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ǽ: 2026-07-15 01:27

2026-02-07 Sat

#6130. űѸ butan εܤ³ˡϤä [but][conjunction][coordinator][subordinator][reanalysis]

֤פΰ̣ǵܤ³ȤŪѤ but ϡűѸ³ butan ̤롥űѸ butan ϴŪˤ "except" 뽾°³ȤѤΤ̤äA butan B Τ褦ʸˤơʸ̮ˤäƤ "A except B" Τߤʤ餺 "A but B" Τ褦ˤǤ륱äˡʬ (reanalysis) ˤ긽Ϣʤܤ³ˡΤȤ롥
OED ˤȡűѸǤεܤ³ȤƤˡϵȤĤĤ⡤¸ߤǧƤ롥

III. In a compound sentence, connecting the two coordinate clauses; or introducing an independent sentence connected in sense, though not in form, with the preceding sentence.
   In a compound sentence the second clause may be contracted so as to omit constituents also occurring in the main clause, e.g. Thou hast not lied unto men, but unto God = 'Thou hast not lied unto men, but thou hast lied unto God'; John couldn't come to see me, but Mary could = 'John couldn't come to see me, but Mary could come to see me'.
   Rare in Old English; attestations are often interpreted as transitional from uses in sense C.II.7 (see further B. Mitchell Old Eng. Syntax (1985) §). In Old English coordinate clauses are usually connected by ac ac conj.


ȤƤ Mitchell OES (§3500) ˬƤߤȡΤ褦ˤ롥

§3500. Quirk (pp. 62--3) discusses a number of examples in which butan 'was not autonomously concessive but occasionally concessive-equivalent, combining its exception function with a concessive one'.
They include Bo 40. 8 . . . ne ic ealles forswiðe ne girnde þisses eorðlican rices, buton tola ic wilnode þeah . . . and (after a form of nytan) Bo 70. 26 ic nat humeta, buton we witon ꝥ hit unmennischlic dæd wæs and (Holthausen's 1894 text)

Pha 4 Nat ic hit be whihte, butan ic wene þus,
          þæt þær screoda wære gescyred rime
          siex hundred godra searohæbbendra,

for which J. R. R. Tolkien was wont to offer the translation 'I don't really know, but I rather guess . . .'. On such examples, see further §§3626 and 1773.


°³ except ³ but ΤȤᤷ㤬뤿ˡ"transitional" "concessive-equivalent" ȤɽѤƤΤ

Mitchell, Bruce. Old English Syntax. 2 vols. New York: OUP, 1985.

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2025-07-28 Mon

#5936. Ѹν³ [conjunction][coordinator][subordinator][syntax]

ε#5935. Ѹ³ ([2025-07-27-1]) ³³ (conjunction) ΤʤǤ³ (subordinator = subordinating conjunction) ܤΰǤȤΤ Quirk et al. (§§11.9--11) Ǥ롥

[ñ㽾³졡]

after, (al)though, as, because, before, but (that), if, how(ever), like (familiar), once, since, that, till, unless, until, when(ever), where(ver), whereas, whereby, whereupon, while, whilst (especially BrE)


[ʣ罾³졡]

that ǽ

in that, so that, in order that†, such that, except that, for all that, save that (literary)


that ץΤ

now (that), providing (that), provided (that), supposing (that), considering (that), given (that), granting (that), granted (that), admitting (that), assuming (that), presuming (that), seeing (that), immediately (that), directly (that)


as ǽ

as far as, as long as, as soon as, so long as, insofar as, so far as, inasmuch as (formal), according as, so as (+ to + infinitive)


than ǽ

sooner than (+ infinitive), rather than (+ infinitive)


¾

as if, as though, in case


[ؽ³졡]

if . . . then, (al)though . . . yet/nevertheless, as . . . so


more/-er/less . . . than, as . . . as, so . . . as, so . . . (that), such . . . as, such . . . (that), no sooner . . . than


whether . . . or


the . . . the


ۤ˸Ťᤫ³Ȥ albeit, lest, whence, whither äƤ褤

Quirk, Randolph, Sidney Greenbaum, Geoffrey Leech, and Jan Svartvik. A Grammar of Contemporary English. London: Longman, 1972.

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2025-07-27 Sun

#5935. Ѹ³ [conjunction][coordinator][subordinator][syntax]

#947. Ѹֻ ([2011-11-30-1]) ³ŵŪǽ (function word) Ȥ³ (conjunction) ΰǤ³ˤ³ (coordinator = coordinating conjunction) ³ (subordinator = subordinating conjunction) ꡤԤΰ򼨤ȤΤ Quirk et al. (§9.28) Ǥ롥

Ρ³졡

and, or, but


Ρ³˶ᤤ³졡

for, so that


ȤۤɤοǤϤʤ¤ϤǿԤƤޤ
³줫ɤΤ1 for ˤĤƤϡ#1542. ³ȤƤ for ([2013-07-17-1]) 򻲾Ȥ줿
ۤ nor ȤƤ뤫⤷ʤand ʤ̤³줬Ԥǡ³ȤϤʤboth, either, neither 3ˤĤƤϡand, or, but ȤȤ˹³ (correlative conjunction) ΰˤȤɤޤ뤳ȡnor Ʊ̤ͤ³줬Ԥ뤳Ȥ顤³ȤϤʤ

Quirk, Randolph, Sidney Greenbaum, Geoffrey Leech, and Jan Svartvik. A Grammar of Contemporary English. London: Longman, 1972.

Referrer (Inside): [2026-01-01-1] [2025-07-28-1]

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2013-07-17 Wed

#1542. ³ȤƤ for [conjunction][syntax][prototype][coordinator][subordinator]

³ȤѤ for ˡ롥ʸŪǤϤ뤬ƤФŪʺ­Ū˽Ҥ٤ȤѤ롥񤭸դǤ for ˥ޡߥ󡤥åʤɤζ֤졤ڤٻߤȼʸ򤤤Ĥ󤲤褦

It was just twelve o'clock, for the church bell was ringing.
We listened eagerly, for he brought news of our families.
I believed her --- for surely she would not lie to me.
He found it increasingly difficult to read, for his eyesight was beginning to fail.
She remained silent, for her heart was heavy and her spirits low.
The man was different from the others, with just a hint of sternness. For he was a coroner.


for ϡͳҤ٤ŵŪʽ°³Ǥ because, since, as ʤɤˡʬŪ˽Ťʤ롥ºݤʤɤǤ "I did it for they asked me to do it." ʤɤľܤͳҤ٤ because ˶ᤤ⤢롥Ĥǡbecause ʤɤν°³ȤŪۤʤꡤ椨ष³Ȥʬव뤳Ȥ⤢롥
㤨Сfor Ƴ˻äƤ뤳ȤϤǤʤ (ex. * For he was unhappy, he asked to be transferred.) ޤit is . . . that ζĴʸζĴΰ֤ for äƤ뤳ȤϤǤʤbecause A and because C ʤɤ and ˤ֤Ǥ뤬for A and for B ʤɤȤϤǤʤľ just, only, simply, chiefly ʤɤ֤ȤǤʤ
for ³餷̿񤤤򼨤ȤΤǤ롥㤨СŵŪ³ or ǤϡI may see you tomorrow or may phone later in the day. ʤɤȼ줬Ʊ硤2ˤϾάǤ뤬for ǤϾάǤʤ (ex. * He did not want it, for was obstinate)
Quirk et al. (927--28) ϡ°³³ʬŪʴϤʤȤʤ⡤Ūˤ for ԤʬहΤŬڤȹͤƤ롥if because Τ褦 prototypical ʽ°³ǤϤʤΤΡprototypical ³Ǥ and or γ֤Τۤ礭ȽǤƤ롥Quirk et al. (927) ˤŪ6ȡ̤齾°ؤϢ³򼨤ɽʲ˵󤲤褦ɽΡ֡ޡפϾˤäƤϳܤʤäꤹ뤳Ȥ򡤡֡ߡפ (and) yetand ʤɤ֤ǤդǤ뤳Ȥ򼨤

(a) It is immobile in front of its clause.
(b) A clause beginning with it is sequentially fixed in relation to the previous clause, and hence cannot be moved to a position in front of that clause.
(c) It does not allow a conjunction to precede it.
(d) It links not only clauses, but predicates and other clause constituents.
(e) It can link subordinate clauses.
(f) It can link more than two clauses, and when it does so all but the final instance of the linking item can be omitted.

Table 13.18 Coordination--conjunct--subordination gradients
Coordination--Conjunct--Subordination Gradients


ʤOED MED ˤȡŪˤ³ȤƤ for ϡűѸ줫Ѹؤβϴ˽ФƤ롥


1123 Peterb.Chron. (LdMisc 636) an.1123: Ac hit naht ne beheld, for se biscop of Særes byrig wæs strang.
c1150 Serm. in Kluge Ags. Lesebuch 71 Hwu sceal þiss gewurðen, for ic necann naht of weres gemane.
1154 Anglo-Saxon Chron. anno 1135, On þis kinges time wes al unfrið..for agenes him risen sone þa rice men.


ñΤ³ȤѤ for ȤȤơűѸǤ ðe ȼä³첽 forþam, forþan, forði 줿13ˤ for that ʤɤ compound connective ⸽줿³ȤƤϼŪǤϤΤΡƳȸŤˤäƤ뤳Ȥ狼롥

Quirk, Randolph, Sidney Greenbaum, Geoffrey Leech, and Jan Svartvik. A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language. London: Longman, 1985.

Referrer (Inside): [2025-07-27-1] [2023-03-02-1]

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