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2023-06-30 Fri

#5177. (semasiology) ̾ (onomasiology) [lexicology][semantic_change][semantics][semiotics][onomasiology][terminology]

ΰ̣Ѳ (semantic_change) ݤˡ (semasiology) ̾ (onomasiology) ʬƹͤɬפ롥 (155) Ѥ롥

ΰ̣ѲͤäƤϡ (semasiology) ̾ (onomasiology) ̤Ƥ̣ȯηӤĤȹͤȤȯ̾ˤꤷƤȯ˷ӤḤ̂ѲƤͼŪѲȸƤ̣֡ꤷƤΰ̣˷ӤĤ̾ѲƤͼ̾ŪѲȸƤ֡ΰ̣Ѳ򡤵ˤӤĤѲȤƹªʤСŪѲΤߤʤ餺̾ŪѲθƤ褤


פˡ̾ΰ̣Ѳ̾̾Ѳ򤷤ƤФ褤#3283. ˸ءīоȸإ꡼ȯŸԡϤǤޤ ([2018-04-23-1]) 򻲾ȡ

historical_linguistics_front_cover.jpg


δ졡8ϡ̣ѲѲס˸ءīоȸإ꡼ȯŸԡ3 ԡˡīҽŹ2018ǯ151--69ǡ

Referrer (Inside): [2023-07-01-1]

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2023-06-29 Thu

#5176. űѸ Wulfstan ȤϲԤ --- ϽؤȤ heldio [ogawashun][voicy][heldio][wulfstan][oe][old_norse][history][anglo-saxon][literature]

ī Voicy ֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio)פǡ#759. Wulfstan ï --- ϽؤȤ̡1ơۡۿޤϽؤϡ Wulfstan ȤθʸűѸˤ򸦵椷ιΩءˤƤޤ̤1ƤǤäƤ̤ꡤ塤2ưʹߤ缡ϤƤͽǤ



Wulfstan ϡ996--1002ǯ˥ɥʶ1002--1023ǯ˥衼ʶ1002--1016ǯ˥ʶ̳᤿ԤǡLupus ϵˤβ̾ǸűѸⶵʸˡŵ¿路ޤ٥ͥǥȲפƸ줿νν׿ʪǤʶˤʤηǤ
Wulfstan ʸΤäʤΤȤΤƤꡤʤŵϤ褽ΩƤޤ1008ǯ Æthelred Canute 2ͤβθ̳ᡤˡΧ𤷤ޤWulfstan ϡCanute ˥ꥹȶβȤ褦¥󥰥ʸ˲ߤäʪȤƤɾƤޤWulfstan ҲΤ˴ؿInstitutes of Polity 路ƤޤǤϡޤह٤ƤγǤ򵭽ҤȹȤδطˤĤƤޤ
Wulfstan ϶פˤ⿼ؤäƤꡤˡʸ򸦵椷ޤޤÆlfric 2̤Ҳʤ񤯤褦˰ꤷȤ The Canons of Edgar ȤΤƥȤ񤤤Ƥޤ
Wulfstan κǤͭ̾ʺʤϡÆthelred ǥޡ Sweyn 줿ˡƱ˦˲آȲפƤӤǮŪ Sermo Lupi ad Anglos 1014) Ǥ
Wulfstan ϡ󥰥ͤˤȤäƤ¿ʻˡɼǤ줿ʪǤˤȤäơȥåϤɤ뤿νפʼʤäϤǤǺ Wulfstan γطʤ䤽ΥȥåˤĤơϤȤκ̤ˤԤ

Referrer (Inside): [2023-07-13-1]

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2023-06-28 Wed

#5175. ɸಽλδط [standardisation][dialect][dialectology][prestige][language_death]

ɸಽ (standardisation) ϡ1ĤѼˤҲŪ˰ҿΤѼȤߤʤơθҲ˹ƤǤ롥ȡ¾Τ٤ƤѼϡŪ˼ҲŪͤ㤯ʤꡤϰϤޤäƤȤˤʤ꤬̤ȤơɸѼϻ˻뤳Ȥ⤢
嵭θɸಽλδطɬŪʤΤǤϤʤɸಽʹԤƤĤ³뤳ȤϤ뤷ºݤ˱Ѹˤܸˤʬ̤ꡤĤäƤ롥ޤɸಽȤΩơǤȤ⤢뤫⤷ʤ
ȤϤɸಽλδ֤˲餫ΰ̴ط륱¿˰㤤ʤJones and Singh (100) ξԤ̯ʴطˤĤƼΤ褦˵Ƥ롥

It should be pointed out, of course, that the standardisation of a language does not automatically entail the loss of its associated dialects: English dialects are still spoken today, many centuries after the emergence of standard English. However, we will see that the rise of a standard is mainly the result of sociopolitical and cultural factors and that its purpose is to unite the speech community, through knowledge of a codified, uniform variety. The rise of a standard is therefore likely to have a hand in dialect death for although the elevation on one variety to the standard leaves the other dialects intact, the fact that the standard language is the only one deemed appropriate for 'official' functions such as the media, education and government and is ultimately regarded as a symbol of loyalty for the whole community means that its associated dialects are often felt to be 'inferior' by their speakers and come to be reserved for non-official functions, such as for use with family and friends. As upward mobility comes to be attached to the standard language, dialects cease to be transmitted to the next generation and eventually stop being spoken.


ϢƼε⻲Ȥ줿

#1786. 츢ȸλࡤλ ([2014-03-18-1])
#3457. ܤξǴ졦 ([2018-10-14-1])
#3666. ΤƤɸѤΤΤƱ ([2019-05-11-1])
#4256. ָλפεåȡ ([2020-12-21-1])

Jones, Mari C. and Ishtla Singh. Exploring Language Change. Abingdon: Routledge, 2005.

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2023-06-27 Tue

#5174. ̾졦 [pronoun][personal_pronoun][generic][indefinite_pronoun][determiner][assertion][semantics][logic]

Ѹˤ̾ (indefinite_pronoun) (indefinite determiner) ȤηϤ롥 (indefinite) ȿФ (definite) Ǥ롥㤨п;̾졤Ƶ̾졤ͭ̾졤ؼ̾졤ƤȤ˵̾ˤŪǤǧ뤬̾ˤϤ줬ߤʤ̾졦ϡषŪ顤ŪǤ (quantitative) ȤȤ館Ƥ褤⤷ʤŪ (universal) ʬŪ (partitive) ȤǤ롥
Quirk et al. (6.45) ˼פ̾졦ΰɽ롥Ǻܤ褦ηŪǤϤ뤬ʤʤʣʸǤ뤳Ȥ狼



Quirk, Randolph, Sidney Greenbaum, Geoffrey Leech, and Jan Svartvik. A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language. London: Longman, 1985.

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2023-06-26 Mon

#5173. 2021ǯٽش khelf ˤָΰ̣Ѳץȡ --- פФΤ褦˾Ҳ [khelf][semantic_change][notice][voicy][heldio]

khelf logo    khelf banner
ʤΥȥХʡ khelf С



#5165. khelf αѸ˳ưֱѸ˥ƥ50פkhelf κŵפء ([2023-06-18-1]) Ǥ⤷褦ˡܲ khelfʷѸ˥եˤǤϡkhelf κŵפ򳫺Ǥīۿ Voicy ֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio)פˤơ䤬 khelf СȤȤϢ³̤ȤǤϡ621ʿˤۿ#751. ¿ spring θ츻Ọ̇̄ȯã with ڤ & ߷ --- khelf κŵ5ơȴϢơĤƤ khelf ưεŤʻ񻺤1ľҲ𤷤ޤ



2021ǯٽشˡָΰ̣ѲפˤĤƤäؤܤȡ khelf ƤޤƱΥեʡϡرΥ濴Ȥ뾯ΥСָΰ̣ѲפˤĤƥ饤ɤ˹ֵȤ٥ȤǤϥʲҤκǥ饤Ǥμ»ܤȤʤޤ˹ʥ쥯㡼˻ž夬ޤͤǽֵä顤ϹԤʤäפޤʣ̾͡ʳ٤饢ץ餳νǤǤ
줫1ǯ7ۤɷФޤҤäפФƾ嵭 heldio ۿˤƼ夲ޤΤǡΥ֥Ǥơָΰ̣ѲץȡפҲ𤷤ޤֵ饤ɤ˸ƤޤΤǡΰ̣ѲˤĤƤäؤǤФȻפޤ42MBۤɤνŤPDFեǤΤ֤Ƥ⽼¤Ƥޤ̣Ѳ෿װ˻ϤޤꡤǧθءδΥץˤϰ̣ѲθˡˤޤǸڤƤޤ


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2023-06-25 Sun

#5172. ʤĸˤ첻ؤäΤ [gradation][vowel][indo-european][reconstruction][comparative_linguistics][yurugengogakuradio][sound_symbolism][sobokunagimon]

1Ⱦۤ56ڡˤˡYouTube ֤ͥإ饸˽ƽб餵Ƥޤ˸ؼԤ츻ˤĤƸä顤ܰڤȯڴܰñ1#227ȤǡȻ䤬Ѹθ츻夬ȤǤcf. #5122. Ρ֤إ饸פ˽饲Ƚб餷Ƥޤ ([2023-05-06-1]
Ѹ˸¤餺ˤϰ̤첻ؤ褯롤Ȥä򤷤ƤȤư19ʬ40նǡٸ󤬡ʤ⤽첻ؤȤѥ󤬤ΤʤΤȤѤʵꤲƤޤޤܼŪDZԤ䤤ʤΤǡ⤷Ф餯ǤޤäƤޤޤ⤷ɤɤˤʤĤġظˤ븶1ĤȤƲħ (sound_symbolism) ꤽȤȤޤǤϽҤ٤ΤǤޤäǼǤˤϤʤäƤʤäȻפޤ



Comrie ˤʸɤǤơεˤ䤤˴Ϣڤ򸫤Ĥޤޥɤ饦 (i-mutation or umlaut) κƷˤĤǡĸ첻 (gradation or ablaut) εȺƷͻƤսǤ (252)

. . . if we go back to an earlier stage of the Indo-European ablaut --- for instance, some instances of the so-called zero grade, with complete loss of the vowel, can plausibly be attributed to shift of the accent away from that vowel --- there is no general explanation, so that ablaut remains a morphophonemic alternation for which we cannot reconstruct a plausible origin.


ʤĸʤƸΰ¿ˤ첻ؤΤˤĤơϤŪϤʤȤȤǤ䤤ϡ첻ؤ뤳ȤˤäƵǽؤȤιפˤƲפȴ뤳ȤǤޤϳΤ˵ˤ䤤Τ褦˻פޤĴİСؤδ⡤첻ѰۤˤѤ䤹ǥХʤΤǤϤʤƤޤϤƤɤʤΤǤ礦

Comrie, Barnard. "Reconstruction, Typology and Reality." Motives for Language Change. Ed. Raymond Hickey. Cambridge: CUP, 2003. 243--57.

Referrer (Inside): [2024-01-01-1]

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2023-06-24 Sat

#5171. ʣ;̾ we, you, they Ūˡ [pronoun][personal_pronoun][generic][indefinite_pronoun]

ε#5170. 3;ñ̾Ūˡ ([2023-06-24-1]) ˰³;̾Ūˡ (generic) ˤĤơä we, you, they ˤĤơQuirk et al. (6.21) Ҳ𤷤ƳȤƼΤ褦ˤ롥

. . . plural pronouns of all persons can function generically with reference to 'people in general':
Science tells us that the earth goes round the sun. [1]
We live in an age of immense changes. [2]
You can never tell what will happen. [3]
These days you have to be careful with your money. [4]
They say it's going to snow today. [5]


Τ褦 we, you, they ŪѤ뤬Ȥο;Τεǽ˼äƤ櫓ǤϤʤ椨ɬߤ˸ǽȤϤʤʤ
we Ѥ [1], [2] ϡäꡤʹꡤ3Ԥޤह٤Ƥο͡ؤΤǡäȤؼϰϤȹͤ롥ܲȯäξȤˤޤdzȤäƤ롥äơȤˤʸϼưʸѤ롥㤨 We now know that the earth is round. It is now known that the earth is round. ȴ롥
you Ѥ [3], [4] ϡεǤ⿨줿褦̾ one ΥեޥǤȹͤ롥you ʹο̤ξηиʤ̤롥㤨 This wine makes you feel drowsy, doesn't it? Τ褦ʸ򻲾ȡˤϡȤʹǤϤʤäؼ륱⤢롥it wasn't a bad life. You got up at seven, had breakfast, went for a walk . . .' Τ褦ʸ򻲾ȡ
they Ѥ [5] you Ʊͤ˥եޥʶ롥3;̾ŪʵǽȿǤơäʹ͡ȤޤߤꡤŪˡָҶڡס֥ǥסܡפʤɤؤȤ⤢롥㤨 I see they're raising the bus fares again. Whatever will they be doing next? They don't make decent furniture nowadays. Τ褦ʸ򻲾ȡ
we, you, they ŪˡˤĤơ줾ο;ΤθäȻ¸ƤȤ̣1ĵ䤬롥嵭 you ŪˡʣȤƤ you ˡǤȸڤ뤳ȤǤΤȤȤȤΤϡ "plural pronouns of all persons can function generically with reference to 'people in general'" Ȥ뤫ñȤƤ you ˡ򤹤뤳ȤϤǤʤΤϢơ#2248. ;̾ȤƤ you ([2015-06-23-1])#2313. ;̾ȤƤ thou ([2015-08-27-1]) 򻲾ȡ

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2023-06-23 Fri

#5170. 3;ñ̾Ūˡ [pronoun][number][personal_pronoun][gender][generic][indefinite_pronoun]

3;ñ̾դ٤ˡȤŪ (generic) ʻѤ롥Quirk et al. (6.20, 21, 56) 3󤲤褦

(1) he who . . . she who . . . Τ褦ʸȱɽʸŪ뤤ϸʶġʤߤˡ *it that . . . ʣ *they who . . . Ϥʤơ what . . . those who . . . Ѥ롥

He who hesitates is lost. ['The person who . . .'; a proverb]
She who must be obeyed. ['The woman who . . .']

(2) Ūñ̾ǡȱǤȱǤˡ̾Τ褦3;ñ̾Ѥ뤳ȤǤ롥

Ever since he found a need to communicate, man has been the 'speaking animal'.
A: Do you like caviar? B: I've never tasted it.
Music is my favourite subject. Is it yours?

(3) one "people in general" ɽ魯եޥɽեޥˤ you Ѥ롥ͭʷ one's ȺƵ oneself 롥ФмºݾüԤؤȤ⤢롥

I like to dress nicely. It gives one confidence.
One would (You'd) think they would run a later bus than that!

Quirk, Randolph, Sidney Greenbaum, Geoffrey Leech, and Jan Svartvik. A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language. London: Longman, 1985.

Referrer (Inside): [2025-06-28-1]

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2023-06-22 Thu

#5169. Ϻǽ餫ʣä [sobokunagimon][evolution][origin_of_language]

෿Τ Comrie (248) εȯŸᤰͻˤơϺǽ餫ʣäݤȤˤĤƵƤ롥ʤߤˡǤʣȤϡ˷֡ʲŪʣؤƤ롥

One question that then arises is how some languages come to have such complexities as complex morphologies and morphophonemics.
   One possible answer is that they have always had these complexities, i.e. that some languages, from the beginnings of human language, just started out being complex. After all, if languages with complex morphologies, like, say, the Eskimo languages, can be acquired with relatively little difficulty by children, then they are clearly within whatever limits exist on the acquisition and use of language by human beings in general, and as soon as humans attained the level necessary for dealing with such complexity they would have been able to deal with such a language. But although such a scenario cannot be excluded a priori, the nagging question keeps coming back of where such complexity could have come from, almost as if it were improbable to accept the complexity as always having been there and at least more tempting to try to explain its origin.


ѤκǸ˼Ƥ褦ˡComrie Ȥϡ줬ǽ餫ʣäȤˤŪΤ褦ñäΤʣƤȤȿФɽƤ櫓Ǥʤ餫ʣǰƬ֤Ƥȹͤ롥
⤽ˤʣȤ񤷤嵭ǤϷ֡ʲˤʣΤߤθƤˤʤ¾ʣޤŪɾɬפ뤫ơɾδˤĤƸԴ֤ǤιդϤʤȴϢơʲε򻲾ȡ

#293. ٤¬뤫 ([2010-02-14-1])
#1839. ñ㲽Ȥϲ ([2014-05-10-1])
#2820. 񤷤ˤĤơ ([2017-01-15-1])
#4165. ʣˤĤƺƹ͡ ([2020-09-21-1])

Comrie, Barnard. "Reconstruction, Typology and Reality." Motives for Language Change. Ed. Raymond Hickey. Cambridge: CUP, 2003. 243--57.

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2023-06-21 Wed

#5168. ʤꥫ "spelling bee" ͵ʤΤ [sobokunagimon][ame][spelling][spelling_bee][webster]

#3082. "spelling bee" εȯã ([2017-10-04-1]) ǡꥫǤ "spelling bee" Ȥڥ󥰶񤬹̱Ū͵ؤäƤ롥ˤ Scripps National Spelling Bee ȸƤФ롥ꥹʤɤ¾αѸǤб붥Ϥ뤬ꥫǮŪʿ͵ˤϵڤФʤ褦Horobin (199--200) ꡤspelling_bee αפսѤ롥

The spelling bee began in the 1700s, forming a key part of a child's education. By 1800 spelling bees came to be viewed more as social entertainment; such frivolous pleasures were frowned upon by the Puritans who rebranded them as spelling 'schools' in an attempt to re-assert their educational focus. Spelling bees gradually fell out of favour in New England society, but were preserved within a frontier culture for whom correct spelling was still considered an index of education and social status. The publication of The Hoosier Schoolmaster (1871) led to a craze in spelling contests, following which the term spelling bee was introduced. The use of the word bee to refer to a social gathering of this kind, often with a specific purpose in mind, such as apple-bee, husking bee, or the more sinister lynching-bee, is based upon an allusion to the social character of bees themselves. But while these gatherings were social, they were also highly competitive, as the alternative name 'spelling fight' makes clear. The first national spelling bee was introduced in 1925, subsequently rebranded the Scripps bee in 1941, and is still going strong today. . . . The popularity of the spelling bee is far greater in America than it is in Britain. The British equivalent, the BBC's Hard Spell, was a short-lived innovation, while British schools rarely engage in the spelling bees that are such an integral part of American society.


Ǥϡʤꥫ spelling bee ޤǿ͵ʤΤꥹֻȰ褹륢ꥫȼֻֻ׼ԤǤ갦ԤǤ⤢ Noah Webster (1758--1843) ˤäƳʤ줿ȤϡѸˤǤϤ褯ΤƤ롥Ω夫ȼֻ夲ƤȤ̱Ūȼ餬ꥫǤΥڥ󥰶͵طʤˤΤǤϤʤȻˤǤ롥ˤС罰ˡޤˤǤ褦ˡspelling bee ¿̱²ȥꥫˤȤäơСֹ̱ξħפ˶ᤤΤʤΤǤϤʤꥫϡWebster spelling bee ˻ޤǡֻȤܤ˸Τ̱ν餹٤ϤȤƷǤ뤳Ȥˤäơ̱ɤη«ǤᡤݤȤȤƤΤǤϤʤꥹ spelling bee ؤǮʤȤ椷ơΤ褦˹ͤƤߤǤ롥

Horobin, Simon. Does Spelling Matter? Oxford: OUP, 2013.
󡦥ۥӥˡ δˡإڥ󥰤αѸˡ١˼2017ǯ

does_spelling_matter_front_cover_small


Referrer (Inside): [2024-01-01-1]

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2023-06-20 Tue

#5167. ʤ18˵ʸˡήԤäΤǤ [sobokunagimon][prescriptive_grammar][lmode][industrial_revolution][history][sociolinguistics][youtube][review][prescriptivism][hel_education]

ε#5166. ¼ԡˡضѸˤʸˡŪʸŪѲ١ʳҡ2023ǯˡ ([2023-06-19-1]) ǡȯ䤵줿ܤ򤴾Ҳ𤷤ޤƱˤĤƤϡYouTube ְʼδѸظإͥפκǿǤ夲Ƥޤ#137. ⵬ʸˡ18λȳ̿ٹ뤬طʤ---λܻҤʱѸ졦Ѹ˸ԡˤ---Ǥɤ



YouTube ǤϡƱ4ϡ18ʸˡŪʸŪѲסʻܻҤ󤬼ɮ줿ϡˤθȾεҤ˥󥹥ԥ졼ơʤʸˡ (prescriptive_grammar) ҤƤϵϼ (prescriptivism)18Ȥߥ󥰤夬äΤˤĤƤäƤޤºݤˤ͡װΤǤƱϤ˴ŤȤ櫓ȳ̿ (industrial_revolution) ȤȼҲѲܤƤޤܤϡܽɤǤФȻפޤ



4ϤμɮԤǤ뻳ܻҤĻرءˤϡܽνǤ򸫤ˤµޤѸ˳ưhelˤμԤˤơϤԤıԤǤ⤢ޤǯνա2022ǯ46ˤϡ Voicy ֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio)פˤб餤ޤ#310. ܻȤ̡Ѹ춵ܻؤؤαѸˤΤİܻҤαѸ˸ؤΤ׸˿դĤġꤴ̽ʡ򤪵ꤤޤ



¼ԡˡҸ סʡ ҡ滳 ü ¼ˡضѸˤʸˡŪʸŪѲ١ҡ2023ǯ

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2023-06-19 Mon

#5166. ¼ԡˡضѸˤʸˡŪʸŪѲ١ʳҡ2023ǯ [review][mode][corpus][syntax][phrasal_verb][subjunctive][complementation][periodisation][youtube]

ѸʸˡѲˤĤƥѥѤƼ¾Ū˸椷ͽҤǤޤѸʬΰdzƤ7̾Ҹ׻ᡤʡᡤսᡤܻһᡤ滳ᡤüᡤ¼ˤˤҤǤԤꤴܤޤͳ˴פޤ


 ¼ԡˡҸ סʡ   ҡ滳 ü  ¼ˡضѸˤʸˡŪʸŪѲ١ҡ2023ǯ



ܤκħϡƾϤ15--20γͻϰϤȤƤ뤳ȤǤܤȾиꤵƤꡤ¬ȤʤäƤΤǤΤȤ줿̻ŪθȤʤäƤޤ֤ϤפƬ˼Τ褦ˤޤ (v)

ܽ϶Ѹ1500--PresentˤˤʸˡŪʸŪѲˤĤƥѥλѤˤ¾ŪǤ롥
ޤDZѸˤεҤˤ̤˽Ҥ٤뤳ȤϤޤʤä褦˻פ롥ҤȤĤˤϤۤȤɤθѲǤ뤿ᡤεҤ񤷤Ȥ롥ʤ顤ʸػˤʤɤǤ̤Ϥ̤Ǥ㤨СOxford History of English Literature 12 volumesˡΤȤ⤢äƤѸˤˤƤǶ Kytö et al. (2006), Mair (2006) ʤɤǤ졤줾1920αѸˤѲħ˾򤢤ƤƤ롥
ܽǤ϶Ѹˤ嵭Τ褦ѲϢ³ȳħª뤿ˡʲɮԤδ֤Ƕͭ

1. ƤμɮԤ϶̹ܡư졤ˡʸˤĤƽҤ٤롥
2. ʳιܤǡħȹͤʸˡŪʸŪѲˤĤƽҤ٤롥
3. ŻҥѥƥȤäơ¾Ū˵Ҥ롥


Ѹˤλʬ (periodisation) ˤĤƤϡǶǤϡ#5140. ֱѸˤλʬ׷֤ο֤ ([2023-05-24-1]) Ǽ夲ʤɤ伫ȤĹ餯ͤƤޤָűѸפֶѸפʤɤȥ٥ŽΤǤϤʤäѤñ̤ڤ롤뤤ϸڤȤΤϳΤ˰ŪǤϤޤǤCurzan (33) Ҥ٤褦ˡ٥򤱤ΩԤñ̤򹥤褦Ǥ츫̵ʻʬΤ褦Ǥơषɤ߼ޤϢ³ռȤ̤ΤǤϤʤǤ礦
ܽǤϥѥѤŪǼ¾Ūʸ椬Ҳ𤵤Ƥꡤʬ򸦵椹並ԤˤϡˡޤľܻͤˤʤޤޤʸˡѲʸѲȤäƤⰷ٤¿ˤ錄ΤǤƾϤǤϳαѸͻǤȤ櫓פʹܤФƤꡤؤͭѤǤ
ǽϤΤΤޤȤȤʤäƤꡤäƾϤΤ̤ʬ줿Τľ졤ɤ߼λ볦äꤷޤʸ⽼¤ƤꡤѸ鸽˻ޤǤʸˡѲ˴ؿΤˤϡҼ˼äƤ餤Ǥ᤿Ȼפޤ
Ԥΰܻ͡ҤĻرءˤˤޤƤϡܽνǤ򸫤ˤµ줿ȤܤޤᤷߤǤäѤǤ̽ʡ򤪵ꤤޤ

¼ԡˡҸ סʡ ҡ滳 ü ¼ˡضѸˤʸˡŪʸŪѲ١ҡ2023ǯ
Curzan, Anne. "Periodization in the History of the English Language." Chapter 12 of The History of English. 1st vol. Historical Outlines from Sound to Text. Ed. Laurel J. Brinton and Alexander Bergs. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 2017. 8--35.

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2023-06-18 Sun

#5165. khelf αѸ˳ưֱѸ˥ƥ50פkhelf κŵפ [voicy][heldio][helwa][notice][khelf][hel_education][link][helwa]

khelf logo    khelf banner
ʤΥȥХʡ khelf С



4ȾФ˳Ϥ khelfʷѸ˥եˤǯٻϤֱѸ˥ƥ50ϡ̵˽λޤhellog ɼԤγˤ⡤ȼޤƤ꤬Ȥޤ
ơkhelf μʤѸ˳ưhelˤδξҲǤֱѸ˥ƥ50פ̤¤˳Ѥ٤ƥƥĤξҲʤɤޤĤġVoicy ֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio)פˤơkhelf κŵפʤ򤹤Ǥ˻ϤƤޤkhelf С khelf ˤ椫򾷤Ϣ heldio ̡ƤȤ꡼ǤºݤˤϡΡkhelf κŵפΤ616ʶˤ¿ΥС˽ޤäƤ餤heldio Ͽ򳫺Ťޤ̤2֤ۤɤˤ錄äƤȤˤʤޤƤդ礤Τۤɤꤤޤ
1ƤϡϿθ6᤮ǤϤ#747. Υȥ̡ --- khelf κŵ1ơǤ޽¤˨Ҥ󡤾Ͻؤ򤪾5ͤǴդʤΤäȥȡŸޤˤ50̾᤯Υꥹʡˤİޤī򥢡ȤۿޤΤǡ֤ΤȤˤҤİ60ʬĶĹܤǤˡ



嵭Υեȡ뤤2ȤäƤ褤³ԤϡաץߥꥹʡۿֱͥѸˤء (helwa) Τۤ֡ڱѸˤ #5۶Υȥ̡ˤ2ȤۿƤޤ˥ꥹʡ󤻤줿˲Ĥ5ͤä³ƤޤָԤΥפȤϡסֱѸ˸ԤॹåפǤ鲿򤷤סֳΩĤɤסرʳؤΤפʤɤˤĤ夬äƤޤ40ʬۤɤĹܤǤ



ơī̾ۿ#748. Ĵʸ with ɥĤ --- khelf κŵ2ơǤֱѸ˥ƥ50פΤʤܤ٤ƥĤ1Ĥ򡤤κԤ̤ʤҲ𤷤Ƥޤ



Τ褦ˡ2֤ heldio 鼪Υޤ󡥤Ҥդ礤Τۤɡꤤޤ

Referrer (Inside): [2023-06-26-1]

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2023-06-17 Sat

#5164. ֻηϤüԤ˥ҥȤͿ٤ȯãƤΤˤʤ [spelling][orthography][redundancy]

ֻηϤϡäդǤ˼̤äƤɬפϤʤüԤˤȤäƤϡäդΥҥȤͿнʬǤ롥ާƤСֻηϤüԤΤˤꡤüԤΤȯãƤΤǤ롥ȤŪˤΤ褦ʤΤ
Lass and Laing ϡֻηϤԴ;ˤĤơ"A spelling system is a mnemonic for native speakers." ȳˤƤ롥

A spelling system is a mnemonic for native speakers. . . . [A] literate native speaker can routinely understand spellings that may seem strikingly 'defective'.21 All spelling systems have built-in redundancy, and interpretation of even bizarre spellings is possible as long as the reader knows the system and has a good idea in advance of what a word is likely to be, or what the range of choices is. In the present context, no reader who knows English would have any difficulty reconstituting the defective representations <spllng> or <rthgrphc>.


21 For instance, the Cypriot syllabary failed to represent half the vowels and two-thirds of the consonantal contrasts . . . ; and Latin did not represent vowel length, which means that roughly half of the possible graphic word-forms available were potentially ambiguous.


ϡѸüԤѸֻɾݤ˺ƤϤʤʤǤ롥ѸüԤȤƳؤǤ䤿ϡФбѸֻ˷¿Ȥܤ䤯⤽ΤϤǡѸֻηϤϡѸüԤΤ˲ɤǤκ¤ΥҥȤͿФ褤ȤۤɤθȯãƤΤ⤽üԤ¸ߤǰƬ֤Ƥʤ

Lass, Roger and Margaret Laing. "Interpreting Middle English." Chapter 2 of "A Linguistic Atlas of Early Middle English: Introduction." Available online at http://www.lel.ed.ac.uk/ihd/laeme2/laeme_intro_ch2.html .

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2023-06-16 Fri

#5163. ֻηϤȤϲ [laeme][spelling][grammatology][orthography][eme]

ѸϿ LAEME Ի Lass and Laing LAEME 񤭤Ȥ񤤤ĹȥϡΤȤѸκɤƳŪȤäƤ褤ɮԤΰ Roger Lass ȤȤΤسνäǤꡤΥȥˤƤ⡤Ͽޤ䥳ѥԻˡۤȸ¤顤ȯθѸϿ LALME γػŪյޤǽIJ̵ԤƤꡤǡΤ롥
"Interpreting Middle English" ꤹ2ǤϡѸֻܺ٤Ƥ롥ξϤϡѸΤߤʤ餺̤˱ѸֻŪȤʤäƤꡤ̤˴ؿΤˤɬɤǤ롥äȤСֻȤϲȤܼṲ̄鰷äƤΤǤ롥Lass and Laing (3--4) 1Ѥ롥

A spelling system is a mapping of some chosen set (or sets) of linguistic units into a set of visual signs.5 The standard inventory of linguistic units is the word, the morphophonemic representation, the syllable6 and the 'phoneme'. In relatively rare cases allophones of certain phonemes may be represented (e.g. the velar nasal in the elder Futhark, Gothic and Greek).



5 Just what kind of units is a complex matter. In the earlier part of this exposition we will be considering phonemes, allophones and other traditional kinds; later on we will adopt a more medieval and less anachronistic perspective. The mapping need not be one-to-one and in no case does it have to involve one level of unit only.

6 We will be concerned here only with segmental styles of representation, as syllabaries are not part of the Germanic tradition. Even the oldest Germanic writing, the runic inscriptions in the Elder Futhark, are in principle alphabetical, if often 'defectively' so.


ֻη ("spelling system") Ȥϲ嵭ʬɤǡͽۤʾʣʪǤ뤳Ȥ٤˸ŪʬϤפ롤1ĤνפΰǤ롥

Lass, Roger and Margaret Laing. "Interpreting Middle English." Chapter 2 of "A Linguistic Atlas of Early Middle English: Introduction." Available online at http://www.lel.ed.ac.uk/ihd/laeme2/laeme_intro_ch2.html .

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2023-06-15 Thu

#5162. 塦Ĥ YouTube ǥݡıѸ¿ľ򥲥Ȥ [youtube][notice][rensai]

ո줿ְʼδѸظإͥκǿ#136. ¿ľʺءо졪 --- ݡļ¶Ϲ񤴤Ȥˤ󤼤Ǥ



ؤ¿ľ򥲥Ȥ˷ޤƤ̲Ǥ¿ɤϥݡļ¶ѤˤưӤ򸦵椵Ƥꡤ3οۿ̤³ԤǤ⡤ݡıѸ¶Ѹ꤬¿ʤäƤȻפޤ
¿ɤˤ륹ݡıѸȤС2019ǯ٤罤۽ŹΡرѸ춵٤Ϣܤ줿ΤäƤݡĤαѸפפФޤ2019ǯ4椫2020ǯ3ޤǡ12ˤ錄꼡ΥȥǥݡıѸɤʪǺܤޤ˸⤬ޤˡ

4桡"the ball game" Ϥ褦
5桡Let's get the ball rolling!
6桡The ball is in your court
7桡Let's Play Cricket!
8桡Don't give up, keep paddling!
9桡One for all and all for one!
10桡Touch down!!
11桡They are in neck-and-neck.
12桡Beautiful shot!
1桡It's your move.
2桡Go for it!!
3桡Experiencing Sports Events Through Media

ĤǤ˸ޤȡƱǯ٤ΡرѸ춵٤ǡ伫ȤֱѸƳΰФ䤹ѸˤΥĥܡꤹϢܤ񤤤Ƥꡤ¿ɤȤƱߥ󥰤ڤɤƱ֤Ǥ

Referrer (Inside): [2023-08-28-1]

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2023-06-14 Wed

#5161. ϥݥμҲ --- ֱѸˡפο͵ƥĤ [hel_contents_50_2023][khelf][harry_potter][sociolinguistics][dialect]

4ȾФ khelfʷѸ˥եˤǯٻϤȤŸƤֱѸ˥ƥ50Ĥ˴ޤȼ hellog ɼԤγͤˤϡ鿽夲ޤλƥۥäȤ褦ʡ䤷褦ʵǤ
֤λȤȤǡΡ#5160. 4α --- ֱѸ˥ƥ50פο͵ƥĤ ([2023-06-13-1]) ˰³ˤȤ櫓Ƥ͵ƥĤҲ𤷤ޤ̿γˤ66Υƥ#44. ϥ꡼ݥåȱѸǤ


#44. ϥ꡼ݥåȱѸ



Ҳ񥤥ꥹν̿ޤȤƤΥϥݥˡ¤ϰ衦ҲˤȿǤƤ롤ȤݤϺƥĤǤȤƤ褯ƤꡤˢҲʳˢν˥ꥹ𤬾Ҳ𤵤Ƥޤ¤ˡоȤǡϥݥƱͤ˰ޤޤŪˤϿޤꡤ䥦֥꥽ؤΥ󥯤⽼¤Ƥޤ1ĤγؽѥƥĤȤƽ¤ƤꡤĹɤ߷Ѥ뤳ȤˤʤΤǤϤʤǤ礦󡤤Ҥɤ

[ | ѥڡ ]

2023-06-13 Tue

#5160. 4α --- ֱѸ˥ƥ50פο͵ƥĤ [hel_contents_50_2023][khelf][four_cardinal_humours]

4ȾФ khelfʷѸ˥եˤ褷ŸƤֱѸ˥ƥ50饹ȤʤäƤޤդĹޥ饽󡤤Ȥ맥졼Ǥ̵ڤ줺˥ˤɤ夭Ǥ
֤λȤȤ⤢ꡤܤ٤ƥĤ1ľҲ𤷤ޤ̿´ˤ63Υƥ#42. αΰ仺 --- ñ˻Ĥؤζ ---Ǥ


#42. αΰ仺 --- ñ˻Ĥؤζ ---



Υ衼åѤǤϡ4αϡְءפȤʱƶϤؤޤѸ˸¤äƤ⡤λˤ4α˴ϢڤϿʤۤǧ졤ϢѸɽ⽸᤭ʤۤɤǤäơѸˤ˴ؿϡҤȤⲡƤʤ櫓ǤΥƥĤƤ⽼¤Ƥꡤӥ奢˭٤ǡäˤǤºݤ˿͵ƥĤ1ĤȤơ¿ƤޤΤǡҤ졥
α (four_cardinal_humours) ˤĤƤϡܥ֥Ǥ#4341. Shakespeare ˤߤ4α ([2021-03-17-1]) ӡ#4342. Chaucer ˤߤ4α ([2021-03-17-1]) Ǽ夲ƤޤΤǡ⤴Ȥ

Referrer (Inside): [2023-06-14-1]

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2023-06-12 Mon

#5159. Ѹˤ̤ƻϤɽƤ [sobokunagimon][tense][future][preterite][progressive][perfect][verb][aspect][grammaticalisation]

Ѹˤˤƻƥ꡼бɽϤФѲƤ㤨С̤ΤȤؼΤˤɤΤ褦ɽѤƤˤ˱äƤɤäƤߤȡűѸ줫ѸˤƤϸ߻ѤƤѸ줫鸽ѸˤƤ shall/will ʤɤѤŪɽѤ褦ˤʤä
Görlach (100) ϡƥ꡼ᤰѸ˾ѲγάɽˤޤȤƤ롥ʲ˰Ѥ롥

Tense Expressions in HEL by Goerlach



äȤޤȤƻͤˤ줿

Görlach, Manfred. The Linguistic History of English. Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1997.

Referrer (Inside): [2025-06-01-1]

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2023-06-11 Sun

#5158. ջҡδʸؤȱѸ˸١ʳҡ2023ǯˤƾҲ𤷤ޤ [bunkengaku][link][notice][voicy][heldio][youtube][history_of_linguistics][hel_education]

5ۤ1ܤ˳ҤꡤջҡδʸؤȱѸ˸ʳҡ2023ǯˤ尴ޤA5ǡ264ڡǹ3,960ߡˡʸȥ Current Trends in English Philology and Historical Linguistics ǤǿѸءإ꡼22ͽˤ21Ȥư֤ŤƤޤ

 ջҡ δʸؤȱѸ˸١ҡ2022ǯ



ܽϡʸؤȱѸ˸Υɥ֥åǤѸˤ򸦵椹֤ˡ1980ǯʹߤ40ǯۤɤθưȺŸ˾ƼȤݤܤǤѸ˸Ĭήİ뤳Ȥ¥ʸؤͶޤե󥹤⽼¤Ƥޤܽιϰʲ̤Ǥ

1ϡѸ˸Ĭή
2ϡѸ˸λȥǡ
3ϡֻ


6ϡѸ˸ˤ뺣Ÿ˾ˤ
ʸ


ܽνǸ塤2ͤζԤơ뤤϶Ʊǡ־ˤƤĤξҲ𥳥ƥĤɽƤޤʲ˥󥯤Ǥޤ

ΡջΥ֥

桦ȴϢƥڡ
֥ȥФʸΥե - CastlecliffeפΥ֥

ΡδΥ֥

#4985. Фޤ --- ջҡ δ졡ʸؤȱѸ˸١ҡ2022ǯ ([2022-12-20-1])
#4998. ʸؤȱѸ˸٤ܤ˽Фޤ ([2023-01-02-1])
#5023. ʸؤȱѸ˸٤ǼƤѸֻ˸ưŸ˾ ([2023-01-27-1])
#5024. ̻ˤȤƤαѸˡפȤϡ --- ʸؤȱѸ˸٤ ([2023-01-28-1])
#5027. Voicy ̤ǿʸؤȱѸ˸٤Ҳ𤷤Ƥޤ ([2023-01-31-1])
#5029. Voicy ̤2 --- ʸؤȱѸ˸٤Ѹ˥ѥΤޡफ ([2023-02-02-1])
#5080. ջʵءˤΡ֡KOTOBA-ʡۥ֥פҲ𤷤ޤ ([2023-03-25-1])

Ρδβۿ Voicy (heldio) ǤΡ̡

#582. ֶռۤ --- ʸؤȱѸ˸٤ȡ2023ǯ11ۿ


#609. ջȤ̡ʸؤȱѸ˸١ʳҡˤҲ𤷤ޤ2023ǯ130ۿ


#611. ջȤ̤2ơʸؤȱѸ˸٤Ѹ˥ѥˤĤƸޤ2023ǯ21ۿ



[YouTube ְʼδѸظإͥס]

ֲջҡδʸؤȱѸ˸١ʳҡ2023ǯˤΤҲ --- ؤƱ濴դءǤܽҲYouTube ְʼδѸظإͥס2023ǯ11ۿ



Ѹˤ˴ؿ¿˼˼äƤФ¸ޤ
ʤʤߤˡѸʸز39󸦵ȯɽˤơɹʰζءˤλʲΤȡջʵءˤδʷءˤȤκֱ̲Ѹ˸ưŸ˾ ʸؤȱѸ˸٤δԤơפͽꤵƤޤ

Referrer (Inside): [2026-01-23-1] [2023-10-18-1]

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2023-06-10 Sat

#5157. ʤ dialect Ȥ줬16ˤʤäƸ줿Τ [terminology][dialect][standardisation][stigma][prestige][vernacular][voicy][heldio]

dialect ȤѸˤĤơī Voicy ֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio)פǼ夲#740. dialect פθ츻İ



ѸᤰäƤ hellog Ǥ#2752. dialect ȤѸˤĤơ ([2016-11-08-1]) #2753. dialect Ф language ȤѸˤĤơ ([2016-11-09-1]) ǹͤƤ
Ѹˤδ餪⤷Τϡ1Ĥθ͡ʸǤפγǰΤΤΤ褦ΤƤΤΡб dialect ȤѸϡ16ȾФˤʤäƤ褦䤯졤⤽줬ʵŪˤϥꥷ̤뤬˥ե󥹸졦ƥ줫μѸǤȤ¸ΤΤȻפŪʳǰФơŪijäѸݤ dialect Ƥ줿ȤΤ̣
16ȾФȤСѹͥ󥹴ΤޤäʤǤ롥դˤĤƤ⡤ƥ䥮ꥷʤɤθŵϤȤƶĤƤǤ롥ƱȾˤơռޤꡤʥ顼ǤѸŵιߤؾǤŤȤפƤѸɸಽ (standardisation) ϺǤ롥
ҿ (prestige) ΤѸɸ߽ФȤˤƤϡŪ˿ΰҿΤʤɸŪʱѸФƽ (stigma) Υåƥ뤬դ뤳Ȥˤʤ롥Ƥ䤬ơְΤɸפȡܤפȤΩŪʹޤƤ롥
¤Ϥι޼Τϡ߿äְΤƥ졦ꥷСܤʥ顼פǤ롥ȤѸե󥹸ʤɤγƥʥ顼Ȥƻ夲졤ɸ줬Ƥ˵ڤӡΩޤϡְΤɸСܤפؤȥ饤ɤΤǤ롥ǡΩޤθϤΤޤޤǤ뤳ȤդơΩθԡܤפƤ줿Ѹ줬 dialect(s) äȤȤǤϤʤΩ˿Ѹ򤢤ƤäΤ⤷ʤ
פ餢ä dialect Ȥ̾Ϳ褦ȤưŤΤϡޤǥʥ顼ιռιޤäˤʤäƤ顤ȤȤǤϤʤȹͤƤ롥
Ϣơ#2580. Ѹιռʳ ([2016-05-20-1]) vernacular γƵ򻲾ȡ

[ | ѥڡ ]

2023-06-09 Fri

#5156. 衼åѤˤֱѸפζ [linguistic_imperialism]

衼åѤϡŪˤϹ̱ȷʥʥꥺжʴȤްƤȤ⤢äϤΤ褦ʲȿʤͽζ¸ڤˤ򼨤Ƥ롥Τ褦ʥ衼åѤǤ⡤ѸΰŪʱƶϤ˵դ餦ȤϤǤʤǤ롥
ӾӰإ衼åѻ硡̱̿鸽ء٤ˡ衼åѤˤѸ򰷤ä᤬롥ʲԤβȼĥѤ (191--92)

Ǥкѡ̡̿ؽѤʤɤοŸˤȤʤäƱѸ줬ʴ֤ϿʤߡEUƹˤƤѸ춵ؽ¤ϡѤ줽⤢ޤ̲ǤϱѸ줬ŪʱƶϤäƤơѸΥƥȤǤƤޤ
ޤѸϡֺǤΩġ׸EUλ̱⤤ơEUǤθ¿ݤ뤫ɤϡʤ̤ǤʬǤ⡤ʳؤΤߤʤ餺ʸҲʳؤǤѸäǽϤӤŪǧ뤿ԲķξȤʤäƤޤ
ʤˤϡ¤Υߥ˥ȤƻϿʹ¸ߤεǤ⤢ޤդʸܼǡ¿ͤʸդʤС¿ͤʸݻȯŸǤޤ󡥤⤽֥衼åѤΥ衼åѤ椨¿פܽǤϲ٤⶯ĴƤޤݻ뤿˸줬¿ͤǤ뤳ȤɬפʤΤǤǤФ衼åѤ˭ȯŸѳפǽˤʤΤǤꡤѸˤΤäڤȻۤƤϡ衼åѤϥ衼åѤǤʤʤäƤޤޤ
ѸϡΩġ׸ʤΤǡХ벽ΤʤdzȤΰջ̤Τ˱Ѹؤ֤ȼΤɤȤǤष䤬ˤʤȻפΤϡܤǤܸɲϤ㲼ʤɤƤ褦ˡѸнŤ줬ʤˤʤäƤޤȤǤ


ԤΰոƱդ롥ϡñ˥ߥ˥ƻǤˤȤɤޤʤϡҲʸˤ¢ˤǤ⤢롥ԤΤߤʤ餺Ԥˤ⽽ʬ˰դʧȤפȹͤ롥

Ӿ Ӱ졡إ衼åѻ硡̱̿鸽ء١ȽŹҴȥ˥ӡ2022ǯ

[ | ѥڡ ]

2023-06-08 Thu

#5155. ꥹλϸѸ˨꤬ߤѸܳʲ [dialect][history]

ɸ˴Ϣϡ#2030. ꥹ̤ץåˡ ([2014-11-17-1]) Ǽ夲λ뤬ߥ󥰤ˤĤ­
Horobin (105--06) ϡλ뤬Τ15--16줬Τ18ȤߤƤ롥

It is in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries that we witness the beginnings of dialect prejudice; an early instance can be tranced in the writings of a chronicler named John Trevisa, who complained that the Northumbrian dialect was so 'scharp, slitting [biting] and frottynge [grating] and unshape [unshapely]' that sotherners like himself were unable to understand it. In the early seventeenth century, Alexander Gill, writing in Latin, labelled 'Occidentalium' (or Western dialect) the 'greatest barbarity' and claimed that the English spoken by a Somerset farmer could easily be mistaken for a foreign language.
   Despite such remarks, the social stigmatization of dialect was not fully articulated before the eighteenth century, when a provincial accent became a badge of social and intellectual inferiority. In his Tour Thro' the Whole Island of Great Britain (1724--27), Daniel Defoe reported his encounter with the 'boorish country speech' of Devon---known to the locals as jouring---which was barely comprehensible to ousiders. Having heard a schoolboy read the following lesson from Scripture: 'Chav a doffed me cooat, how shall I don't, chav a wash'd my veet, how shall I moil'em?' (Song of Solomon 5:3), Defoe records his astonishment at finding that the 'dexterous dunce' was reading from a copy of the standard text: 'I have put off my coat, how shall I put it on, I have wash'd my feet, how shall I defile them?' In this brief anecdote we witness many of the same assumptions and prejudices that are associated with dialect speech in English today.


ѤǿƤ John Trevisa 1326--1402ǯԡȤʤΤǡ̩ˤλʥ14ȤȤǤճᤤȤݤǤ롥λ뤬󥰥ɼҲˤưŪʴԤäȤȤɬ̣ʤޤǸδԤˤĤʤʥȤߤ㤬ᤤ˴ѻȤȤ
ʹߡ17Ⱦ Alexander Gill ޤᡤλ򼨤ڵϤäƤ뤬λĬ餫˿ǻʤäƤΤ18ΤȤȤľܤĤʤ륤ꥹλδϡ18ˤ褽夷ȤäƤ褤

Horobin, Simon. How English Became English: A Short History of a Global Language. Oxford: OUP, 2016.

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2023-06-07 Wed

#5154. ʤ height ϤֻǤȯʤΡ [spelling_pronunciation_gap][sobokunagimon][gvs][analogy][vowel][consonant][spelling][pronunciation]

ƻ high ̾ height ϡ줾 /haɪ/, /haɪt/ ȯޤֻȯδطˤĤơԤϵ§̤ȹͤޤԤ㳰ŪǤϤʤǤ礦
ޤ high ֻȯȯã򿶤֤äƤߤޤ礦űѸ hēah Ѹˤ hēh > hēih > heih/hīh ȯãޤǸʳǰ۷2ĸޤԤ hīh 첻ܤФƸѸ high /haɪ/ ˻ޤԤ heih ѸǤϤषͭϤǤ high ˼ʤϤޤ
ʤߤˡűѸ nēah "near" ޤäƱȯã뤲ƤޤѸˤ nēh > nēih > neih/nīh Ѳޤǽʳΰ۷ΤԤ neighbour 1Ǥ˸ƤꡤԤ nigh Ϣʤޤ
ơ̾ height θűѸη֤ hēhþu ǤϷƻ hēah Ĵ·ѸˤƸȯãƤhēhþ > hēihþ > heiht ˵夷ޤƻȰۤʤꡤǸʳͽۤ۷ *hīht ϤޤǤ̾˴ޤޤ þ ³ĶǤϡƻˤѲ޻ߤ줿Ǥ
ơֻ̾ˤĤƤϡθֻμ㴳ѲФĤĤ height 夭ޤȤȯΤۤϷƻ˰Ĥ褦ˤ /haɪt/ 夷ޤȯֻʣȯãѤη̡ height /haɪt/ ȤϤʴطˤʤäƤޤäΤǤ
ʾ塤Prins (97) 򻲾ȤƼɮޤϢơheldio #595. heah/hih/high --- ֤إ饸פӽФ̻Ūѥ򤴻Ȥ

Prins, A. A. A History of English Phonemes. 2nd ed. Leiden: Leiden UP, 1974.

Referrer (Inside): [2024-01-01-1]

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2023-06-06 Tue

#5153. knowledge, Greenwich, spinach θͭҲ [verners_law][consonant][stress][phonetics][spelling]

ɸ3ȯϳơΤ褦ˤʤ롥Ҳܤ줿

knowledge [ˈnɑlɪʤ]
Greenwich [ˈgrɪnɪʤ, ˈgrɛnɪʤ, ˈgrɛnɪʧ]
spinach [ˈspɪnɪʧ, ˈspɪnɪʤ]

ֻ̾ȯδطǤ <dge> [ʤ]<ch> [ʧ] ̤Ǥ롥knowledge ͽ̤Greenwich, spinach ˤĤƤ <ch> [ʤ] ȯ⤢ȤǤۼǤ롥
θˤͭ˻ [ʤ] ϡ̵˻ѸͭΤǤ롥ѸǤ Verner's Law ȤΤ벻Ѳ (cf. #858. Verner's Law ȻҲͭ ([2011-09-02-1])ˡ֥ȤҲľˤʤȤλҲͭפȤ§򼨤ѲǡȤƤ褯󤲤Τ ˈabsolute -- abˈsolve, ˈanxious -- anxˈiety, ˈexecute -- exˈecutive, exhiˈbition -- exˈhibit, ˈluxury -- luxˈurious, ˈoff -- of ʤ໤ [s, z, ks, gz, ʃ, ʒ, f, v] ؤڥɸθΤ褦˻ [[ʧ, ʤ]] ؤΤ⤢롥
Prins (225) ꡤԤȤ

5. ʧ > ʤ
MEknowleche>MoEknowledge
 partriche> partridge
 spinach> spinach ['spinidʒ]

and in the suffix -wich in place-names: Norwich [noridʒ], Greenwich [grinidʒ], Woolwich [wulidʒ], Harwich [hæridʒ], Bromwich [brʌmidʒ]
Instead of the obsolete old pronunciation Ipswich [ipsidʒ] we find now [ipswitʃ].
The voicing is also found in MoE ajar < Scots and Nth dialect achar < on char-e (OE čerr, 'turn').


ѤκǸˤ̤ꡤajar űѸ on cierre ̤ȤΤ̣

Prins, A. A. A History of English Phonemes. 2nd ed. Leiden: Leiden UP, 1974.

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2023-06-05 Mon

#5152. űѸּޤͤζá --- [oe][popular_passage][bible][literature][oe_text][hel_education][voicy][heldio]

űѸƥȤʸɤॷ꡼Υޥ13ϤΡּޤͤζáפ24--30ä򡤸űѸǤ̣äƤߤ褦ʲSweet's Anglo-Saxon Primer (9th ed.) ιǤѤ롥碌ơ1611ǯ The Authorised Version (The King James Version [KJV]) ζѸܸźƤ

ΡűѸ졡

Heofona rīċe is ġe·worden þǣm menn ġe·līċ þe sēow gōd sǣd on his æcere. Sōþlīċe, þā þā menn slēpon, þā cōm his fēonda sum, and ofer·sēow hit mid coccele on·middan þǣm hwǣte, and fērde þanon. Sōþlīċe, þā sēo wyrt wēox, and þone wæstm brōhte, þā æt·īewde se coccel hine. Þā ēodon þæs hlāfordes þēowas and cwǣdon: 'Hlāford, hū, ne sēowe þū gōd sǣd on þīnum æcere? Hwanon hæfde hē coccel?' Þā cwæþ hē; 'Þæt dyde unhold mann.' Þā cwǣdon þā þēowas 'Wilt þū, wē gāþ and gadriaþ hīe?' Þā cwæþ hē: 'Nese: þȳ·lǣs ġē þone hwǣte ā·wyrtwalien, þonne ġē þone coccel gadriaþ. Lǣtaþ ǣġþer weaxan oþ rīp-tīman; and on þǣm rīptīman iċ secge þǣm rīperum: "Gadriaþ ǣrest þone coccel, and bindaþ scēaf-mǣlum tō for·bærnenne; and gadriaþ þone hwǣte in-tō mīnum berne."'


ΡѸ졡

[24] . . . The kingdom of heaven is likened unto a man which sowed good seed in his field: [25] But while men slept, his enemy came and sowed tares among the wheat, and went his way. [26] But when the blade was sprung up, and brought forth fruit, then appeared the tares also. [27] So the servants of the householder came and said unto him, Sir, didst not thou sow good seed in thy field? from whence then hath it tares? [28] He said unto them, An enemy hath done this. The servants said unto him, Wilt thou then that we go and gather them up? [29] But he said, Nay; lest while ye gather up the tares, ye root up also the wheat with them. [30] Let both grow together until the harvest: and in the time of harvest I will say to the reapers, Gather ye together first the tares, and bind them in bundles to burn them: but gather the wheat into my barn.


Ρܸ

[24] ġġġŷϡɤʬȪˤޤƤͤΤ褦ʤΤǤ롥[25] ̲͡äƤ֤ŨơޤΩä[26] ꤬ϤФƼ¤֤ȡƱ⤢Ƥ[27] ͤơȤμͤ˸äؤ͡ȪˤޤˤʤäΤϡɤǤϤޤǤɤϤƤΤǤ١[28] ͤϸäؤŨΤ虜١ͤäؤǤϹԤäơȴޤ礦١[29] ϸäؤ䡤򽸤褦ȤơȴΤʤ[30] ϤޤǡξȤĤޤޤˤƤϤλˤʤä顤Ԥˡޤ򽸤«ˤƾƤϽҤƤ졤ȸĤ褦١ס


Voicy ֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio)פȤϢưȤơ嵭θűѸƥȤ#735. űѸ첻 --- ޥּޤͤζáפáɤ߾夲ƤޤҤİ



äơޥƱϤξβսꡤ3--8ΤˤĤơϢ#2906. űѸּޤͤζáס ([2017-04-11-1]) ⻲ȡۤ˸űѸΥƥȤȤƤϡ#2895. űѸִξ˲ȤƤס ([2017-03-31-1])#1803. Lord's Prayer ([2014-04-04-1])#1870. 2:18--25 7ɤ١ ([2014-06-10-1]) ⻲Ȥ줿

Davis, Norman. Sweet's Anglo-Saxon Primer. 9th ed. Oxford: Clarendon, 1953.

Referrer (Inside): [2024-01-01-1]

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2023-06-04 Sun

#5151. ܸȿи켭ŵΡ֤ޤפ [lexicology][semantics][antonymy][synonym][structuralism][thesaurus][dictionary]

ȿиסеסоȸסбפʤɤȾΤ antonym ϡð̣ˤƤؿ򽸤Ƥȿи켭ŵतϹǤ褯ΤܸǾѤƤΤȤơȿиоȸ켭ŵǡ٤롥
ȿиȤäƤȿСפΤ͡ǡð̣ǤޤˤȤʤ롥嵭μŵΡ֤ޤ (i--ii) ɤС񤷤Ȥ⤷Ǥ

ñϰİĤФФ¸ߤƤΤǤϤʤޤȤޤХͥåȥʤƤ롥ȤСפȤñϡ֤㤵ס֤䤸ס֥ѥѡפʤɤȸ뤳ȤǤ롥͸ϡƱΤؤƤ롥͸δ֤ˤϷɰդ̵ͭ˥奢󥹤ΰ㤤ʤɤꡤƱǤȤϤʤƱ˶ᤤطδطˤȤȤǤ롥פФȤơפȤ줬롥ơפˤ֤줵ס֤դס֥ޥޡפȤä褦θ줬¸ߤ롥ޤפȡפξԤޤȤơֿơפꡤֿơפФȤơֻҡפȤ줬롥Τ褦ˡñߤ˴Ϣʣȿ֤Ƥ롥
ȿиϤ񤷤Ʊ졦ˤƱΤؤȤäब뤬ȿиξñǤϤʤȿиȤ硤ޤξԤδ֤˶̤̣ʤФʤʤפפȿиˤʤΤϡξԤơȤ̤ΰ̣äƤ뤫Ǥ롥̤̣äƤǤϡȿиˤϤʤʤפפȿиˤʤΤϡǤϤʤǤȤȤˤ롥ĤޤꡤȤफ鸫ȿФΰ̣ˤʤΤǤ롥ȿиξϡ
(1) ̤̣äƤ뤳
(2) ξǡफ鸫ơȿФΰ̣äƤ뤳
ǤȤȤˤʤ
⤦Ĥ򤢤褦羡פȿиˤϡԡפȡֿɾפȤ뤬Ԥϡ(1) 纹Ǿ餬ĤȤ(2) 餱Ȥफ鸫ȿФΰ̣äƤꡤԡĤޤֿɾפϡ(1) ĤȤ̤ΰ̣(2) 纹Ȥफ鸫ȿФΰ̣äƤ롥ȿиϡĤȤϸ¤ʤबѤȡĤ¸ߤ뤳Ȥˤʤ롥
ʾΤ褦ȡȿиȽŪưפʤ褦˸뤬ˤĤƶŪ˹ͤƤʤˤʤȡȿФΰ̣ȤϲȤȤˤʤäƤơȽǤ˶줷ळȤ¿


嵭˵󤲤Ƥ羡פ˴ؤ뼭ŵοޤ򻲾Ȥ褦¤Ūʡ줤ʥޥȥåȤʤ롥

  
ɾ
  
  
  
̡ԡԡ


¿ξ硤ޤǤ줤ʥޥȥåˤϤʤʤȿдطϤäʣˤʤ뤳Ȥ¿㤨Сֿפ濴Ȥäδطޤ򼨤








娢

򨢢娢ɹ






Ш



ȿиΰ̣ˤĤƤϡhellog heldio ʲ򻲾ȡ

hellog #1800. ͡ȿи ([2014-04-01-1])
hellog #1804. gradable antonym ΰ̣ ([2014-04-05-1])
hellog #1968. ΰ̣ʬʬϡ ([2014-09-16-1])
hellog #4102. ȿդȶ ([2020-07-20-1])
heldio #353. ȿиäƤäƤ⤷
heldio #354. long short ȿиǤϤʤ

̸ ͺ춿 ˡԡˡȿиоȸ켭ŵǡ١Ʋǡ2015ǯ

Referrer (Inside): [2024-01-01-1]

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2023-06-03 Sat

#5150. ץߥꥹʡۿֱͥѸˤءפץ [voicy][heldio][helwa][hel_education][notice]

Voicy ֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio)פϤơǤ礦2ǯФޤī6˱Ѹˤۿ³ޤǤ733ϤƤޤۿΰɤˡؤ¿İƤեƤäƤꥹʡοϺλ4,360ãƤޤĤ⤢꤬Ȥޤ3ǯܤޤ³ī6˹Ƥޤɤꤤޤ
2ǯǰȤʤäī̾ۿ˲äͭۿοͥߤޤʷ800ߤǤˡ̾⡤ץߥꥹʡۿֱͥѸˤء (helwa) Ǥ§Ȥơ轵ȶͼ6ۿƤͽǤո줿ϡ#733. ڱѸˤءۥץߥꥹʡۿͥ뤬ϤޤޤפǤ


ץߥꥹʡۿֱͥѸˤء



οͥ볫ߤμݤˤĤƤϡܥ֥Ǥ#5145. 62ʶˡVoicy ץߥꥹʡۿοֱͥѸˤءפ򳫻Ϥޤ ([2023-05-29-1]) ˤƾܤܤޤ뤤ϡheldio ̾ۿȤ#727. 62ʶˡVoicy ץߥꥹʡۿοֱͥѸˤءפ򳫻ϤޤǤäƤޤΤǡҤİ
ޤǤ̾ۿ⡤ץ󤷤ץߥꥹʡۿ⡤ֱѸˤδ֤ˡפåȡ˷ǤƤ伫ȤΡֱѸ˳ư(helˤΰĤǤγưˤƱٱ礤ϡǯ̤Ϥ󡤿ѸˤؤδؿλѸʻˡˤηи٥ʤɤ鷺ץߥꥹʡˤʤäƱ礤ޤȹǤפΰϤʤhelθ˽ƤͽǤ
ʤߤ˺ۿ줿ץߥꥹʡνǤϡ1֤λhelˤĤäƤޤʤʤ껨̲Ǥ͡ˡΥץߥۿ66ʲСˤθ6ͽǤ

Referrer (Inside): [2024-01-03-1]

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2023-06-02 Fri

#5149. Ʒ줿ĸǺʸ줿ӤϤξ [indo-european][reconstruction][comparative_linguistics]

19ΥɥĤӸؼ August Schleicher (1821--68) ϡƷ줿ĸӤϤξʸƤ롥ºݤΰĸʸդƤʤäΤǡޤŪƷ˴ŤθؼԤˤϺǤ롥ȾܵȾФͷӤκʤRinge (45) ͳǰѤʸ˸Ѹ³ˡ

Schleicher's Tale


Avis, jasmin varnā na ā ast, dadarka akvams, tam, vāgham garum vaghantam, tam, bhāram magham, tam, manum āku bharantam. Avis akvabhjams ā vavakat: kard aghnutai mai vidanti manum akvams agantam.
   Akvāsam ā vavakant: krudhi avai, kard aghnutai vividvant-svas: manus patis varnām avisāms karnauti svabhjam gharmam vastram avibhjams ka varnā na asti.
   Tat kukruvants avis agram ā bhugat.

A sheep that had no wool saw horses---one pulling a heavy wagon, another one a great load, and another swiftly carrying a man. The sheep said to the horses: 'it pains my heart seeing a man driving horses.'
   The horses said to the sheep: 'listen sheep! it pains our hearts seeing man, the master, making a warm garment for himself from the wool of a sheep when the sheep has no wool for itself.'
   On hearing this the sheep fled into the plain.


Schleicher ΰĸ쾮ˤ19ΰӸؤ̤ȿǤƤ櫓θƱʬθȯŸˤꡤξθ켫Τ⹹Ƥаޤ롥ĤޤꡤΰӸؼԤϡ嵭 Schleicher ˤĸ򤽤ΤޤޤηǤϼƤʤȤȤ
̴ȥޥΤʬǤĥ뤫ʬʤĥ롥

Ringe, Don. From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic. Oxford: Clarendon, 2006.

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2023-06-01 Thu

#5148. ޥĸζѲư̿ˡζ [germanic][imperative][inflection][paradigm][verb][person][number][subjunctive][mood][reconstruction][comparative_linguistics]

Ѹư̿ˡη֤ϡ˰פ롥űѸ̤ȡ̿ˡǤϸˤȤϰۤʤ֤ꡤ2;ñʣȤǸ§Ȥưۤʤ޸ä
ˤ򴬤ᤷƥޥĸˤޤ̤ȡƷǤϤˤ衤;Τ˱ơ¿ΰۤʤ޸äƤȤ롥ʲˡޥĸ¿ζѲưˤĤƺƷƤ޸򼨤 (Ringe 237)

 indicativesubjunctiveimperative 
active   infinitive -a-ną
sg.1 -ō-a-ų---participle -a-nd-
 2 -i-zi-ai-zø 
 3 -i-di-ai-ø-a-dau 
du.1 -ōz(?)-ai-w--- 
 2 -a-diz(?)-a-diz(?)-a-diz(?) 
pl.1 -a-maz-ai-m--- 
 2 -i-d-ai-d-i-d 
 3 a-ndi-ai-n-a-ndau 


Ȥ櫓 imperative ̿ˡˤܤƤñξʣ3Ĥοƥ꡼ˤĤơ23;Τ˶Ūʶ޸ߤ롥;Τ˱ưۤʤޤԤʤƤȤŪ˺ƷƤΤ
ѸˤޤᡤθΥޥˤϡ̿ˡη֤ζ̤˼ޤꡤƤˤȤäƤ褤ѸǤ̿ˡη֤䡤ȴϢˤĤƤϡʲε򻲾ȡ

#2289. ̿ʸ˼줬ʤ ([2015-08-03-1])
#2475. ̿ˤϤʤưθѤΤ ([2016-02-05-1])
#2476. Ѹˤˤư̿ˡ³ˡŪǽŪͻ礷 ([2016-02-06-1])
#2480. ̿ˤϤʤưθѤΤ (2) ([2016-02-10-1])
#2881. Ѹʣ2;̿ξü ([2017-03-17-1])
#3620. ̿ˡפǧָ᤺̿ˡפȤФ褤 (1) ([2019-03-26-1])
#3621. ̿ˡפǧָ᤺̿ˡפȤФ褤 (2) ([2019-03-27-1])
#4935. ³ˡ̿ˡζ ([2022-10-31-1])

Ringe, Don. From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic. Oxford: Clarendon, 2006.

[ | ѥڡ ]

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