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2011-12-31 Sat

#978. Money makes the mare to go (2) [proverb][etymology][infinitive]

[2011-12-23-1]ε#970. Money makes the mare to go.פǼ夲ˤĤơĴ٤ƤߤOED ǤΤθʤѼˤν1659ǯΤΤǡǤ the grey mare ʰӤλϡˤŪȤʤäƤ롥

 1659 Howell Lex., Prov. 6/2 Money makes the grey Mare to go.


the grey mare ϴŪˡ֤ŷ (the wife who rules her husband) ̣켫Ȥ̤θ the grey mare is the better horse ʽ˼פ򿬤ߤˤΰȤʤäƤ롥ϡְӤϤϡפȸĥʤζ餱ơӤλϤ蘆줿ˤθλ˴Ťȸ롥θνϡOED Ǥ16ΤȤǤ롥
ơSimpson αѸŵˤȡMoney . . . variation ȤƤϡ1500ǯ鸫롥Ĥޤꡤθȯۤ䶵ϡɸηʸڤ⤺ä᤯ѸȤΤƤȤˤʤ롥

a a1500 in R. L. Greene Early English Carols (1935) 262 In the heyweyes ther joly palfreys Yt [money] makyght to . . praunce.1573 J. SANFORDE Garden of Pleasure 105v Money makes the horsse to goe.1670 J. RAY English Proverbs 122 It's money makes the mare to go.1857 KINGSLEY Two Years Ago p. xvi. I'm making the mare go here . . without the money too, sometimes. I'm steward now.1930 L. MEYNELL Mystery at Newton Ferry xiii. 'Tis money makes the mare go. . . They're all afteer it, every one of them.1978' Countryman Spring 183 Weardale farmer's advice to daughter about to reject proposal of marriage from a wealthy tradesman: 'Never cock your snoop at money, my lass, 'cos it's money that makes the mare to go'.


嵭ˤϸ줬ѤƤ۷ߤ뤬¤ϡǤפʼǤ to åƤ롥
mare θ츻ˤĤƤϡűѸǤ m(i)ere ̤ꡤ mearh "horse" νǤ롥θűѸ mearh Ʊ Gmc *marχjōn, IE *marko- ؤ̤롥Ȥȡפ̣Ƥ marshal ʻᴱˤ⤳θ캬ͳ褹롥

Simpson, J. A., ed. The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Proverbs. Oxford: OUP, 1982.

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2011-12-30 Fri

#977. ƻζ޸ο syntagma marking [ilame][adjective][inflection][agreement][germanic][afrikaans][syntagma_marking]

ε#976. syntagma marking ([2011-12-29-1]) Ǽ夲ϺΤäΤϡ˸زˤơ̳ƻؤΡ֥ޥΡnæפȷƻѲΡʸˡספꤹ븦ȯɽΤʤǤ̾ƤǤ롥
űѸ䡤ʬŪѸˤ⸫줿ޥηƻѲŵŪʸ -n ǤƤ椯ȤˤäơʤΰפȤʸˡŪǽͭƤѲζηϤʸˡפƤ椯ˤĤ븦ȯɽä-n ޤƻѲ˾üƤޤäΤǤʸˡⲿʤ櫓꤮ΤȤ -e ʤɤ첻ĤäƤꡤǤƤθϤĤƤΤ褦Ūʰפ򼨤櫓ǤϤʤȤȾüʳĤΥޥ˸롥㤨Сեꥫ󥹸ǤϡĤƤζ޸ͳ褹 -e ̵ͭϡƻ촴ηŪˤäƼưŪ˷ޤäƤΤǤꡤŪʾϴƤʤȤ
ϡƻ޸ʸˡȤϡ̤θ򤹤С줬ַƻ̾פϢ뤹ñʤ֥ơספƤȤȤǤȻŦ롥֥ơספȤϡƻ̾Ϣ٤򶯤뤿첻 -n ֤˶߹Ȥ syntagma marker ȤƤƯˤۤʤʤϲ (euphony) ȤƤΩĤȻפ졤Ūǽϸ¤ʤ夤ȤƤ⡤¸߰յޤäʤȤȤˤϤʤʤޤ¿ΥޥǡˡǤϷƻζ޸ݤˤȤ¤뤬ϴط̾ȤϢ٤ˡξ夤Ǥ
ޤޡܲѸηƻηϤ (ilame) ˴ؿΤǡβDzŪ˻ĤäƤƻ޸ϡޤ syntagma marker ȤơĤʤΡ֥ơספȤơǽƤˤʤȹͤ뤳ȤǤ뤫⤷ʤȡȯɽİƻפäǤ롥
ѸΤƻ޸Ͼüˤʤʤ⡤֤Ȥʤ館ƤŪʰפΰռƻĤäƤ椨Ȥͤ뤬Ȥ̤ˡŪ syntagma marking ׵᤬ä椨뤳ȤǤ뤫⤷ʤspeculative ǤϤ뤬ɷŪʵȤʤꤦ롥

Ϻظء١罤ۡ1981ǯ

Referrer (Inside): [2015-08-04-1] [2012-05-13-1]

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2011-12-29 Thu

#976. syntagma marking [linearity][stress][syntax][inflection][syntagma_marking]

Ϻˤ syntagma marking ȤͤΤä
[2011-06-02-1]ε#766. פǿ줿褦ˡä˲ˤ (linearity) θ§˽虜ʤäˤƤ褯ΤƤ褦ˡǽϤϳ (hierarchy) ˤ2ǹƤ뤬ʪŪ¸ȤƤβϻ֤˱ä1ۤۤʤǡüԤϡ¸ȤƤ1Ȥʤ餶ʤϢ³Τʤˡظˤ2Ūʳؤ碌ҥȤ͡ʷǤФ롥ơİԤϤ򸰤Ȥ2Ūʳؤ롥ΥҥȤ䡤طʤˤ2ñ̤ϰϤɸ뵡ǽ򡤶ܤ syntagma marking ȸƤǤ롥
ҥȤμ¿ˤ錄롥첻Ĵ¤ʤɤβŪʡʤʤɤɽ魯ܼŪפ򼨤ܼȤŪʼʡĴȥ͡󡤵ٻߤʤɤĶʬ᲻Ūʼʤˤޤ͡㤨С[2011-11-09-1]ε#926. ŪǽפǽҤ٤ contrastive 뤤 culminative ȤϡСȤñ̤ϰϤ򼨤 syntagma marking ΤȤǤ롥ܤθڤ䤪 (159)

ĤޤꡤˤäƤϡ

ФƤ첻μʥ륿
Ȥνܸ졤īʤɡ
᲻ĴΥǥ閩졤Ҳȸ
硤
޸ʼʥɡ衼åѸ
ʬ᲻ʻҲ첻ˤΥǥʥ󥹥åȡ

Τ褦ˡʪŪȤƤϡޤޤǤ뤬ݤȤƤϡݲСˤ٤ơ줾θˤ륷󥿥ޤΥޡȤƤΡŪΤ뤳Ȥ狼äƤΤǤ롥


ˡܤϸΰ̸ȤƤ syntagma marking ˤĤƼΤ褦ˤҤ٤Ƥ (394--95)

󥿥ޡޡ󥰤ˤϡΤۤˤ⡤ˤäơٻߡʥݡˤĤäꡤ󥿥ޤȥ󥿥ޤΤ첻򤫤ꤹȤ褦ʡʤ꤫롥¿ޤ̵¤Ǥ뤫⤷ʤηϤηħȤơݲС٤ơ󥿥ޡޡȤơŪˤȤ館뤳ȤǤΤǤ롥ɽΤΡޡΤΤϡ֤ޤˤŪפǡȯǤʤ⤷ʤΥޡ󥰤ȤΡġθʪŪֻפϡθ򤷤äƤҤȤʤ顤Ǥ⡤ưפ˲ʳˡθʤΤ˺ƸǤ롥ΰ̣ǤϡߤˤȤäȤꡤϡֲǡפֲפˤ٤Ƥ⡤ޤȤ⤪Ȥ̡äʪʤΤǤ롥


ѸˤδȤ櫓̣ΤϡѸǤ syntagma marker ȤƤζηϤϿषƤ뤬˶ηϤäƤΤǤϤʤȤܤθڤǤ (160--61) Ԥοब褫Ԥȯã褫ϡ˥ȥȥޥδطǤȽҤ٤Ƥʤ⡤ߤ˴طȤȤϼƤ롥
ޤοȤѸ˾ʤƥޥ˾ˤ礭ͤˤäơʻ򸫤Ĥפ롥

Ϻظء١罤ۡ1981ǯ

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2011-12-28 Wed

#975. 3;̾μгʷǤϤޤѤʤä۲ [personal_pronoun][dissimilation][homonymic_clash][case][frequency]

ε#974. 3;̾μʷ˺Ѥ۲([2011-12-27-1]) ǡҲ㤨Ȥ۲Ѥˤä homonymic clash 򤷤ǽˤĤ3;̾μʤ˸¤äƤεäǤϡгʤϤɤäȤȡϰۤʤäƤ
3;ʣ̾ th- μƤΥߥ󥰤ʤˤۤʤäƤȤϡѸ˾塤褯ΤƤ롥ʣʷ they μƤϽѸгʷ their them ʤɤϸѸ Chaucer ǤŪǤϤʤäơμƤλֺϡ̾٤κȴطƤ롥ʤϼгʤ٤ƻ٤⤯̤ɬ礭homonymic clash 򤹤٤¿ʬʤΤۤ᤯줿Ȥ櫓
ʤȼгʤ٤κˤϡ3;ʣ th- ˤĤƤʤΤ̤Ʊ3;ʣʳ֤̾ˤĤƤŬѤǤűѸο;̾ηϤǤϡ夲ʤǤϤʤгʤˤƤ homonymy ߤ줿㤨СLate West-Saxon ɸŪʥѥ ([2009-09-29-1]) ˽Сhis ñ°ʤñ°ʡhim ñͿʤñͿʤʣͿʡhīe ϽñгʤʣгʤǤꡤͤεϳΤˤäѸʹߤδߤСȤƤϤξͤ򤵤줿Ȥˤʤ뤬гʤǤκμƤΥߥ󥰤ϡʤ٤٤ä褦Ǥ롥Ȥơñ°ʤ his its ִ줿Τϡ[2009-11-11-1]ε#198. its εפǸȤꡤѸˤʤäƤ
гʤǤϡѸгʤͿʤͻ (syncretism) ȤѲʹԤƤꡤñ˼ʤȯã٤뤳ȤϤǤʤгʤϡʤˤߤ褦ʰ۲ѤˤäƤǤϤʤʤͻˤäƤΥѥȤäƤ٤ȤϤϤʤ٤оͤƤ䤹кμƤʤäȤФä٤뷹϶Ȥκݤ˹ͤͳϡϤ٤κȤȰʳˤϹͤĤʤ

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2011-12-27 Tue

#974. 3;̾μʷ˺Ѥ۲ [personal_pronoun][dissimilation][homonymic_clash]

űѸ줫ѸˤƤλϡ3;̾ηϤѲäǤ롥űѸǤ3;̾ϰӤ h ǻϤޤ֤ݻƤꡤʤζ̤ϼȤ h ˸³첻ˤäƤʤƤhis, him, hīe, hit ʤɤƱ۵ (homophony) ϳΤ¸ߤηϤ˰ѤۤɤȤϤʤäƤʤäʸűѸ졤Ѹ졤Ѹο;̾ηϤӤˤϡ##155,181,196 򻲾ȡ
ȤѸ˶Ťȡ첻οʿʹԤä˼ʷˤ homophony ˤʤäƤűѸñ ñ hēoʣ hīe 첻ζ̤ۣ沽ˤꡤ he Τ褦ʷ֤ؤȼ̤ƤޤƤΤǤ롥ˤäƤϺǾ¤첻ζ̤ݤ졤h- ݤ줿⤢뤬ɽȤ¿ǤϡƱ۵ (homonymic clash) 򤱤뤫Τ褦ˡƤäΤ褦ˤơѸʬۤǤñ heñ sheʣ they θ줿
ʾ homonymic clash εϡ[2011-04-10-1]ε#713. "though" "they" Ʊ۵פ[2011-06-28-1]ε#792. she --- Ǥ٤ι⤤츻ԾܤθפǤ⿨줿󿷤˹ͤΤϡͤβȤϡŪʶ̤βѲȤơ۲ (dissimilation) ȤªʤȤȤǤ롥ñʤ h-ñʤ sh-ʣʤ th- ˲äñʤűѸ hit h ȤƤäȤܤ٤Ǥ[2010-08-07-1]ε#467. ;̾ it θƬ /h/ äݤפ򻲾ȡˡŪˡߤθƬҲʤ̵ͭˤΤ˶̤褦ˤʤäΤ⤷
ĤƤϰΧ˸ƬҲ h- ȤƸ³첻ˤäƶ̤ƤषƬҲ㤨뤳ȤΤ˶̤褦ˤʤäȤΤ顤ѲԻ׵Ĥ夫ߤСѲˤä줫3;̾ηϤ۲Ѥˤäƨ줿Τ褦Ǥ롥ηϤμ (therapeutic power) ȤΤꤷʤѲλ

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2011-12-26 Mon

#973. 2011ǯ٤Ф줿´ [hel_essay][hel_education][sotsuron]

2011ǯ12ȾФ˥߳Ф´ʸΥȥꥹȥåפʴˤ䤫ʬ̤νǡˡ2009ǯ2010ǯΥꥹȤȹ碌ơ##973,608,266 򻲾ȡ

(1) ꥹѸˤñ̾ʣ̾ --- 񤭸դäդΥ̴ ---
(2) ̾Ե§ʣΤˤĤƤ̻Ū
(3) 񤭸դˤ do/make ѤʣҸ
(4) Ѹˤ be λθ
(5) 奢ꥫѸ줫鸫 HELP + 칽ʸˤ to ȸ --- ֤ͭδ ---
(6) ̣зƻֻäѤפ "sour" ˤߤ붦ɽ
(7) ꥫˤ̤˴ؤ PC ɽ
(8) ʥѸ줬ꥫѸ˵ڤܤäˤƶ
(9) ưȶִϢפֻ about, over, on ˤˡκ
(10) ꥫѸֻפˤ Noah Webster αƶϤϤɤ٤ΤΤʤΤ
(11) 񤭸դΤѲͿ֤ؤαƶ
(12) äȤФ˸른˱줿ǯ
(13) ɤˤ¿ --- ɱѸˤ븽ϸͳθä˸줿ħ ---
(14) The Identity Problem in Singlish Controversy

ǯ٤ޤǤƱͤˡƤ¿ˤ錄롥ǯ٤³ħȤƤϥѥѤ1410⤢뤳ȤǤ롥ȤǥѥҲ𤹤ݤˡơޤˤäƤ´ǤλѤθƤߤƤϡȽҤ٤ƤΤͽۤꥳѥؤδؿ⤤
ʬȤƤϡŪʱѸؤζʬˤз֡졤̣ѡáˡֻθ椬ꡤʤ餤Ǥ롥ҲŪʴؿΩäƤꡤѥˤŪڤ˰褦ˤʤäƤѸѼθ椬Ƥ롥ϰѼǤСƤΤۤʥɡ󥬥ݡαѸ줬夲줿
ǤС2郎Ѹ˿Ƥ뤬ʳϤ٤ƸѸǤ롥(11) ϥ󥿡ͥåȾΥǡѤǿ Netspeak ιͻޤǤꡤȤϸ߿ʹ
ơޤ夤ƹԤΤѤβǻؤ٤뤳Ȥ¿ڤΤ¤Ǥ롥ǯ٤ variation ι˴Ԥ

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2011-12-25 Sun

#972. help + פλỤ̄ [grammaticalisation][auxiliary_verb][causative][infinitive][syntax]

ε#971. help + פε ([2011-12-24-1]) Ƭǿ줿Ʊʸΰ̣ӤӤƤƤȤȤˤĤƹͤ
Leech et al. (190) ϡʸ󤲤 help λŦƤ롥

(19) He made important contributions to a number of periodicals such as Il Leonardo, Regno, La Voce, Lacerba and L'Anima which helped establish the respectability of anti-socialist, anti-liberal and ultra-nationalist ideas in pre-war Italy. [F-LOB J40]

(20) The right person may just happen to come along, or it may be necessary to take certain steps to help this happen. [BNC B3G]


ˤƤ⡤ֽפȤ prototypical ʰ̣Ȥϡֹ׸롤ǽȤפȤ˶ᤤ̣ ("weak causation") ǧ롥λζϡ2ܤʸǤ "enable such a thing to happen" "make such a thing happen" ŪʶǤϤʤȤҤ٤Ƥ (190)
Mair (121--26) ϡhelp λỤ̄ȯʸˡ (grammaticalisation) βȤƤ롥help ֽפȤŪʰ̣򼺤ʸˡŪʵǽȸƤǤ٤ֻפΰ̣ĤĤ뤳ȡưǤ뤫Τ褦ľ˸빽ʸƤƤ뤳ȡϡư줬ư첽Ƥ椯ʸˡβˤۤʤʤ[2009-07-01-1]ε#64. ˡưʤ³ȡפȹ碌ƹͤǤ롥

Leech, Geoffrey, Marianne Hundt, Christian Mair, and Nicholas Smith. Change in Contemporary English: A Grammatical Study. Cambridge: CUP, 2009.
Mair, Christian. Three Changing Patterns of Verb Complementation in Late Modern English: A Real-Time Study Based on Matching Text Corpora." English Language and Linguistics'' 6 (2002): 105--31.

Referrer (Inside): [2016-02-11-1]

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2011-12-24 Sat

#971. help + פε [causative][infinitive][syntax]

ε#970. Money makes the mare to go. ([2011-12-23-1]) ǡư make ˸³ to ˤĤĴ٤ϸѸǻŪʰ̣ӤӻϤƤȤ help 줬³빽ʸ夲
help + Ū + פιʸˤĤƤϡѸˤη֤ to 줫鸶ذܹԤĤĤȤơ¿δϢ椬롥20Ⱦаʹߡ줬äƤȸ뤬¤ΤȤ help ȹ¤ʤεϤʤŤޤ̤롥
ޤOED 򸫤Ƥߤ褦"help", v. B.5. ǡhelp ³빽ʸˤĤƽҤ٤Ƥ롥Ūΰ̣μˤȼʤ礬 5.a.ȼ礬 5.b. ǰƤꡤ to λѤ̤λѤ򼨤Ǥᤤ㤬16˸롥Τ褦ä

In this and b the infinitive has normally to, which however from 16th c. is often omitted: this is now a common colloq. form.


OED ǤѸ˸λѤϤʤäƤ櫓ǤϤʤ򼨺Ƥ褦ɤ᤽
ȤMustanoja (532) ˤСѸ줫ϳΤˤ롥

. . . the subject of the infinitive, originally a dative, is no doubt looked upon as an accusative in ME. The infinitive usually takes to, but not invariably: --- mine friende þe ic halp to sweriȝen (Vices & V 9); --- alle þat halpe hym to erie, to selle or to sowe (PPl. B vii 6); --- to helpe him to werreye (Ch. CT A Kn. 1484); --- Rymenhild help me winne (Horn 991); --- somme hulpen erie his half acre (PPl. B vi 118); --- I wol thee helpe hem carie (Ch. CT C Pard. 954). Chaucer has four cases of help with the plain infinitive and seventeen with the infinitive with to or for to. The two instances found in the Book of London English (non-literary prose of Chaucer's time) are followed by an infinitive with to (for to): --- Þe wheche dede paien diverse sommes of monye for to helpe to destruye Þe weres yn Tempse (151); --- [dyverse percelles paied] to ij wemen for her travayle yn helpynge to make clene Þe halle (174).


ǡMED äƤߤȡ"helpen (v.)" 1. (b) ˤ⾯㤬ä
ϡιʸѸˤޤ̤뤳ȤޤǤϤ狼äʹߤƱʸȯãˤĤƤϡѥѤ Mair θä pp. 121--26ˤܤ

Mustanoja, T. F. A Middle English Syntax. Helsinki: Société Néophilologique, 1960.
Mair, Christian. Three Changing Patterns of Verb Complementation in Late Modern English: A Real-Time Study Based on Matching Text Corpora." English Language and Linguistics'' 6 (2002): 105--31.

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2011-12-23 Fri

#970. Money makes the mare to go. [proverb][causative][infinitive][syntax][alliteration]

ɸʸϡ֤ϡʤ֤Ȥ˻Ϥ⤫ʡϹΤ⼡ˡפȤǤ롥m ƬƤۤ츫ʸˡŪˤߤ to 뤳Ȥˤ궯Υꥺ (trochee) ¸ƤꡤΧŪˤϴʸ
ɸѸεʸˡǤϡ make to 줬Ϣʤ뤳ȤϵƤʤŤѸǤϲǽäȤɽˤƲŪ˻¸Ǥ롥 make to 줬ǽäȤϡѸǤư֤Ǥ He was made to wait for some time. Τ褦 to פ뤳ȤȴϢ롥ĤƤϸ to ⤢䤬ԤͥȤʤꡤԤϼư֤Ȥꤵ줿ĶĤΤߤȤʤä줬make ˤˤγάǤ롥
ѸǤ make ˤĤơMustanoja (533) 򻲾Ȥ褦

. . . both forms of the infinitive occur with this causative verb: --- heo makede him sunegen on hire (Ancr. 24); --- she maketh men mysdo many score tymes (PPl. B iii 122); --- þe veond hit makede me to don (Ancr. 136); --- alwey the nye slye Maketh the ferre leeve to be looth (Ch. CT A Mil. 3393). In the Book of London English 1384--1425, make is accompanied by the plain infinitive in three cases and by the infinitive with to in five.


MED "māken (v. (1))" Ǥϡ15. (b) make 򰷤äƤ뤬¿įȡto λѤ̤ˤߤ롥OED Ǥϡ"make", v.1 53.a. to Ȥι¤53.b. Ȥι¤򵭽ҤƤ롥Ѹǽ㤬롥
ϢˤĤưѸ˵äƤѲˡhelp to ǤʤȼޤäƤƤȤݤ롥help Ǥư֤ǤϤޤ to 줬ͥΤ褦Ǥꡤ make ˤʿԤƤ褦ˤߤ̣

Mustanoja, T. F. A Middle English Syntax. Helsinki: Société Néophilologique, 1960.

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2011-12-22 Thu

#969. Mayster Nichol of Guldeuorde [onomastics][owl_and_nightingale][pchron][preposition]

[2010-12-08-1]ε#590. last name ϤĤ̳ŪˤʤäפǡΥޥʹߡ󥰥ɤ̾ last name դȯãȤ夲
last name ŵϡof ȼäƽпϤʤɤ̾ѤΤǤꡤκǤͭ̾ʽ1ĤThe Owl and the Nightingale l. 191 ˸ʤƺԤοͤǤϤʤȵ Mayster Nichol of Guldeuorde Ǥ롥Atkins (19) ǤϼΤ褦롥

191. Maister Nichole of Guldeforde. The full designation of Nicholas is not without its interest, pointing as it does to certain changes characteristic of the 11th and 12th centuries. Under Norman influence the single personal names of the O.E. period had become supplemented by surnames denoting, amongst other things, place of birth. Thus in the later sections of the A. S. Chron. such names as Rotbert de Bælesne 81104), Willelm of Curboil (1123), Hugo of Mundford (1123) are found.


ͭ̾˸¤櫓ǤϤʤͤɽ魯̾̾ȤӤĤ of ˤĤƤϡOED "of", prep. 47.a. 롥 of ΰ̣ϡ?пȤΡ?褿פǤꡤűѸ an monn of ðǣre byriȝ Ða men of Lunden byriȝ ʤɤ˸뤬11ˤɬм򼨤櫓ǤϤʤ?˽פȤ°ΰ̣ؤѲƤä
Ϣơ[2011-07-19-1]ε#813. Ѹο̾ˡפ򻲾ȡ

Atkins, J. W. H., ed. The Owl and the Nightingale. New York: Russel & Russel, 1971. 1922.

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2011-12-21 Wed

#968. Ѹˤե󥹼ѸμŪƻ [french][loan_word][adjective][me]

121718ˡ˸زΩ񤪤ؤdzŤ줿ؿΤǽʤƤߤĤζ̣ȯɽääˡůȻȯɽֱѸθˤȷƻΥפˤĤơפüѻˤδ餪⤷ä
ƻˤϡ̣Ū2ब̤Ȥ1Ĥϡɾޤߡ٤򼨤ȤΤǤ qualitative adjective (QA) ǡgood, beautiful, kind ʤɤŵǤ롥ɾ򼨤ΤǤꡤvery ǶĴǤ뤷ӵ롥⤦1Ĥϡɾޤޤط򼨤 relational adjective (RA) ǤꡤIndian, linguistic, opposite ʤɤŵǤ롥̾Ĵӵˤ뤳ȤϤǤʤ
лμĥΤʤǶ̣äΤϡRA QA ؼ̾˰ᤤȤȤǤ롥Сɾ򼨤 QA ƻΥץȥפǤꡤRA ¿쾯ʤ줽æƤ뤿ˡƻŪʤ夯դ̾ŪʤȤ롥ơμѤȤСŪ̾줬ݤƤ뤳ȤΤƤ (##902,879,666,667) ΤȤϡƻǤŵŪʷƻǤ QA ⡤̾˰ᤤƻǤ RA Τۤ¿ѤƤȤ¤ȴϢΤǤϤʤʾ夬лμĥΰǤä
ΤˡܸǤ̾ˡ֤Ρפ֤ʡפŪפĤСɤ̾ǤƻˡؤžǤ롥ηƻΰ̣ǽ "relation" ȸƤ֤ΤǤСrelation μ Τۤ quality μ⤺ä¿Ȥ롥̾οƱбƻ줬ȤȤˤʤ뤫ϼѸ˸¤äȤǤϤʤѸ줫줫ˤ餺ƻΤˤ QA RA γϡ⤽Ԥ礭ФäƤȹͤ롥
Ѹ˸¤ȡ̣¤⤫Ӿ夬äƤ롥ѸǤϤʤե󥹼Ѹ줬ܳŪήѸλ˹ʤääѸƻįƤߤȡɤ嵭ͽۤȿ QA γ礬ʤʤ¿Ǥ롥ƻζϡ[2011-02-16-1]ε#660. ѸΥե󥹼ѸηƻΨפǵ󤲤ƻ򻲾Ȥ줿QA ¿ȤƼʤ󡤤ΰϥѥˤȴǤꡤŪǤϤʤˡޤΰϡ QA Ӥ뤯餤˹٤δܸ¿ޤǤ뤳ȤˤⵤŤ⤷ʤѸˤե󥹼ѸηƻˡƳ QA ¿ȡä˹٤ǴŪ QA ¿Ȥϡܤͤ¤Ǥ롥

Referrer (Inside): [2013-02-25-1] [2012-04-30-1]

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2011-12-20 Tue

#967. Ne bo the song neuer so murie [owl_and_nightingale][negative][syntax][subjunctive][contamination]

##948,949,950,951 εǡ̩ŪˤΤĤʤɽ Be it never so humble (= "no matter how humble it is") ˤĤƿ줿ѸǤϤ̤˸ɽǡĤǶ The Owl and the Nightingale ˤ˽Ф路ǤϡǤκʾɽʣŪʸ̮ΤʤǸƤꡤΤȤƶˤɤߤȤʤäƤ롥
Atkins Ǥ顤C J ƥȤ ll. 341--48 Ƹ褦

(C text)

341: Eurich murȝþe mai so longe ileste
342: þat ho shal liki wel unwreste:
343: vor harpe, 7 pipe, 7 fuȝeles [song]
344: mislikeþ, ȝif hit is to long.
345: Ne bo þe song neuer so murie,
346: þat he ne shal þinche wel unmurie
347: ȝef he ilesteþ ouer unwille:
348: so þu miȝt þine song aspille.

(J text)

341: Eurych mureþe may so longe leste,
342: Þat heo schal liki wel vnwreste:
343: For harpe, 7 pipe, 7 foweles song
344: Mislikeþ, if hit is to long.
345: Ne beo þe song ne so murie,
346: Þat he ne sal þinche vnmurie
347: If he ilesteþ ouer vnwille:
348: So þu myht þi song aspille.


ϡll. 345--48 ιʸǤ롥Atkins ϡp. 32fn ˤƤξɽˤĤƼΤ褦ͿƤ롥

345. neuer so murie. Instance of an irrational negative in a concessive clause---a construction found in O.E. and other Teutonic languages (see W. E. Collinson, M.L.R. x. 3, pp. 349--65) as well as occasionally in A.-Norman, where it is apparently due to English influence (see J. Vising, M.L.R. XI. 2, pp. 219--21): cf. A.S. Chron. (1087), nan man ne dorste slean oðerne man, næfde he næfre swa mycel yfel gedon.


βս Atkins βˤĤƤϡl. 346 ne redundant Ȳ򤵤ȽҤ٤Ƥ뤳Ȥ顤"No matter how merry the song may be, it shall seem very unmerry if it lasts . . ." ɤǤ뤳Ȥ롥ξ l. 346 ιƬ þat ̵뤷Ƥ뤳Ȥˤʤꡤ礱Ƥ롥
Cartlidge ⡤ne unmurie ǹ碌 "unmerry" ȤƲᤷƤꡤþat ˤĤƤ̵Ǥ뤫顤Atkins ɤߤ˶ᤤȹͤ롥Cartlidge ͿƤ븽Ѹϡ"No matter how merry the song might be, it won't seem at all amusing if it lasts too long, undesirably, . . ." (10) Ǥ롥
þat 褷褦ȤƤɤߤˡStanley (114) 롥

345ff. The construction is difficult. Perhaps translate (assuming ellipsis), 'However joyous the song may be, it is never so joyous that it will not seem very miserable if it. . . .' he in lines 346f refers to song, a masc. n.


ɤߤǤϡne redundant ǤϤʤþat ϼξά줿 so . . . that ʸ þat Ƥ롥Burrow and Turville-Petre (94) ⤳ɤߤ˽äƤ롥

345--6   The logic of these lines requires their expansion: 'However delightful the song may be, (it will never be so delightful) that it will not seem very tiresome.'


ɮԤȤƤϡþat 褷Ƥ Stanley ɤɤߤ˻Ǥ롥ɽ so ³Ϥä so . . . that ʸ so ȽŤʤ礤̯ʹʸȤƸ줿ȤȤǤϤʤ֤꼭ˤäۤܲǽΰãƤ뤬so . . . that ʸμξά뤤ϤŬڤˤ syntactic contamination ([2011-05-04-1]ε#737. ʸ contaminationפ򻲾ȡˤȤƤǤСǽˤʤ롥

Atkins, J. W. H., ed. The Owl and the Nightingale. New York: Russel & Russel, 1971. 1922.
Cartlidge, Neil, ed. The Owl and the Nightingale. Exeter: U of Exeter P, 2001.
Stanley, Eric Gerald, ed. The Owl and the Nightingale. Manchester: Manchester UP, 1972.
Burrow, J. A. and Thorlac Turville-Petre, eds. A Book of Middle English. 3rd ed. Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005.

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2011-12-19 Mon

#966. borne of [spelling][verb][conjugation][passive]

Graddol ɤǤơѸ̤ͽ¬˴ϢϤǡΤ褦ʱʸ˽Ф路

Futurologists inhabit a frontierland between historical facts and guesses about the future. Most of the practical techniques of strategic planning used by large corporations employ some kind of mix of empirical evidence together with the insight and judgement borne of practical experience. (16)


ϡֻǼ borne θˡǤ롥ѸεʸˡǤϡư bear βʬϡˡˤä born borne 2̤롥Fowler (113) ˤȡȤʬϰʲ̤Ǥ롥

born(e). The pa.pple of bear in all senses except that of birth is borne (I have borne with this too long; he was borne along by the wind); borne is also used, when the reference is to birth, (a) in the active (has borne no children), and (b) in the passive when by follows (of all the children borne by her only one survived). The pa.pple in the sense of birth, when used passively without by, or adjectivally, is born (he was born blind; a born fool; of all the children born to them; melancholy born of solitude; she was born in 1950).


ưβʬŪ variation õȡborn, borne ΤۤƱ bore ⤢ꤨOED "bear, v.1" 44 ˤȡ17Ⱦˤϡ3ԤΤ borne ˤ餺ͥäƱȾˤ torn, worn ʤɤȤΤᤫ born ˤ餺ͥȤʤꡤ bore ۷Ȥ٤Ƥ18Ⱦˤϡbore Ѥ졤borne 褹Ȥưꡤߤˤޤ³ˡλȤʬΩ
Ѹˤ㤷۷֤ιطʤȡǽŪ Fowler μ褦ʵϤΩطʤˤĤƤ̤Ĵborne born ξΤȯζ̤ϤʤޤֻΤߤǤ뤳ȤʸˡȤʤ館ƤͳʤΤ⤷ʤ
ơ borne of ʸ̮ΰ̣ϡּºݤηиޤ줿ƶϤȽϡפȼ뤬ޤ줿פȤѤƤΤǤ born ΤۤŬڤʤϤǤϤʤȤ䤬⤫֡Fowler OED εҤˤ⤢̤ꡤפȤʪŪ԰٤˾Ƥˤ borne ŬڤȤʤ뤳ȤϤ狼äξˤϡ³ŵŪֻϹ԰ټԤɽ魯 by Ǥꡤɽ魯 of Ϥɤˤ⿨Ƥʤof ǽƤʾ塤׹԰٤Ū˥᡼Ƥ뤳ȤϳΤǡ椨 born ǤϤʤ borne ФƤȹͤ줽ȼ򻲾ȤƤŪʤäΤǾǼʤä
ʤФ BNCWeb borne of 򸡺Ƥߤ顤10郎ҥåȡŬάǥ󥳡󥹥饤򼨤

(1) . . . with a set of expectations borne of years of reading about the Masters . . .
(2) . . . a legacy of bigotry borne of his wish to improve his family's social standing.
(3) . . . with an indifference borne of familiarity.
(4) . . . through instinct borne of experience.
(5) It was a confidence borne of a quarter-of-a century of growing medical ascendancy . . .
(6) With skill borne of long practice . . .
(7) by fears borne of self-selected memories and infused by a false jingoism . . .
(8) It was partially borne of English desperation . . .
(9) . . . ignorance through lack of education, and idleness borne of enforced unemployment . . .
(10) I have also come away with lasting friendships, borne of total trust, respect and deep affection.


borne of ˽ľ̾ˤϷ뤳Ȥ狼롥ԡǰľݡƤʤɡ˿Ѥɽ魯̾ȶƤ褦󥳡󥹥饤󤫤ͯФƤ borne of ΰ̣ϡ?פ⤦Ƨ߹ǡ?ˤä߰Ƥ줿סˤϡ?΢դ줿פȤޤɤ߹٤ǤϤʤϾʤ櫓ؽԼˤҤȤ1ԤդäˡǤ롥

Graddol, David. The Future of English? The British Council, 1997. Digital version available at http://www.britishcouncil.org/learning-research-futureofenglish.htm

Referrer (Inside): [2013-01-06-1] [2012-01-01-1]

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2011-12-18 Sun

#965. z ʸȯ (2) [z][alphabet][ame_bre][alphabet][new_zealand_english][americanism]

ε#964 z ʸȯ (1) ([2011-12-17-1]) ˤĤơ⤦Ĵ٤ƤߤΤǡ
ꥫѸǤ zee ȤƤȯˤĤơMencken (445) Τ褦˽Ҥ٤Ƥ롥

The name of the last letter of the alphabet, which is always zed in England and Canada, is zee in the United States. Thornton shows that this Americanism arose in the Eighteenth Century.


εҤȡzee ȯϥꥫѸȼκȤȤˤʤ뤬⿨줿褦ˡzee ȯϼŪǤϤäѸΥꥹѸˤäȤ¸ߤƤΤ顤äҡʤȤ򾷤ҤǤ롥ϡCassidy and Hall (191) εҤ򻲹ͤˤ٤

Though zed is now the regular English form, z had also been pronounced zee from the seventeenth century in England. Both forms were taken to America, but evidently New Englanders favored zee. When, in his American Dictionary of the English Language (1828), Noah Webster wrote flatly, "It is pronounced zee," he was not merely flouting English preference for zed but accepting an American fait accompli. The split had already come about and continues today.


⵭̤ꡤŪˤ z ȯ variation ϱƤѼˤ¸ߤʹߤˤǡѼɸŪȯȤƤޤ̤ȯ򤵤줿ȤȤǤ롥ꥫѸȼ뤤ϥꥹѸȼȤܤϿƤۤ¿ʤषĤƤ variation ˺ݤȤߤ٤㤬¿Ȥդ
ʤ˥塼ɱѸǤϡǯǯؤ濴ˡŪʥꥹȯ zed äơꥫȯ zee äƤƤȤBailey (492) Ѥ褦

In data compiled in the 1980s, children younger than eleven offered zee as the name of the last letter of the alphabet while all those older than thirty responded with zed.


Mencken, H. L. The American Language. Abridged ed. New York: Knopf, 1963.
Cassidy Frederic G. and Joan Houston Hall. "Americanisms." The Cambridge History of the English Language. Vol. 6. Cambridge: CUP, 2001. 184--252.
Bailey, Richard W. "American English Abroad." The Cambridge History of the English Language. Vol. 6. Cambridge: CUP, 2001. 456--96.

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2011-12-17 Sat

#964. z ʸȯ (1) [z][alphabet][ame_bre][spelling][alphabet]

z ˴ؤƤϡz γƵǼ夲Ƥ⡤z
z ϥե٥åȺǸʸˤͳ롥 z ϡ䥮ꥷ6ܤʸ "zeta" ȤơˤǤ̤ѤƤƥˤɬפȤʤäΤǡ޿ͤϼƤʤäȤ˥ꥷμѸɽΤѤ褦ˤʤäΤäǡե٥åȤʸκǸ˲ä졤䤬ƻ̱뤳ȤȤʤä (Crystal 2003) Ǥϡz ϸˤä͡ʲ͡ѤƤ롥
ѸˤƤϡ-ize -ise Ω褯ΤƤ롥Ωϡ绨ĤˤäƱѼ̤ΤȤΤƤ뤬[2010-02-26-1], [2010-03-07-1] ε򻲾ȡˡz ˤޤĤ⤦1ĤνפΩϡz ȤʸȤƤȯ˸롥̤ˡBrE Ǥ /zɛd/, AmE Ǥ /ziː/ ȯ롥ΰ㤤ϲˤΤ
OED ˤȡΥޥ衤ꥹǤ zed ȯڤ뤳ȤʤԤʤƤȹͤ롥17ˤϡzad, zard, izzard, ezod, uzzard ʤɤΰ۷ԤʤƤΤʤǡ2ϥꥷ "zeta" ȯãˡޥ󥹽첻Ƭź (prosthesis) 줿Τͳ褹롥
Ȥͥä zed йơѸ˲ؼԤȯȯפAlexander Gill Logonomia Anglica (1619) Ǥ ez ȯCharles Butler The English Grammar (1633) Ǥ ze ȯ󼨤줿ΤǤ롥ϡy ʸȯȤƤĤ ya yi Ƥ줿ΤƱ褦ˡե٥åȤ¾ʸȯȤʿ¸뤿ΡտŪʺ餯϶Ūθäȹͤ롥㤨Сze ȯˤꡤz b, c, d, e, g, p, t, v Τ줾ɸŪȯȵӱƧळȤˤʤ롥
Τ褦ήǡzee ȯ zed ¤ǥꥹǤʬŪˤϹԤʤ褦ˤʤä褦ˤϿष2Ĥȯϥꥫؤޤ졤ΥꥫǤ zee ˷ۤ夬äz ȯˤޤĤƺϡ¿αѸαƺƱ͡ƱΤʤǤΰۤʤ˵ΤȤ狼롥

Crystal, David. The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language. 2nd ed. Cambridge: CUP, 2003.

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2011-12-16 Fri

#963. Ѹˤȿ͹ [artificial_language][basic_english][pidgin][creole][basic_english]

5֡͹ˤĤƤε񤤤Ƥ (##958,959,960,961,962) 񤭤ʤͤƤȤʤΤ͹ˤؤ֤ȤϡħѸˤͻǡ⤿餷Ƥ褦Ǥ롥͹줬ɬƤʤ¤ȱѸμ¼ŪŪŸȤΤ˲餫δطȤСõ뤳Ȥͭյʲο줽ʻ˴Ϣơ5ۤɲվ񤭤ǥ⤷Ƥ

(1) ħ⤭Ħˤʤ
͹Ф뻿ξϡΤޤޡѸΤ褦ʼ줬̸ȤƵǽƤؤο͡͡ȿȿǤƤ롥͹ĹûϼûĹбƤ뤳Ȥ¿㤨С[2011-12-14-1]ε#961. ͹פ (2) ˼ǥƥɸǽϡˤɬŪäƤ뤬͹ˤϷ礱Ƥ롥̱²ζδȿ͹ڱưȤŪȿδطˤʤ䤹äȤ⡤ȴطƤǡ٤κϤȤƤ⤢롥㤨СƱ (3) Ūж (5) ȿϡȤȤƤȤϤ

(2) ̸ȤƤαѸ꤬⤭Ħˤʤ
Ѹ˸¤餺ξǤϤ뤬ŪԵ§ؽΨ˸ƤȤĥФп͹ٻԤʤ롥͹ˤ뤽βƤ򻲾ȤС¿οͤѸθŪ꤬ɤΤ褦ˤȹͤƤ뤫䤷̤뤳ȤǤֻȯЪΥ<th> ǥˡޤ͹ٻԤФмѸؤȿκõ뤳ȤǡѸ줽ΤΤǤ¦̤ȡѸ줬ɽƤ뼫̤Ǥ¦̤Ȥ̤Ǥ뤫⤷ʤ

(3) ѸؤβǤ
(2) Ǽ褦ʱѸФȤơɤΤ褦ʺ¸ǽǤ뤫Ǥ褦ˤʤ롥[2011-12-13-1]εǼ夲 Basic English 䡤ǰŪˤαĹˤȹͤ뼭 defining vocabulary ʤɡѸ줽ΤΤפ褦ʺǤϤʤѸؽ˱Ѥ̤򤢤褦ʸŪʺƤǤ褦ˤʤΤǤϤʤ

(4) ̸͡ؤδԤ礭ǧ
ʱѸ˻ٻԤȿ͹ٻԤΩϰ㤨ɡ̤ܻؤƤ롥˹ޤݥߥ˥μפ˱뤳ȤΤǤ̸δȴԤǤ롥ξԤΩϾˤäƤ180ٰۤʤȤ⤤뤬ŪɤƤΤƱۤǤ롥̸̤˴󤻤ƤԤ礭ϡۤɤޤǤ礭ϤơѸϡ뤤ϥڥȸϡνŰѤΤ

(5) ԥ䥯쥪κƲ¥
Basic English ˾ħѸθäñ㲽䡤ײŪ˿͹ޤ줿ؤʸˡʤɤظƤΤϡؽưפǤ롥Basic English ͹ϤޤǿͰŪʿ¤ʪ꼫ʷdzؽưפ¸ƤȲǤΤˡԥ䥯쥪줬롥ԥѸ䥯쥪Ѹϰ̤ˤäȤª뤳Ȥ¿̸ؤδԤȤʸ̮˰֤ŤСñȤƺɾ뤳ȤǤ뤫⤷ʤԥ줢뤤ϥ쥪¨̸ε˷ӤĤ뤳ȤϤʤȤ Basic English ͹¤٤Ӥ뤳Ȥˤϰ̣ΤǤϤʤ

Referrer (Inside): [2018-02-20-1] [2016-08-23-1]

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2011-12-15 Thu

#962. Esperanto [artificial_language][esperanto]

4ε (##958,959,960,961) ǿ͹ˤĤƼ夲Ƥ19Ⱦ͹ؤǮdzˡǡưӤڥȸ (Esperanto) ˤĤƸʤ櫓ˤϤʤ
ڥȸߤο Ludwig Lazarus Zamenhof (1859--1917) ϡΤˤäݡɤ Białystok ޤ줿ͤβȷϤޤ줿ϥȤ̱²֤ΤʤĹʰȤʤ롥ʣ¿̱²¿δĶǡबϤޤƤ Yiddish, Hebrew, Polish, German, Russian, Lithuanian ¿Ǥ롥Τ褦ʴĶݤ줿ƤǦѤ˻٤졤Zamenhof ϹݸȯȤۤ褦ˤʤꡤǯμ¸θ塤1887ǯDoktoro Esperanto ʥڥȸǡִ˾ԡפΰաˤɮ̾Dz Lingvo Internacia 路ɮ̾ˤʤǸ˥ڥȸȸƤФ뤳ȤˤʤκǽλǤ롥
1889ǯǽΥڥȸλ La Esperantisto ԡ1893ǯˤϡڥȸθȿΩ夬äZamenhof ϵ񡤡إϥåȡ١ǥ륻Ƹáꥨηࡤơʤɤ꤬ڥȸƤä1905ǯBoulogne Ǻǽιݥڥȸ񤬳졤20񤫤700ͤɽáϤθ帽ߤ˻ޤǯŤƤ롥1905ǯ˽Ǥ줿 Fundamento de Esperanto ϥڥȸʸˡθޤȤ᤿ΤǤꡤڥƥ (Esperantist) ΥХ֥Ȥ⤤Ǥ롥
1921ǯˤϡϢ̳ĹǤäϸͰ¤ڥȸλۤ˶ĤϢǥڥȸʤȤ̤⤢äڥȸκѤˤϻʤäθŪ˰ݤŤ뵡ˤϤʤäθ塤Ūʴޤߤդ줿ڥȸϡλٻԤȤȤˡʥ䥹ư줿˳ư褵1954ǯˤϥͥ The Uiversala Esperanto-Asocio ڥȶ 1908ǯΩˤΤȤǧꡥ1966ǯˤϡ100Ͱʾν̾ȤȤ˹ϢθѸؤƤʤ줿ϼʤä
ߡ50ιⶨ22ιݶ¸ߤ100Ķʪ3Ķ񤬥ڥȸǴԤƤ롥륷̵ʤɤǤϥ饸¸ߤ롥üԿ͸οפξȤơڥȸüԿ͸ˤĤƤΤʤȤϤ狼ʤʤפǿ͡¿פ1500ͰʾȤ (Crystal 356) Ūˤäơ˾塤Ǥ͹ȤäƤ褤
ǡ衼åѽСܤϥڥȸڳưʹǤ롥1919ǯΩܥڥȳزγư濴Ǥ롥ҤοϸͤΤۤ¡¼Сʸؼԡˤʤɤؿ󤻤ƤȤˤ⤢롥衼åǤϡեɡǥ󡤥ǥޡǤγưΩġŪ微ʸȤǤꡤڥȸǰ򤵤䤹
ǡڥȸФƤϡȿȯ¸ߤ뤳ȤΤǤ롥ݶ̸ȤƤϼä˱ѸˤѤ٤ȤԤ⤢뤷¾ο͹λٻԤ⤢롥ޤڥȸ줬ŪץѥȷӤĤ뷹뤳Ȥ⡤󤯤򶯤Ƥ褦
ϥڥƥȤǤϤʤػ¿ؤؤμȤȤơ֥ڥȸפäˡߤǤؤμȤȤƤɤΤ餤֤ƤΤȵˤʤäȤǤΥڥȸʤHP򸫤Ĥ١Ȥ褦Ǥ롥

Crystal, David. The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Language. 2nd ed. Cambridge: CUP, 1997. 199--205.

Referrer (Inside): [2022-11-25-1] [2013-02-16-1]

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2011-12-14 Wed

#961. ͹ [artificial_language][esperanto][spelling_reform]

ݶ̸ȤƤλѤǰƬƤ줿͹βϡΤȤʤ顤Ū˹ǧΤ졤ƤȤȤ19ȾʹߤξįƤߤȡβϤޤäƤʤȤäƤ褤طʤˤϡ͹ˤޤĤŪҲŪŪ꤬롥Crystal (357) ꡤΤĤվ񤭤褦

(1) ưŤФο͹ǤСüԿϤۤܥǤ롥üԿ䤷Ƥ椯ˤϤɤФ褤ΤϡҲפľ̤ڥȸȯƼ Zamenhof ⤳Ǻޤ졤κǸ "I, the undersigned, promise to learn the international language proposed by Dr Esperanto, if it appears that 10 million people have publicly given the same promise." Ȥ«ɼԤ׵᤹ȤƤǤФ̤ȤƤոʤä褦
(2) ǥƥƥꡥߥ˥¤ǡνפ1ĤˡüԤΥǥƥƥɸȤǽ롥üԤϡϰҲѰκۤѤƾ˼ɽ򤷤ƤΤǤꡤΤεǽϤȤΤۤפȤΤҲؤθǤ롥͹ϡ[2011-12-12-1]ε (4) Ǽ̤ꡤʤɸŪǤ뤳ȤۤȤƷǤ롥β̤פʵǽ1Ĥ͹ǤåƤޤȤˤʤ롥̱²ֶȿ͹ǮѤ˾18Ⱦ20ȾФ2ˤ錄äơƱߥ󥰤Ǵѻ줿Ȥϡܤ٤Ǥ롥
(3) ŪжƤƤ͹ϸ¤ߥ衼åѤθפȤƤ롥ŪŪΩܻؤˤϡХꤹƤΤǤϤʤ͹ϡθ¿ڻ뤹뷹롥
(4) ̣㡥͹ɾȤƤϡ֡δפɤμ֤Ƥ뤫ʤɡܤޤ꤬̣ؤδؿϾʤ֤ǡ֤б뤬̣ϰۤʤ뤿դפ false friends ( F "faux amis" ) ȤΤ뤬͹ȼδ֤ǤƱ꤬ͤꤦ롥Ǥ̣Ȥϡdenotation Ǥʤ connotation ޤࡥ㤨СѸ "capitalism" ͹ñˤĤ򤵤̣ϡꥫͤξȡͤξǤϰۤʤäƤǽ롥
(5) ȿ¿οͤŪ̸ȤƤο͹μݤˤϻƱΤΡ͹ǮŪʻٻԤƤŪŪˤδ򴶤Ƥ롥ٻΤˤäƤϽŪʿ̤ӤӤƤꡤɤưоݤˤʤ礹餢롥1930ǯ塤ɥĤ䥽ϢǡڥȸüԤưԤʤ줿㤬롥

͹˸¤餺ݶ̸εˤƤϡޤ (4) ΰ̣Ūʴä˷ڻ뤵Ƥ褦˻פΰ̣ʸˤ̩ܤ˷ӤĤƤ뤳Ȥͤȡ(2) ȤϢƤ
͹ڤ񤷤äƤϡֻפ񤷤ε۵ˤʤ2ĤβױưۤʤäƤϤ뤬פȤ¦̤¿롥[2010-12-24-1]ε#606. ѸֻפԤͳס[2011-01-21-1]ε#634. ǯֻ (1)פ碌ƻȤ줿

Crystal, David. The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Language. 2nd ed. Cambridge: CUP, 1997. 199--205.

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2011-12-13 Tue

#960. Basic English [artificial_language][basic_english][elf][lexicography][elt]

ε#958. Ūʹݿ͹줬٤ ([2011-12-12-1]) κǸ˿줿Charles Kay Ogden (1889--1857) ˤ Basic English ˤĤƼ夲롥
19ȾϤޤäݿ͹ؤǮ ([2011-12-11-1]) ϡ͡ʸ¤ˤ뤽ۤܺäȤȤˡ20ʤˤĤƤݥߥ˥μפϷƤꡤݶ̸ɬפȯŪ˹ޤäƤ͹ϰƤ˼ä٤ǥϡԤʤƤ¸μñ㲽ȤΤäפθϤ٤ơΤ褦˴ά줿 "modified natural language" ƤߤΤʤǺǤͭ̾ʻߤ"British American Scientific International Commercial" acronym ƬˤȤä Basic English Ǥ롥
ѹκȡؼ Ogden ˤä1926--30ǯˤƹͰƤ줿δάǤαѸϡ850θ600̾졤150ηƻ졤100ˤäƤ롥ư18Ĥʤ¾θȤηӤĤˤꡤɸѸ4,000ưȤʤ뤳ȤǤ롥assembleput together, inventmake up, photographtake pictures ǡǤ롥
1940ǯˤϡChurchill Roosevelt ʤɤȤ̾ͤˤäƤٻ줿äʤʬʣ칽¤ʤФʤʤäȡǥबʤäȤʤɤͳ⤢ꡤ䤬ƿषȤä٤ñ㲽ȤƤ⡤Τˤạ̈ؤηΤȤƤϤषԷкѤȤʤ뤳Ȥ¤˴줿ΤʴϢơ[2010-02-14-1]ε#293. ٤¬뤫פ򻲾ȡˡ
Basic English ϸߤǤŪʰյĤΤߤȤʤäƤ뤬αѸ춵ΤʤȿǤƤ롥¤줿ΤäƤȤ߹碌ˤʣʳǰɽǽϤ䡤ܸʿפɽ뵻̤ȤˤĤ뤳Ȥϡ춵ˤƤϽפʲǤ롥ǯγؽѱѱѼŵؽˤƺѤƤ "defining vocabulary" ιͤ⡤Basic English λۤαĹˤȤ롥ELF (English as a Lingua Franca) ɸѸȤƾΤʹ褦ˤʤäƤ򺣡Basic English ȤߤΤΤǤϤʤˤ衤ιͤϡͭȤʤäƤΤǤϤʤ
ʾεϡCrystal (358) Basic-English Institute εҤ򻲹ͤˤƼɮ

Crystal, David. The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Language. 2nd ed. Cambridge: CUP, 1997. 199--205.

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2011-12-12 Mon

#959. Ūʹݿ͹줬٤ [artificial_language][esperanto][basic_english]

ε#957. 19Ⱦ³Ƚи͹ ([2011-12-11-1]) ǿ͹ (artificial language) ˤڤϼ˱󤯵ڤǤʤΤ¤Ǥ롥ΤˡǤͭ̾ʿ͹ȤäƤ褤ڥȸ (Esperanto) ϡʤפǤ͡¿פǤ1500ͰʾüԡʼȤ2üԡˤʤȤ졤¤μ٤ڤƤȤߤʤȤϲǽ⤷ʤʴϢ[2010-01-26-1]ε#274. üԿפ򻲾ȡʤ衼åѰʳǥڥȸüԤ¿ΤܤǤˡ
Ūʿ͹ȤưտޤƤϤȤϤڥȶβȾ첤ͤǤꡤŪʡʤŪʡФθ뤳ȤǤʤڡפˤ뤬ڥȸǤŪ˹ԤʤƤȤϸ񤤤Τ顤¾ο͹ڤ٤Ͽ䤷Τ٤Ǥ롥
ǤϡŪڤ٤Ūʿ͹ȤϤɤΤ褦ʤΤɤΤ褦ʾƤС¿οͤǼ褦ۤο͹ȤʤΤ͹ϰƼԤٻԤϡΤ褦ʾŦƤ (Crystal 357)

(1) ؤӤ䤹ȡʸˡ§ŪñǤꡤỌ̇̄δطƩǤꡤֻɸŪǤꡤȯưפǤ뤳ȤɬפǤ롥
(2) ȴϢƤ뤳ȡȤưפǤɬפ롥ʹ¤äƤꡤΥǥȿǤ뤳ȤǤŪħ¿ƤꡤŪ˻ѤƤŪפΤ캬äƤ뤳Ȥ˾ޤ
(3) ˭٤ʵǽ̤뤳ȡäդ񤭸դΤߤʤ餺ʳء̾ݡġʤɤŪΰǤⵡǽ̤ɬפ롥ݥߥ˥ΥǥǤλѤˤѤ褦ǤʤФʤʤ
(4) ɸŪǤ뤳ȡˤѰۤäƤϤʤʤ뤿ˤϡҤ뵡ؤˤƻ뤬ɬפ
(5) ŪŪΩǤ뤳ȡ٤Ƥι˼뤿ˤϡΩγݤפǤ롥¿ο͹λٻԤϡʿ¶¸ΤԲķʾȹͤƤ롥
(6) ƶ¥ΤǤ뤳ȡŪʿ͹ϡñ˹ݥߥ˥μʤȤƤǤʤŪʻ׹ͤ¥ƻȤƤͭǤ뤳Ȥ˾ޤϡä17 a priori ʿ͹줬ܻؤƤůŪۤǤ롥

ξ⤽줾Ȥ񤷤ƱΤϤʤ񤷤ŪŪůŪ郎Ʊ路Ƥꡤ̤ͥͿ뤫ˤäԤδ֤ΩͤʤȤϼǤ롥ơºݤˤΤ褦ͳԤδ֤ΩƤä (2) (5) ʤɤϡȴϢƤʤ顤Ʊ˸ŪΩǤȤ̷⤹׵ᤷƤΤ顤κϿ
ŪʾΤʤˡѸʤɤιŪʱƶϤļؤȿȯõ뤳ȤưפǤ롥ȽǼΤѤӤӤʤȤϤ嵭ξΤ㤨бѸ줬Ƥ (3) 餤ǤϤʤ
Τ褦Ūʾ򤿤ŪįƤǤŪǤϤʤˤȤ⡤ݥߥ˥ΤˤϤǤɤȤɸȤªΤǤСذǤŤȤͭפǤѸä˸ä˴ؤ (1) δɤ褦Ȥߤ1ĤˡCharles Kay Ogden (1889--1857) ιͰƤ Basic English 롥ˤĤƤεǡ

Crystal, David. The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Language. 2nd ed. Cambridge: CUP, 1997. 199--205.

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2011-12-11 Sun

#958. 19Ⱦ³Ƚи͹ [artificial_language][esperanto]

ѸܸʤɤμȯФơտŪ߷פ줿͹ (artificial language) ȤΤ롥[2009-05-09-1]ε#10. Ͽ͹פǿ줿̤ꡤ͹ȤƾΤ꤬ʤ櫓ǤϤʤѤƤѸǤ롥 (auxiliary language) ȤѸ줬Ѥ뤳Ȥ⤢뤬ΤΤ褦ˡѸʤɤμ줬ݥߥ˥ΤŪ˻ѤƤ¤ꡤθƾΤϤǤ롥Ǥϡ깭ή̤Ƥ͹ȤѸѤ롥
ۤʤüԤɤδ֤ǥߥ˥Ȥ뤿ζ̸ (lingua franca) ȤơŪʸ᤹פ켫ΤϡΤǤϸŵ夫鸫줿ߤޤǤ˿ɴˤΤܤ͹줬ƤƤȤä͹ɵ᤬ܳŪ˻ϤޤäΤϡοͤõۤʤʸؤܤϤ᤿17ΤȤȤäƤ褤λϡlingua franca ȤƤΥƥ줬षϤ᤿Ǥ⤢롥Francis Bacon (1561--1626), René Descartes (1596--1650), Gottfried Wilhelm Leibnitz (1646--1716) ʤɤůŪʵηϤȤƤο͹ƤϥäλߤϡǤϤʤůؤ˴Ťۼθ졤拾ԥ塼פ碌¤Ǥꡤa priori ʿ͹ȸƤ֤ȤǤ롥
17˻Ϥޤä͹Ǯϡ18ȾˤϤäƤŪʸιۤϡ18Ⱦ̱²ιޤȿ㤷ơФˤʤäƤäΤǤ롥Ƥӿ͹ǮޤäΤϡ19κǸλȾǤ롥٤ϡ¸μʻ¾夹٤ΤθˤϤ a posteriori ʿ͹줬͡ʷǺꤵ줿Ǯطʤˤϡݥߥ˥ɬȤ٤ʤۤƤȡѸʤɤ줬ݶ̸ȤʤݱʤŪʿʤɤääơѸȤѸ˾μפȡ19Ⱦ͹ǮȤϡ̵طǤϤʤ
Ǥͭ̾ǡǤ͹ڥȸ (Esperanto) ʳˤ¿ο͹줬ƤƤCrystal (355) 顤ΰǯ̤¤٤褦פʤΤˤĤƤϡֻǼǮι⤵狼
뤬1ϡ̱²ιޤȤȤˡƤӿ͹ؤǮƤäơ¤ξˡѸȤ줬̸ؤƻҤ뤳ȤȤʤäΤǤ롥

DateLanguageInventorComment
1880Volapük ("World Language")Johann Martin Schleyer8 vowels, 20 consonants; based largely on English and German.
1887Esperanto ("Lingvo Internacia")Ludwig Lazarus Zamenhof5 vowels, 23 consonants, mainly West European lexicon; Slavonic influence on syntax and spelling.
1902Idiom NeutralV. K. RosenbergerA former supporter of Volapük; strongly influenced by Romance.
1903Latino Sine Flexione (Interlingua)Giuseppe PeanoLatin without inflections; vocabulary mainly from Latin words.
1904Perio  
1905Lingua Internacional  
1906Ekselsioro  
1906Ulla  
1906Mondlingvo  
1907Lingwo Internaciona (Antido)  
1907IdoLouis de Beaufront or Louis CouturatA modified version of Esperanto (the name means "derived from" in Esperanto).
1908Mez-Voio  
1908Romanizat  
1909Romanal  
1911Latin-Esperanto  
1914Europeo  
1915Nepo  
1921Hom Idyomo  
1922OccidentalEdgar von WahlDevised for the western world only; largely based on Romance.
1923Espido  
1928NovialOtto JespersenMainly Ido vocabulary and Occidental grammar. Novial = New + International Auxiliary Language.
1937Néo  
1943InterglossaLancelot HogbenPublished only in draft form.
1951InterlinguaInternational Auxiliary Language AssociationA Romance-based grammar, with a standardized vocabulary based on the main Western European languages.
1955Esperantuisho  
1956Globaqo  
1958Modern Esperanto  
1960Delmondo  
1962Utoki  
1972Eurolengo  
1981GlosaW. Ashby and R. ClarkA modified version of Interglossa. Contains a basic 1,000-word vocabulary, derived from Latin and Greek roots.
1986Uropi  


Crystal, David. The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Language. 2nd ed. Cambridge: CUP, 1997. 199--205.

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2011-12-10 Sat

#957. many more people [adverb][comparison][numeral]

ѸǡĻ̾ο֤¿׾ǡӴȤκʬ礭Ȥˤϡmany more people ʤɤȡӵζĴ much ǤϤʤ many ѤΤ§Ǥ롥 many ϡmore 򽤾ƤΤǵǽȤƤŪǤꡤ people ľܴطƤ櫓ǤϤʤ̣ϴϢƤ뤿 much ǤŬڤȤΰռƯΤϤǤ⤢롥

Many more questions were buzzing around in my head.
Many have already died, and in the nature of things many more will die.
They provided a far better news service and pulled in many more viewers.
How many more can she possibly make?
Thousands were saved yesterday, but many more remained trapped.


many ȤƤˡ򤷤ƤС¿ΤʤΤ𤹤褦 many fewer ʤɽˤäʤ

The squid has many fewer tentacles than the nautilus --- only ten --- and the octopus, as its name makes obvious, has only eight.
How many fewer places are there today than there were two years ago?
Making love burns up more calories than playing golf and not that many fewer than throwing a frisbee.


Ǥϡ many ʻϲŪˤŪʤΤǡإ˥缭ŵ٤ǤľȤưäƤ롥ӵ򶯤 much far Ʊ˹ͤƤ⡤ȤƤʻͿǼ뤫⤷ʤ
many ˤ¿ɽ魯ȤƤˡꡤŪˡȲ᤹뤳ȤǤ롥one more people, two more people, a few more people, some more people, several more people ʤɤɽ򻲾ȤСmany more people ϤαĹ˰֤ŤΤmore κʬɽ魯Τˡ줬֤Ƥ빽ʸȤȤ館ΤˤʤäƤ롥
OED "more" 4.a. ˡϢ뵭Ҥä

4. a. Additional to the quantity or number specified or implied; an additional amount or number of; further. Now rare exc. as preceded by an indefinite or numeral adj., e.g. any more, no more, some more; many more, two more, twenty more; and in archaic phrases like without more ado.
This use appears to have been developed from the advb. use as in anything, nothing more (see C. 4b).


ӤȴϢʸ̮̾줬٤ɽ魯ΤѤȤƤϡ[2011-07-12-1]εwhat with A and what with Bפǿ줿 something like this much the same ʤɤϢƤ뤫⤷ʤ
ʤŪ˸ȡmany more ɽϾʤȤѸˤϤǤ˹ԤʤƤȤMED "mō (adj.)" ˵󤲤Ƥʸǧ롥

By bethleem be many mo placys of goode pasture..þan in oþer placys.
Thai bith mony mo than we haue shewid yet.

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2011-12-09 Fri

#956. COCA N-Gram Search [cgi][web_service][coca][corpus][collocation][n-gram]

##953,954,955 εǡǶ줿 COCA ( Corpus of Contemporary American English ) n-gram ǡ١ѤƤߤCOCA ˸ 2-grams, 3-grams, 4-grams, 5-grams ˤĤơ줾100ɽ󤷤ǡ١ǡ긵ˤƤС׼ COCA Υ󥿡եǤϸˤɽθǽȤʤ롥
n-gram Υǡ١ϡᥬХȤ̤ΥƥȥեǡľܸˤϽŤǡSQLite ǡ١ؤȳǼSQL ʸˤ븡ǽȤʤ褦˸ץȤʲϡ̤κǽ10ԤϤ CGI Ǥ롥

    


ʲˡơ֥̾ n-gram "n" ͤ˱ơ"two", "three", "four", "five" Ȥʤߤˡ1-grams Υǡ١ʻ¾塤COCA 3ʾ帽٤Ĥꥹȡˤտ路Ƥꡤơ֥̾ "one" Ȥƥǽˤեɤϡơ֥˶̤ "freq" ١ˤƤƤۤ"n" ͤ˱ơ"word1" "word5" ޤǤθ (case-sensitive) ȡ"pos1" "pos5" ޤǤ COCA θɸꤵƤ롥select ʸΤͭʲˡŵŪʸȤƺܤƤ

# 1-grams ǡֻٽ˼Фʤcase-sensitive ʤΤǺƽפɬס
select * from one where pos1 like "i%" order by freq desc;

# 2-grams ǡϥ󥵥ʤΤٽ˼Ф
select * from two where word1 = "handsome" and pos1 = "jj" and pos2 like "nn_" order by freq desc;

# 2-grams ǡ"absolutely (adj.)" ǶĴƻٽ˼Ф[2011-03-12-1]ε#684. semantic prosody ʸˡƥ꡼פ򻲾ȡ
select * from two where word1 = "absolutely" and pos2 = "jj" order by freq desc;

# 3-grams ǡ٤ as ... as ɽФ
select * from three where word1 = "as" and word3 = "as" order by freq desc;

# 4-grams ǡ٤ from ... to ... ɽФ
select * from four where word1 = "from" and pos1 = "ii" and word3 = "to" and pos3 = "ii" order by freq desc;

# 5-grams ǡõ롨 "die of" "die from" ɤѻ
select * from five where word1 in ("die", "dies", "died", "dying") and pos1 like "vv%" and word2 in ("of", "from") and pos2 like "i%" order by word3;


n-gram ǡ١¤˻ȤʤˤϡΤ褦ˤ줿̤Ȥˤ˾ʤꡤʣθ̤դ碌ʤɤιפɬפ

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2011-12-08 Thu

#955. ʸϤ碌2।ǥ [binomial][rhyme][corpus][coca][collocation][euphony][n-gram][suffix][proverb]

[2011-12-06-1], [2011-12-07-1]εǡCOCA ( Corpus of Contemporary American English ) 3-gram ǡ١ФѸˤƬƧ2।ǥ (binomial) ȵӱƧ2।ǥ򸫤ƤʬϤʤǡξꥹȤΤʤǽʣ2।ǥब줿ΤǡФƤߤ줾ƬȵӱξͤʤʸϤ碌ȤƤζɽǤ롥ʸ̤᤿ƥȥե50ɽ󤲤褦

Saturday and Sunday, personal and professional, himself or herself, quantity and quality, morbidity and mortality, quantitative and qualitative, security and stability, best and brightest, latitude and longitude, sixteenth and seventeenth, whenever and wherever, sensitivity and specificity, watching and waiting, majority and minority, basketball and baseball, fight or flight, ranting and raving, forties and fifties, cooperation and coordination, nature and nurture, pushing and pulling, tossing and turning, twisting and turning, grandchildren and great-grandchildren, skiers and snowboarders, communication and collaboration, cooking and cleaning, psychiatrists and psychologists, biggest and best, development and deployment, slipping and sliding, communication and cooperation, Dungeons and Dragons, heterosexual and homosexual, healthier and happier, grandmother and grandfather, stopping and starting, sixteen or seventeen, hooting and hollering, competence and confidence, stalactites and stalagmites, waxing and waning, positive and productive, reading and rereading, patience and perseverance, bedroom and bathroom, consultation and collaboration, going and getting, grandfather and grandmother, protection and promotion


¿ϡƬȵӱϤȤƶ˰פȹͤϡ촴ɤ˸츻ŪʴϢ뤬椨ƬƧǤΤǤꡤƱѤƤ뤬椨˵ӱƧǤΤȲ᤹٤
ñʤϤͷӤȤʤ졥嵭ϡỌ̇̄Ĵ¤򤤤䤪ʤ2δ֤˰ɬƤӵΤ褦ʡ٤˽ŪɽȤfight or flight, nature and nurture, competence and confidence, positive and productive ʤɤϡñʤ٤ζɽǤȤʾˡŪȤ虜ŪǤ餢롥

Referrer (Inside): [2018-08-22-1] [2015-09-07-1]

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2011-12-07 Wed

#954. ӱƧ2।ǥ [binomial][rhyme][corpus][coca][collocation][euphony][n-gram][suffix][compound]

ε#953. ƬƧ2।ǥ ([2011-12-06-1]) ˰³ϡӱƧ٤ binomial COCA ( Corpus of Contemporary American English ) n-gram ǡ١ˤ꽦ФƱͤˡ3-gram Ѥ"A and/but/or B" ηζɽǡ A B ӱƧǤ褦̤Ǽ᤿ƥȥե
̤įƤƺʤ鵤դȤʤΤӱƬ٤ƥѥ󤬸Ĥ䤹ä˸ʤΤϡӱ¿촴θ˰¸ƤȤϡ˰¸Ƥ뤳Ȥ-ing, -ed, -ly, -al, -y, -ion, -er ʤɤζƤ롥

positive and negative, national and international, internal and external, Friday and Saturday, teaching and learning, gifted and talented, elementary and secondary, hunting and fishing, personal and professional, presence or absence, reliability and validity, coming and going, winners and losers, physical and psychological, formal and informal, directly and indirectly, advantages and disadvantages, rising and falling, physically and mentally, buyers and sellers


ޤͤƤߤС⤢ʤȤʤΤʣ2ǤƱǤѤ뤳Ȥˤ걤ƧǤ¿ self-rhyme ǤϤ롥

Friday and Saturday, children and grandchildren, Saturday and Sunday, hardware and software, himself or herself, formal and informal, parents and grandparents, direct and indirect, buyers and sellers, mother and grandmother, father and grandfather, Afghanistan and Pakistan, anything and everything, football and basketball, indoor and outdoor, direct or indirect, servicemen and women, likes and dislikes, urban and suburban, indoor and outdoor


¿Ѥޤ right-headed ʣ򹥤ѸˤƤϡӱѤ2।ǥηưפǤꡤˤǤ뤳ȤϡǤդ鸫С촴θƬѤƬ2।ǥηϡŪ񤷤ȤȤˤʤΤ⤷ʤ

Referrer (Inside): [2015-09-07-1] [2011-12-08-1]

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2011-12-06 Tue

#953. ƬƧ2।ǥ [binomial][alliteration][corpus][coca][collocation][euphony][n-gram]

[2011-07-26-1]ε#820. ʩƱפǡ2।ǥ (binomial idiom) Ҳ𤷤and, but, or ʤɤ³ǷФ2फʤɽϸѸǤ⸲ߤǤꡤ褯ΤˤϡϤΤ褤 (euphony) ¿ѸˤƸϤɤȤС[2011-11-26-1]ε#943. ƬˤפǼ夲Ƭ (alliteration) ŵ1ĤȤƵ󤲤롥
Ȥǡ1122ˡ絬ϥ饤󡦥ѥ COCA ( Corpus of Contemporary American English ) ʤɤΤ륳ѥؼ Mark Davies COCA ˴Ť n-gram ̵Ǹ2, 3, 4, 5줫ʤ롤줾100ζɽ (collocation) ٿȤȤ󤷤ǡ١ǡɤƥե饤Ǽͳ˽Ǥ롥

Visit N-GRAMS: from the COCA and COHA corpora of American English. For downloading, directly visit Free lists.
Also visit Word frequency lists and dictionary: from the Corpus of Contemporary American English for other COCA-derived n-grams and frequency lists.

ǡCOCA n-gram 鸽Ѹ2।ǥ˸ƬõƽФƤߤ褦ȻפΩä3-gram ǡ١Ѥ"A and/but/or B" ηζɽõäüԤΰռƤʤȤǤ⡤ƬɽΤʤѤƤϤȤͽۤΤȤǤθäºݤ¿򽦤ФȤǤ̤Υƥȥե2θƬλҲפƤΤФʤΤǡ줬ɽ魯ҲפƤȤϸ¤餺դɬפǤ롥Ǥ⡤ŪƬ򽦤ФȤǤ
̤̾ˤϡhis or her, four or five, six or seven, this or that, Saturday and Sunday ʤɡʤۤɤȤϻפ碌뤬ۤɶ̣ʤ㤬ʤʤǥŪʤΤ⤦Τ褦ʶɽ⼡ȵ󤬤ꡤι夬ä­

public and private, rules and regulations, pots and pans, command and control, flora and fauna, free and fair, death and destruction, go and get, safety and security, signs and symptoms, fame and fortune, families and friends, fresh or frozen, peace and prosperity, past and present, quantity and quality, morbidity and mortality, slowly but surely, professional and personal, name and number, facts and figures, pencil and paper, state and society, small but significant, clear and convincing


n-gram ˤĤƤϡ[2010-12-25-1]ε#607. Google Books Ngram Viewerפ⻲ȡ

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2011-12-05 Mon

#952. Etymology Search [etymology][dictionary][cgi][web_service][metathesis][blend][dissimilation]

search mode: non-regex regex
search range: word-form definition (in one-line regex only)


[2010-04-03-1]Ѹ츻̤CGIξ̸ߴǤ롤[2010-04-23-1]Ѹ츻̤CGIʰǡΤ˾̸ߴȤʤ롤¿ǽǡEtymology Searchפ󸻤ϰ³ Online Etymology Dictionary
ǤǿΤϡ̾θˤ븡˲äɽˤ븡ǽˤȡФȤ̤ʸ츻θǽˤȤ
ΤȤ "non-regex" "word-form" ȤƸȡ̾θФ측Ȥʤ롥ޤԤǶڤ줿ʣñꤹСб츻Ҥ롥
search mode Ȥ "regex" ꤹȡperl5 ɽʲԶڤʣġˤѤǽȤʤ롥ɽȤСΰΤߤ˥ޥåơ¿θ򽦤ФȤǽ
ˡsearch range "definition (in one-line regex)" ꤹСʸ츻ʸоݤȤƸǤ롥εǽǤϡsearch mode ͤˤ餺ưŪɽʲԶڤˤʣɽꤹ뤳ȤԲġˤȤʤΤա"(?i)" ɽƬղäСcase-intensive εǽȤʤ롥㤨СΤ褦ʸͭѤ⤷ʤ

žФʤ⤷ʤ˸
(?i)\bmetathesis
Фʤ⤷ʤ
(?i)\bblend(s|ed|ing|ings)\b
۲Фʤ⤷ʤ˸
(?i)\bdissimilat
ܸ줫μѸʤ⤷ʤ˸
(?i)\bJapanese\b

Referrer (Inside): [2021-04-04-1] [2014-04-20-1]

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2011-12-04 Sun

#951. Be it never so humble, there's no place like home. (4) [negative][syntax][subjunctive][me][chaucer]

##948,949,950 εǡ츫̤ʤ⹽ʸˤĤƼ夲Ƥͤ뤭äȤʤäΤϡChaucer The Parson's Tale (l. 90) ˡιʸѤʸ줿ȤǤRiversideǤѡˡ

But nathelees, men shal hope that every tyme that man falleth, be it never so ofte, that he may arise thurgh Penitence, if he have grace; but certeinly it is greet doute.


ʣܸͤ򻲾Ȥʤ餳βսɤǤΤǤΤȤǡ֤ۤ١ǤϤʤȤƤפȤ̤ꤷƤޤȤäϡष֤Ȥ١ǤäȤƤפŬڤǤ롥δ֤Ǥ㤬줿ΤǡιʸܤĴ٤Ƥߤ褦ȻפäǤ롥
ƤϰȤʤä̤Ĵ٤ǡѸˤɽλѤˤĤ Mustanoja 򻲾Ȥ˺ƤȤ˵Ť®Ƥߤȡpp. 321--22 ˰ʲεҤä

Never so, indicating an unlimited degree or amount, has been used in concessive clauses since the end of the OE period. It is not uncommon in ME texts: --- were he never knight so strong (Havelok 80); --- be he never so vicious withinne (Ch. CT D WB 943). Parallel expressions have been recorded in some other Germanic languages, particularly in High and Low German, where nie sô is used in the same way as never so from the earliest times down to the close of the Middle Ages. . . . The corresponding affirmative forms ever so is modern English.



ޥΤۤե󥹸䥢󥰥ΥޥˤɽäȤ (expletive) Ȥ꼭ä봶ФϡѸΤΤǤϤʤäȤȤˤʤ롥

Mustanoja, T. F. A Middle English Syntax. Helsinki: Société Néophilologique, 1960.

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2011-12-03 Sat

#950. Be it never so humble, there's no place like home. (3) [negative][syntax][subjunctive][assertion][expletive]

[2011-12-01-1], [2011-12-02-1]εǵƤɽ never so (= ever so) ³롥
never so ever so ۤƱǤȤȤϰ츫򤷤nonassertion ̣ŪĶǤϡΩ¤뤳Ȥ nonassertion ˤĤƤ[2011-03-07-1][2011-03-08-1]ε򻲾ȡˡ㤨СQuirk et al. (Section 8.112 [p. 601]) ϼΤ褦˸ڤʸ󤲤Ƥ롥

In nonassertive clauses ever (with some retention of temporal meaning) can replace never as minimizer; this is common, for instance, in rhetorical questions:

Will they (n)ever stop talking? Won't they ever learn? (*Won't they never learn?)
I wondered if the train would (n)ever arrive.


Ǹʸˤ褦ˡư wonder ³ if ǤϡΩ¤뤳Ȥ¿⤬Ū˹ǤʸΤδްդŪǤйδްդȤ⤵뤬̣κƱȤʤwonder ϡ֤褯狼ʤפްդΤǤ뤫顤ɤΤȤ³ ifwhether nonassertion ӤӤȤȤ

He was beginning to wonder whether Gertrud was (not) there at all.
He's starting to wonder whether he did (not) the right thing in accepting this job.
I wonder if he is (not) over fifty.
I wonder if I'll (not) recognize him after all these years.
I wonder whether it was (not) wise to let her travel alone.


ǡbe it never so humble be it ever so humble ȤƤˡǤ뤫顤nonassertion ӤӤƤ뤳Ȥϴְ㤤ʤŪˤϡ֤ɤʤˤߤܤ餷ȤפȤΰ̣бΤ be it ever so humble ȤɽܸǤ֤ɤʤˤߤܤ餷ʤפɽղä뤳ȤǤ褦ˡѸǤ or never εղä줿ȤƤԻ׵ĤϤʤѸǤϡor ˤŪ꤬ղäȤϡˤäƹִ꤬줿̤Ȥ be it never so humble ΤǤϤʤ
Сnever Ƭ n(e)- ϡ̣ (expletive) ȸƤФƤΤ˶ᤤ

Quirk, Randolph, Sidney Greenbaum, Geoffrey Leech, and Jan Svartvik. A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language. London: Longman, 1985.

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2011-12-02 Fri

#949. Be it never so humble, there's no place like home. (2) [negative][syntax][subjunctive]

ε[2011-12-01-1]³ԡbe it never so humble Ȥɽǡʤ֤ɤʤˤߤܤ餷Ȥ (= "no matter how humble it may be") ΰ̣ΤˤĤơ褷
ͤäơؿ缭ŵ6ǡ٤ never so ƱˡˤĤ ever so ƱǤȤҤ뤳ȡOED б뵭Ҥ "(Cf. EVER 9b.)" Ȥ뤳Ȥܤͤ롥OED ever ι򸫤ƤߤȡΤ褦ˤ롥

ever so: prefixed in hypothetical sentences to adjs. or advbs., with the sense 'in any conceivable degree'. Sometimes ellipt. = 'ever so much'; also dial. in phrases like were it ever so, = 'however great the need might be'. Similarly, ever such (a).
This expression has been substituted, from a notion of logical propriety, for never so, which in literary use appears to be much older, and still occurs arch., though app. not now known in dialects. See NEVER.


ĤޤꡤäȤ be it never so humble be it ever so humble ƱȤȤˤʤ롥ever Ѥɽν1690ǯǡnever ΤΤ5Ⱦʾ٤ƤνиѸˤϤ롥if I were ever so rich Home is home, be it ever so humble ʤɤꡤΤ never ever ϸزǽǤ롥ޤBNCWeb "be it never so" 򸡺ȡ6ΤߤǤϤ뤬줿椫ʸ̮Ū狼䤹ä3󤲤褦

In a field that is patchy in space and time, be it ever so small, we may expect that the populations of a species such as white clover will, at any time, reflect selective forces from its past.
If the cause is a self-replicating entity, the effect, be it ever so distant and indirect, can be subject to natural selection.
. . . each had his or her part to play, be it ever so humble.


never so ever so زǽǤȤȤޤǤ餫ˤʤäǤϡʤʤΤ OED ΰʸ2ܤˡ򤯸Ƥ褦˻פ롥Ūˤ ever so Τ褦˹ζǤʤ̯Ǥ롤ȺεǤ⿨줿ƱФ OED ԼԤˤⶦͭƤȤ "substituted, from a notion of logical propriety" 狼롥never so ŪˤŬڤŤʤȤȤˤʤСǤϡʤɽޤΤ¤ȤƤϡŤޤ졤äѸǤѤ줿ΤǤ뤫顤ϤΤޤޤǤ롥
ever so never so Τۤˤ⡤ŪˤȿϤιǤǤۤƱȤʤŪʸ̮ȤΤ¸ߤ롥εǡƤ

Referrer (Inside): [2011-12-03-1]

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2011-12-01 Thu

#948. Be it never so humble, there's no place like home. (1) [proverb][negative][syntax][subjunctive][pchron]

ɸʸΤ褦ʡɽ魯üɽѸˤ롥Ⱦʬ "however humble" 뤤 "no matter how humble" ۤɤΰ̣롤ˡߤѤɽ֤ޤޤˡif though ѤꡤˡѤꤹ뤳Ȥ⤢롥OED ȤƤϡ"never" θ4ȤưʲΤ褦ˤ롥

never so, in conditional clauses, denoting an unlimited degree or amount.


ʲˡ䥳ѥʸ󤲤Ƥߤ褦

She would not marry him, though he were never so rich.
Some vigorous effort, though it carried never so much danger, ought to be made.
Were the critic never so much in the wrong, the author will have contrived to put him in the right.
'I am at home, and that is everything.' Be it never so gloomy --- is there still a sofa covered with black velvet?


ǤϡԸšդȥ졼٥뤬ŽƤ뤷BNCWeb "be it never so" 򸡺ȥҥåȤ7ΤߤǤ롥ˤ衤٤ι⤤ɽǤϤʤ
֤䲾ˡѤȤȤǤСŤѸǤϤ¿Ѥ줿˰㤤ʤºݤѸǤϤ褯Ȥ줿ɽǡMED, "never" 2 (b) ˤϴ¿㤬󤲤Ƥ롥ϰʲ̤ꡥ


(b) ~ so, with adj. or adv.: to whatever degree; extremely; ~ so muchel (mirie, hard, wel, etc.), no matter how much, however much, etc.; also with noun: if he be ~ so mi fo, however great an enemy he may be to me;


OED ˤȡɽν12 Peterborough Chronicle 1086ǯεȤȤʤΤǡ˸ŤɽǤϤ롥

Nan man ne dorste slean oðerne man, næfde he nævre swa mycel yfel ȝedon.


Ѹǽ鸽ѸޤĹȤƤŪǥʤ嵭ΰ̣ƤΤ褯ʬʤ never Ⱦ⤬蘆С֤Ȥ?ǤʤȤƤפȼºݤȤ΢֤ΰ̣ˤʤꤽʤȤǤ롥

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