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[2011-12-23-1]ε#970. Money makes the mare to go.פǼ夲ˤĤơĴ٤ƤߤOED ǤΤθʤѼˤν1659ǯΤΤǡǤ the grey mare ʰӤλϡˤŪȤʤäƤ롥
1659 Howell Lex., Prov. 6/2 Money makes the grey Mare to go.
the grey mare ϴŪˡ֤ŷ (the wife who rules her husband) ̣켫Ȥ̤θ the grey mare is the better horse ʽ˼פߤˤΰȤʤäƤ롥ϡְӤϤϡפȸĥʤζ餱ơӤλϤ蘆줿ˤθλ˴Ťȸ롥θνϡOED Ǥ16ΤȤǤ롥
ơSimpson αѸŵˤȡMoney . . . variation ȤƤϡ1500ǯ鸫롥Ĥޤꡤθȯۤ䶵ϡɸηʸڤ⤺äѸȤΤƤȤˤʤ롥
a a1500 in R. L. Greene Early English Carols (1935) 262 In the heyweyes ther joly palfreys Yt [money] makyght to . . praunce.1573 J. SANFORDE Garden of Pleasure 105v Money makes the horsse to goe.1670 J. RAY English Proverbs 122 It's money makes the mare to go.1857 KINGSLEY Two Years Ago p. xvi. I'm making the mare go here . . without the money too, sometimes. I'm steward now.1930 L. MEYNELL Mystery at Newton Ferry xiii. 'Tis money makes the mare go. . . They're all afteer it, every one of them.1978' Countryman Spring 183 Weardale farmer's advice to daughter about to reject proposal of marriage from a wealthy tradesman: 'Never cock your snoop at money, my lass, 'cos it's money that makes the mare to go'.
嵭ˤϸ줬ѤƤ۷ߤ뤬¤ϡǤפʼǤ to åƤ롥
mare θ츻ˤĤƤϡűѸǤ m(i)ere ̤ꡤ mearh "horse" νǤ롥θűѸ mearh Ʊ Gmc *marχjōn, IE *marko- ؤ̤롥Ȥȡפ̣Ƥ marshal ʻᴱˤ⤳θ캬ͳ褹롥
Simpson, J. A., ed. The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Proverbs. Oxford: OUP, 1982.
ε#976. syntagma marking ([2011-12-29-1]) Ǽ夲ϺΤäΤϡ˸زˤơ̳ƻؤΡ֥ޥΡnæפȷƻѲΡʸˡספꤹ븦ȯɽΤʤǤ̾ƤǤ롥
űѸ䡤ʬŪѸˤ⸫줿ޥηƻѲŵŪʸ -n ǤƤ椯ȤˤäơʤΰפȤʸˡŪǽͭƤѲζηϤʸˡפƤ椯ˤĤ븦ȯɽä-n ޤƻѲ˾üƤޤäΤǤʸˡⲿʤ櫓꤮ΤȤ -e ʤɤ첻ĤäƤꡤǤƤθϤĤƤΤ褦Ūʰפ櫓ǤϤʤȤȾüʳĤΥޥ˸롥㤨СեꥫǤϡĤƤζͳ褹 -e ̵ͭϡƻ촴ηŪˤäƼưŪ˷ޤäƤΤǤꡤŪʾϴƤʤȤ
ϡƻʸˡȤϡ̤θС줬ַƻ̾פϢ뤹ñʤ֥ơספƤȤȤǤȻŦ롥֥ơספȤϡƻ̾Ϣ٤뤿첻 -n ֤˶߹Ȥ syntagma marker ȤƤƯˤۤʤʤϲ (euphony) ȤƤΩĤȻפ졤Ūǽϸ¤ʤ夤ȤƤ⡤¸߰յޤäʤȤȤˤϤʤʤޤ¿ΥޥǡˡǤϷƻζݤˤȤ¤뤬ϴط̾ȤϢ٤ˡξ夤Ǥ
ޤޡܲѸηƻηϤ (ilame) ˴ؿΤǡβDzŪ˻ĤäƤƻϡޤ syntagma marker ȤơĤʤΡ֥ơספȤơǽƤˤʤȹͤ뤳ȤǤ뤫⤷ʤȡȯɽİƻפäǤ롥
ѸΤƻϾüˤʤʤ⡤֤Ȥʤ館ƤŪʰפΰռƻĤäƤ椨Ȥͤ뤬Ȥ̤ˡŪ syntagma marking ä椨뤳ȤǤ뤫⤷ʤspeculative ǤϤ뤬ɷŪʵȤʤꤦ롥
Ϻظء١罤ۡ1981ǯ
Ϻˤ syntagma marking ȤͤΤä
[2011-06-02-1]ε#766. פǿ줿褦ˡä˲ˤ (linearity) θ§˽虜ʤäˤƤ褯ΤƤ褦ˡǽϤϳ (hierarchy) ˤ2ǹƤ뤬ʪŪ¸ȤƤβϻ֤˱ä1ۤۤʤǡüԤϡ¸ȤƤ1Ȥʤ餶ʤϢ³Τʤˡظˤ2Ūʳؤ碌ҥȤ͡ʷǤФ롥ơİԤϤȤ2Ūʳؤ롥ΥҥȤ䡤طʤˤ2ñ̤ϰϤɸ뵡ǽܤ syntagma marking ȸƤǤ롥
ҥȤμ¿ˤ錄롥첻Ĵ¤ʤɤβŪʡʤʤɤɽ魯ܼŪפܼȤŪʼʡĴȥ͡ٻߤʤɤĶʬŪʼʤˤޤ͡㤨С[2011-11-09-1]ε#926. ŪǽפǽҤ٤ contrastive 뤤 culminative ȤϡСȤñ̤ϰϤ syntagma marking ΤȤǤ롥ܤθڤ䤪 (159)
ĤޤꡤˤäƤϡ
ФƤ첻μʥ륿
Ȥνܸ졤īʤɡ
ĴΥǥ閩졤Ҳȸ
硤
ʼʥɡ衼åѸ
ʬʻҲ첻ˤΥǥʥåȡ
Τ褦ˡʪŪȤƤϡޤޤǤ뤬ݤȤƤϡݲСˤ٤ơ줾θˤ륷ޤΥޡȤƤΡŪΤ뤳Ȥ狼äƤΤǤ롥
ˡܤϸΰ̸ȤƤ syntagma marking ˤĤƼΤ褦ˤҤ٤Ƥ (394--95)
ޡޡˤϡΤۤˤ⡤ˤäơٻߡʥݡˤĤäꡤޤȥޤΤ첻ꤹȤ褦ʡʤ꤫롥¿ޤ̵¤Ǥ뤫⤷ʤηϤηħȤơݲС٤ơޡޡȤơŪˤȤ館뤳ȤǤΤǤ롥ɽΤΡޡΤΤϡ֤ޤˤŪפǡȯǤʤ⤷ʤΥޡȤΡġθʪŪֻפϡθäƤҤȤʤ顤Ǥ⡤ưפ˲ʳˡθʤΤ˺ƸǤ롥ΰ̣ǤϡߤˤȤäȤꡤϡֲǡפֲפˤ٤Ƥ⡤ޤȤ⤪Ȥ̡äʪʤΤǤ롥
ѸˤδȤ櫓̣ΤϡѸǤ syntagma marker ȤƤζηϤϿषƤ뤬˶ηϤäƤΤǤϤʤȤܤθڤǤ (160--61) Ԥοब褫Ԥȯã褫ϡ˥ȥȥޥδطǤȽҤ٤Ƥʤ⡤ߤ˴طȤȤϼƤ롥
ޤοȤѸ˾ʤƥޥ˾ˤ礭ͤˤäơʻĤפ롥
Ϻظء١罤ۡ1981ǯ
ε#974. 3;̾μʷ˺Ѥ۲([2011-12-27-1]) ǡҲ㤨Ȥ۲Ѥˤä homonymic clash ǽˤĤ3;̾μʤ˸¤äƤεäǤϡгʤϤɤäȤȡϰۤʤäƤ
3;ʣ̾ th- μƤΥߥʤˤۤʤäƤȤϡѸ˾塤褯ΤƤ롥ʣʷ they μƤϽѸгʷ their them ʤɤϸѸ Chaucer ǤŪǤϤʤäơμƤλֺϡ̾٤κȴطƤ롥ʤϼгʤ٤ƻ٤⤯̤ɬ礭homonymic clash ٤¿ʬʤΤۤ줿Ȥ櫓
ʤȼгʤ٤κˤϡ3;ʣ th- ˤĤƤʤΤ̤Ʊ3;ʣʳ֤̾ˤĤƤŬѤǤűѸο;̾ηϤǤϡ夲ʤǤϤʤгʤˤƤ homonymy ߤ줿㤨СLate West-Saxon ɸŪʥѥ ([2009-09-29-1]) ˽Сhis ñ°ʤñ°ʡhim ñͿʤñͿʤʣͿʡhīe ϽñгʤʣгʤǤꡤͤεϳΤˤäѸʹߤδߤСȤƤϤξͤ줿Ȥˤʤ뤬гʤǤκμƤΥߥϡʤ٤٤ä褦Ǥ롥Ȥơñ°ʤ his its ִ줿Τϡ[2009-11-11-1]ε#198. its εפǸȤꡤѸˤʤäƤ
гʤǤϡѸгʤͿʤͻ (syncretism) ȤѲʹԤƤꡤñ˼ʤȯã٤뤳ȤϤǤʤгʤϡʤˤߤ褦ʰ۲ѤˤäƤǤϤʤʤͻˤäƤΥѥȤäƤ٤ȤϤϤʤ٤оͤƤ䤹кμƤʤäȤФä٤뷹϶Ȥκݤ˹ͤͳϡϤ٤κȤȰʳˤϹͤĤʤ
űѸ줫ѸˤƤλϡ3;̾ηϤѲäǤ롥űѸǤ3;̾ϰӤ h ǻϤޤ֤ݻƤꡤʤζ̤ϼȤ h ˸³첻ˤäƤʤƤhis, him, hīe, hit ʤɤƱ۵ (homophony) ϳΤ¸ߤηϤ˰ѤۤɤȤϤʤäƤʤäʸűѸ졤Ѹ졤Ѹο;̾ηϤӤˤϡ##155,181,196 ȡ
ȤѸ˶Ťȡ첻οʿʹԤä˼ʷˤ homophony ˤʤäƤűѸñ hēñ hēoʣ hīe 첻ζ̤ۣ沽ˤꡤ he Τ褦ʷ֤ؤȼ̤ƤޤƤΤǤ롥ˤäƤϺǾ¤첻ζ̤ݤ졤h- ݤ줿⤢뤬ɽȤ¿ǤϡƱ۵ (homonymic clash) 뤫Τ褦ˡƤäΤ褦ˤơѸʬۤǤñ heñ sheʣ they θ줿
ʾ homonymic clash εϡ[2011-04-10-1]ε#713. "though" "they" Ʊ۵פ[2011-06-28-1]ε#792. she --- Ǥ٤ι⤤츻ԾܤθפǤ줿˹ͤΤϡͤβȤϡŪʶ̤βѲȤơ۲ (dissimilation) ȤªʤȤȤǤ롥ñʤ h-ñʤ sh-ʣʤ th- ˲äñʤűѸ hit h ȤƤäȤܤ٤Ǥ[2010-08-07-1]ε#467. ;̾ it θƬ /h/ äݤפȡˡŪˡߤθƬҲʤ̵ͭˤΤ˶̤褦ˤʤäΤ⤷
ĤƤϰΧ˸ƬҲ h- ȤƸ³첻ˤäƶ̤ƤषƬҲ㤨뤳ȤΤ˶̤褦ˤʤäȤΤ顤ѲԻĤ夫ߤСѲˤä줫3;̾ηϤ۲Ѥˤäƨ줿Τ褦Ǥ롥ηϤμ (therapeutic power) ȤΤꤷʤѲλ
2011ǯ12ȾФ˥߳Ф´ʸΥȥꥹȥåפʴˤ䤫ʬ̤νǡˡ2009ǯ2010ǯΥꥹȤȹ碌ơ##973,608,266 ȡ
(1) ꥹѸˤñ̾ʣ̾ --- դäդΥ̴ ---
(2) ̾Ե§ʣΤˤĤƤ̻Ū
(3) դˤ do/make ѤʣҸ
(4) Ѹˤ be λθ
(5) 奢ꥫѸ줫鸫 HELP + 칽ʸˤ to ȸ --- ֤ͭδ ---
(6) ̣зƻֻäѤפ "sour" ˤߤ붦ɽ
(7) ꥫˤ̤˴ؤ PC ɽ
(8) ʥѸ줬ꥫѸ˵ڤܤäˤƶ
(9) ưȶִϢפֻ about, over, on ˤˡκ
(10) ꥫѸֻפˤ Noah Webster αƶϤϤɤ٤ΤΤʤΤ
(11) դΤѲͿ֤ؤαƶ
(12) äȤФ˸른˱줿ǯ
(13) ɤˤ¿ --- ɱѸˤ븽ϸͳθä˸줿ħ ---
(14) The Identity Problem in Singlish Controversy
ǯ٤ޤǤƱͤˡƤ¿ˤ錄롥ǯ٤³ħȤƤϥѥѤ1410⤢뤳ȤǤ롥ȤǥѥҲ𤹤ݤˡơޤˤäƤ´ǤλѤθƤߤƤϡȽҤ٤ƤΤͽۤꥳѥؤδؿ⤤
ʬȤƤϡŪʱѸؤζʬˤз֡졤̣ѡáˡֻθ椬ꡤʤ餤Ǥ롥ҲŪʴؿΩäƤꡤѥˤŪڤ˰褦ˤʤäƤѸѼθ椬Ƥ롥ϰѼǤСƤΤۤʥɡݡαѸ줬夲줿
ǤС2郎Ѹ˿Ƥ뤬ʳϤ٤ƸѸǤ롥(11) ϥͥåȾΥǡѤǿ Netspeak ιͻޤǤꡤȤϸ߿ʹ
ơޤ夤ƹԤΤѤβǻؤ٤뤳Ȥ¿ڤΤ¤Ǥ롥ǯ٤ variation ι˴Ԥ
ε#971. help + פε ([2011-12-24-1]) Ƭǿ줿Ʊʸΰ̣ӤӤƤƤȤȤˤĤƹͤ
Leech et al. (190) ϡʸ help λŦƤ롥
(19) He made important contributions to a number of periodicals such as Il Leonardo, Regno, La Voce, Lacerba and L'Anima which helped establish the respectability of anti-socialist, anti-liberal and ultra-nationalist ideas in pre-war Italy. [F-LOB J40]
(20) The right person may just happen to come along, or it may be necessary to take certain steps to help this happen. [BNC B3G]
ˤƤ⡤ֽפȤ prototypical ʰ̣Ȥϡֹ롤ǽȤפȤ˶ᤤ̣ ("weak causation") ǧ롥λζϡ2ܤʸǤ "enable such a thing to happen" "make such a thing happen" ŪʶǤϤʤȤҤ٤Ƥ (190)
Mair (121--26) ϡhelp λỤ̄ȯʸˡ (grammaticalisation) βȤƤ롥help ֽפȤŪʰ̣ʸˡŪʵǽȸƤǤ٤ֻפΰ̣ĤĤ뤳ȡưǤ뤫Τ褦ľ˸빽ʸƤƤ뤳ȡϡư줬ư첽Ƥ椯ʸˡβˤۤʤʤ[2009-07-01-1]ε#64. ˡưʤ³ȡפȹ碌ƹͤǤ롥
Leech, Geoffrey, Marianne Hundt, Christian Mair, and Nicholas Smith. Change in Contemporary English: A Grammatical Study. Cambridge: CUP, 2009.
Mair, Christian. Three Changing Patterns of Verb Complementation in Late Modern English: A Real-Time Study Based on Matching Text Corpora." English Language and Linguistics'' 6 (2002): 105--31.
ε#970. Money makes the mare to go. ([2011-12-23-1]) ǡư make ˸³ to ˤĤĴ٤ϸѸǻŪʰ̣ӤӻϤƤȤ help 줬³빽ʸ夲
help + Ū + פιʸˤĤƤϡѸˤη֤ to 줫鸶ذܹԤĤĤȤơ¿δϢ椬롥20Ⱦаʹߡ줬äƤȸ뤬¤ΤȤ help ȹ¤ʤεϤʤŤޤ̤롥
ޤOED Ƥߤ褦"help", v. B.5. ǡhelp ³빽ʸˤĤƽҤ٤Ƥ롥Ūΰ̣μˤȼʤ礬 5.a.ȼ礬 5.b. ǰƤꡤ to λѤ̤λѤǤᤤ㤬16˸롥Τ褦ä
In this and b the infinitive has normally to, which however from 16th c. is often omitted: this is now a common colloq. form.
OED ǤѸ˸λѤϤʤäƤ櫓ǤϤʤƤ褦ɤ
ȤMustanoja (532) ˤСѸ줫ϳΤˤ롥
. . . the subject of the infinitive, originally a dative, is no doubt looked upon as an accusative in ME. The infinitive usually takes to, but not invariably: --- mine friende þe ic halp to sweriȝen (Vices & V 9); --- alle þat halpe hym to erie, to selle or to sowe (PPl. B vii 6); --- to helpe him to werreye (Ch. CT A Kn. 1484); --- Rymenhild help me winne (Horn 991); --- somme hulpen erie his half acre (PPl. B vi 118); --- I wol thee helpe hem carie (Ch. CT C Pard. 954). Chaucer has four cases of help with the plain infinitive and seventeen with the infinitive with to or for to. The two instances found in the Book of London English (non-literary prose of Chaucer's time) are followed by an infinitive with to (for to): --- Þe wheche dede paien diverse sommes of monye for to helpe to destruye Þe weres yn Tempse (151); --- [dyverse percelles paied] to ij wemen for her travayle yn helpynge to make clene Þe halle (174).
ǡMED äƤߤȡ"helpen (v.)" 1. (b) ˤ⾯㤬ä
ϡιʸѸˤޤ̤뤳ȤޤǤϤ狼äʹߤƱʸȯãˤĤƤϡѥѤ Mair θä pp. 121--26ˤܤ
Mustanoja, T. F. A Middle English Syntax. Helsinki: Société Néophilologique, 1960.
Mair, Christian. Three Changing Patterns of Verb Complementation in Late Modern English: A Real-Time Study Based on Matching Text Corpora." English Language and Linguistics'' 6 (2002): 105--31.
ɸʸϡ֤ϡʤ֤Ȥ˻Ϥ⤫ʡϹΤ⼡ˡפȤǤ롥m ƬƤۤ츫ʸˡŪˤߤ to 뤳Ȥˤ궯Υꥺ (trochee) ¸ƤꡤΧŪˤϴʸ
ɸѸεʸˡǤϡ make to 줬Ϣʤ뤳ȤϵƤʤŤѸǤϲǽäȤɽˤƲŪ˻¸Ǥ롥 make to 줬ǽäȤϡѸǤư֤Ǥ He was made to wait for some time. Τ褦 to פ뤳ȤȴϢ롥ĤƤϸ to ⤢䤬ԤͥȤʤꡤԤϼư֤Ȥꤵ줿ĶĤΤߤȤʤä줬make ˤˤγάǤ롥
ѸǤ make ˤĤơMustanoja (533) Ȥ褦
. . . both forms of the infinitive occur with this causative verb: --- heo makede him sunegen on hire (Ancr. 24); --- she maketh men mysdo many score tymes (PPl. B iii 122); --- þe veond hit makede me to don (Ancr. 136); --- alwey the nye slye Maketh the ferre leeve to be looth (Ch. CT A Mil. 3393). In the Book of London English 1384--1425, make is accompanied by the plain infinitive in three cases and by the infinitive with to in five.
MED "māken (v. (1))" Ǥϡ15. (b) make äƤ뤬¿įȡto λѤ̤ˤߤ롥OED Ǥϡ"make", v.1 53.a. to Ȥι¤53.b. Ȥι¤ҤƤ롥Ѹǽ㤬롥
ϢˤĤưѸ˵äƤѲˡhelp to ǤʤȼޤäƤƤȤݤ롥help Ǥư֤ǤϤޤ to 줬ͥΤ褦Ǥꡤ make ˤʿԤƤ褦ˤߤ̣
Mustanoja, T. F. A Middle English Syntax. Helsinki: Société Néophilologique, 1960.
[2010-12-08-1]ε#590. last name ϤĤ̳ŪˤʤäפǡΥޥʹߡɤ̾ last name դȯãȤ夲
last name ŵϡof ȼäƽпϤʤɤ̾ѤΤǤꡤκǤͭ̾ʽ1ĤThe Owl and the Nightingale l. 191 ˸ʤƺԤοͤǤϤʤȵ Mayster Nichol of Guldeuorde Ǥ롥Atkins (19) ǤϼΤ褦롥
191. Maister Nichole of Guldeforde. The full designation of Nicholas is not without its interest, pointing as it does to certain changes characteristic of the 11th and 12th centuries. Under Norman influence the single personal names of the O.E. period had become supplemented by surnames denoting, amongst other things, place of birth. Thus in the later sections of the A. S. Chron. such names as Rotbert de Bælesne 81104), Willelm of Curboil (1123), Hugo of Mundford (1123) are found.
ͭ̾˸¤櫓ǤϤʤͤɽ魯̾̾ȤӤĤ of ˤĤƤϡOED "of", prep. 47.a. 롥 of ΰ̣ϡ?пȤΡ?褿פǤꡤűѸ an monn of ðǣre byriȝ Ða men of Lunden byriȝ ʤɤ˸뤬11ˤɬм櫓ǤϤʤ?˽פȤ°ΰ̣ؤѲƤä
Ϣơ[2011-07-19-1]ε#813. Ѹο̾ˡפȡ
Atkins, J. W. H., ed. The Owl and the Nightingale. New York: Russel & Russel, 1971. 1922.
121718ˡ˸زΩؤdzŤ줿ؿΤǽʤƤߤĤζ̣ȯɽääˡůȻȯɽֱѸθˤȷƻΥפˤĤơפüѻˤδ餪⤷ä
ƻˤϡ̣Ū2ब̤Ȥ1Ĥϡɾޤߡ٤ȤΤǤ qualitative adjective (QA) ǡgood, beautiful, kind ʤɤŵǤ롥ɾΤǤꡤvery ǶĴǤ뤷ӵ롥⤦1Ĥϡɾޤޤط relational adjective (RA) ǤꡤIndian, linguistic, opposite ʤɤŵǤ롥̾Ĵӵˤ뤳ȤϤǤʤ
лμĥΤʤǶ̣äΤϡRA QA ؼ̾˰ᤤȤȤǤ롥Сɾ QA ƻΥץȥפǤꡤRA ¿쾯ʤ줽æƤ뤿ˡƻŪʤ夯դ̾ŪʤȤ롥ơμѤȤСŪ̾줬ݤƤ뤳ȤΤƤ (##902,879,666,667) ΤȤϡƻǤŵŪʷƻǤ QA ⡤̾˰ᤤƻǤ RA Τۤ¿ѤƤȤ¤ȴϢΤǤϤʤʾ夬лμĥΰǤä
ΤˡܸǤ̾ˡ֤Ρפ֤ʡפŪפĤСɤ̾ǤƻˡؤžǤ롥ηƻΰ̣ǽ "relation" ȸƤ֤ΤǤСrelation μ Τۤ quality μ⤺ä¿Ȥ롥̾οƱбƻ줬ȤȤˤʤ뤫ϼѸ˸¤äȤǤϤʤѸ줫줫ˤ餺ƻΤˤ QA RA γϡ⤽Ԥ礭ФäƤȹͤ롥
Ѹ˸¤ȡ̣¤⤫Ӿ夬äƤ롥ѸǤϤʤեѸ줬ܳŪήѸλ˹ʤääѸƻįƤߤȡɤ嵭ͽۤȿ QA γ礬ʤʤ¿Ǥ롥ƻζϡ[2011-02-16-1]ε#660. ѸΥեѸηƻΨפǵƻȤ줿QA ¿ȤƼʤΰϥѥˤȴǤꡤŪǤϤʤˡޤΰϡ QA Ӥ뤯餤˹٤δܸ¿ޤǤ뤳ȤˤⵤŤ⤷ʤѸˤեѸηƻˡƳ QA ¿ȡä˹٤ǴŪ QA ¿Ȥϡܤͤ¤Ǥ롥
##948,949,950,951 εǡ̩ŪˤΤĤʤɽ Be it never so humble (= "no matter how humble it is") ˤĤƿ줿ѸǤϤ̤˸ɽǡĤǶ The Owl and the Nightingale ˤ˽Ф路ǤϡǤκʾɽʣŪʸ̮ΤʤǸƤꡤΤȤƶˤɤߤȤʤäƤ롥
Atkins Ǥ顤C J ƥȤ ll. 341--48 Ƹ褦
(C text)
341: Eurich murȝþe mai so longe ileste
342: þat ho shal liki wel unwreste:
343: vor harpe, 7 pipe, 7 fuȝeles [song]
344: mislikeþ, ȝif hit is to long.
345: Ne bo þe song neuer so murie,
346: þat he ne shal þinche wel unmurie
347: ȝef he ilesteþ ouer unwille:
348: so þu miȝt þine song aspille.
(J text)
341: Eurych mureþe may so longe leste,
342: Þat heo schal liki wel vnwreste:
343: For harpe, 7 pipe, 7 foweles song
344: Mislikeþ, if hit is to long.
345: Ne beo þe song ne so murie,
346: Þat he ne sal þinche vnmurie
347: If he ilesteþ ouer vnwille:
348: So þu myht þi song aspille.
ϡll. 345--48 ιʸǤ롥Atkins ϡp. 32fn ˤƤξɽˤĤƼΤ褦ͿƤ롥
345. neuer so murie. Instance of an irrational negative in a concessive clause---a construction found in O.E. and other Teutonic languages (see W. E. Collinson, M.L.R. x. 3, pp. 349--65) as well as occasionally in A.-Norman, where it is apparently due to English influence (see J. Vising, M.L.R. XI. 2, pp. 219--21): cf. A.S. Chron. (1087), nan man ne dorste slean oðerne man, næfde he næfre swa mycel yfel gedon.
βս Atkins βˤĤƤϡl. 346 ne redundant ȲȽҤ٤Ƥ뤳Ȥ顤"No matter how merry the song may be, it shall seem very unmerry if it lasts . . ." ɤǤ뤳Ȥ롥ξ l. 346 ιƬ þat ̵뤷Ƥ뤳Ȥˤʤꡤ礱Ƥ롥
Cartlidge ⡤ne unmurie ǹ碌 "unmerry" ȤƲᤷƤꡤþat ˤĤƤ̵Ǥ뤫顤Atkins ɤߤ˶ᤤȹͤ롥Cartlidge ͿƤ븽Ѹϡ"No matter how merry the song might be, it won't seem at all amusing if it lasts too long, undesirably, . . ." (10) Ǥ롥
þat 褷褦ȤƤɤߤˡStanley (114) 롥
345ff. The construction is difficult. Perhaps translate (assuming ellipsis), 'However joyous the song may be, it is never so joyous that it will not seem very miserable if it. . . .' he in lines 346f refers to song, a masc. n.
ɤߤǤϡne redundant ǤϤʤþat ϼξά줿 so . . . that ʸ þat Ƥ롥Burrow and Turville-Petre (94) ⤳ɤߤ˽äƤ롥
345--6 The logic of these lines requires their expansion: 'However delightful the song may be, (it will never be so delightful) that it will not seem very tiresome.'
ɮԤȤƤϡþat 褷Ƥ Stanley ɤɤߤ˻Ǥ롥ɽ so ³Ϥä so . . . that ʸ so ȽŤʤ礤̯ʹʸȤƸ줿ȤȤǤϤʤ֤꼭ˤäۤܲǽΰãƤ뤬so . . . that ʸμξά뤤ϤŬڤˤ syntactic contamination ([2011-05-04-1]ε#737. ʸ contaminationפȡˤȤƤǤСǽˤʤ롥
Atkins, J. W. H., ed. The Owl and the Nightingale. New York: Russel & Russel, 1971. 1922.
Cartlidge, Neil, ed. The Owl and the Nightingale. Exeter: U of Exeter P, 2001.
Stanley, Eric Gerald, ed. The Owl and the Nightingale. Manchester: Manchester UP, 1972.
Burrow, J. A. and Thorlac Turville-Petre, eds. A Book of Middle English. 3rd ed. Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005.
Graddol ɤǤơѸ̤ͽ¬˴ϢϤǡΤ褦ʱʸ˽Ф路
Futurologists inhabit a frontierland between historical facts and guesses about the future. Most of the practical techniques of strategic planning used by large corporations employ some kind of mix of empirical evidence together with the insight and judgement borne of practical experience. (16)
ϡֻǼ borne θˡǤ롥ѸεʸˡǤϡư bear βʬϡˡˤä born borne 2̤롥Fowler (113) ˤȡȤʬϰʲ̤Ǥ롥
born(e). The pa.pple of bear in all senses except that of birth is borne (I have borne with this too long; he was borne along by the wind); borne is also used, when the reference is to birth, (a) in the active (has borne no children), and (b) in the passive when by follows (of all the children borne by her only one survived). The pa.pple in the sense of birth, when used passively without by, or adjectivally, is born (he was born blind; a born fool; of all the children born to them; melancholy born of solitude; she was born in 1950).
ưβʬŪ variation õȡborn, borne ΤۤƱ bore ⤢ꤨOED "bear, v.1" 44 ˤȡ17Ⱦˤϡ3ԤΤ borne ˤ餺ͥäƱȾˤ torn, worn ʤɤȤΤᤫ born ˤ餺ͥȤʤꡤ bore ۷Ȥ٤Ƥ18Ⱦˤϡbore Ѥ졤borne 褹Ȥưꡤߤˤޤ³ˡλȤʬΩ
Ѹˤ㤷۷֤ιطʤȡǽŪ Fowler μ褦ʵϤΩطʤˤĤƤ̤Ĵborne born ξΤȯζ̤ϤʤޤֻΤߤǤ뤳ȤʸˡȤʤ館ƤͳʤΤ⤷ʤ
ơ borne of ʸ̮ΰ̣ϡּºݤηиޤ줿ƶϤȽϡפȼ뤬ޤ줿פȤѤƤΤǤ born ΤۤŬڤʤϤǤϤʤȤ䤬⤫֡Fowler OED εҤˤ⤢̤ꡤפȤʪŪ٤˾Ƥˤ borne ŬڤȤʤ뤳ȤϤ狼äξˤϡ³ŵŪֻϹټԤɽ魯 by Ǥꡤɽ魯 of ϤɤˤƤʤof ǽƤʾ塤٤Ū˥Ƥ뤳ȤϳΤǡ椨 born ǤϤʤ borne ФƤȹͤ줽ȼȤƤŪʤäΤǾǼʤä
ʤФ BNCWeb borne of Ƥߤ顤10郎ҥåȡŬάǥ饤
(1) . . . with a set of expectations borne of years of reading about the Masters . . .
(2) . . . a legacy of bigotry borne of his wish to improve his family's social standing.
(3) . . . with an indifference borne of familiarity.
(4) . . . through instinct borne of experience.
(5) It was a confidence borne of a quarter-of-a century of growing medical ascendancy . . .
(6) With skill borne of long practice . . .
(7) by fears borne of self-selected memories and infused by a false jingoism . . .
(8) It was partially borne of English desperation . . .
(9) . . . ignorance through lack of education, and idleness borne of enforced unemployment . . .
(10) I have also come away with lasting friendships, borne of total trust, respect and deep affection.
borne of ˽ľ̾ˤϷ뤳Ȥ狼롥ԡǰľݡƤʤɡ˿Ѥɽ魯̾ȶƤ褦饤ͯФƤ borne of ΰ̣ϡ?פ⤦Ƨ߹ǡ?ˤä߰Ƥ줿סˤϡ?դ줿פȤޤɤ߹٤ǤϤʤϾʤ櫓ؽԼˤҤȤ1ԤդäˡǤ롥
Graddol, David. The Future of English? The British Council, 1997. Digital version available at http://www.britishcouncil.org/learning-research-futureofenglish.htm
ε#964 z ʸȯ (1) ([2011-12-17-1]) ˤĤơ⤦Ĵ٤ƤߤΤǡ
ꥫѸǤ zee ȤƤȯˤĤơMencken (445) Τ褦˽Ҥ٤Ƥ롥
The name of the last letter of the alphabet, which is always zed in England and Canada, is zee in the United States. Thornton shows that this Americanism arose in the Eighteenth Century.
εҤȡzee ȯϥꥫѸȼκȤȤˤʤ뤬줿褦ˡzee ȯϼŪǤϤäѸΥꥹѸˤäȤ¸ߤƤΤ顤äҡʤȤҤǤ롥ϡCassidy and Hall (191) εҤͤˤ٤
Though zed is now the regular English form, z had also been pronounced zee from the seventeenth century in England. Both forms were taken to America, but evidently New Englanders favored zee. When, in his American Dictionary of the English Language (1828), Noah Webster wrote flatly, "It is pronounced zee," he was not merely flouting English preference for zed but accepting an American fait accompli. The split had already come about and continues today.
̤ꡤŪˤ z ȯ variation ϱƤѼˤ¸ߤʹߤˤǡѼɸŪȯȤƤޤ̤ȯ줿ȤȤǤ롥ꥫѸȼ뤤ϥꥹѸȼȤܤϿƤۤ¿ʤषĤƤ variation ˺ݤȤߤ٤㤬¿Ȥդ
ʤ˥塼ɱѸǤϡǯǯؤ濴ˡŪʥꥹȯ zed äơꥫȯ zee äƤƤȤBailey (492) Ѥ褦
In data compiled in the 1980s, children younger than eleven offered zee as the name of the last letter of the alphabet while all those older than thirty responded with zed.
Mencken, H. L. The American Language. Abridged ed. New York: Knopf, 1963.
Cassidy Frederic G. and Joan Houston Hall. "Americanisms." The Cambridge History of the English Language. Vol. 6. Cambridge: CUP, 2001. 184--252.
Bailey, Richard W. "American English Abroad." The Cambridge History of the English Language. Vol. 6. Cambridge: CUP, 2001. 456--96.
z ˴ؤƤϡz γƵǼ夲Ƥ⡤z ꡥ
z ϥե٥åȺǸʸˤͳ롥 z ϡ䥮ꥷ6ܤʸ "zeta" ȤơˤǤ̤ѤƤƥˤɬפȤʤäΤǡͤϼƤʤäȤ˥ꥷμѸɽΤѤ褦ˤʤäΤäǡե٥åȤʸκǸ˲ä졤䤬ƻ̱뤳ȤȤʤä (Crystal 2003) Ǥϡz ϸˤä͡ʲ͡ѤƤ롥
ѸˤƤϡ-ize -ise Ω褯ΤƤ롥Ωϡ绨ĤˤäƱѼ̤ΤȤΤƤ뤬[2010-02-26-1], [2010-03-07-1] εȡˡz ˤޤĤ⤦1ĤνפΩϡz ȤʸȤƤȯ˸롥̤ˡBrE Ǥ /zɛd/, AmE Ǥ /ziː/ ȯ롥ΰ㤤ϲˤΤ
OED ˤȡΥޥ衤ꥹǤ zed ȯڤ뤳ȤʤԤʤƤȹͤ롥17ˤϡzad, zard, izzard, ezod, uzzard ʤɤΰ۷ԤʤƤΤʤǡ2ϥꥷ "zeta" ȯãˡޥ첻Ƭź (prosthesis) 줿Τͳ褹롥
Ȥͥä zed йơѸ˲ؼԤȯȯפAlexander Gill Logonomia Anglica (1619) Ǥ ez ȯCharles Butler The English Grammar (1633) Ǥ ze ȯ줿ΤǤ롥ϡy ʸȯȤƤĤ ya yi Ƥ줿ΤƱ褦ˡե٥åȤ¾ʸȯȤʿ¸뤿ΡտŪʺ餯϶Ūθäȹͤ롥㤨Сze ȯˤꡤz b, c, d, e, g, p, t, v Τ줾ɸŪȯȵӱƧळȤˤʤ롥
Τ褦ήǡzee ȯ zed ¤ǥꥹǤʬŪˤϹԤʤ褦ˤʤä褦ˤϿष2Ĥȯϥꥫؤޤ졤ΥꥫǤ zee ˷ۤ夬äz ȯˤޤĤƺϡ¿αѸαƺƱ͡ƱΤʤǤΰۤʤ˵ΤȤ狼롥
Crystal, David. The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language. 2nd ed. Cambridge: CUP, 2003.
5֡ˤĤƤεƤ (##958,959,960,961,962) ʤͤƤȤʤΤˤؤ֤ȤϡħѸˤͻǡ⤿餷Ƥ褦Ǥ롥줬ɬƤʤ¤ȱѸμ¼ŪŪŸȤΤ˲餫δطȤСõ뤳Ȥͭյʲο줽ʻ˴Ϣơ5ۤɲվǥ⤷Ƥ
(1) ħ⤭Ħˤʤ
Ф뻿ξϡΤޤޡѸΤ褦ʼ줬̸ȤƵǽƤؤο͡͡ȿȿǤƤ롥ĹûϼûĹбƤ뤳Ȥ¿㤨С[2011-12-14-1]ε#961. פ (2) ˼ǥƥɸǽϡˤɬŪäƤ뤬ˤϷ礱Ƥ롥̱²ζδȿڱưȤŪȿδطˤʤ䤹äȤ⡤ȴطƤǡ٤κϤȤƤ⤢롥㤨СƱ (3) Ūж (5) ȿϡȤȤƤȤϤ
(2) ̸ȤƤαѸ꤬⤭Ħˤʤ
Ѹ˸¤餺ξǤϤ뤬ŪԵ§ؽΨ˸ƤȤĥФпٻԤʤ롥ˤ뤽βƤȤС¿οͤѸθŪ꤬ɤΤ褦ˤȹͤƤ뤫䤷̤뤳ȤǤֻȯЪΥ<th> ǥˡޤٻԤФмѸؤȿκõ뤳ȤǡѸ줽ΤΤǤ¦̤ȡѸ줬ɽƤ뼫̤Ǥ¦̤Ȥ̤Ǥ뤫⤷ʤ
(3) ѸؤβǤ
(2) Ǽ褦ʱѸФȤơɤΤ褦ʺ¸ǽǤ뤫Ǥ褦ˤʤ롥[2011-12-13-1]εǼ夲 Basic English 䡤ǰŪˤαĹˤȹͤ뼭 defining vocabulary ʤɡѸ줽ΤΤפ褦ʺǤϤʤѸؽ˱Ѥ̤褦ʸŪʺƤǤ褦ˤʤΤǤϤʤ
(4) ̸͡ؤδԤ礭ǧ
ʱѸ˻ٻԤȿٻԤΩϰ㤨ɡ̤ܻؤƤ롥˹ޤݥߥ˥μפ˱뤳ȤΤǤ̸δȴԤǤ롥ξԤΩϾˤäƤ180ٰۤʤȤ⤤뤬ŪɤƤΤƱۤǤ롥̸̤˴ƤԤ礭ϡۤɤޤǤ礭ϤơѸϡ뤤ϥڥȸϡνŰѤΤ
(5) ԥ䥯쥪κƲ¥
Basic English ˾ħѸθäñ㲽䡤ײŪ˿ޤ줿ؤʸˡʤɤظƤΤϡؽưפǤ롥Basic English ϤޤǿͰŪʿ¤ʪ꼫ʷdzؽưפ¸ƤȲǤΤˡԥ䥯쥪줬롥ԥѸ䥯쥪Ѹϰ̤ˤäȤª뤳Ȥ¿̸ؤδԤȤʸ̮˰֤ŤСñȤƺɾ뤳ȤǤ뤫⤷ʤԥ줢뤤ϥ쥪¨̸ε˷ӤĤ뤳ȤϤʤȤ Basic English ¤٤Ӥ뤳Ȥˤϰ̣ΤǤϤʤ
4ε (##958,959,960,961) ǿˤĤƼ夲Ƥ19ȾؤǮdzˡǡưӤڥȸ (Esperanto) ˤĤƸʤ櫓ˤϤʤ
ڥȸߤο Ludwig Lazarus Zamenhof (1859--1917) ϡΤˤäݡɤ Białystok ޤ줿ͤβȷϤޤ줿ϥȤ̱²֤ΤʤĹʰȤʤ롥ʣ¿̱²¿δĶǡबϤޤƤ Yiddish, Hebrew, Polish, German, Russian, Lithuanian ¿Ǥ롥Τ褦ʴĶݤ줿ƤǦѤ˻٤졤Zamenhof ϹݸȯȤۤ褦ˤʤꡤǯμ¸θ塤1887ǯDoktoro Esperanto ʥڥȸǡִ˾ԡפΰաˤɮ̾Dz Lingvo Internacia 路ɮ̾ˤʤǸ˥ڥȸȸƤФ뤳ȤˤʤκǽλǤ롥
1889ǯǽΥڥȸλ La Esperantisto ԡ1893ǯˤϡڥȸθȿΩ夬äZamenhof ϵإϥåȡ١ǥ륻Ƹáꥨηࡤơʤɤ꤬ڥȸƤä1905ǯBoulogne Ǻǽιݥڥȸ졤20700ͤɽáϤθ帽ߤ˻ޤǯŤƤ롥1905ǯ˽Ǥ줿 Fundamento de Esperanto ϥڥȸʸˡθޤȤΤǤꡤڥƥ (Esperantist) ΥХ֥Ȥ⤤Ǥ롥
1921ǯˤϡϢ̳ĹǤäϸͰ¤ڥȸλۤ˶ĤϢǥڥȸʤȤ̤⤢äڥȸκѤˤϻʤäθŪ˰ݤŤ뵡ˤϤʤäθ塤Ūʴޤߤդ줿ڥȸϡλٻԤȤȤˡʥ䥹ư줿˳ư褵1954ǯˤϥͥ The Uiversala Esperanto-Asocio ڥȶ 1908ǯΩˤΤȤǧꡥ1966ǯˤϡ100Ͱʾν̾ȤȤ˹ϢθѸؤƤʤ줿ϼʤä
ߡ50ιⶨ22ιݶ¸ߤ100Ķʪ3ĶڥȸǴԤƤ롥륷̵ʤɤǤϥ饸¸ߤ롥üԿοפξȤơڥȸüԿˤĤƤΤʤȤϤ狼ʤʤפǿ͡¿פ1500ͰʾȤ (Crystal 356) Ūˤäơ˾塤ǤȤäƤ褤
ǡ衼åѽСܤϥڥȸڳưʹǤ롥1919ǯΩܥڥȳزγư濴Ǥ롥ҤοϸͤΤۤ¡¼СʸؼԡˤʤɤؿƤȤˤ⤢롥衼åǤϡեɡǥǥޡǤγưΩġŪ微ʸȤǤꡤڥȸǰ䤹
ǡڥȸФƤϡȿȯ¸ߤ뤳ȤΤǤ롥ݶ̸ȤƤϼä˱ѸˤѤ٤ȤԤ⤢뤷¾ολٻԤ⤢롥ޤڥȸ줬ŪץѥȷӤĤ뷹뤳Ȥ⡤Ƥ褦
ϥڥƥȤǤϤʤػ¿ؤؤμȤȤơ֥ڥȸפäˡߤǤؤμȤȤƤɤΤ餤֤ƤΤȵˤʤäȤǤΥڥȸʤHPĤ١Ȥ褦Ǥ롥
Crystal, David. The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Language. 2nd ed. Cambridge: CUP, 1997. 199--205.
ݶ̸ȤƤλѤǰƬƤ줿βϡΤȤʤ顤Ū˹ǧΤ졤ƤȤȤ19ȾʹߤξįƤߤȡβϤޤäƤʤȤäƤ褤طʤˤϡˤޤĤŪҲŪŪ꤬롥Crystal (357) ꡤΤĤվ褦
(1) ưŤФοǤСüԿϤۤܥǤ롥üԿ䤷Ƥ椯ˤϤɤФ褤ΤϡҲפľ̤ڥȸȯƼ Zamenhof ⤳Ǻޤ졤κǸ "I, the undersigned, promise to learn the international language proposed by Dr Esperanto, if it appears that 10 million people have publicly given the same promise." Ȥ«ɼԤ᤹ȤƤǤФ̤ȤƤոʤä褦
(2) ǥƥƥꡥߥ˥¤ǡνפ1ĤˡüԤΥǥƥƥɸȤǽ롥üԤϡϰҲѰκۤѤƾ˼ɽƤΤǤꡤΤεǽϤȤΤۤפȤΤҲؤθǤ롥ϡ[2011-12-12-1]ε (4) Ǽ̤ꡤʤɸŪǤ뤳ȤۤȤƷǤ롥β̤פʵǽ1ĤǤåƤޤȤˤʤ롥̱²ֶȿǮѤ˾18Ⱦ20ȾФ2ˤ錄äơƱߥǴѻ줿Ȥϡܤ٤Ǥ롥
(3) ŪжƤƤϸ¤ߥ衼åѤθפȤƤ롥ŪŪΩܻؤˤϡХꤹƤΤǤϤʤϡθ¿ڻ뤹뷹롥
(4) ̣㡥ɾȤƤϡ֡δפɤμ֤Ƥ뤫ʤɡܤޤ꤬̣ؤδؿϾʤ֤ǡ֤б뤬̣ϰۤʤ뤿դפ false friends ( F "faux amis" ) ȤΤ뤬ȼδ֤ǤƱ꤬ͤꤦ롥Ǥ̣Ȥϡdenotation Ǥʤ connotation ޤࡥ㤨СѸ "capitalism" ñˤḤ̂ϡꥫͤξȡͤξǤϰۤʤäƤǽ롥
(5) ȿ¿οͤŪ̸ȤƤομݤˤϻƱΤΡǮŪʻٻԤƤŪŪˤδƤ롥ٻΤˤäƤϽŪʿ̤ӤӤƤꡤɤưоݤˤʤ礹餢롥1930ǯ塤ɥĤ䥽ϢǡڥȸüԤưԤʤ줿㤬롥
˸¤餺ݶ̸εˤƤϡޤ (4) ΰ̣Ūʴä˷ڻ뤵Ƥ褦˻פΰ̣ʸˤ̩ܤ˷ӤĤƤ뤳Ȥͤȡ(2) ȤϢƤ
ڤäƤϡֻפε۵ˤʤ2ĤβױưۤʤäƤϤ뤬פȤ¦̤¿롥[2010-12-24-1]ε#606. ѸֻפԤͳס[2011-01-21-1]ε#634. ǯֻ (1)פ碌ƻȤ줿
Crystal, David. The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Language. 2nd ed. Cambridge: CUP, 1997. 199--205.
ε#958. Ūʹݿ줬٤ ([2011-12-12-1]) κǸ˿줿Charles Kay Ogden (1889--1857) ˤ Basic English ˤĤƼ夲롥
19ȾϤޤäݿؤǮ ([2011-12-11-1]) ϡ͡ʸ¤ˤ뤽ۤܺäȤȤˡ20ʤˤĤƤݥߥ˥μפϷƤꡤݶ̸ɬפȯŪ˹ޤäƤϰƤ˼ä٤ǥϡԤʤƤ¸μñ㲽ȤΤäפθϤ٤ơΤ褦˴ά줿 "modified natural language" ƤߤΤʤǺǤͭ̾ʻߤ"British American Scientific International Commercial" acronym ƬˤȤä Basic English Ǥ롥
ѹκȡؼ Ogden ˤä1926--30ǯˤƹͰƤ줿δάǤαѸϡ850θ600̾졤150ηƻ졤100ˤäƤ롥ư18Ĥʤ¾θȤηӤĤˤꡤɸѸ4,000ưȤʤ뤳ȤǤ롥assemble 夨 put together, invent 夨 make up, photograph 夨 take pictures ǡǤ롥
1940ǯˤϡChurchill Roosevelt ʤɤȤ̾ͤˤäƤٻ줿äʤʬʣ칽¤ʤФʤʤäȡǥबʤäȤʤɤͳ⤢ꡤ䤬ƿषȤä٤ñ㲽ȤƤ⡤Τˤạ̈ؤηΤȤƤϤषԷкѤȤʤ뤳Ȥ¤˴줿ΤʴϢơ[2010-02-14-1]ε#293. ٤¬뤫פȡˡ
Basic English ϸߤǤŪʰյĤΤߤȤʤäƤ뤬αѸ춵ΤʤȿǤƤ롥¤줿ΤäƤȤ߹碌ˤʣʳǰɽǽϤ䡤ܸʿפɽ뵻̤ȤˤĤ뤳Ȥϡ춵ˤƤϽפʲǤ롥ǯγؽѱѱѼŵؽˤƺѤƤ "defining vocabulary" ιͤ⡤Basic English λۤαĹˤȤ롥ELF (English as a Lingua Franca) ɸѸȤƾΤʹ褦ˤʤäƤBasic English ȤߤΤΤǤϤʤˤ衤ιͤϡͭȤʤäƤΤǤϤʤ
ʾεϡCrystal (358) Basic-English Institute εҤͤˤƼɮ
Crystal, David. The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Language. 2nd ed. Cambridge: CUP, 1997. 199--205.
ε#957. 19Ⱦ³Ƚи ([2011-12-11-1]) ǿ (artificial language) ˤڤϼ˱ڤǤʤΤ¤Ǥ롥ΤˡǤͭ̾ʿȤäƤ褤ڥȸ (Esperanto) ϡʤפǤ͡¿פǤ1500ͰʾüԡʼȤ2üԡˤʤȤ졤¤μ٤ڤƤȤߤʤȤϲǽ⤷ʤʴϢ[2010-01-26-1]ε#274. üԿפȡʤ衼åѰʳǥڥȸüԤ¿ΤܤǤˡ
ŪʿȤưտޤƤϤȤϤڥȶβȾ첤ͤǤꡤŪʡʤŪʡФθ뤳ȤǤʤڡפˤ뤬ڥȸǤŪ˹ԤʤƤȤϸΤ顤¾οڤ٤Ͽ䤷Τ٤Ǥ롥
ǤϡŪڤ٤ŪʿȤϤɤΤ褦ʤΤɤΤ褦ʾƤС¿οͤǼ褦ۤοȤʤΤϰƼԤٻԤϡΤ褦ʾŦƤ (Crystal 357)
(1) ؤӤ䤹ȡʸˡ§ŪñǤꡤỌ̇̄δطƩǤꡤֻɸŪǤꡤȯưפǤ뤳ȤɬפǤ롥
(2) ȴϢƤ뤳ȡȤưפǤɬפ롥ʹ¤äƤꡤΥǥȿǤ뤳ȤǤŪħ¿ƤꡤŪ˻ѤƤŪפΤ캬äƤ뤳Ȥ˾ޤ
(3) ˭٤ʵǽ̤뤳ȡäդդΤߤʤ餺ʳء̾ݡġʤɤŪΰǤⵡǽ̤ɬפ롥ݥߥ˥ΥǥǤλѤˤѤ褦ǤʤФʤʤ
(4) ɸŪǤ뤳ȡˤѰۤäƤϤʤʤ뤿ˤϡҤ뵡ؤˤƻ뤬ɬפ
(5) ŪŪΩǤ뤳ȡ٤Ƥι˼뤿ˤϡΩγݤפǤ롥¿ολٻԤϡʿ¶¸ΤԲķʾȹͤƤ롥
(6) ƶ¥ΤǤ뤳ȡŪʿϡñ˹ݥߥ˥μʤȤƤǤʤŪʻͤ¥ƻȤƤͭǤ뤳Ȥ˾ޤϡä17 a priori ʿ줬ܻؤƤůŪۤǤ롥
ξ⤽줾ȤƱΤϤʤŪŪůŪ郎Ʊ路Ƥꡤ̤ͥͿ뤫ˤäԤδ֤ΩͤʤȤϼǤ롥ơºݤˤΤ褦ͳԤδ֤ΩƤä (2) (5) ʤɤϡȴϢƤʤ顤Ʊ˸ŪΩǤȤ̷⤹ᤷƤΤ顤κϿ
ŪʾΤʤˡѸʤɤιŪʱƶϤļؤȿȯõ뤳ȤưפǤ롥ȽǼΤѤӤӤʤȤϤ嵭ξΤ㤨бѸ줬Ƥ (3) 餤ǤϤʤ
Τ褦ŪʾŪįƤǤŪǤϤʤˤȤ⡤ݥߥ˥ΤˤϤǤɤȤɸȤªΤǤСذǤŤȤͭפǤѸä˸ä˴ؤ (1) δɤ褦Ȥߤ1ĤˡCharles Kay Ogden (1889--1857) ιͰƤ Basic English 롥ˤĤƤεǡ
Crystal, David. The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Language. 2nd ed. Cambridge: CUP, 1997. 199--205.
ѸܸʤɤμȯФơտŪ߷פ줿 (artificial language) ȤΤ롥[2009-05-09-1]ε#10. Ͽפǿ줿̤ꡤȤƾΤ꤬ʤ櫓ǤϤʤѤƤѸǤ롥 (auxiliary language) ȤѸ줬Ѥ뤳Ȥ⤢뤬ΤΤ褦ˡѸʤɤμ줬ݥߥ˥ΤŪ˻ѤƤ¤ꡤθƾΤϤǤ롥Ǥϡ깭ή̤ƤȤѸѤ롥
ۤʤüԤɤδ֤ǥߥ˥Ȥ뤿ζ̸ (lingua franca) ȤơŪʸ᤹פ켫ΤϡΤǤϸŵ夫鸫줿ߤޤǤ˿ɴˤΤܤ줬ƤƤȤäɵܳŪ˻ϤޤäΤϡοͤõۤʤʸؤܤϤ17ΤȤȤäƤ褤λϡlingua franca ȤƤΥƥ줬षϤǤ⤢롥Francis Bacon (1561--1626), René Descartes (1596--1650), Gottfried Wilhelm Leibnitz (1646--1716) ʤɤůŪʵηϤȤƤοƤϥäλߤϡǤϤʤůؤ˴Ťۼθ졤拾ԥ塼פ碌¤Ǥꡤa priori ʿȸƤ֤ȤǤ롥
17˻ϤޤäǮϡ18ȾˤϤäƤŪʸιۤϡ18Ⱦ̱²ιޤȿ㤷ơФˤʤäƤäΤǤ롥ƤӿǮޤäΤϡ19κǸλȾǤ롥٤ϡ¸μʻ¾夹٤ΤθˤϤ a posteriori ʿ줬͡ʷǺꤵ줿Ǯطʤˤϡݥߥ˥ɬȤ٤ʤۤƤȡѸʤɤ줬ݶ̸ȤʤݱʤŪʿʤɤääơѸȤѸ˾μפȡ19ȾǮȤϡ̵طǤϤʤ
Ǥͭ̾ǡǤڥȸ (Esperanto) ʳˤ¿ο줬ƤƤCrystal (355) 顤ΰǯ̤¤٤褦פʤΤˤĤƤϡֻǼǮι⤵狼
뤬1ϡ̱²ιޤȤȤˡƤӿؤǮƤäơ¤ξˡѸȤ줬̸ؤƻҤ뤳ȤȤʤäΤǤ롥
| Date | Language | Inventor | Comment |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1880 | Volapük ("World Language") | Johann Martin Schleyer | 8 vowels, 20 consonants; based largely on English and German. |
| 1887 | Esperanto ("Lingvo Internacia") | Ludwig Lazarus Zamenhof | 5 vowels, 23 consonants, mainly West European lexicon; Slavonic influence on syntax and spelling. |
| 1902 | Idiom Neutral | V. K. Rosenberger | A former supporter of Volapük; strongly influenced by Romance. |
| 1903 | Latino Sine Flexione (Interlingua) | Giuseppe Peano | Latin without inflections; vocabulary mainly from Latin words. |
| 1904 | Perio | ||
| 1905 | Lingua Internacional | ||
| 1906 | Ekselsioro | ||
| 1906 | Ulla | ||
| 1906 | Mondlingvo | ||
| 1907 | Lingwo Internaciona (Antido) | ||
| 1907 | Ido | Louis de Beaufront or Louis Couturat | A modified version of Esperanto (the name means "derived from" in Esperanto). |
| 1908 | Mez-Voio | ||
| 1908 | Romanizat | ||
| 1909 | Romanal | ||
| 1911 | Latin-Esperanto | ||
| 1914 | Europeo | ||
| 1915 | Nepo | ||
| 1921 | Hom Idyomo | ||
| 1922 | Occidental | Edgar von Wahl | Devised for the western world only; largely based on Romance. |
| 1923 | Espido | ||
| 1928 | Novial | Otto Jespersen | Mainly Ido vocabulary and Occidental grammar. Novial = New + International Auxiliary Language. |
| 1937 | Néo | ||
| 1943 | Interglossa | Lancelot Hogben | Published only in draft form. |
| 1951 | Interlingua | International Auxiliary Language Association | A Romance-based grammar, with a standardized vocabulary based on the main Western European languages. |
| 1955 | Esperantuisho | ||
| 1956 | Globaqo | ||
| 1958 | Modern Esperanto | ||
| 1960 | Delmondo | ||
| 1962 | Utoki | ||
| 1972 | Eurolengo | ||
| 1981 | Glosa | W. Ashby and R. Clark | A modified version of Interglossa. Contains a basic 1,000-word vocabulary, derived from Latin and Greek roots. |
| 1986 | Uropi |
ѸǡĻ̾ο֤¿ǡӴȤκʬ礭Ȥˤϡmany more people ʤɤȡӵζĴ much ǤϤʤ many ѤΤ§Ǥ롥 many ϡmore ƤΤǵǽȤƤŪǤꡤ people ľܴطƤ櫓ǤϤʤ̣ϴϢƤ뤿 much ǤŬڤȤΰռƯΤϤǤ⤢롥
Many more questions were buzzing around in my head.
Many have already died, and in the nature of things many more will die.
They provided a far better news service and pulled in many more viewers.
How many more can she possibly make?
Thousands were saved yesterday, but many more remained trapped.
many ȤƤˡƤС¿ΤʤΤ𤹤褦 many fewer ʤɽˤäʤ
The squid has many fewer tentacles than the nautilus --- only ten --- and the octopus, as its name makes obvious, has only eight.
How many fewer places are there today than there were two years ago?
Making love burns up more calories than playing golf and not that many fewer than throwing a frisbee.
Ǥϡ many ʻϲŪˤŪʤΤǡإ˥缭ŵ٤ǤľȤưäƤ롥ӵ much far Ʊ˹ͤƤ⡤ȤƤʻͿǼ뤫⤷ʤ
many ˤ¿ɽ魯ȤƤˡꡤŪˡȲ᤹뤳ȤǤ롥one more people, two more people, a few more people, some more people, several more people ʤɤɽȤСmany more people ϤαĹ˰֤ŤΤmore κʬɽ魯Τˡ줬֤Ƥ빽ʸȤȤ館ΤˤʤäƤ롥
OED "more" 4.a. ˡϢ뵭Ҥä
4. a. Additional to the quantity or number specified or implied; an additional amount or number of; further. Now rare exc. as preceded by an indefinite or numeral adj., e.g. any more, no more, some more; many more, two more, twenty more; and in archaic phrases like without more ado.
This use appears to have been developed from the advb. use as in anything, nothing more (see C. 4b).
ӤȴϢʸ̮̾줬٤ɽ魯ΤѤȤƤϡ[2011-07-12-1]εwhat with A and what with Bפǿ줿 something like this much the same ʤɤϢƤ뤫⤷ʤ
ʤŪ˸ȡmany more ɽϾʤȤѸˤϤǤ˹ԤʤƤȤMED "mō (adj.)" ˵Ƥʸǧ롥
By bethleem be many mo placys of goode pasture..þan in oþer placys.[ | ѥڡ ]
Thai bith mony mo than we haue shewid yet.
##953,954,955 εǡǶ줿 COCA ( Corpus of Contemporary American English ) n-gram ǡ١ѤƤߤCOCA ˸ 2-grams, 3-grams, 4-grams, 5-grams ˤĤơ줾100ɽǡ١ǡ긵ˤƤС COCA ΥեǤϸˤɽθǽȤʤ롥
n-gram Υǡ١ϡᥬХȤ̤ΥƥȥեǡľܸˤϽŤǡSQLite ǡ١ؤȳǼSQL ʸˤ븡ǽȤʤ褦˸ץȤʲϡ̤κǽ10ԤϤ CGI Ǥ롥
# 1-grams ǡֻٽ˼Фʤcase-sensitive ʤΤǺƽפɬס
select * from one where pos1 like "i%" order by freq desc;
# 2-grams ǡϥʤΤٽ˼Ф
select * from two where word1 = "handsome" and pos1 = "jj" and pos2 like "nn_" order by freq desc;
# 2-grams ǡ"absolutely (adj.)" ǶĴƻٽ˼Ф[2011-03-12-1]ε#684. semantic prosody ʸˡƥפȡ
select * from two where word1 = "absolutely" and pos2 = "jj" order by freq desc;
# 3-grams ǡ٤ as ... as ɽФ
select * from three where word1 = "as" and word3 = "as" order by freq desc;
# 4-grams ǡ٤ from ... to ... ɽФ
select * from four where word1 = "from" and pos1 = "ii" and word3 = "to" and pos3 = "ii" order by freq desc;
# 5-grams ǡõ롨 "die of" "die from" ɤѻ
select * from five where word1 in ("die", "dies", "died", "dying") and pos1 like "vv%" and word2 in ("of", "from") and pos2 like "i%" order by word3;
n-gram ǡ١¤˻ȤʤˤϡΤ褦ˤ줿̤Ȥˤ˾ʤꡤʣθ̤դ碌ʤɤιפɬפ
[2011-12-06-1], [2011-12-07-1]εǡCOCA ( Corpus of Contemporary American English ) 3-gram ǡ١ФѸˤƬƧ2।ǥ (binomial) ȵӱƧ2।ǥƤʬϤʤǡξꥹȤΤʤǽʣ2।ǥब줿ΤǡФƤߤ줾ƬȵӱξͤʤʸϤ碌ȤƤζɽǤ롥ʸ̤ƥȥե50ɽ褦
Saturday and Sunday, personal and professional, himself or herself, quantity and quality, morbidity and mortality, quantitative and qualitative, security and stability, best and brightest, latitude and longitude, sixteenth and seventeenth, whenever and wherever, sensitivity and specificity, watching and waiting, majority and minority, basketball and baseball, fight or flight, ranting and raving, forties and fifties, cooperation and coordination, nature and nurture, pushing and pulling, tossing and turning, twisting and turning, grandchildren and great-grandchildren, skiers and snowboarders, communication and collaboration, cooking and cleaning, psychiatrists and psychologists, biggest and best, development and deployment, slipping and sliding, communication and cooperation, Dungeons and Dragons, heterosexual and homosexual, healthier and happier, grandmother and grandfather, stopping and starting, sixteen or seventeen, hooting and hollering, competence and confidence, stalactites and stalagmites, waxing and waning, positive and productive, reading and rereading, patience and perseverance, bedroom and bathroom, consultation and collaboration, going and getting, grandfather and grandmother, protection and promotion
¿ϡƬȵӱϤȤƶ˰פȹͤϡ촴ɤ˸츻ŪʴϢ뤬椨ƬƧǤΤǤꡤƱѤƤ뤬椨˵ӱƧǤΤȲ᤹٤
ñʤϤͷӤȤʤ졥嵭ϡỌ̇̄Ĵ¤䤪ʤ2δ֤˰ɬƤӵΤ褦ʡ٤˽ŪɽȤfight or flight, nature and nurture, competence and confidence, positive and productive ʤɤϡñʤ٤ζɽǤȤʾˡŪȤ虜ŪǤ餢롥
ε#953. ƬƧ2।ǥ ([2011-12-06-1]) ˰³ϡӱƧ٤ binomial COCA ( Corpus of Contemporary American English ) n-gram ǡ١ˤ꽦ФƱͤˡ3-gram Ѥ"A and/but/or B" ηζɽǡ A B ӱƧǤ褦̤Ǽƥȥե
̤įƤƺʤ鵤դȤʤΤӱƬ٤ƥѥĤ䤹ä˸ʤΤϡӱ¿촴θ˰¸ƤȤϡ˰¸Ƥ뤳Ȥ-ing, -ed, -ly, -al, -y, -ion, -er ʤɤζƤ롥
positive and negative, national and international, internal and external, Friday and Saturday, teaching and learning, gifted and talented, elementary and secondary, hunting and fishing, personal and professional, presence or absence, reliability and validity, coming and going, winners and losers, physical and psychological, formal and informal, directly and indirectly, advantages and disadvantages, rising and falling, physically and mentally, buyers and sellers
ޤͤƤߤС⤢ʤȤʤΤʣ2ǤƱǤѤ뤳Ȥˤ걤ƧǤ¿ self-rhyme ǤϤ롥
Friday and Saturday, children and grandchildren, Saturday and Sunday, hardware and software, himself or herself, formal and informal, parents and grandparents, direct and indirect, buyers and sellers, mother and grandmother, father and grandfather, Afghanistan and Pakistan, anything and everything, football and basketball, indoor and outdoor, direct or indirect, servicemen and women, likes and dislikes, urban and suburban, indoor and outdoor
¿Ѥޤ right-headed ʣѸˤƤϡӱѤ2।ǥηưפǤꡤˤǤ뤳ȤϡǤդ鸫С촴θƬѤƬ2।ǥηϡŪȤȤˤʤΤ⤷ʤ
[2011-07-26-1]ε#820. ʩƱפǡ2।ǥ (binomial idiom) Ҳ𤷤and, but, or ʤɤ³ǷФ2फʤɽϸѸǤ⸲ߤǤꡤ褯ΤˤϡϤΤ褤 (euphony) ¿ѸˤƸϤɤȤС[2011-11-26-1]ε#943. ƬˤפǼ夲Ƭ (alliteration) ŵ1ĤȤƵ롥
Ȥǡ1122ˡ絬ϥ饤ѥ COCA ( Corpus of Contemporary American English ) ʤɤΤ륳ѥؼ Mark Davies COCA ˴Ť n-gram ̵Ǹ2, 3, 4, 5줫ʤ롤줾100ζɽ (collocation) ٿȤȤǡ١ǡɤƥե饤Ǽͳ˽Ǥ롥
Visit N-GRAMS: from the COCA and COHA corpora of American English. For downloading, directly visit Free lists.
Also visit Word frequency lists and dictionary: from the Corpus of Contemporary American English for other COCA-derived n-grams and frequency lists.
ǡCOCA n-gram 鸽Ѹ2।ǥ˸ƬõƽФƤߤ褦ȻפΩä3-gram ǡ١Ѥ"A and/but/or B" ηζɽõäüԤΰռƤʤȤǤ⡤ƬɽΤʤѤƤϤȤͽۤΤȤǤθäºݤ¿ФȤǤ̤Υƥȥե2θƬλҲפƤΤФʤΤǡ줬ɽ魯ҲפƤȤϸ¤餺դɬפǤ롥Ǥ⡤ŪƬФȤǤ
̤̾ˤϡhis or her, four or five, six or seven, this or that, Saturday and Sunday ʤɡʤۤɤȤϻפ碌뤬ۤɶ̣ʤ㤬ʤʤǥŪʤΤ⤦Τ褦ʶɽ⼡ȵꡤι夬ä
public and private, rules and regulations, pots and pans, command and control, flora and fauna, free and fair, death and destruction, go and get, safety and security, signs and symptoms, fame and fortune, families and friends, fresh or frozen, peace and prosperity, past and present, quantity and quality, morbidity and mortality, slowly but surely, professional and personal, name and number, facts and figures, pencil and paper, state and society, small but significant, clear and convincing
n-gram ˤĤƤϡ[2010-12-25-1]ε#607. Google Books Ngram Viewerפ⻲ȡ
##948,949,950 εǡ츫̤ʤʸˤĤƼ夲Ƥͤ뤭äȤʤäΤϡChaucer The Parson's Tale (l. 90) ˡιʸѤʸ줿ȤǤRiversideǤѡˡ
But nathelees, men shal hope that every tyme that man falleth, be it never so ofte, that he may arise thurgh Penitence, if he have grace; but certeinly it is greet doute.
ʣܸͤȤʤ餳βսɤǤΤǤΤȤǡ֤ۤ١ǤϤʤȤƤפȤ̤ꤷƤޤȤäϡष֤Ȥ١ǤäȤƤפŬڤǤ롥δ֤Ǥ㤬줿ΤǡιʸܤĴ٤Ƥߤ褦ȻפäǤ롥
ƤϰȤʤä̤Ĵ٤ǡѸˤɽλѤˤĤ Mustanoja Ȥ˺ƤȤ˵Ť®Ƥߤȡpp. 321--22 ˰ʲεҤä
Never so, indicating an unlimited degree or amount, has been used in concessive clauses since the end of the OE period. It is not uncommon in ME texts: --- were he never knight so strong (Havelok 80); --- be he never so vicious withinne (Ch. CT D WB 943). Parallel expressions have been recorded in some other Germanic languages, particularly in High and Low German, where nie sô is used in the same way as never so from the earliest times down to the close of the Middle Ages. . . . The corresponding affirmative forms ever so is modern English.
ޥΤۤե䥢ΥޥˤɽäȤ (expletive) Ȥ꼭ä봶ФϡѸΤΤǤϤʤäȤȤˤʤ롥
Mustanoja, T. F. A Middle English Syntax. Helsinki: Société Néophilologique, 1960.
[2011-12-01-1], [2011-12-02-1]εǵƤɽ never so (= ever so) ³롥
never so ever so ۤƱǤȤȤϰ츫nonassertion ̣ŪĶǤϡΩ¤뤳Ȥ nonassertion ˤĤƤ[2011-03-07-1][2011-03-08-1]εȡˡ㤨СQuirk et al. (Section 8.112 [p. 601]) ϼΤ褦˸ڤʸƤ롥
In nonassertive clauses ever (with some retention of temporal meaning) can replace never as minimizer; this is common, for instance, in rhetorical questions:
Will they (n)ever stop talking? Won't they ever learn? (*Won't they never learn?)
I wondered if the train would (n)ever arrive.
Ǹʸˤ褦ˡư wonder ³ if ǤϡΩ¤뤳Ȥ¿⤬Ū˹ǤʸΤδްդŪǤйδްդȤ⤵뤬̣κƱȤʤwonder ϡ֤褯狼ʤפްդΤǤ뤫顤ɤΤȤ³ if ᡤwhether nonassertion ӤӤȤȤ
He was beginning to wonder whether Gertrud was (not) there at all.
He's starting to wonder whether he did (not) the right thing in accepting this job.
I wonder if he is (not) over fifty.
I wonder if I'll (not) recognize him after all these years.
I wonder whether it was (not) wise to let her travel alone.
ǡbe it never so humble be it ever so humble ȤƤˡǤ뤫顤nonassertion ӤӤƤ뤳Ȥϴְ㤤ʤŪˤϡ֤ɤʤˤߤܤ餷ȤפȤΰ̣бΤ be it ever so humble ȤɽܸǤ֤ɤʤˤߤܤ餷ʤפɽղä뤳ȤǤ褦ˡѸǤ or never εղä줿ȤƤԻĤϤʤѸǤϡor ˤŪ꤬ղäȤϡˤäƹִ꤬줿̤Ȥ be it never so humble ΤǤϤʤ
Сnever Ƭ n(e)- ϡ̣ (expletive) ȸƤФƤΤ˶ᤤ
Quirk, Randolph, Sidney Greenbaum, Geoffrey Leech, and Jan Svartvik. A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language. London: Longman, 1985.
ε[2011-12-01-1]³ԡbe it never so humble Ȥɽǡʤ֤ɤʤˤߤܤ餷Ȥ (= "no matter how humble it may be") ΰ̣ΤˤĤơ褷
ͤäơؿ缭ŵ6ǡ٤ never so ƱˡˤĤ ever so ƱǤȤҤ뤳ȡOED б뵭Ҥ "(Cf. EVER 9b.)" Ȥ뤳Ȥܤͤ롥OED ever ιƤߤȡΤ褦ˤ롥
ever so: prefixed in hypothetical sentences to adjs. or advbs., with the sense 'in any conceivable degree'. Sometimes ellipt. = 'ever so much'; also dial. in phrases like were it ever so, = 'however great the need might be'. Similarly, ever such (a).
This expression has been substituted, from a notion of logical propriety, for never so, which in literary use appears to be much older, and still occurs arch., though app. not now known in dialects. See NEVER.
ĤޤꡤäȤ be it never so humble be it ever so humble ƱȤȤˤʤ롥ever Ѥɽν1690ǯǡnever ΤΤ5Ⱦʾ٤ƤνиѸˤϤ롥if I were ever so rich Home is home, be it ever so humble ʤɤꡤΤ never ever ϸزǽǤ롥ޤBNCWeb "be it never so" ȡ6ΤߤǤϤ뤬줿椫ʸ̮Ū狼䤹ä3褦
In a field that is patchy in space and time, be it ever so small, we may expect that the populations of a species such as white clover will, at any time, reflect selective forces from its past.
If the cause is a self-replicating entity, the effect, be it ever so distant and indirect, can be subject to natural selection.
. . . each had his or her part to play, be it ever so humble.
never so ever so زǽǤȤȤޤǤ餫ˤʤäǤϡʤʤΤ OED ΰʸ2ܤˡƤ褦˻פ롥Ūˤ ever so Τ褦˹ζǤʤ̯Ǥ롤ȺεǤ줿ƱФ OED ԼԤˤⶦͭƤȤ "substituted, from a notion of logical propriety" 狼롥never so ŪˤŬڤŤʤȤȤˤʤСǤϡʤɽޤΤ¤ȤƤϡŤޤ졤äѸǤѤ줿ΤǤ뤫顤ϤΤޤޤǤ롥
ever so never so Τۤˤ⡤ŪˤȿϤιǤǤۤƱȤʤŪʸ̮ȤΤ¸ߤ롥εǡƤ
ɸʸΤ褦ʡɽ魯üɽѸˤ롥Ⱦʬ "however humble" 뤤 "no matter how humble" ۤɤΰ̣롤ˡߤѤɽ֤ޤޤˡif though ѤꡤˡѤꤹ뤳Ȥ⤢롥OED ȤƤϡ"never" θ4ȤưʲΤ褦ˤ롥
never so, in conditional clauses, denoting an unlimited degree or amount.
ʲˡ䥳ѥʸƤߤ褦
She would not marry him, though he were never so rich.
Some vigorous effort, though it carried never so much danger, ought to be made.
Were the critic never so much in the wrong, the author will have contrived to put him in the right.
'I am at home, and that is everything.' Be it never so gloomy --- is there still a sofa covered with black velvet?
ǤϡԸšդȥ졼٥뤬ŽƤ뤷BNCWeb "be it never so" ȥҥåȤ7ΤߤǤ롥ˤ衤٤ι⤤ɽǤϤʤ
֤䲾ˡѤȤȤǤСŤѸǤϤ¿Ѥ줿˰㤤ʤºݤѸǤϤ褯Ȥ줿ɽǡMED, "never" 2 (b) ˤϴ¿㤬Ƥ롥ϰʲ̤ꡥ
(b) ~ so, with adj. or adv.: to whatever degree; extremely; ~ so muchel (mirie, hard, wel, etc.), no matter how much, however much, etc.; also with noun: if he be ~ so mi fo, however great an enemy he may be to me;
OED ˤȡɽν12 Peterborough Chronicle 1086ǯεȤȤʤΤǡ˸ŤɽǤϤ롥
Nan man ne dorste slean oðerne man, næfde he nævre swa mycel yfel ȝedon.
Ѹǽ鸽ѸޤĹȤƤŪǥʤ嵭ΰ̣ƤΤ褯ʬʤ never Ⱦ⤬蘆С֤Ȥ?ǤʤȤƤפȼºݤȤ֤ΰ̣ˤʤꤽʤȤǤ롥
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