winifred | Winnie |
| Albert | Al, Bert |
| Alexander | Alex, Sandy |
| Alfred | Alfie |
| Andrew | Andy |
| (Anthony) | (Tony) |
| Benjamin | Ben |
| Bernard | Bernie |
| (Boswell) | (Boz) |
| Bradford | Brad |
| Charles | Charlie, Chuck |
| Christopher | Chris |
| Clifford | Cliff |
| Daniel | Dan, Danny |
| David | Dave |
| Douglas | Doug |
| Edward | Ed, Eddie, Eddy, (Ned), Ted |
| Eugene | Gene |
| Francis | Frank |
| Frederick | Fred, Freddie, Freddy |
| Geoffrey, Jeffrey | Geoff, Jeff |
| Gerald | Gerry, Jerry |
| Gregory | Greg |
| Henry | Hank, Harry |
| Herbert | Bert, Herb |
| Jacob | Jake |
| James | Jim, Jimmy, Jamie |
| Jeremy | Jerry |
| John | |
| Johnny | |
| Jonathan | Jon |
| Joseph | Joe |
| Kenneth | Ken, Kenny |
| Laurence, Lawrence | Larry, Laurie |
| Leonard | Len, Lenny |
| Leslie | Les |
| Lewis | Lew |
| Louis | Lou |
| (Macaulay) | (Mac) |
| Matthew | Matt |
| Michael | Mike, Mick, Micky, Mickey |
| Nathan | Nat |
| Nathaniel | Nat |
| Nicholas | Nick, Nicky |
| Patrick | Pat, Paddy |
| (Pendennis) | (Pen) |
| Peter, Pete | |
| Philip | Phil |
| Randolph, Randolf | Randy |
| Raymond | Ray |
| Richard | Rick, Ricky, Ritchie, Dick |
| Robert | Rob, Robbie, Bob, Bobby |
| Ronald | Ron, Ronnie |
| Samuel | Sam, Sammy |
| Sebastian | Seb |
| Sidney, Sydney | Sid |
| Stanley | Stan |
| Stephen, Steven | Steve |
| Terence | Terry |
| Theodore | Theo |
| Thomas | Tom, Tommy |
| Timothy | Tim |
| Victor | Vic |
| Vincent | Vince |
| William | Bill, Billy, Will, Willy |
Ѹ but ¿1ĤǤ롥ˡ¿ʻߤƤ³졤ֻ졤̾졤졤̾졤ưޤǤϰϤΤʤȤƤˡܤʸˤ only ΰ̣Ѥ but 롥ʸ褦
He is but a child.
There is but one answer to your question.
There were a lot of famous people there: Tom Hanks and Julia Roberts, to name but two.
I heard it but now.
I don't think we'll manage it. Still, we can but try.
but Τΰ̣ˡŪˤϤɤ褿ΤͤƤߤСHe is but a child. Ȥʸ He is nothing but a child. Ȥ롥ԤǤ but ϡ?ơפΰդֻʬϤΤȤƤ깽¤Ȥʤ뤬Ԥι깽¤Ȼ¾ƱȤʤΤϰ츫ԻĤǤ롥Ūˤ only ΰ̣ but ϡޤ nothing but Τ褦깽¤꼭æ뤳ȤˤäΤǤ롥ṳ̂뤤ϾάλǤ롥Stern (264) ϼΤ褦˽Ҥ٤Ƥ롥
In English, an original ne--butan has been shortened to but: we nabbað her buton fif hlafas and twegen fiscas > we have here but five loafs and two fishes (Horn, Sprachkörper 90), he nis but a child > he is but a child (NED but 6). The immediate cause of the omission of the negation is not quite certain. It is not impossible that influence from other uses of but may have intervened.
OED but, prep., adv., conj., n.3, adj., and pron. θ6aˤƱݤεҤ롥
By the omission of the negative accompanying the preceding verb . . ., but passes into the adverbial sense of: Nought but, no more than, only, merely. (Thus the earlier 'he nis but a child' is now 'he is but a child'; here north. dialects use nobbut prep., conj., and adv. = nought but, not but, 'he is nobbut a child'.)
ʤOED ǤLangland (1393) ˡνȤʤäƤ뤬MED but (conj. (also quasi adj., adv., and prep.)) 2a ˤС13 The Owl and the Nightingale 㤬롥
û̡άݤȤƤϡne butan > but Ѳϡ"negative cycle" Ȥͭ̾ʥե ne . . . pas > pas ѲȤ롥pas ְ (pace) ۤɤΰ̣ǡľܤΰ̣ôƤ ne ȶƯƤne ޤäƼ줿̡pas 켫Τΰ̣ƤޤäΤǤʸˤ Ce n'est pas possible. > C'est pas possible. Ѳȡˡ pas ηФѲϡΰ̣ΰ̣ȤѲǤ뤫顤#1586. ʬβ̶ʬ ([2013-08-30-1]) Ǽ Croft νѸǤ "metanalysis" Ȥ
ΤˡȤȶƤ꼭æǡΰ̣ȤǤ϶̤ƤꡤŪû̡άǤˡ̣δϰ̣ž (meaning transfer) Ȥ (contagion) ȤƤ֤ȤǤbut pas ΥǤϡˤư㤤롥 (115) Ѥ褦ʸʸηϡǤˤƤˡ
ne + pas Ǥϡ꼭 ne ΰ̣ pas ΰ̣ҰӤȴ֤줿ΤФơ but ȯãǤϡbutan ΰ̣ϤΤޤݻ졤Τ ne ΰ̣žƤ롥˴ؤƶ̣Τϡ꼭 ne ϲŪ˾äƤޤäΤˡ̣ʤ˴Τ褦˻ĤäƤǤ롥Ĥޤꡤ but ˡǤϡά줿Ǥΰ̣žƤ֤but ¾ˡ٤ựʣˤʤäƤ롥
äơbut ηФѲϡCroft Τ "metanalysis" ˤϸ̩ƤϤޤʤ褦˸롥Ĥϡbut ηФѲ (contagion) ǤϤʤûŪ (contractive contagion) ɽpas ѲȤ϶̤Ƥ롥ʤStern ϤΥ̣ѲΤʤ Shortening ʤ٤ ClippingˤȤƵƤʡ#1873. Stern ˤ̣Ѳ7ʬ ([2014-06-13-1]) ȡˡ
Stern, Gustaf. Meaning and Change of Meaning. Bloomington: Indiana UP, 1931.
ְ̣Ѳסذ̣١ԡˡˡīҽŹ2012ǯ106--33ǡ
εǡʬ (reanalysis) ʬ (metanalysis) ȤѸȤ櫓̤ѤƤCroft (82--86) ϸԤԤ1ǤȹͤƤ롥ĤޤꡤʬϤϰʬϤξ̳ǰǤȤƤ롥Croft ˤС"form-function reanalysis" ϢŪ (syntagmatic) 4κʬϤŪ (paradigmatic) 1κʬϤض̤롥ʲơȤȤ˼
(1) hyperanalysis: "[A] speaker ananlyzes out a semantic component from a syntactic element, typically a semantic component that overlaps with that of another element. Hyperanalysis accounts for semantic bleaching and eventually the loss of syntactic element" (82) 㤨СűѸˤ°ʤư줬ꡤư٤гʤ夤ȤгʤȤϰ̣Ūʺۤäȹͤ뤬ưԤǤ¿쾯ʤƱǽͭƤˡѸˤ°ʹ¤Ϥͥгʹ¤˼ä줿Ѳϡ°ʤδްդ졤Ū;Ȥʤꡤ°ʹ¤гʹ¤˵ۼȤɤäƤꡤhyperanalysis 1ȹͤ롥
(2) hypoanalysis: "[A] semantic component is added to a syntactic element, typically one whose distribution has no discriminatory semantic value. Hypoanalysis is the same as exaptation . . . or regrammaticalization . . ." (83) Somerset/Dorset Ǥϡ3ñͳ褹 -s do-periphrasis ȯŸȤ߹蘆뤳ȤˤꡤɸѼˤϸʤζ̤"I sees the doctor tomorrow." 1٤νɽ路"I do see him every day." Ϸ֤νŪʽɽ魯Ǥϡ-s do Ū˼Ѥ줿ǽȤϰۤʤ뵡ǽô蘆褦ˤʤäȹͤ롥
(3) metanalysis: "[A] contextual semantic feature becomes inherent in a syntactic element while an inherent feature is analyzed out; in other words, it is simultaneous hyperanalysis/hypoanalysis. Metanalysis typically takes place when there is a unidirectional correlation of semantic features (one feature frequently occurs with another, but the second often does not occur with the first)." (83) ³ since ˤĤơλŪʰ̣鸶̣߽Ф줿㤬롥"negative cycle" ̤Ǥ롥
(4) cryptanalysis: "[A] covertly marked semantic feature is reanalyzed as not grammatically marked, and a grammatical marker is inserted. Cryptanalysis typically occurs when there is an obligatory transparent grammatical marker available for the covertly marked semantic feature. Cryptanalysis accounts for pleonasm (for example, pleonastic and paratactic negation) and reinforcement." (84) 㤨С"I really miss having a phonologist around the house." "I really miss not having a phonologist around the house." not ̵ͭΰ㤤ˤ⤫餺ƱǤ롥not ϡmiss ˰Ť˴ޤޤƤŪ not ˤäƸ߲˾üԤˤ롤cryptanalysis η̤ǤȤߤʤȤǤ롥
(5) intraference: ƱηǤεǽˤäơ֤̤η֤ƶ㡥Croft ˾ܤϤʤäŪ (analogy) ˶ᤤΤȹͤ롥interference ̤θηϤȤƤȤ館ΤФơintraference ƱηϤΤʤǤȤƤȤ館롥
Τ褦ʺʬϤζʬϡǽΩ줫Ѳ褦Ȥݤ1ĤΥǥȤƻͤˤʤ롥
Croft, William. "Evolutionary Models and Functional-Typological Theories of Language Change." Chapter 4 of The Handbook of the History of English. Ed. Ans van Kemenade and Bettelou Los. Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2006. 68--91.
his °ʤˤĤƤϡ#819. his °ʡ ([2011-07-25-1]) Ǽ夲αѸ˾ν#1417. °ȯã ([2013-03-14-1])
ԤǤϡJanda Allen θΰ㤤˸ڤJanda ܸ̾ (enclitic) ȤƤ -'s ȯã𤷤¤Ȥơhis °ʤɾΤФơAllen Ū -es °ʤŪʬ (metanalysis) ˤ꽽ʬȤơhis °ʤδͿɾʤξԤεˤϰĹû뤬his °ʤѤ褦ˤʤäʳǰʬϤȤȤϴְ㤤ʤ
his °ʤνиȯãˤĤƤϤ˵ɬפhis °ʤοˤĤƤϤޤܤʤhis °ʤϡűѸѸ˨꤬졤15ʹߤˤʤꡤ17ޤ¸³18溢ޤǤˤѤ줿ѤȤʤäطʤˤϲäΤ
Janda (247--48) ϡΤ褦Ƥ롥
Though 'very rare in the North and infrequent in the rest of the country, [it] gains ground considerably in the 15th century and remains a popular means of expression right down to the 17th' (M:161). 'The use of his . . . as a sign of the genitive . . . had its widest currency in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries' (P:196). Use of the construction declined gradually thereafter, so that it was virtually lost by the mid-eighteenth century. It has been conjectured that '[t]he pronoun form dropped out partly perhaps because of the antipathy of most stylists from the sixteenth century on to "pleonastic" or repetitive pronouns' (T:125)--and, in general, to any analyticity (periphrasis) in English where it diverged from Latin syntheticity. (247--48)
Ĥޤꡤ16ʹߤʸԤ (1) his °ʤΤľĹ(2) ƥΤ֤ѸʬäǤϤʤȤޤJanda ̤βս (250) ǡ-'s Ȥɽδ㤬ΩȡǽŪˤ⡤h 첻μ岽ˤ벻ξṳ̈ơ˲Ūˤ his °ʤʬŪ˲᤹ʤʤäΤǤϤʤȤݤΤȤҤ٤Ƥ롥ʸŪӲŪʾȤ߹碌ˤꡤhis °ʤ -'s ΤۤŪ˹ޤ褦ˤʤäȤȤβ뤿ˤϡξˤĤƤܺ٤ʸڤɬפ
Janda, Richard. "On the Decline of Declensional Systems: The Overall Loss of OE Nominal Case Inflections and the ME Reanalysis of -es as his." Papers from the Fourth International Conference on Historical Linguistics. Ed. Elizabeth C. Traugott, Rebecca Labrum, and Susan Shepherd. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 1980. 243--52.
Allen, Cynthia L. "The Origins of the 'Group Genitive' in English." Transactions of the Philological Society 95 (1997): 111--31.
Ѹʹߤ apostrophe s ϡ̾ˤĤȤߤʤϡ̾ˤĤܸ (enclitic) ȤߤʤۤΤǤ롥ȤΤϡthe king of England's daughter Τ褦° (group genitive) ȤƤˡǧ뤫Ǥ롥apostrophe s ϡ³˷Ūñ̤Ȥϡ췲³Ūñ̡ʤܸ (clitic) Ȥߤʤɬפ롥
apostrophe s εȹͤ -es ϡѸˤϡΤ̾ˤĤä줬̾ܤ°ʤˡΤϤʤηϲäΤѸˤǤ˵ƤǤ롥
Ĥθ (Janda) ˤС°ʤؤȯŸʳǡ#819. his °ʡ ([2011-07-25-1]) ȤƺѤΤǤϤʤȤñ㲽ƼС(1) °ʸ -es ȿ;̾ñ° his Ȥ̵ƱȤʤ¤ȡ(2) ľ̾̾ȤƤ his °ʤȤ2ؤäơΤ褦㼰ǽȤʤäΤǤϤʤȤ
king his doughter : king of England his doughter = kinges doughter : X
X = king of Englandes doughter
Allen ϤƱդʤPPCME2 䤽¾ѸƥȤͿ뤢Ƥ̡his °ʤȤʤäƷ°ʤȤ븫ˤϡڵ塤̵Ȥ롥Allen ϡȤ櫓"attached genitive" Ū -es °ʡˤ "separated genitive" his °ʡˤȤδ֤ˡĶ˱Ƥʬ۾κʤȤˡѸ his °ʤ "just an orthographical variant of the inflection" (118) Ǥȷ롥
Ǥϡ°ʤȯã his °ʤȤΤǤϤʤäȤȡ¾ˤɤΤ褦ʷꤨΤAllen ϤȤơ"the gradual extension of the ending -es to all classes of nouns, making what used to be an inflection indistinguishable from a clitic" (120) ƤƤ롥14ޤǤ°ʸΧ -(e)s 褦ˤʤꡤ줬ϤȤƤǤϤʤ̵Ѳܸª˻äΤǤϤʤȤޤǽη°ʤϡThe grete god of Loves name (Chaucer, HF 1489) þe kyng of Frances men (Trevisa's Polychronicon, VIII, 349.380) ˸褦ʡм of ȼä귿Ǥꡤʣ̾ȤǤ褦ɽǤ롥줬Ȳ졤ľ˽ͭ -(e)s ĤȤΤϤޤäԻĤǤϤʤ
Allen ϡ16Ⱦ鸽 his °ʤʿŪ her °ʤ their °ʤˤĤƤϡǤ-(e)s ˤ뷲°ʤΩʬ (metanalysis) η̤ǤꡤŪɽˤʤȸƤ롥ΰʬϤ"spelling pronunciation" ʤ "spelling syntax" (124) ȸڤƤΤ̣
Allen ηѤ褦 (124)
A closer examination of the relationship between case-marking syncretism and the rise of the 'group genitive' than has previously been carried out provides evidence that the increase in syncretism led to the reanalysis of -es as a clitic. There is evidence that this change of status from inflection to clitic was not accomplished all at once; inflectional genitives coexisted with the clitic genitive in late ME and the clitic seems to have attached to conjoined nouns and appositives before it attached to NPs which did not end in a possessor noun. The evidence strongly suggests that the separated genitive of ME did not serve as the model for the introduction of the group genitive, and I have suggested that the separated genitive was an orthographic variant of the inflectional genitive, but that after the group genitive was firmly established there were attempts to treat it as a genitive pronoun.
Allen Appendix I ˤơMustanoja (160) his °ʤȤƵƤűѸѸ줫[2011-07-25-1]ǵˤ¿路ǤƤ롥
ʤ°ʤˤĤƤϡBaugh and Cable (241) ˤñʸڤ롥
Janda , Richard. "On the Decline of Declensional Systems: The Overall Loss of OE Nominal Case Inflections and the ME Reanalysis of -es as his." Papers from the Fourth International Conference on Historical Linguistics. Ed. Elizabeth C. Traugott, Rebecca Labrum, and Susan Shepherd. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 243--52.
Allen, Cynthia L. "The Origins of the 'Group Genitive' in English." Transactions of the Philological Society 95 (1997): 111--31.
Mustanoja, T. F. A Middle English Syntax. Helsinki: Société Néophilologique, 1960.
Baugh, Albert C. and Thomas Cable. A History of the English Language. 5th ed. London: Routledge, 2002.
ʸˡǤϡbetween among λȤʬˤĤơԤϡ2ĤΤΤδ֡סԤϡ3İʾΤΤδ֡פΰ̣˻Ȥ٤ȤƤ롥ξԤζ̤εҤϡºݤλѤ˾Ȥ餷Ūʴ¿Խʬ٤§ȤƤͤ¿ε§εäΩĴפϡbetween θ츻ˤ롥츻 "by two" Ǥ뤫顤Ūˤ2ĤΤΤƤϤʤʤȤ櫓Ǥ롥
Ǥϡ⤦ܤ between θ츻ߤƤߤ褦űѸǤϡbetwēonum η betwēon ηȤäԤθȾ -twēonum Ͽ twā (two) ʣͿʷбԤθȾ -twēon Ʊʣгʷб롥Ԥηϡbetwēonan ʤɤΰ۷֤ȯãѸ bitwene(n) ȤʤꡤԤη˸¤줿Ѹ bitwen Ȥʤäμ岽ȾüˤꡤɤΤȤ15ˤ2ͻ礷 between Ϣʤ֤ΩĤޤꡤbetween ϡűѸ̤2η֤Ѹˤͻ礷̤뤳ȤǤ롥űѸ between the seas ʤɤιʸϡbe sǣm twēonum "by seas two" ȤƸ뤳Ȥ顤 "by" "two" ̡ŪǽôäƤȹͤ뤬"by two seas" Τ褦ܤ֤¤Ȥˡ1Ĥʣֻʬ (metanalysis) ˻äΤˡto us-ward to-ward us ΰʬϤ롥
ơbetween ˤϡŤᤫƱ줬롥betwixt Ǥ롥ϸűѸ betwēox ͳ褹뤬Ⱦ -twēox ̤ȡޥĸ *twa "two" + *-iskaz "-ish" ˤɤĤ2ĤۤɤΤΤδ֡פȤ褦ʡȤäΤűѸǤ betwux, betyx ʤɤΰ۷֤äѸǤ bitwix(e) ʤɤη֤ͥȤʤä1300ǯˡDracula ˸ whilst ([2010-09-17-1]) #739. glide, prosthesis, epenthesis, paragoge ([2011-05-06-1]) ǿ줿褦ˡ -t źä졤줬̲ʤѸθˡbetwixt and between ʤɤäĤϤäꤷʤˤȤ礬롥
Ѹˤ֤ʤɤϡMED "bitwēne (prep.)" "bitwix(e) (prep.)" ȡ
ʤƬ˽Ҥ٤ between among εŪʻȤʬˤĤơOED "between, prep., adv., and n." ϸ19ˤơŪʴʰոҤ٤Ƥ롥
In all senses, between has been, from its earliest appearance, extended to more than two. . . . It is still the only word available to express the relation of a thing to many surrounding things severally and individually, among expressing a relation to them collectively and vaguely: we should not say 'the space lying among the three points,' or 'a treaty among three powers,' or 'the choice lies among the three candidates in the select list,' or 'to insert a needle among the closed petals of a flower'.
Fowler's (106) Ǥ⡤Ūʶ̵̤뤳ȤƤ롥 (176) Ǥϡbetween 3İʾΤΤѤˡϼǧ뷹ꡤäƹǤϤηפȤ롥
Burchfield, Robert, ed. Fowler's Modern English Usage. Rev. 3rd ed. Oxford: OUP, 1998.
ͧ ԡظѸˡŵ١Ʋ2006ǯ
Ѹʸˡˡto ΰ̣μɽ魯ˡfor + ̾פ֤빽ʸ롥 for ϼȤʸˡŪʵǽôäƤˤ¼Ūʰ̣⤿ʤΤǡ"inorganic for" ȸƤФ뤳Ȥ롥for . . . to . . . ʸεȯãϱѸˤǤ˰ƤѸΤ褦ƱʸͳѤǤϥޥϤƤʤͳʻȤ "Hearne was no critic. A hasty and ill-natured judgment might conclude that it sufficed for a document to appear old for him to wish to print it." ʤɤʤ顤Zandvoort (265) inorganic for ޤʸˤĤƼΤ褦ɾƤ롥
Both in familiar and in literary style this construction has branched out in so many directions that not only has it become one of the most distinctive features of modern English syntax, but on occasion, too, one of those that may be employed to give to an utterance a somewhat esoteric turn.
ǼͳȸƤǤΤϡ"It is absurd for us to quarrel." Τ褦ŵŪˡΤߤʤ餺͡Ķ˸줦뤫㤨С"The rule was for women and men to sit apart." Τ褦ʼǤˡ"For us to have refused the loan would have been a declaration of economic war." Τ褦ʾ濫뤤Ϸ̤ˡ"She longed for him to say something." "I always wanted so for things to be beautiful." Τ褦ưθ֤ˡ"I am not afraid for them to see it." Τ褦˷ƻθ֤ˡ"There were cries for the motion to be put." Τ褦̾ȴؤäŪɽ魯ˡʤɡZandvoort (268) ϡinorganic for ΤˡηŪ˵ҤʸˡʤʤǡKruisinga ̤ιֵΡȤ˼ƤʷˤŪͤҤĤ仿
Prepositional Object and Stem with to.
Type: I shall be glad for you to help us. --- With regard to the facts of Living English it must be understood that the constr. is a supplementary one to the plain object & stem. the two are really parallel: a) the plain obj. & verbal stem are used with verbs; b) the preposit. object & stem is used with nouns & adjectives chiefly, and as a subject & nom. predicate, i.e. in practically all the other functions when a stem with to can be used at all. Finally the prep. obj. with stem is found with verbs, in a more or less clearly final meaning (see quot. in Shorter Acc.: pushing the glasses along the counter nodded for them to be filled).
"It is absurd for us to quarrel." ʤɤιʸεˤĤƤϡѸˤǤ "It is absurd for us | to quarrel." "It is absurd | for us to quarrel." Ȥʬ (metanalysis) ˤΤȤƤ롥Zandvoort (269) ϡΰʬϤǽȤʤ뤿ˤ for us absurd θ˸뤳ȤɬפǤꡤѸθǤϤξƤȤŻ뤹롥ɥĸ䥪Ǥϡ for us ʬϷƻ˸ΤǤꡤʬϤϤʤƱ²ȤӤ˴Ťιʸεˤ "the fixity of English word-order" (269) ȤޤɬפȤμĥϤ롥
Zandvoort, R. W. "A Note on Inorganic For." English Studies 30 (1949): 265--69.
[v] ϤȤͭ첻Ǽ䤹ȤŪħ롥ͭȤŪˤϡбμ岽ˤäƤ⤢롥ƥ rīpam "bank, shore", sētam "silk", focum "hearth" θڥǤ riba, seda, fuego "fire" ƤꡤեǤ rive, soie, feu Τ褦ˤ˼岽뤤ϾüƤ (Bloomfield 374)
[v] ˸ꤹСѸǤ⡤λҲ첻ǤФкƤ롥Ѹ auger, curfew, had, head, kerchief, lady, lark, lord, poor ϡȯ [v] ޤޤƤʤ [v] äƤ[v] κ13ʹߤΤȤƤ롥
(401, 410--11) ˤС[v] κ줿ĶˤϤĤμबǧ롥Ǥ3夲褦1ܤϡa ˸³k, g, l ֤ĶǤ롥㤨Сauger hawk ʤɤǡŪ [v] Ƥ롥ԤϸűѸ nafogār ̤ꡤ nafu "nave" + gār "spear" ιǤ롥Ѹ a g ˶ޤ줿 [v] 졤 a nauger an auger ʬΤǤʰʬϤˤĤƤϡ[2009-05-03-1]ε#4. ǶܤǤѸñȯڤƤ롩פ metanalysis γƵȡˡԤϡűѸ h(e)afoc Ѹˤ [v] 줿ΤǤ롥
2ܤ d ֤ˤƤǤꡤűѸ hæfde "had", hēafdes "head's", hlǣfdige "lady" ʤɤˤ [v] ü
3ܤϡΤĹ첻θ֤ǡ r(C), l, m, n ֤ˤƤǤꡤűѸ lāferce "lark" 䡤ťե줫μѸ cuevrechief "kerchief", cuevrefeu "curfew", povre "poor" ʤɤˤ [v] ü
Ϣơlady lord θˤˤĤƤϡ#23. "Good evening, ladies and gentlemen!"ϴְ㤤 ([2009-05-21-1]) ȡ
Bloomfield, Leonard. Language. 1933. Chicago and London: U of Chicago P, 1984.
סزˡ١Ѹ11罤۽Ź1985ǯ
for the nonce ʤäơ¤ϡʬˤȤ礬롥The team is called "the Lions," at least for the nonce. Τ褦˻Ȥ롥ɽˤϡ괧 the ΤĤƤζ̾Ĥߤ졤츻Ū˶̣
ߤη֤ľܤˤĤʤϡ1200ǯ餤κȤ Ormulum ˤ forr þe naness ȤƸ롥3θƬ n ϡľ괧νѸǤñͿʶ þen θ n ʬ (metanalysis) 줿ΤǤꡤ촴ΰȺƲᤵƸߤ˻äƤ롥ĤƤñͿʶճʤȤDzŪĤäƤǤ롥
ζϡŪˤ̣Ūˤ⸽ѸǤ *for the once б뤫Τ褦˸뤬Ūˤ3 once 뤤 one's [2009-07-18-1]ε#81. once twice -ce ȤϲפȡˤѸ°ʤ˴Ťɽľͳ褹Ȳˤ롥OED ˤС°ʷϳΤ˴ŪˤϴͿζϡषűѸ˸ to þam anum νѸ to þan ane ʤɤӤ٤one ͿʤޤɽȤƻϤޤäΤǤϤʤȤ夷°ʷϡͿʷִ줿Τȹͤ롥ִͳȤƤϡְ١פ̣Τ°ʤͳ褹 anes, ones ¤ǡͿʤͳ褹 ane, ene Ѥ줿Ȥ顤ξԤθؤäΤǤϤʤ
ѸǤϡʬϤη֤η֤¸ƤꡤMED ˤ ōnes (adv.) θ5 nōnes (n.(1)) θ1ξˡζ礬ϿƤ롥ԤˤСߤˡפȡ¤ϡפθΤۤˡոȤ "indeed" ۤɤθ䡤ΧŪȤƤΰ̣δˡȵܤƤ롥դ뤤ȤƤBliss Sir Orfeo (Auchinleck MS, ll. 51--56)
Þe king hadde a quen of priis Þat was y-cleped Dame Heurodis, Þe fairest leuedi, for þe nones, Þat miȝt gon on bodi & bones, Ful of loue & of godenisse; Ac no man may telle hir fairnise.
Ȥưʳˤ⡤nonce ˤϡΡפȤƻȤƤˡ롥̾ȤȤ˰ʣơؤνѸȤ nonce-word ˡnonce-form ˤʤɤȻȤˡνϡOED Ի James Murray 1884ǯ OED ǤѤȤǤ롥
1884 N.E.D. Fasc. 1, p. x, Words apparently employed only for the nonce, are, when inserted in the Dictionary, marked nonce-wd.
OED ˤλݤܤܤƤΤ顤OED ˤ뼫ˡȤäƤ褤
Bliss, A. J., ed. Sir Orfeo. 2nd ed. Oxford: Clarendon, 1966.
̾ <advice> /ədˈvaɪs/ ǡư <advise> /ədˈvaɪz/ ȰۤʤΤϤʤȯֻξˤѤʵ䤬줿OED 츻ŵεҤͤˡƤ椯
ޤθΩ֤äƤߤ롥ƥƬ ad- "to" ˡvidēre "to see" βʬ vīsum äΤǡ "according to one's view" ۤɤǤ롥顤¯ƥ *advīsu(m) "opinion" ȤäΤǤϤʤȹͤƤ롥ʩˤ⤳ʿŪäꤵƤꡤce m'est à vis "this is according to my view" ce m'est avis "this is my view" ȰʬϤ줿Τ뤳Ȥ¿ޤ¯ƥʩǤϡ̾ *advīsāre > aviser Ȥư줬
Ѹؤϡ14˸ʩ줫顤̾ưξѤ줿ϡֻˤ⡤1ҲȤ <d> Ƥ餺ǽҲ <c> ǤϤʤ <s> äե¦Ǥϡ14--16ˡ̻ƥȤ <d> 褵ֻ advis [2011-02-09-1]ε#653. ѸˤեѸȥƥѸζ̡פȡˡ15 Caxton ѸƳ夵Ʊ15ˤϡ2첻ĹǤ뤳Ȥ뤿˸ <e> źä줿ơ16ˤϡ̾ˤĤơҲ̵Ǥ뤳Ȥ뤿 <s> <c> ؽ줿ޤȤС14--16ˤƤ avis > advis > advise > advice ȤȯֻѲɤȤǤ롥
ưˤĤƤϡե aviser ͳ褹ΤȤ <s> ͭҲɽ路Τǡηϩκǽʳ˸ <c> ؤν뤳ȤϤʤääȤ⡤ºݤˤϡѸǡư <c> ֻ⤢ä褦ǡ̾Ȥ¿κƱϤä褦Ǥ롥
̾ advice ư advise ֻϡetymological_respelling "pronunciation spelling" ([2011-07-05-1], [2011-07-31-1]) Ȥäʣʲη̤Ǥꡤζ̤ϸ츻ŪʤΤǤϤʤƱͤȤơ̾ prophecy ư prophesy ⤢롥⡤18˳Ω츻ŪֻΩǤ롥
#122. /kn/ ǻϤޤñ ([2009-08-27-1]) εǡǤƬ /kn/ Ū /k/ 岽üƤˡߡֻ <kn> Фȯ /n/ б̤ȤʤäƤ뤳ȤǤޤ /k-n/ Ϣ³ˤϡ/k/ ϼʤäȤ acknowledge ( ac- + knowledge ) θˤ (blend or contamination) ʬ (metanalysis) Ȥ̣ݤؤäƤ롥ϤˤĤƿ줿
Ѹֻ <acknowledge> ȽǤˡθ ac + know + ledge ؤȷʬϤǤ褦ˤߤ롥know 캬ǤꡤƬ ac- -ledge ղäΤ褦κۤƤ롥줬ΤȤưȤƵǽƤȤΤϰճǤ롥ȤΤϡledge (< OE -lāc) ϡknowledge wedlock ([2011-05-12-1]ε#745. 뺧 wedlockפȡˤʤɤ˸̤ꡤ̾ʤˤϲŪбǧƤ餺¾ƤƤˡƬ ac- Τۤϡֻ on ƬѷΤǤ롥űѸˤϡoncnāwan ǧ롨ǧˤȤ줬ꡤacknowledge Ȥΰ̣Ϣ³ϵʤ
ޤȤȡacknowledge ϼΤ褦ʸФΤǤϤʤȿ¬롥ޤűѸ "know" 캬Ȥ oncnāwan Ȥư줬¸ߤ"know" 캬Ȥ̾Ȥơknoulech(e) Ѹᤤʳ12˸줿̾ϡʻžˤꤽΤޤưȤƤѤƤꡤθưȤƤϡճˤϢŤƤΤ⤷ʤoncnāwan ͳ褹 knoulech(e) ȤѸ˺aknowleche Ȥ줬ޤ줿
ޤ줿ꡤ캬Ƭ /k/ ƬذĤ줿褦ʰʬŪֻ <ack-> ѤƤꡤǤƬϡ on- ͳ褹ΤǤϤʤޥŪ a(c)- (ex. accept, acquire) ȤƺƲᤵƤȤ롥̤Ȥơ/k/ Ƭ¦βȤǧ褦ˤʤꡤ1718ˤ know(ledge) ʤɤθǸƬ /k/ üݤˤ⡤acknowledge /k/ ϾüȤ줿ΤǤ롥
츻ŪʴΩƤСacknowledge(ment) ϡѸ캬 know Τʤͣ /k/ ݤäȤȤǤ뤬ʬϤȤŪŪΩƤСݤ줿 /k/ ϡ캬°벻ǤϤʤƬ°벻ȹͤ٤
ƥ pār Ȥƻ濴Ūʸ "equal, equal to, a match for, of the same rank or age, fit, meet, suitable, proper, right" ¿줬߽Ф졤ĤϱѸˤѤƤ롥ʡ (469--71) ꡤѸäȰʲ̤ꡥ
compare, comparable, incomparable, incomparably, comparative, comparatively, comparison; par, parity, disparity; pair; peer, compeer, peerage, peerless; disparage, disparagement; umpire
compare θϡƱΤΤĤ碌פǤꡤߤǤѵȤʤäƤ뤬֥饤Хפɽ魯̾ȤƤѤ줿ƱԤŨȤߤ뤫̣Ȥߤ뤫ϻŤǡcompeer ϤषԤΤȤ館ȿǤƤꡤ֡פƱνפɽ魯Ʊͤˡpeer ϡ²ֵ²פΰ̣ȯãѸؼѤ줿 par ϡʿ̲ʡפ̣롥pair ƱΤ2Ĥʤ1ȤǤ롥umpire ϡ[2010-07-25-1]ε#454. GVS ʳФ褦˸ brier, choir, friar, umpireפǤߤ褦ˡnon-peer ƱǤʤԡˤκǽ n ʬ (metanalysis) 졤æͳ褹롥
ơƥ pār ϡĸ *perə- "to allot" ˤΤܤꡤ캬ΰ̣ϡֳƤ롤ƤפȤäȤƤפϤޤꡤס٤סƱסƱ̤μԡפʤɤؤỌ̇̄ȯŸ줬߽Ф줿ΤȤߤ뤳ȤǤ
pār ΰϢꤢΤϡΰ̣ι꤬ܸΤ캬ξȤ⤷ۤɰפ뤫Ǥ롥ˤĤƤεǡ
ʡ ԡرѸ츻ŵ١ܿ饤֡1992ǯ
[2010-06-24-1]ε#423. ե٥åȤˡڤ[2012-01-28-1]ε#1006. 롼ʸѼפǡ롼ʸε˿줿ˤĤƤ¿Ѹ˻ĤäƤ뤤Ĥθθ츻顤롼ʸʸΤʤˤˤĤΤ뤳ȤǤ롥
롼ʸν뤤ϹˤĤƼͿϡwrite Ǥ롥θϰĸ̤ŤˤäƤ뤬ڤޤϼ˽ĤơʸʤɤĦפȤäƤϡɥĸ reißen ʰˤ˻Ĥ롥ܸǤֽפϡߤפ̤롥
롼ʸŪᤤʸߤΤäȤСɤ߲Ȥ read äˤʤűѸ rǣdan ˤϡ̴֡ʤΡ˰̣ɤ롤᤹פθǧ졤ñˡɤפȤָƤפδްդ̾Ĥϡread one's mind, read the future, read a riddle ʤɤɽ˻Ĥ롥Ǹɽˤ riddle ΤϢűѸ rǣdels ˤͳ褷Ʊ²ŪιʸȤ롥14˸ -s ʣȤʬ (metanalysis) 졤ߤη֤θ줿[2010-04-06-1]ε#344. cherry ΰʬϡפȡˡ
롼ʸߤʽǺȤСbeech ʥ֥ʤڡˤä⤷ʤ첻ؤ̤ book ˤ̤ǽ뤳Ȥϡ[2011-01-19-1]ε#632. book beechפǿ줿
Ǹˡrune Τθ츻ŪˤϡűѸ rūn ʤ䤭롤ѡˤͳ褹ȲᤵƤѡפ connotation ϡťΥɸбˤϤäȤƤ⡤űѸˤϤξڵʤűѸǤϤषꥹȶˤǤƱȤơμζͭפۤɤΰ̣Ѥ줿Ȥ⤬ (Crystal 9) űѸ rūn ϸѸǤ */raʊn/ ȤʤϤϻĤäƤʤ¤ΤȤ֥롼ʸפȤƤ rune νФ17ΤȤǡ̲ؼԤˤƥͳƤκƳǤ롥ḽǤϡrune ˭ǿŪ connotation ơʤ͡ϤΩƤƤ롥
Crystal, David. The English Language. 2nd ed. London: Penguin, 2002.
ǯư衤flat_adverb ˤĤƤĤƤĴ٤Ƥ뤦˽꤬ޤäƤΤǡȤƽĤƤ
(1) ּˤѤ졤üŪ϶ɽסʾp. 507ˡñ줬褯ѤΤϡʸŪûʬṲ̄ǡΤǤϤ϶ɽȤƹޤ뷹: It hurts bad. / Take it easy. / Go slow.סʹ, p. 522
(2) Ƥθ졦¯¿Ѥ뤳ȤϴҤʹڡpp. 86, 91ˡex. act brave, dance graceful, land safe, work regular, sit tight, mighty dangerous, reasonable busy, moderate good luck, everlasting cold, get ugly drunk, hustlingest busy; I see things different than I used to.; You are plain lucky.
(3) ζʤ̾ʤɤŪѤ롥ex. "Love Me Tender", "Treat me nice".
(4) ȤƤ very εȤ ([2012-01-12-1], [2012-01-13-1]) ̾ηƻϢ³ˤơηƻ줬ηƻȤưʬϤ㤬ߤ (ex. an icy cold drink, a blazing hot fire) ˡ̾줬ʤȤΩ burning hot, soaking wet, dazzling white ʤɤ⸫͡p. 589ˡ
(5) ƻ줬ƱΥڥˤ5ढꡤʲ iii, iv դ꤬ŵŪ flat adverb ȸƤФΤ (Huddleston and Pullum 568)
idaily, hourly, weekly, deadly, kindly, likely
iidownright, freelance, full-time, non-stop, off-hand, outright, overall, part-time, three-fold, wholesale, worldwide
iiibleeding, bloody, damn(ed), fucking
ivclean, clear, dear, deep, direct, fine, first, flat, free, full, high, last, light, loud, low, mighty, plain, right, scarce, sharp, slow, sure, tight, wrong
valike, alone, early, extra, fast, hard, how(ever), late, long, next, okay, solo
(6) flat adverb -ly adverb Ǥϡʬʸ (cleft sentence) Ǿ줿ǧǽۤʤ롥flat adverb ϡưʬǤ뤳Ȥˤ֤ǤȤ狼ˤʤ뤿ˡǧ٤㤯ʤΤǤϤʤʹڡp. 522ˡ
*It was slow that he drove the car into the garage. vs It was slowly that he drove the car into the garage.
*It was loud that they argued. vs It was loudly that they argued.
flat adverb ³줿̤θǽȡǤ뤳ȤΤˤʤꡤǧ䤹ex. It was loud and clear that he spoke.; It was extremely loud that they argued.
(7) A and B ȷƻ³ȡA-ly B ۤɤΰդȤʤ (hendiadys) ⡤ƻ첽ȤݤΰȤƤȤ館뤳ȤǤ͡pp. 531, 589ˡex. nice and cool (= "nicely cool"), good and tired (="well tired"), rare and hungry (="quite hungry").
ͧ ԡظѸˡŵ١Ʋ2006ǯ
ͺ° ̭ ԡظʸˡŵ١Ʋ1992ǯ
Huddleston, Rodney and Geoffrey K. Pullum. The Cambridge Grammar of the English Language. Cambridge: CUP, 2002.
ж Ϻ ԡظѸؼŵ١Ʋ1973ǯ
ʸͺ ƽؿѸؼŵ١ҡ1987ǯ
ε[2012-01-12-1]˰³դ very ˤˤĤոϡvery Ū˷ƻȤȤȤĶˡˤĤʤäΤǤϤʤȤ Mustanoja Ҳ𤷤MED Ʊͤ˹ͤƤ褦ǡ"verrei (adj.)" θ츻ˤơ뤳Ȥ˿Ƥ롥
When verrei adj. precedes another modifier, it is difficult if not impossible to distinguish (a) the situation in which both function as adjectives modifying the noun, from (b) that in which the modifier nearest the noun forms a syntactic compound with it (which compound is modified by verrei) and from (c) that in which verrei functions as an adverb modifying the adjective immediately following; some exx. of (a) and (b) now in this word may = (c) and belong to verrei adv.
㤨Сa verrai gentil man ȤǹͤС(a) ɤߤǤ "a true gentle man"(b) Ǥ "a true gentleman"(c) Ǥ "a truly gentle man" ȤѸɽ˼칽¤βȤʤ롥μζܤΤޤʹ¤顤ʬ (metanalysis) η̡ȤƤ very ȯãȹͤ롥
ǵäΤϷƻ줫ؤʻž (conversion) ˤֿ¡פȤϤޤݻƤȤϤֿ¤ˡˡפθ֤ȤƤ⡤ˡפζդθؤƻΤϡƶᤤ֤κζϾǤ뤳ȤϡMED "verrei (adv.)" 2 (a) (d) ͿƤΥǡ⤦Τ롥Ƹɽ魯ʸ̮٤Ƥ⡤ߤ˰̣ɤۤʤΤˤ狼ˤȽǤǤʤ
ֿ¤ˡפ֤ȤƤפζϺ´ˤϡǤѤ "sign-off" ʸ㤬Ŭvery ȤƤˡȯãȤơPaston Letters ʸ Vere hartely your, Molyns 롥Ǥ hartely "sincerely, affectionately" ۤɤΰդǡvere ϡֿ¤ˡפθȡñ˶դ֤ȤƤפθȤ¸ƤȲᤷ (Room 278)
ʾΤ褦ˡvery ϡեƻμѢƻֿ¤Ρעֿ¤ˡע֤ȤƤפءˡȸȯŸƤߡȯŸκǽʳȤ⤤٤⤦1ĤѲʹǤ롥϶ոν̿Ȥ⤤̣ѲʤΤοζդƤƤȤΤǤ롥ʲϡåץ mere ιǿƤ륳ȡ
very ˡˤϤۤȤϤΤʤդˤʤäƤޤäI'm very glad to meet you. ʤǤƤȤƤ⤦줷ˤϡI'm glad to meet you. ʤǤƤ줷ˤ⡤Фդ˷礱ɽȤʤ뤳Ȥ롥
very ΰ̣ѲˤϡΰΥɥޤޤƤ롥䡤ȤˤϻʤȤäƤ⡤very ϡˤΤ顥
硼 T. åץ ƻ ϻ إåץѸ츻ŵ١罤ۡ2009ǯ
Room, Adrian, ed. NTC's Dictionary of Changes in Meanings. Lincolnwood: NTC, 1991.
[2012-01-04-1]ε#982. ꥫѸθѽФ flat adverbפǡ衤ƻǤ good real ȤƸȤѤ褦ˤʤäƤƤ뤳Ȥ˿줿ƻ줫ʻž (conversion) Ǥͭ̾ȤƤϡո very ʤ櫓ˤʤ
very ϡѸǺѤζոȤäƤ褤Frequency Sorter ˤСBNC ˤ very ٤86̤Ǥ롥θ줬դȤܳŪѤФΤ15ʹߤǤꡤѸ̤м礿ˡϡֿΡޤȤΡΡפ̣ƻä⤽ΤϤǡθϸťեƱηƻ ve(r)rai ѤΤǤʸեǤ vraiˡѸǤνϡc1275θϡin very truth, Very God of very God ʤɤδѶ˻ĤäƤ롥14ˤϡ괧ͭ̾ȼäơ֤ޤˤΡΡפ̣붯ոȤƤѤϤᡤˡϸѸ the very hat she wanted to get, at the very bottom of the lake, do one's very best ʤɤˤߤ롥
14Ⱦˤϡ嵭ηƻбȤơֿˡˡפθ very λѤǧƤ롥ʤƻ줫ؤžȤϡthat is a verrai gentil man (Gower CA iv 2275), he was a verray parfit gentil knyght (Ch. CT A Prol. 72), this benigne verray feithful mayde (Ch. CT E Cl. 343) ʤɤ˸ȤǤ롥Ǥ very ˡϡ³ƻƱʤηƻǤ롥̣ŪˤŪˤ⡤2ηƻĴȲǤʤȤʤĤޤꡤʬ (metanalysis) ȵ롥Τ褦ʶ礬Ū˹Ԥʤ褦ˤʤȡ٤̾줬ʤĶǤ very ƻԤȤƵǽ˻äΤǤϤʤޤverray penitent verray repentaunt ʤɤΤ褦ˡvery ̾Ū˵ǽƤȤᤷƻ褦⡤ʻžή岡ȹͤ롥ơ15ˤ϶դȤ̤ˤʤꡤ16ȾޤǤˤϤޤŵŪʶդǤä full, right, much ɤȤΤ褦٤ޤä
ʾ塤Mustanoja, pp. 326--27 ͤ˵Ҥ1ĤϤΤȤѸѤ줿¾¿ζ⡤ΥڡǺ٤ҤƤΤǻͤޤǤˡ
ͤƤߤС[2012-01-04-1]ǤߤƸŪ real ⤫ĤƤ ve(r)rai Ʊ͡եѸǤꡤġֿΡޤȤΡΡפ̣ƻǤ롥a real good soundtrack ʤɤɽߤȤҤ Mustanoja very ˴ؤΤޤƤϤޤ褦ˤפ롥ˤ֤Ƥ뤫Τ褦
Mustanoja, T. F. A Middle English Syntax. Helsinki: Société Néophilologique, 1960.
ɸθϡ֡ʥӥ졤ȥ륳졤ڥ륷Ρԡפ̣롥OED θϡ"An interpreter; strictly applied to a man who acts as guide and interpreter in countries where Arabic, Turkish, or Persian is spoken." Ǥ롥츻ϥӥ tarjumān ԡפǡ͡ʸͳե줫Ѹ drugeman Ȥ14˼Ѥ줿 MED ȡˡϡޤǶɤǤ Kyng Alisaunder ȤΤǡʲ˰Ѥ롥Alexander οʷФơDarius ΤȤ Salome ˷褦¥̡Smithers ǤꡥֻϰѼԡ
For Alisaunder is ypassed Achaye, And is ycome to Arabye, And is on þis half þe flum Jordan, And so me seide a drugeman. Haue we þe feld ar he, We scullen hym wynne, hym maugre.' (B 3395--400)
θ줬⤷Τϡ츻Ūˤ man Ȥ̵طˤ⤫餺man ޤʣȸäʬϤ졤dragomen ʤʣ鸽Ƥ뤳ȤμǤ⡤ʣȤ dragomans ˲ä dragomen ܤƤ롥Quirk et al. (306) Ǥ⡤". . . the irregular plural can be found also in nouns that are not 'true' compounds with -man; eg: dragoman ? dragomans or dragomen." ȤƸڤƤ롥 German *Germen, human *humen ʣƤޤפʬ ( metanalysis ) ˴ŤѤȤ뤬ѤˤĹ˵ܤۤɤ˰̲ȤȤBNC θǤϡdragomans 3㡤dragomen 1㤢ä
̾̾ʣηƯ ( analogy ) ϡ¿ -s ʣؤΰĤȤƯ٤Ե§ i-mutation ˤʣǤäƤ⡤Ȥ櫓٤ι⤤ men ε۰Ϥ˶ȹͤ ([2011-03-22-1]) ѸäˤƥפοȤưŪʵ۰Ϥؤ -s μΤʤǡñΤ٤Ȥ˹⤤۰Ϥͭ men ʤȿƤ---ʹޤ뤫⤷ʤʤʤߤˡѸ̾ʣθǤϡʣ20496ȡΤ2431ȡ man ʣäμȤΥͥ륮 11.86% men ƤȻפϫ
Smithers, G. V. ed. Kyng Alisaunder. 2 vols. EETS os 227 and 237. 1952--57.
Quirk, Randolph, Sidney Greenbaum, Geoffrey Leech, and Jan Svartvik. A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language. London: Longman, 1985.
ε[2010-10-16-1] bikini θ츻ˤĤĴ٤太⤷Ϣ줬롥monokini trikini
ܤñޤbikini bi ƥǡ2פ̣ƬʬϤ2ԡοפȲ᤹롥˰äơ1ԡοפɽΤ˥ꥷΡ1פ̣Ƭ mono- ѤȤȤǤ롥Ʊͤˡ3ԡοפˤϥƥ졦ꥷΡ3פ̣Ƭ tri- Ƥ
줾οΥץʥǥդˤҸȤϰʲȡ
monokini
bikini
trikini
εǤߤ褦ˡbikini ϥޡθϸθͭ̾ͳ褹Τǡ츻Ū˥ƥ䥮ꥷƬȤϴطʤäơmonokini trikini ͷӤˤ¤Ǥ롥⤷ΤϡθФƼ㤨 monokini ˤĤơҡؿ¼ŵ6ǡ٤ϡֵŪ¤פƤ뤬Ϸޤ OALD8 "the first syllable misinterpreted as bi- 'two'" ȤƤ롥ԤΤäƤ롥ϤͷӤǤ礦ȸ
ܤȤϤäΤΡOALD8 ϩǤ⤹ȤɤʤƽɤäƲ⤹롥
(1) bikini bi + kini ʬ ( metanalysis )
(2) bi- 2פ̣ƥƬȤơkini "piece(s)" 餤ΰ̣˲ᤷָ̱츻 ( folk etymology )
(3) bi-, mono-, tri- Ȥŵ˴ŤƬηϤ ( analogy ) Ū˱Ѥ monokini trikini ޤ
θͷӤǤ촪㤤Ǥ졤̤Ȥ3˴ޤޤ뤳Ȥˤʤä kini ϱѸˤưηǤȤΩȤäƤ⤤⤷ʤ
ѸθǡɸΤ褦ɽ롥֤ޤä̤äפȤ̣ǡLDOCE5 ˤ nother, 'nother θФΤȤ˼Τ褦ʵҤ롥
a whole nother ... used humorously when emphasizing that something is completely different from what you have been talking about. It is a changed form of 'another whole':
- Texas is a whole nother country.
- That a whole 'nother ball game.
another ( a(n) + other ) ʬƶĴ whole ߹ݤˡa whole other ǤϤʤ a whole nother ʬ ( metanalysis ) ƶ߹ɽǤʰʬϤ[2009-05-03-1]ȡˡCorpus of Contemporary American English (COCA) ǤϷ빽ʿ㤬äBritish National Corpus (BNC) Ǥ㤬ʤäMerriam-Webster's Advanced Learner's English Dictionary Ǥ "US informal" Υ졼٥뤬դƤꥫѸ¿ɽȤäƤ褵
ơŤѸߤƤߤȡa whole nother Τ褦˴֤˷ƻ줬ޤäƤ륿פ nother 㤳ޤĤƤʤa + nother ȰʬϤƤ1300ǯ鸽Ƥ롥ane nothir sentence an nother maner ʤɤȡnother ǤΩȤǧƤȤʬ롥ѸƸ졩ˤ a whole nother Ȥ礬ŪʰʬϤȤɤΤ褦ʴطˤΤʳĴǤǤ롥
첻 ( The Great Vowel Shift ; see [2009-11-18-1] ) Ǥϡ̾ /ɛ:/ /i:/ ؤʳ徺ʳ徺ʤä㳰Ȥ break, great, steak ʤɤθ줬äȤ [2009-11-19-1], [2009-11-20-1] ǸGVS ϤȸνϤ٤ȡʳФ褦˸췲¾ˤ⤢롥
ɸ˷ǤϡѸǤϤ줾 brer, quer, frere, noumper(e) ȤƸƤθǸ r ȼäĹ첻Ϥ /e:/ äΤǡGVS ˤнϤ /i:/ ȤʤϤºݤˤϤ˰ʳʤ첻 /aɪ/ ȤƸ˻äƤ롥̾ȯŸ beer, career, cheer, deer, here, mere, peer, severe, sincere, steer ʤ¿θȿǤƤꡤ嵭ξθ췲 /e:/ > /i:/ > /aɪ/ ʳФΤפ㳰ȹͤʤ롥
frer ʤɤθ췲ˤĤĴ٤ƤߤȡǤѸ־夲פФ۷ frir Ԥ줿פꡤΤ褦ʰ۷ GVS ϤˤʤäΤǤϤʤȹͤ롥ʤθ췲ǤΤߡ־夲פ줿۷̲Τ̤ȤʳФ褦˸ȤơƱͤ break, great, steak ˤ⼨ͿƤ뤫⤷ʤ
Ѹ friar ϡƥ frāter ե frère ФѸ frer ȤäƤΤ嵭Τ褦ʳФǤꡤ/a:/ /aɪ/ ޤǸιȤ롥Ʊͤˡ*non-pār > *no(u)mper > noumpere > umpire ĹιʤߤˡθΡֿȽפΰ̣ϡ츻 non-peer ƱǤʤԡפǤ뤳ȤͤǼǤƬ n ξü16ʬ ( metanalysis ) ˤäΤȤƤ ( a noumpere > an oumpere )
סزˡ١Ѹ11罤۽Ź1985ǯ185ǡ
ͺ켣 رѸIIIA١Ѹ10罤۽Ź1984ǯ107ǡ
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