01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31
³ȤѤ for ˡ롥ʸŪǤϤ뤬ƤФŪʺŪ˽Ҥ٤ȤѤ롥դǤ for ˥ޡߥåʤɤζ֤졤ڤٻߤȼʸĤ褦
It was just twelve o'clock, for the church bell was ringing.
We listened eagerly, for he brought news of our families.
I believed her --- for surely she would not lie to me.
He found it increasingly difficult to read, for his eyesight was beginning to fail.
She remained silent, for her heart was heavy and her spirits low.
The man was different from the others, with just a hint of sternness. For he was a coroner.
for ϡͳҤ٤ŵŪʽ°³Ǥ because, since, as ʤɤˡʬŪ˽Ťʤ롥ºݤʤɤǤ "I did it for they asked me to do it." ʤɤľܤͳҤ٤ because ˶ᤤ⤢롥Ĥǡbecause ʤɤν°³ȤŪۤʤꡤ椨ष³Ȥʬव뤳Ȥ⤢롥
㤨Сfor Ƴ˻äƤ뤳ȤϤǤʤ (ex. * For he was unhappy, he asked to be transferred.) ޤit is . . . that ζĴʸζĴΰ֤ for äƤ뤳ȤϤǤʤbecause A and because C ʤɤ and ˤ֤Ǥ뤬for A and for B ʤɤȤϤǤʤľ just, only, simply, chiefly ʤɤ֤ȤǤʤ
for ³餷̿ȤΤǤ롥㤨СŵŪ³ or ǤϡI may see you tomorrow or may phone later in the day. ʤɤȼ줬Ʊ硤2ˤϾάǤ뤬for ǤϾάǤʤ (ex. * He did not want it, for was obstinate)
Quirk et al. (927--28) ϡ°³³ʬŪʴϤʤȤʤ⡤Ūˤ for ԤʬहΤŬڤȹͤƤ롥if because Τ褦 prototypical ʽ°³ǤϤʤΤΡprototypical ³Ǥ and or γ֤Τۤ礭ȽǤƤ롥Quirk et al. (927) ˤŪ6ȡ̤齾°ؤϢ³ɽʲ˵褦ɽΡ֡ޡפϾˤäƤϳܤʤäꤹ뤳Ȥ֡ߡפ (and) yet 褦 and ʤɤ֤ǤդǤ뤳Ȥ
(a) It is immobile in front of its clause.
(b) A clause beginning with it is sequentially fixed in relation to the previous clause, and hence cannot be moved to a position in front of that clause.
(c) It does not allow a conjunction to precede it.
(d) It links not only clauses, but predicates and other clause constituents.
(e) It can link subordinate clauses.
(f) It can link more than two clauses, and when it does so all but the final instance of the linking item can be omitted.
Table 13.18 Coordination--conjunct--subordination gradients
ʤOED MED ˤȡŪˤ³ȤƤ for ϡűѸ줫Ѹؤβϴ˽ФƤ롥
1123 Peterb.Chron. (LdMisc 636) an.1123: Ac hit naht ne beheld, for se biscop of Særes byrig wæs strang.
c1150 Serm. in Kluge Ags. Lesebuch 71 Hwu sceal þiss gewurðen, for ic necann naht of weres gemane.
1154 Anglo-Saxon Chron. anno 1135, On þis kinges time wes al unfrið..for agenes him risen sone þa rice men.
ñΤ³ȤѤ for ȤȤơűѸǤ ðe ȼä³첽 forþam, forþan, forði 줿13ˤ for that ʤɤ compound connective ⸽줿³ȤƤϼŪǤϤΤΡƳȸŤˤäƤ뤳Ȥ狼롥
Quirk, Randolph, Sidney Greenbaum, Geoffrey Leech, and Jan Svartvik. A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language. London: Longman, 1985.
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