hellogѸ˥֥     ChangeLog ǿ     ƥǿ     1 2 ڡ / page 1 (2)

reanalysis - hellogѸ˥֥

ǽ: 2026-07-15 01:27

2026-02-07 Sat

#6130. űѸ butan εܤ³ˡϤä [but][conjunction][coordinator][subordinator][reanalysis]

֤פΰ̣ǵܤ³ȤŪѤ but ϡűѸ³ butan ̤롥űѸ butan ϴŪˤ "except" 뽾°³ȤѤΤ̤äA butan B Τ褦ʸˤơʸ̮ˤäƤ "A except B" Τߤʤ餺 "A but B" Τ褦ˤǤ륱äˡʬ (reanalysis) ˤ긽Ϣʤܤ³ˡΤȤ롥
OED ˤȡűѸǤεܤ³ȤƤˡϵȤĤĤ⡤¸ߤǧƤ롥

III. In a compound sentence, connecting the two coordinate clauses; or introducing an independent sentence connected in sense, though not in form, with the preceding sentence.
   In a compound sentence the second clause may be contracted so as to omit constituents also occurring in the main clause, e.g. Thou hast not lied unto men, but unto God = 'Thou hast not lied unto men, but thou hast lied unto God'; John couldn't come to see me, but Mary could = 'John couldn't come to see me, but Mary could come to see me'.
   Rare in Old English; attestations are often interpreted as transitional from uses in sense C.II.7 (see further B. Mitchell Old Eng. Syntax (1985) §). In Old English coordinate clauses are usually connected by ac ac conj.


ȤƤ Mitchell OES (§3500) ˬƤߤȡΤ褦ˤ롥

§3500. Quirk (pp. 62--3) discusses a number of examples in which butan 'was not autonomously concessive but occasionally concessive-equivalent, combining its exception function with a concessive one'.
They include Bo 40. 8 . . . ne ic ealles forswiðe ne girnde þisses eorðlican rices, buton tola ic wilnode þeah . . . and (after a form of nytan) Bo 70. 26 ic nat humeta, buton we witon ꝥ hit unmennischlic dæd wæs and (Holthausen's 1894 text)

Pha 4 Nat ic hit be whihte, butan ic wene þus,
          þæt þær screoda wære gescyred rime
          siex hundred godra searohæbbendra,

for which J. R. R. Tolkien was wont to offer the translation 'I don't really know, but I rather guess . . .'. On such examples, see further §§3626 and 1773.


°³ except ³ but ΤȤᤷ㤬뤿ˡ"transitional" "concessive-equivalent" ȤɽѤƤΤ

Mitchell, Bruce. Old English Syntax. 2 vols. New York: OUP, 1985.

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2024-06-16 Sun

#5529. ʤ once -ce űѸ°ʤ -es ͳǤʤ顤Ҳ /z/ ˤʤ餺 /s/ ʤΡ [sobokunagimon][numeral][reanalysis][inflection][genitive][adverbial_genitive][adverb][verners_law]

ϱѸ󤻤줿Ҳ𤷤ޤɸϤϤѤʵ (sobokunagimon) ΰĶƤꡤ٤ʱѸ˥ƥ饷äƤƽ뵿Ȼפޤ
ޤŪ¤Ȥơ١ٿ once twice -ce ϸűѸñ°ʸ -es ̤ޤŪˤŪ°ʤŵȤʤޤηˤĤƤϡ#84. once, twice, thrice ([2009-07-20-1]) ȡ#4081. once twice -ce Ȥϲ (2) ([2020-06-29-1]) ˤޤ
once θҲűѸ°ʤ -esʸѸνͭʤ 's ˤ˵ĤΤǤСonce ȯϸ one's /wʌnz/ ƱˤʤꤽʤΤǤºݤˤϸҲ̵ /wʌns/ ȤʤޤϤɤȤȤ٤ʵǤ
ѤʵˤĤƤϡ˵󤲤2Ĥ hellog #4081. once twice -ce Ȥϲ (2) ([2020-06-29-1]) θȾǤ⾯ƤޤʬѤȡΤñ

ѸǤ ones, twies, thrise ʤɤ s ֤Τ̤ǤꡤȯȤƤ2ä14ޤǤñᲽ s ȯͭ򼺤äȼäơ̵Τɽ綠Ȥᤫ16ʹߤ <s> ä <ce> ֻǵ뤳ȤŪˤʤä


ǸȤƤ뤳Ȥϡ once, twice, thrice ϡεδ°ʤȷӤĤΤΡ餯ѸˤϤǤˤȯۤ˺졤one + -es ȤƤϡʾʤȤΤˤϡʬϤʤ褦ˤʤꡤΤ1Ĥθ촴ǤȰռ˻äΤȤȤǤޤѸˤ -es 첻岽üñΤ1ȤʤäȤˤꡤ1Ĥθ촴ȤƤΰռޤޤʤäȻפޤ餳³ѸˤϡϤ޸۵ -<(e)s> ֤ΤϤդ路ʤƱʬޤǸ촴ΰǤȤ¥ -<ce> ȤֻؤȺؤ줿ΤǤϤʤǤ礦
Ǹ˸Ҳ̵ͭˤĤƿޤűѸ줫Ѹˤơ޸ȤƲᤵ줿 -(e)s /(ə)s/ Τ褦̵Ҳ򼨤ƤޤȤѸˤơζ޸ /s/ /z/ ؤͭޤʤˤĤƤϡ#858. Verner's Law ȻҲͭ ([2011-09-02-1]) 򻲾ȡˡˤꡤǤϡʸŪʻˤꡤͭԤ˸¤äƤȤʤޤ˽ͭʸ -'s /z/ ȯ뤳ȤˤʤäƤޤ
once तϡΰŪʲѲή,ɤʤä褦ʤΤǤϡˤҤ٤褦ˡᤤʳ顤θ޸ǤϤʤ촴ΰȤǧ褦ˤʤäƤȡޤñ줬1˽̤ޤäƤȤطƤȻפޤ

Referrer (Inside): [2025-01-01-1]

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2024-03-11 Mon

#5432. ʣ -(r)en ϤȤǶǤϤʤä [exaptation][language_change][plural][morphology][derivation][inflection][indo-european][suffix][rhotacism][sound_change][germanic][german][reanalysis]

Ĺ餯̾ʣˤ򸦵椷ƤȤűѸǸԵ§פʣ -ru -n 줾ĸʳǤäȤΤʤäԤ ċildru "children" ʤɤˤߤ뤬ư̾äȤԤ ēagan "eyes" ʤɤˤߤ뤬̲ΰ̣ôä褦
ˤĤơFertig (38) ޥʣܼάˤ򤨤ʤ鶽̣äƤ롥

There are a couple of cases in Germanic where an originally derivational suffix acquired a new inflectional function after regular phonetic attrition at the ends of words resulted in a situation where the suffix only remained in certain forms in the paradigm. The derivational suffix *-es-/-os- was used in proto-Indo-European to form action nouns . . . . In West Germanic languages, this suffix was regularly lost in some forms of the inflectional paradigm, and where it survived it eventually took on the form -er (s > r is a regular conditioned sound change known as rhotacism). The only relic of this suffix in Modern English can be seen in the doubly-marked plural form children. It played a more important role in noun inflection in Old English, as it still does in modern German, where it functions as the plural ending for a fairly large class of nouns, e.g. Kind--Kinder 'child(ren)'; Rind--Rinder 'cattle'; Mann--Männer 'man--men'; Lamm--Lämmer 'labm(s)', etc. The evolution of this morpheme from a derivational suffix to a plural marker involved a complex interaction of sound change, reanalysis (exaptation) and overt analogical changes (partial paradigm leveling and extension to new lexical items). A similar story can be told about the -en suffix, which survives in modern standard English only in oxen and children, but is one of the most important plural endings in modern German and Dutch and also marks a case distinction (nominative vs. non-nominative) in one class of German nouns. It was originally a derivational suffix with an individualizing function . . . .


child(ren), eye(s), ox(en) ˴ؤϡޤǤ͡˼夲ƤʲΥƥ򻲾ȡ

hellog #946. ̾ʣˤγס ([2011-11-29-1])
hellog #146. child ʣ children ʤ櫓 ([2009-09-20-1])
hellog #145. child children 첻Ĺ ([2009-09-19-1])
hellog #218. ʣ ([2009-12-01-1])
hellog #219. eyes ɽ172ֻ̤ ([2009-12-02-1])
hellog #2284. eye ȯˡ ([2015-07-29-1])

hellog-radio ʢ heldio ȡ #31. ʤ child ʣ children ʤΤǤ

heldio #202. child children 첻Ĺ
heldio #291. ͺ ox ʣ oxen
heldio #396. ʤ I eye ƱȯˤʤΡ

Fertig, David. Analogy and Morphological Change. Edinburgh: Edinburgh UP, 2013.

Referrer (Inside): [2025-01-01-1]

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2024-03-10 Sun

#5431. ؼ thatthe Ωޤ줿 [exaptation][language_change][article][demonstrative][determiner][oe][pronoun][voicy][heldio][reanalysis]

ѸˤǤϡؼ thatthe ʬΩǤ뤳ȤΤƤ롥űѸ괧ʵŪˤϻؼǤꡤޤ괧ȤƤˡǤ˳ΩƤϤʤäص夳Τ褦˸ƤǤˤ se ʤ˱ƶޤ͡ʷ֤äΤʤñʡгʤη֤ þæt ä줬Ѹλؼ that η־Ǥ롥θűѸλ˴դߤȡthat the 1֤ˤʤȤȤˤʤ롥
Ǥϡʤθ that the ֥롼פȴФΩؼȤȯãΤűѸ줫Ѹˤơ괧͡ʶ޷֤ the ȤƱ֤ؤȿʿƤäή줬³Сthe 1޷ˤʤ that 䤬ƾä椯̿ǤϤäȤthat ϻؼȤ̤εǽä椯̿æ뤳ȤǤΤǤ롥ΤˤСȤ the ȤˤؼεǽϤäȤˡλؼεǽ the å褦ˤ that ΩȤȤĤޤꡤؼ that εǽ the ߤƤȤˤʤ롥θ塤¸ΡֶΡפλؼ this ȤʬĴ˿ʤߡthat ϡֱΡפλؼȤƳΩ˻ä
Fertig (37--38) ϡΰϢθѲŬ (exaptation) λȤƾҲ𤷤Ƥ롥

A simple example can be seen in the modern survival of two singular forms from the Old English demonstrative paradigm: the and that. The contrast between these two forms originally reflected a gender distinction; that (OE þæt) was an exclusively neuter form, while the predecessors of the were non-neuter. One would expect one of these forms to have been lost with the collapse of grammatical gender. They survived by being redeployed for the distinction between definite article (the) and demonstrative (that).


ؼ that ȯãȴϢơʲ heldio hellog ΥƥĤ򻲾ȡ

heldio #493. ؼ this, that, these, those θ츻


hellog #154. űѸη se ζޡ ([2009-09-28-1])
hellog #156. űѸ se ʻϲ ([2009-09-30-1])

Fertig, David. Analogy and Morphological Change. Edinburgh: Edinburgh UP, 2013.

Referrer (Inside): [2025-01-01-1]

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2024-03-09 Sat

#5430. ԰ټ -er ưǤϤʤ̾δΤˤĤ [analogy][reanalysis][agentive_suffix][suffix][morphology][word_formation][dutch][german]

-er ŵŪ԰ټ (agentive_suffix) 1ĤǤ롥̤ưδΤղä뤳Ȥǡб԰ټԤ̾ȤƤȤ館Ƥ롥
ϡ̾δΤˤĤơ~˴ط͡פۤɤ̣԰ټ̾Τä㤨 fisher ʵաˤϡư fish -er ĤΤȻפ뤫⤷ʤ츻Ūˤ̾ fish -er ĤΤʤΤǤ롥
رѸ츻ŵ٤ -er1 ˤȡȤȤ̾ˤΤղä줿ޤѲưˤĤ褦ˤʤꡤ˶ѲưˤĤ褦ˤʤäȤʤŬϰϤưˤȤäȤСޤ˾˵󤲤 fish Τ褦̾ưͤΤϤȤʤꡤʬ (reanalysis) ¥Τȹͤ롥
Fertig (35) μκʬϤȤơޤ -er 夲Ƥ롥

An even more striking example is the English/German/Dutch agentive suffix -er (< proto-Germanic *-ārjo-z). Originally, this suffix could only be attached to nouns to produce new nouns with the meaning 'person having something to do with X' (where X is the meaning of the base noun). This use can still be seen in Modern English words such as hatter and is highly productive with place names, e.g. English New Yorker; Dutch Amsterdammer; German Pariser, etc. In the older languages, we see this original use clearly in examples such as Gothic bôkareis/Old English bócere 'scribe', derived from the noun corresponding to Modern English book. As this example suggests, the construction was used especially to designate professions and occupations, and there was very often also a related denominal verb. In Gothic, for example, we find the basic noun dôm- 'judgment', the derived verb dômjan 'to judge' and the noun dômareis 'judge (i.e. person who judges)'. Nouns like dômareis were then reanalyzed as being derived from the verbs rather than directly from the basic nouns.


ˤĤƤϡhellog Ǥ¿夲Ƥʲεʤɤ򻲾ȡ

#1748. -er or -or ([2014-02-08-1])
#3791. ԰ټ -er, -ster ϥƥͳ褹롩 ([2019-09-13-1])
#5392. Ѹȿ̾ ([2024-01-31-1])

Fertig, David. Analogy and Morphological Change. Edinburgh: Edinburgh UP, 2013.

Referrer (Inside): [2025-01-01-1]

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2023-05-16 Tue

#5132. ʤ be going to ̤̣Ρ --- ʸˡפȤѤʵ [sobokunagimon][tense][future][grammaticalisation][reanalysis][metanalysis][syntax][semantics][auxiliary_verb][khelf][voicy][heldio][hel_contents_50_2023][notice]

ɸ¿αѸؽԤȤΤ뵿ǤϤʤǤ礦
ܲ khelfʷѸ˥եˤǤֱѸ˥ƥ50褬ŤƤޤ413Ϥơkhelf СˤѸ˥ƥĤ1ĤĸƤƤޤƥĸ khelf θĥå @khelf_keio ⤪Τ餻ƤޤΤǡҥեޥȤƤѤ
ơɸεˤĤ422˸줿ƥ#9. ʤ be going to ̤̣ΡҲ𤷤ޤ


#9. ʤ be going to ̤̣Ρ



ˡΥƥĤ heldio ǤޤƥĺԤȤ̤ȤǡѤʵäƤޤ#711. ʤ be going to ̤̣ΡȤۿƤޤҤİ



ƥĤǤǤ⿨Ƥ褦ˡɤʸˡ (grammaticalisation) ǤѸ˸Ǥ˽פʳǰѸǤΤǡܤƤܥ֥Ǥ¿εǼ夲ƤΤǡĤ󤲤Ƥߤޤ

#417. ʸˡȤϡ ([2010-06-18-1])
#1972. Meillet ʸˡ([2014-09-20-1])
#1974. ʸˡȯŸȳ (1) ([2014-09-22-1])
#1975. ʸˡȯŸȳ (2) ([2014-09-23-1])
#3281. Hopper and Traugott ˤʸˡܼ ([2018-04-21-1])
#5124 Oxford Bibliographies ˤʸˡγס ([2023-05-08-1])

Ȥ櫓 be going to ˴ؤʸˡεȴϢơʲ򻲾ȡ

#2317. Ѹˤ̤ȯã ([2015-08-31-1])
#3272. ʸˡ2ĤΥᥫ˥ ([2018-04-12-1])
#4844. ̤ɽȯѥ ([2022-08-01-1])
#3273. Lehman ˤʸˡμ١6 ([2018-04-13-1])

ʸˡ˴ؤȤƤϡ#2144. ȯãȵǽƤȯ ([2015-03-11-1]) ǾҲ𤷤ݺƻͺʸˡѸ١ʳҡ2014ǯˤǤ

ݺ ƻͺʸˡѸ١ҡ2014ǯ

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2022-11-05 Sat

#4940. ʬϤˤ -ess -ness [reanalysis][metanalysis][analogy][suffix][morpheme]

Ūʺʬ (reanalysis) ˤϤĤμब뤬 Fertig (32) ѤĤġ̾첽 -ness ¤ -ess ͳ褹ȤҲ𤹤롥

This [type of reanalysis] occurs frequently when the reanalysis affects the location of a boundary between stem and affix. A well-known example involves the Germanic suffix that became English -ness. The corresponding suffix in proto-Germanic was -assu. This suffix was frequently attached to stems ending in -n, and this n was subsequently reanalyzed as belonging to the suffix rather than the stem. In Old English, we find examples based on past participles, such as forgifeness 'forgiveness', which could still be analyzed as forgifen + ess, but also many instances based on adjectives, such as gōdness 'goodness' or beorhtness 'brightness', which provide unambiguous evidence of the reanalysis and the new productive rule of -ness suffixation . . . . Similar reanalyses give us the common Germanic suffix -ling --- as in English darling, sapling, nestling, etc. --- from attachment of -ing (OED -ing, suffix3 'one belonging to') to stems ending in l, as well as the German suffixes -ner and -ler, attributable to words where -er was attached to stems ending in -n or -l and then extended to give us new words such as Rentner 'pensioner' < Rente 'pension' and Sportler 'sportsman'.


رѸ츻ŵ٤⤦äƤ -ness ϶Ѳʬθ˸ n ޥĸμѲưܼ *-atjan ͳ褹 *-assus ʸθűѸ -essˤ³ΤǤ롥Ĥޤ n ϴΤΰäΤ줬 -ess Ȱβơ-ness ʤ뿷ǤȤ櫓
-nisɥĸ -nisȸ -inassus Τ褦ʿŪ㤬ޥ˳ǧ뤳Ȥ顤κʬϤβϥޥĸʳǵäƤȹͤ롥ޥ֤첻κۤˤĤƤԾܤǤ롥ѸǤߤƤѸǤ -nes(se) -nis(se) ʻ¸ƤѸʹߤԤͥȤʤä
ȶ -ness Ȥ1ĤȤäƤ⡤̣ˤƤΤ

Fertig, David. Analogy and Morphological Change. Edinburgh: Edinburgh UP, 2013.
߷ ˧ͺԡˡرѸ츻ŵ١ҡ1997ǯ

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2021-01-24 Sun

#4290. ʤ island ֻˤ s äƤΤǤ --- hellog 饸 [hellog-radio][sobokunagimon][hellog_entry_set][etymological_respelling][etymology][spelling_pronunciation_gap][reanalysis][silent_letter][renaissance]

ѸˤϡʸȤƤϽ񤫤Τȯʤۻ (silent_letter) 㤬¿ߤޤdoubt <b> receipt <p> ʤɡˤȤޤޤ󡥤ΤʤˤϽѸǸ˽פñäƤޤ㤨 island Ǥ<s> ʸޤȯȤƤϼ¸ޤ͡¿αѸؽԤˤȤäԻ׵Ի׵ĤʤΤǤϤʤǤ礦
Ѹˤδߤȡ줤˲褷ޤä٤𤬤äΤǤɤ



פ̣űѸñϡȤʣ īegland ǤֿΡʾΡΦϡפۤɤΰ̣ǤѸǤϡʣ1Ǥ첻Ѳ iland ʤɤȤʤޤ
ƱѸ˸ťե󥹸ǡפ̣ ile ѤƤޤcf. ե󥹸 îleˡϡƥ insula 츻ȤǤťե󥹸 ile Ѹ iland ϷϻƤޤޤä̸츻Ǥ뤳ȤդƤ
Τ˻ƤΤǺƱޤѸ iland ťե󥹸 ile land Ѥ­ΤȤƲᤵƤޤäΤǤ
ơ16αѹͥ󥹴ˤʤȡμͤδ֤˥ƥֻؤƴ줬ޤե󥹸 ile ߽Фƥ insula s ޤǤޤΤǡѸ iland ˤƥ̣̣뤿 s 褦ȤưäΤǤ
αѸؽԤˤȤäƤǤʤȤˡ s 褦ȤưϤơ island ȤֻȤ夷ƤޤäΤǤͥ󥹴μͤ;פʤȤ򤷤Ƥޤޤǿɴǯδ֡ѸǤ s ʤǼ¸ƤȯνΤϡѤޤǤ˻ޤǤȤȤǡȯϸűѸΥꥸʥǤ s ʤȯǡκޤǷ³ƤΤǤ͡
Τ褦ʥͥ󥹴μͤˤ;פʸϡ¿αñ˳ǧޤ츻Ūֻ (etymological_respelling) ȸƤФ븽ݤǤˤĤƤ##580,579,116,192,1187εå⤪ɤߤ

Referrer (Inside): [2023-01-01-1]

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2021-01-17 Sun

#4283. many years ago ʤɤβλɽѤ ago ȤϲǤ --- hellog 饸 [hellog-radio][sobokunagimon][hellog_entry_set][adjective][adverb][participle][reanalysis][be][perfect]

ɸϳιͤȤʤ䤫⤷ޤago Ȥϡ?ˡפɽ魯λɽѤȤΤ褦˥ޥƤȻפޤäʤΰ̣ФΤȿ֤Ƥ⡤ʤʤʤΤǤϤʤǤ礦⤽ ago θ츻ϲʤΤǤ礦İ



ǤǤ礦ago ϡư go ˰̣Ƭ a- դΡƴññʤΤǤŪˤ "XXX is/are agone." XXXδ֤᤮äפǤbe ưܲʬ agone ηǸߴλɽ路ƤΤǤ͡䤬 agone ϸҲ򼺤 ago η֤˽̾Ƥޤθ塤ʸΰȤŪ˵ǽˡbe ưʬάޤXXX (being) ago Τ褦ʬ칽ʸȤ򤷤Ƥ⤱äǤ
ΩͤȡI began to learn English many years ago. ϡäƤߤ I began to learn English --- many years (being) gone (by now). ȤäɽλȤȤǤˤĤơ⤦ܤΤꤿϡ#3643. many years ago ago Ȥϲ ([2019-04-18-1]) εɤ

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2020-09-04 Fri

#4148. ʤ each other ֤ߤפΰ̣ˤʤΤǤ [sobokunagimon][reciprocal_pronoun][reanalysis][syntax]

OGαѸ춵̤Ƹ󤻤줿ѤʵǤeach ϡֳơʿ͡ˡסotherϡ¾ʿ͡ˡפʬäƤƤ⡤ʤ줬Ȥ߹蘆ȡ֤ߤפΰ̣ˤʤΤȤäȤʵǤʤʤ궯Ǥĩ路ƤߤޤʲβϸʳǤλβǤ
ܸΡ֤ߤפˤѸ each other ˤ衤褯ͤƤߤȤȤƤɽǤ֥ȥᥢ꡼Ϥߤ򰦤Ƥפ John and Mary love each other. Ϥ줾θʸΤ褦˻פޤ֤ߤפ each other ʤɤѤˡƱɽ綠ȤȡǤܸǤС֥ȥᥢ꡼ϰäƤդ⤢ꤽǤѸǤϤɤǤ礦
1ĤˤϡJohn loves Mary and Mary (also) loves John. Τ褦ɽˡޤΤǤ¤ˤɤǤۤ͡ˤϡJohn loves Mary, and vice versa. ȤޡȤˡ⤢ޤʥޡȤƼȴɺäƤ褦ʡˡ
̤ΤХ󥹤μ줿䵤ϡΤΡʬ̾̾Ȥ߹碌ͭˡǤĤޤꡤEach of John and Mary loves the other. Τ褦ˤˡǤȥᥢ꡼γơΩƤ2ĤʸꤷŪϼǤʤۤοͤؤȤΤȤǡeach the other ϢưտޤƤɽ魯ȤؤμΤ褦ˡǤݤǤŪãǤƤޤˤʸ⤦ѷeach ͷΥפ뤳ȤǽǤ John and Mary each love the other. ȤʤǤ礦󥢥˶ŤƤޤ
ơŪˤߤȡǼतɽϸűѸ줫¸ߤƤޤ괧 the ۤȯãƤ餺嵭Τ褦ɽˤ the other Τˤޤthe ȼʤ other ǽǤĤޤꡤJohn and Mary each love other. ʸƤޤ
John and Mary each love other. ʸ򡤸űѸ졦Ѹʸˡ§ƵʸˤƤߤޤ礦αѸϸѸȰۤʤꡤư love Ѥʸʸˤݤ do ѤޤǤˡư love John and Mary ˡĤޤꤳξʸƬˤäƤ뤳Ȥǵʸޤbe ưưεʸκƱǤ͡ˡĤޤꡤLove John and Mary each other? Ȥʤޤ
äȡˤơϤ餺 each other ٤äƤޤޤ each John and Mary ȤΤۤˤǡ2ͤγơפ̣θǤother Ϥޤư love ŪǤeach other ʸˡŪȤƤʬǤƤϤʤΤǤϤ餺٤ä each other ȤǤˤʤäƤޤäˡä꤬äƤʸˡʹ꤬򤷤ƤޤΤǤ㤤ʹϡJohn and Mary each other ֤ߤפ̣ŪʤΤȻ¿ʸˡ򤷤ƤޤäΤǤ̣Ǥϡδ㤤νִ֤ˡѸˡ֤ߤפ̣񤤤ۤɤʸʡ̾ˤޤ줿Ȥޤcf. ε#4147. ̾ ([2020-09-03-1]) 򻲾ȡˡ
äΰտޤʸˡʹˤäʬϤ졤Ϥ餺¿ʸˡ줬븽ݤϡŪʬ (syntactic reanalysis) ȸƤФƤޤѸˤˤƤˤ˵äƤȤϸޤ󤬡褷ƵʸݤǤϤޤ󡥾ܤĴƤޤ󤬡OED ˤŪʸ㤫鼨ȤˤСeach other ˴ؤƤϡθݤ٤Ȥ15ȾФޤǤƤȤߤޤ
ʾ塤each other ϡʬϤη̡֤ߤפ̣ȤǡȲ⤷ƤޤƬˤҤ٤褦ˡϺΤȤβˤȤɤޤäƤޤʸʳˤƱͤΰʬϤϤޤ¾ʤ٤ͻ両ڤ⤤ȻĤäƤޤǤΤǡ1ĤβǽȤƤȤ館Ƥ
Ǥ⡤ͤƤȡ֤ߤפ each other θȤƤΤ꤬ʬäƤΤǤϤʤǤ礦ˤŨ£ʪʤΤǤ

Referrer (Inside): [2020-09-13-1]

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2019-08-31 Sat

#3778. ʬǤΰ -t 촴˼Ǥޤäư [etymology][verb][participle][-ate][analogy][reanalysis][metanalysis]

Ȥ̾դˤɸʣʷֲФƷ줿ư줬롥˶󤲤С t graft hoist ΤȤ
ε#3777. set, put, cut Τۤˤ⤢ä̵ѲѤư ([2019-08-30-1]) Ȥط뤷#438. ƻӵ餫ưؤž ([2010-07-09-1])#2731. -ate ưϤɤΤ褦 ([2016-10-18-1])#3763. ƻ -ate εȯã ([2019-08-16-1])#3764. ư -ate εȯã ([2019-08-17-1]) Ȥ̩ܤ˴ؤ롤θǤ롥
graft ܤڤ롤ܿˤϥե󥹸 grafe ̤ꡤȤȸ t ϤʤäѸ˼Ѥƺ줿ʬ graftset, put, cut ʤɤθ촴 -t ̵ѲưǥȤơΤޤ޸ȤƲᤵ줿Ȥ櫓ꥸʥ˶ᤤ graff ȤԸդǤϤ뤬˳ǧ롥
Ʊͤ hoist Ȥ롤夲ˤ⡤ hyssen ѤΤѸƳ줿ǡ t դȺƲᤵ줿ȹͤ롥ꥸʥ˶ᤤ hoise ⡤ߡȤ¸ߤ롥
ʾ Jespersen (38) ľܰѤƤ

graft: earlier graft (< OF grafe). The ptc. graft was mistakenly interpreted as the unchanged ptc of an inf graft. Sh has both graft and graft; the latter is now the only form in use; it is inflected regularly. || hoist: originally hoise (perhaps < Middle Dutch hyssen). From the regular ptc hoist a new inf hoist sprang into use. Sh has both forms; now only hoist as a regular vb. The old ptc occurs in the well-known Shakespearean phrase "hoist with his own petard" (Hml III. 4.207).


Ƭ̾դˤֲȽҤ٤ʬ (metanalysis) Ȥʬ (reanalysis) ΰȤƸƤФ褤

Jespersen, Otto. A Modern English Grammar on Historical Principles. Part VI. Copenhagen: Ejnar Munksgaard, 1942.

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2019-07-18 Thu

#3734. ٥ȸ VSO ε [word_order][syntax][celtic][generative_grammar][world_languages][reanalysis]

ĸδܸ SOV äȹͤƤ뤬Ǥϴܸ礬ѲΤ⤢롥Ѹĸ줫饲ޥĸФ˻˵ڤĹˤΤʤǡܸ SVO ؤѲƤʸˡήˤСO ΰư (movement) Ȥ櫓 (fronting) η̤ȤƤθ礬ǥեȤȤ夷Τȹͤ뤳ȤǤ

#3127. ĸ줫鸽Ѹؤδܸοܡ ([2017-11-18-1])
#3131. Ϣ11֤ʤѸSVOθʤΤԡˡס ([2017-11-22-1])
#3160. Ϣ12֤ʤѸSVOθʤΤʸԡˡס ([2017-12-21-1])
#3733.رѸ춵٤Ϣ5֤ʤѸϸ礬ʤ˷ޤäƤΤס ([2019-07-17-1])

O ǤϤʤ V ֤줿 VSO ȤѰŪʸ礬䤬ƥǥեȤȤ夷줬롥٥ȸ (Insular Celtic) Fortson (144) Τ褦˽Ҥ٤Ƥ롥

If verb-initial order generated in this way [= by fronting] becomes stereotyped, it can be reanalyzed by learners as the neutral order; and in fact in Insular Celtic, VSO order became the norm for precisely this reason (the perhaps older verb-final order is still the rule in the Continental Celtic language Celtiberian). A similar reanalysis happened in Lycian . . . .


βǤȡ餯ŪװˤѰ۸1ĤˤʤäΤǥեȤθȤƺʬ (reanalysis) 졤夷ȤȤˤʤȡġΰˤܸϡ褽 SOV ƳФ뤳Ȥˤʤ롥
ʿʸ VSO ȤߤΤʤȤȤƤϡʤưǻϤޤȤФϥޥĤʤȤ#3128. ܸ෿ (3) ([2017-11-19-1]) Ǥߤ褦ˡVSO θΤʤǤ褷ƵʸǤϤʤθδܸˤĤƤϰʲ⻲ȡ

#137. θδܸ ([2009-09-11-1])
#3124. ܸ෿ (1) ([2017-11-15-1])
#3125. ܸ෿ (2) ([2017-11-16-1])
#3128. ܸ෿ (3) ([2017-11-19-1])
#3129. ܸ෿ (4) ([2017-11-20-1])

Fortson IV, Benjamin W. Indo-European Language and Culture: An Introduction. Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2004.

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2019-04-18 Thu

#3643. many years ago ago Ȥϲ [adjective][adverb][participle][reanalysis][be][perfect][sobokunagimon]

Ѹ ago ϡŵŪ˴֤ɽ魯ɽθˤơ?ˡפɽ魯a moment ago, a little while ago, some time ago, many years ago, long ago ʤɤѤ롥
ago ϸ츻Ūˤϡư go Ƭ a- դư ago ʡԻղ᤮롤в᤹ˤβʬ agone ҲäΤǤ롥פˡmany years ago Ȥ many years (are) (a)gone ΤȤǤꡤbe Ȥưβʬ agone ʸ agoˤȤ߹蘆äơֲǯ⤬вᤷȤפȴλäƤΤȹͤФ褤
OED ago, v. 3ˤϡ"intransitive. Of time: to pass, elapse. Chiefly (now only) in past participle, originally and usually with to be." ȤꡤϽűѸȤᤤʳʸڤƤ롥2ĵ󤲤Ƥ

eOE Anglo-Saxon Chron. (Parker) Introd. Þy geare þe wæs agan fram Cristes acennesse cccc wintra & xciiii uuintra.
OE West Saxon Gospels: Mark (Corpus Cambr.) xvi. 1 Sæternes dæg wæs agan [L. transisset].


Τ褦 be λʸȯãɽȤ³뤦 be άǡ?ˡפ̣Ȥƺʬ (reanalysis) 졤ˤĤʤˡȯãƤΤȻפ롥̤θ򤹤СΩʬ칽ʸ many years (being) ago(ne) ȤȯãƤȤȤ館Ƥ褤ˡνФϡOED ago, adj. and adv. ˤС14ȾΤȤǤ롥Ĥǽ󤲤褦

c1330 (?c1300) Guy of Warwick (Auch.) l. 1695 (MED) It was ago fif ȝer Þat he was last þer.
c1415 (c1395) Chaucer Wife of Bath's Tale (Lansd.) (1872) l. 863 I speke of mony a .C. ȝere a-go.
?c1450 tr. Bk. Knight of La Tour Landry (1906) 158 (MED) It is not yet longe tyme agoo that suche custume was vsed.


MED Ǥ agōn v. 5, 6 㤬˭٤˵󤲤ƤΤǡ⻲ȡ

Referrer (Inside): [2021-01-17-1] [2019-05-22-1]

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2019-01-26 Sat

#3561. ǫ򼨤ɸ please ȯã (3) [pragmatic_marker][pragmatics][historical_pragmatics][politeness][syntax][impersonal_verb][reanalysis][adverb][comment_clause]

[2019-01-24-1], [2019-01-25-1] ˰³Ƥꡥǫʰꡦ̿ɽ魯ɸ (pragmatic_marker) ȤƤ please ȯãνˤĤƤߤƤȯã˴ؤ2Ĥβ (1) Please (it) you that . . . ʤɤˤꡤưǤ please ʲڤΥƸɸȤȡ(2) if you please, . . . ʤɤˤꡤɽ魯° please ΩƸɸȤ⤬뤳Ȥˤʤ롥(1) ϼᤫȯã(2) Ͻ°ᤫȯãȤȤˤʤꡤоŪʲΤ褦ˤߤ롥
Brinton (21) ⡤ɤ餫ٻ櫓ǤʤAllen θ˴ŤξŪ˾Ҳ𤷤Ƥ롥

An early study looking at an adverbial comment clause is Allen's argument that the politeness marker please originated in the adverbial clause if you please (1995; see also Chen 1998: 25--27). Traditionally, please has been assumed to originate in the impersonal construction please it you 'may it please you' > please you > please (OED: s.v. please, adv. and int.; cf. please, v., def. 3b). Such a structure would suggest the existence of a subordinate that-clause (subject) and argue for a version of the matrix clause hypothesis. However, the OED allows that please may also be seen as a shortened form of if you please (s.v. please, adv. and int.; cf. please, v., def. 6c). Allen notes that the personal construction if/when you please does not arise through reanalysis of the impersonal if it please you; rather, the two constructions exist independently and are already clearly differentiated in Shakespeare's time. The impersonal becomes recessive and is lost, while the personal form is routinized as a polite formula and ultimately (at the beginning of the twentieth century) shortened to please.


ɸ please θϤɤʤΤ뤤ξȹͤ뤳ȤǤΤˤϡѸˤξԤζ٤ܤĴɬפꤽ

Brinton, Laurel J. The Evolution of Pragmatic Markers in English: Pathways of Change. Cambridge: CUP, 2017.
Allen, Cynthia L. "On Doing as You Please." Historical Pragmatics: Pragmatic Developments in the History of English. Ed. Andreas H. Jucker. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 1995. 275--309.
Chen, Guohua. "The Degrammaticalization of Addressee-Satisfaction Conditionals in Early Modern English." Advances in English Historical Linguistics. Ed. Jacek Fisiak and Marcin Krygier. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 1998. 23--32.

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2019-01-25 Fri

#3560. ǫ򼨤ɸ please ȯã (2) [pragmatic_marker][pragmatics][historical_pragmatics][politeness][syntax][impersonal_verb][reanalysis][adverb]

ε ([2019-01-24-1]) ˰³Ƥꡥθɸ (pragmatic_marker) ȤƤ please ϡưθ³ǫʰꡦ̿ɽ魯Ūˤ please ˸³Τưθˤ餺͡ʥѥ󤬤ꤨOED please, v. 6d ˡ;ŪˡȤơ͡ѥεҤ롥

d. orig. Sc. In imperative or optative use: 'may it (or let it) please you', used chiefly to introduce a respectful request. Formerly with bare infinitive, that-clause, or and followed by imperative. Now only with to-infinitive (chiefly regional).

Examples with bare infinitive complement are now usually analysed as please adv. followed by an imperative. This change probably dates from the development of the adverb, which may stand at the beginning of a clause modifying a main verb in the imperative.


1543 in A. I. Cameron Sc. Corr. Mary of Lorraine (1927) 8 Mademe..pleis wit I have spokin with my lord governour.
1568 D. Lindsay Satyre (Bannatyne) 3615 in Wks. (1931) II. 331 Schir pleis ȝe that we twa invaid thame And ȝe sell se vs sone degraid thame.
1617 in L. B. Taylor Aberdeen Council Lett. (1942) I. 144 Pleis ressave the contract.
1667 Milton Paradise Lost v. 397 Heav'nly stranger, please to taste These bounties which our Nourisher,..To us for food and for delight hath caus'd The Earth to yeild.
1688 J. Bloome Let. 7 Mar. in R. Law Eng. in W. Afr. (2001) II. 149 Please to procure mee weights, scales, blow panns and sifters.
1716 J. Steuart Let.-bk. (1915) 36 Please and forward the inclosed for Hamburg.
1757 W. Provoost Let. 25 Aug. in Beekman Mercantile Papers (1956) II. 659 Please to send me the following things Vizt. 1 Dozen of Black mitts. 1 piece of Black Durant fine.
1798 T. Holcroft Inquisitor iv. viii. 49 Please, Sir, to read, and be convinced.
1805 E. Cavanagh Let. 20 Aug. in M. Wilmot & C. Wilmot Russ. Jrnls. (1934) ii. 183 Will you plaise to tell them down below that I never makes free with any Body.
1871 B. Jowett tr. Plato Dialogues I. 88 Please then to take my place.
1926 N.E.D. at Way sb.1 There lies your way, please to go away.
1973 Punch 3 Oct. Please to shut up!
1997 P. Melville Ventriloquist's Tale (1998) ii. 140 Please to keep quiet and mime the songs, chile.


ʸ狼褦ˡthat , to 졤졤and do ʤɤΥѥǧ롥Τ줬³ΤΰŪǫʰꡦ̿ɽ魯ˡȤƹޤäƤäΤǤ롥

Referrer (Inside): [2019-01-26-1]

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2019-01-24 Thu

#3559. ǫ򼨤ɸ please ȯã (1) [pragmatic_marker][pragmatics][historical_pragmatics][politeness][syntax][comment_clause][impersonal_verb][reanalysis][adverb]

ǫʰꡦ̿ɽ魯졦ȤƤ please ϡǽŪˤϥݥ饤ȥͥ (politeness) ̤ɸ (pragmatic_marker) ȤäƤ褤ȤȤϡ?Ф롤?˵פΰդưǤꡤưȤƤˡϸߤߤ줬ˤƸɸƤäΤOED please, adv. and int. θ츻ˤСƻڤȤƤ2̤꤬ͤȤ

As a request for the attention or indulgence of the hearer, probably originally short for please you (your honour, etc.) (see please v. 3b(b)), but subsequently understood as short for if you please (see please v. 6c). As a request for action, in immediate proximity to a verb in the imperative, probably shortened from the imperative or optative please followed by the to-infinitive (see please v. 6d).


ͤƻڤ1Ĥϡ;ưȤѤƤ please (it) you ʤɤޤäȤΤǤꡤ⤦1Ĥϡ;ưȤѤƤ if you please ޤäȤΤǤ롥ȤƤԤ᤯ԤԤ˴ŤΤǡ1530ǯ˽ФƤ롥;ưȤƤ please ˡϡ15˥åȥɤκȤˤäѤФΤǤ롥Τ줫ɽޤäΤŪʸɸȤƽƸΤϡOED ˤ1771ǯǤ롥

1771 P. Davies Let. 26 Sept. in F. Mason John Norton & Sons (1968) 192 Please send the inclosed to the Port office.


Ūˡ please ɽȯãΤꤹΤ񤷤ȤʤꤨɽϾ嵭2Τۤˤ⡤͡ɽäǤ롥㤨СۤƱȤ if it please you (cf. F s'il vous plaît), may it please you, so please you, please to, please it you, please you ʤɤäˡϡΤʤ뤤Ϥ٤ơˤ˵ĤȤǤ뤫⤷ʤ

Referrer (Inside): [2019-01-26-1] [2019-01-25-1]

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2018-06-07 Thu

#3328. Joseph θѲ˴ؤƶ5 [language_change][contact][linguistic_area][folk_etymology][teleology][reanalysis][analogy][diachrony][methodology][link][simplification]

ϢεǡJoseph ʸ "Diachronic Explanation: Putting Speakers Back into the Picture" 򻲾ȡѤƤ (cf. #3324. Ѳ̸Τʤ礦褦ˤƿʤǤ ([2018-06-03-1])#3326. ̻ŪȶŪ ([2018-06-05-1])#3327. ѲˤüԤ϶ŪǤ ([2018-06-06-1])) ѲˤˤĤƤκŪƹͤľƤ롤ͥ줿ͤǤ롥
ϡJoseph ŪỊ̇Ĺʲս˺Τ˲ȴƤ

[T]he contact is not really between the languages but is rather actually between speakers of the languages in question . . . . (129)


ϸƤߤФȯۤ˻פ뤬̡뤤ϸܿˤƤ顤Ф˺ƤǤ롥ʲε⻲ȡ#1549. Why does language change? or Why do speakers change their language? ([2013-07-24-1])#1168. ܿȤüܿǤ ([2012-07-08-1])#2005. üԺߤθѲؤηپ ([2014-10-23-1])#2298. Language changes, speaker innovates. ([2015-08-12-1])
ˡХ륫 (Balkan linguistic_area) ˤܿ夲ʤ顤ͿƤսꡥ

. . . an overemphasis on comparisons of standard languages rather than regional dialects, even though the contact between individuals, in certain parts of the Balkans at least, more typically involved nonstandard dialects . . . (130)


2ĤθѼܿͤݤˡξԤɸŪѼǰƬ֤뤳Ȥ¿ºݤθܿˤƤϤषɸѼɤܿʤΤˤɸѼüԤɤܿˤΤ̤ۤǤϤʤäȤʸǤ롥
Ѥäơָ̱츻 (folk_etymology) ؾ塤פǤ뤳ȤˤĤơ

Folk etymology often represents a reasonable attempt on a speaker's part to make sense of, i.e. to render transparent, a sequence that is opaque for one reason or another, e.g. because it is a borrowing and thus has no synchronic parsing in the receiving language. As such, it shows speakers actively working to give an analysis to data that confronts them, even if such a confrontation leads to a change in the input data. Moreover, folk etymology demonstrates that speakers take what the surface forms are --- an observation which becomes important later on as well --- and work with that, so that while they are creative, they are not really looking beyond the immediate phonic shape --- and, in some instances also, the meaning --- that is presented to them. (132)


Ǥ Joseph ϸѲˤüԤָ̱츻ŪȯۤΰյɾˤȤɤޤ餺ǤüԤζפָ̱츻ȤӤĤƤ롥#2174. ָ̱츻Ọ̇̄Ѳ ([2015-04-10-1])#2932. salacious ([2017-05-07-1]) ⻲ȡ
ˡüԤζȴϢơʬ (reanalysis) ñ㲽ʣˤɤؤ뤫˼1ʸ󤲤褦

[W]hen reanalyses occur, they are not always in the direction of simpler grammars overall but rather are often complicating, in a global sense, even if they are simplificatory in a local sense.


ѲΡñ㲽פ˴ؤŪȤơ#928. ޤ neutralization simplification ([2011-11-11-1])#1839. ñ㲽Ȥϲ ([2014-05-10-1])#1693. §ŪʲѲԵ§ŪʷѲ ([2013-12-15-1]) 򻲾Ȥ줿
ǸˡѲζŪˤĤƤΰѤ󤲤ƤؼԤ϶Ū˷кȤƵ뤬ɬǤϤʤȤƤ

[T]he grammars linguists construct . . . ought to be allowed to reflect uneconomical "solutions", at least in diachrony, but also, given the relation between synchrony and diachrony argued for here, in synchronic accounts as well.


Joseph, B. D. "Diachronic Explanation: Putting Speakers Back into the Picture." Explanation in Historical Linguistics. Ed. G. W. Davis and G. K. Iverson. Amsterdam: Benjamins, 1992. 123--44.

Referrer (Inside): [2018-08-23-1]

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2018-04-12 Thu

#3272. ʸˡ2ĤΥᥫ˥ [metaphor][metonymy][analogy][reanalysis][syntax][grammaticalisation][language_change][auxiliary_verb][future][tense]

ʸˡ (grammaticalisation) ŵȤơ̤ɽ魯ư be going to ȯã (cf. #417. ʸˡȤϡ ([2010-06-18-1])#2106.ֶʸˡȡֹʸˡ ([2015-02-01-1])#2575. Ѳΰ ([2016-05-15-1]) ) λѤơʸˡޤ̣ŪѲ2Ĥμ˱äơĤޤ2ĤΥᥫ˥ˤäȯʹԤ뤳Ȥ򼨤ΤHopper and Traugott (93) Ǥ롥2ĤΥᥫ˥Ȥϡsyntagm, reanalysis, metonymy åȤǹᥫ˥ȡparadigm, analogy, metaphor ʤᥫ˥Ǥ롥ʲοޤ򻲾ȡ

          --------------------------------------------------------------------------- Syntagmatic axis
                                                                                 Mechanism: reanalysis
                                                                                                 |
          Stage I          be                  going            [to visit Bill]                  |
                           PROG                Vdir             [Purp. clause]                   |
                                                                                                 |
          Stage II         [be going to]       visit Bill                                        |
                           TNS                 Vact                                              |
             (by syntactic reanalysis/metonymy)                                                  |
                                                                                                 |
          Stage III        [be going to]       like Bill                                         |
                           TNS                 V                                                 |
             (by analogy/metaphor)                                                               |
                                                                                     Paradigmatic axis
                                                                                    Mechanism: analogy

Stage I ʸˡξ֤ǡbe going ϤޤǡֹԤäƤפȤ̤ΰ̣ʤŪˡ to visit Bill ղäƤȲᤵʳǤ롥
Stage II ˤơɽطμ (syntagm) ˱äƺʬ (reanalysis) 롥ܤɤδ֤ǤκʬϤʤΤǡβ˥ȥ˥ߡ (metonymy) θƯƤȹͤ롥ơbe going to ϡ䤳ΤޤȤޤˤä̤ȤɸʸˡŪǤȲᤵ˻롥
Stage II ˤƤϡޤ visit Τ褦ʹ԰٤ΰ̣äư췲դʤä be going to ʸ¾ư췲褦˳硦ȯŸƤСŬϰϤưäȤϢطμ (paradigm) ˱ä (analogy) ˤäƳȤäƤβ˥᥿ե (metaphor) ͿƤ뤳Ȥ򤷤䤹ʸˡϡΤ褦1ᥫ˥ˤ곫Ϥ졤2ᥫ˥ˤ礷ĤĿʹԤȤȤ狼롥
ʸˡˤ2ĤΥᥫ˥बŪ˺ѤƤȤ嵭Hopper and Traugott (93) εҤˤƤ

In summary, metonymic and metaphorical inferencing are comlementary, not mutually exclusive, processes at the pragmatic level that result from the dual mechanisms of reanalysis linked with the cognitive process of metonymy, and analogy linked with the cognitive process of metaphor. Being a widespread process, broad cross-domain metaphorical analogizing is one of the contexts within which grammaticalization operates, but many actual instances of grammaticalization show that conventionalizing of the conceptual metonymies that arise in the syntagmatic flow of speech is the prime motivation for reanalysis in the early stages.


Hopper, Paul J. and Elizabeth Closs Traugott. Grammaticalization. 2nd ed. Cambridge: CUP, 2003.

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2016-07-16 Sat

#2637. hereby here, therewith there [etymology][reanalysis][analogy][compounding]

#1276. hereby, hereof, thereto, therewith, etc. ([2012-10-24-1]) Ǥߤ褦ˡhere/there/where + ֻפȤʣϡޤä쥸ǡֻ + this/that/it/which פȥѥե졼ۤɤΰ̣ɽ魯ʣ2Ǥ֤ŤѸŪ (synthesis) ȴطƤ롤ȤȤϸȤƤ⡤ʤ̾Ѥ *thisby, *thatwith, *whichfore ʤɤȤʤ餺Ѥ hereby, therewith, wherefore ȤʤΤ
ŪˤСhere, there, where ʤɤȤƤǤϤʤ "this/that/which place" ۤɤž̾ȤƵǽƤȹͤ뤳ȤǤ롥̻ŪˤϤɤΤ褦ΤOED Ĵ٤ȡȤ߹碌ֻˤäƤǯϰۤʤ뤬ᤤΤϸűѸ줫鸽Ƥ롥here, adv. and n. θФʣ˴ؤ츻ŪˡΤ褦ˤä

here- in combination with adverbs and prepositions.

871--89 Charter of Ælfred in Old Eng. Texts 452 þas gewriotu þe herbeufan awreotene stondað.
1646 Youths Behaviour (1663) 32 As hath been said here above.

[These originated, as in the other Germanic languages, in the juxtaposition of here and another adverb qualifying the same verb. Thus, in 805--31 at HEREBEFORE adv. 1 hær beforan = here (in this document), before (i.e. at an earlier place). Compare herein before, herein after at HEREIN adv. 4, in which herein is similarly used. But as many adverbs were identical in form with prepositions, and there was little or no practical difference between 'here, at an earlier place' and 'before or at an earlier place than this', the adverb came to be felt as a preposition governing here (= this place); and, on the analogy of this, new combinations were freely formed of here (there, where) with prepositions which had never been adverbs, as herefor, hereto, hereon, herewith.]


פˡʣȤʤˤϡhere (= in this document) before (at an earlier place) ʤɤΩȤƤޤ֤ƤˤʤäȤhere "this place (in the document)" Ȳᤵ졤before ֻȤƲᤵȡԤϸԤŪǤʬϤ졤"before this place (in the document)" ۤɤ᤿Ǥǧ˻äΤȤĤޤꡤhere ΰ̣Ѳ before ʻžʸ̮Ϣư̤κʬ (reanalysis) ˤۤʤʤθϡä󤳤θΥѥ󤬤Ǥȡ¾졦ֻˤ⼫ͳ˰ܿƤä
͡ʣνǯįƤߤȡűѸ줫ѸФƸѸ˻ޤ³Ū˥ѥѥȸƤꡤä˿郎쵤äȤݤϤʤѸǤϤǤ¿μबѤƤȤ狼롥
ʤOED there, adv. (adj. and n.) ˤСμʣθŤᤫˤĤơΤ褦˽Ҥ٤ƤˡΧդθոȤưʳǤϡǤˡԸšդΥ졼٥뤬ŽƵפȤ

'the compounds of there meaning that, and of here meaning this, have been for some time passing out of use, and are no longer found in elegant writings, or in any other than formulary pieces' (Todd's Johnson 1818, at Therewithall).

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2016-07-02 Sat

#2623. ;ιʸο;β [impersonal_verb][reanalysis][verb][syntax][word_order][case][synthesis_to_analysis]

;ư (impersonal_verb) Ѥ;ιʸ (impersonal construction) ˤĤƤϡ#204. ;ιʸ ([2009-11-17-1]) ¾εǼ夲ƤѸʹߡ;ιʸϤͿ;ιʸؤȿܤʹߤˤϤۤȤɸʤʤäΡ;ιʸο;βפϡѸˤˤ礭ȤƤθˤĤƤϡ̾Τ褦Ƥ롥
Ѹ;ư like(n) ˼ưϸǤϡֹפȤ;Ūˡ̣äƤꡤI like thee. Τ褦ˡΤ I ǡоݤгʡŪʡ you ɽ蘆롥ѸˤϡʰϽѸǤˡư;Ūˡ̣äƤ Me liketh thee. Τ褦ˡΤͿ Me ǡоݤг thee ɽ蘆줿ʤСֻˤȤäơʤ򹥤൤סֻˤȤäƤϡʤϹޤפۤɤΤ̾Ǥгʤޤˤ줿̾ǤмʤͿʤζ̤ϤǤˤĤʤʤäƤΤǡۣ롥㤨СGod liketh thy requeste, (Chaucer, Second Nun's Tale 239) ǤϡGod ŪˤͿʤäƤȹͤ뤬ʹˤϼʤȤƲ򤵤뤫⤷ʤξ硤ʹ liketh ;ưȤƺʬ (reanalysis) 򤷤Ƥ뤳Ȥˤʤ롥;ưΤʤˤϡȤűѸ;ưȤƤѤΤ¿äΤǡ;βΥץΤȤϴʤäΤ⤷ʤShakespeare Ǥϡư like ϤޤξͤѤƤꡤWhether it like me or no, I am a courtier. (The Winters Tale 4.4.730) Ȥ뤫ȻפСI like your work, (Timon of Athens 1.1.160) ߤʰʾ塤ƣp. 106--08 ˡ
ʾ夬;ιʸο;β˴ؤ붵ʽŪŪˡѸʹߤ٤Ƥιʸˤƿ;ιʸ礷ͤɬפ롥 (155--56) 3ĤװŦƤ롥

(a) SVOȤ礬ΩOEư֤֤뤳Ȥ¿äַиԡפɽ魯Ū줬Ȳ򤵤褦ˤʤäˤOEǤǤ̾μʤгʤʤꤷФƱǤäȤ¡LOEϤޤäܼοʿˤꡤͿʡгʤȼʤƱȤʤä¤ʤ׸Ƥ롥;ιʸˤƤϡַиԡפɽŪ줬̾Ǥ뤳Ȥ⤢ΤǤξˤŪʡͿʡгʡˤȼʤϷۤʤäƤ뤫顤־ΤޤȤϹͤˤΤǤ;βθǤϤʤǤ
(b) ܼοʿˤꡤưιͿʤʤŪʤΤߤˤʤäȤʤηϤѲäᡥʤ̣ΰ㤤˴ŤƼʡгʡ°ʡͿʤȤʤͿƤΤ٤ʸι¤˴ŤƼʤŪʤͿȤѤäΤַиԡפŪȯŪͿԤȤɽ˳ʤȤʤѤ;ιʸ¤ȤȤԲǽˤʤä
(c) OE¿ư¾ư쵡ǽȯãƤäФͿʡгʡ̾ȼ¾ư;ư⤳¾ư첽Ѳˤäƽ¾ưѲη̤ȤƼ;Τ it ǤϤʤͤޤϤ˽ऺ԰ټԼȤ褦ˤʤä


(c) ˤĤƤϡ#2318. Ѹˤˤ¾ưá ([2015-09-01-1]) ⻲ȡ

ƣ ͺرѸ硡ʸˡΥ롼Ĥõ١ҡ2002ǯ106--08.
ס ˡŪˤ븽αʸˡ١罤ۡ1990ǯ.

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