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ǽ: 2026-07-15 01:27

2023-10-14 Sat

#5283. we ŪˡϸűѸ줫 [pronoun][personal_pronoun][generic][indefinite_pronoun]

#5171. ʣ;̾ we, you, they Ūˡ ([2023-06-24-1]) #5181. ʣ;̾ we, you, they Ūˡ (2) ([2023-07-04-1]) ʤɤεǼ夲Ƥ;̾Ūˡ (generic) ˤĤơ1;ʣ̾ we Ūˡκǽ򼨤
ޤOED, we, pron., n., adj. I.1.d θˡ롥ˤ "Used indefinitely in general statements in which the speaker or writer includes those addressed, i.e. his or her contemporaries, compatriots, fellow human beings, etc." Ȥ롥ϸűѸ줫ΤΤǡ³Ѹ줫οȤȤᤤ󤲤Ƥߤ롥

OE On ðisum wræcfullum life we sceolon earmra manna helpan. (Ælfric, Catholic Homilies: 1st Series (Royal MS.) (1997) xxix. 258)
a1275 Þe louerd of monkinne of hire was yboren to bringen us hut of Sunne, elles wue weren for-lore. (in C. Brown, English Lyrics of 13th Century (1932) 55)
a1400 (a1325) Giue we ilkan þare langage, Me think we do þam non outrage. (Cursor Mundi (Vespasian MS.) l. 247 (Middle English Dictionary))
c1405 (c1385) We seken faste after felicitee But we goon wrong ful ofte trewely Thus may we seyn alle and nameliche .I. (G. Chaucer, Knight's Tale (Hengwrt MS.) (2003) l. 408)

űѸ줫㤬ȤΤϻפΤۤᤤȤͤ뤬Τ褦ˤפƤΤ褦įƤƻפΤϡ we ̾Ρֻ䤿פθǤϤʤꡦΤθѤƤȲ᤹뺬ϲȤȤԤԤγĥǤꡤξϢ³Τ롥äơơʸˤƤθѤƤ뤫ȤȽǤ񤷤Ф꤫ˤԲǽǤ餢롥
we ΤΤǤϤʤOED θǤ⼨Ƥ̤ꡤषꡦŪʡʸ̮פʤΤʸ꤬̿ӤӤƤΤǤСѤƤ we ŪˡӤӤƤ롤ȤȤǤϤʤĤޤꡤ̣ŪȤϸŪʼȤȤƱȤ you, they ŪˡˤϤ

Referrer (Inside): [2023-10-15-1]

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2023-07-04 Tue

#5181. ʣ;̾ we, you, they Ūˡ (2) [pronoun][personal_pronoun][generic][indefinite_pronoun]

#5171. ʣ;̾ we, you, they Ūˡ ([2023-06-24-1]) ³ꡥLGSWE ǴϢĴ٤Ƥߤ4.10.1.1--3, 4.10.2 곺սѤ褦ޤ1;̾줫顥ŪˡȤäƤ褤Τ̯ʥǤϤ롥

By choosing the plural pronoun we rather than I, a single author avoids drawing attention to himself/herself, and the writing becomes somewhat more impersonal. On the other hand, when we is used to include the reader, it has a rather different effect and the writing becomes more personal. (§4.10.1.1)


2;̾ŪˡˤĤơ

A particular problem in the use of you is that it may refer to people in general, including the speaker/writer. This is found both in speech and writing:
   You've got to be a bit careful when you're renting out though. (CONV)
   I have got this little problem you see. Sometimes I forget. And the trouble with "sometimes" is that you never know when to expect it. (NEWS) (§4.10.1.2)


3;̾ŪˡˤĤƤϡä˵ҤʤäΤǾά롥
嵭礹ǡ;̾ŪˡˤĤƼΤ褦˥Ȥä

When we, you, and they are used with reference to people in general (4.10.1.1--3), they tend to retain a tinge of their basic meaning.


εǤҤ٤̤ꡤ;̾Ūˡˡ֤줾ο;ΤθäȻ¸Ƥ̣襤

Biber, Douglas, Stig Johansson, Geoffrey Leech, Susan Conrad, and Edward Finegan, eds. Longman Grammar of Spoken and Written English. Harlow: Pearson Education, 1999.

Referrer (Inside): [2023-10-14-1]

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2023-06-27 Tue

#5174. ̾졦 [pronoun][personal_pronoun][generic][indefinite_pronoun][determiner][assertion][semantics][logic]

Ѹˤ̾ (indefinite_pronoun) (indefinite determiner) ȤηϤ롥 (indefinite) ȿФ (definite) Ǥ롥㤨п;̾졤Ƶ̾졤ͭ̾졤ؼ̾졤ƤȤ˵̾ˤŪǤǧ뤬̾ˤϤ줬ߤʤ̾졦ϡषŪ顤ŪǤ (quantitative) ȤȤ館Ƥ褤⤷ʤŪ (universal) ʬŪ (partitive) ȤǤ롥
Quirk et al. (6.45) ˼פ̾졦ΰɽ롥Ǻܤ褦ηŪǤϤ뤬ʤʤʣʸǤ뤳Ȥ狼



Quirk, Randolph, Sidney Greenbaum, Geoffrey Leech, and Jan Svartvik. A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language. London: Longman, 1985.

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2023-06-24 Sat

#5171. ʣ;̾ we, you, they Ūˡ [pronoun][personal_pronoun][generic][indefinite_pronoun]

ε#5170. 3;ñ̾Ūˡ ([2023-06-24-1]) ˰³;̾Ūˡ (generic) ˤĤơä we, you, they ˤĤơQuirk et al. (6.21) Ҳ𤷤ƳȤƼΤ褦ˤ롥

. . . plural pronouns of all persons can function generically with reference to 'people in general':
Science tells us that the earth goes round the sun. [1]
We live in an age of immense changes. [2]
You can never tell what will happen. [3]
These days you have to be careful with your money. [4]
They say it's going to snow today. [5]


Τ褦 we, you, they ŪѤ뤬Ȥο;Τεǽ˼äƤ櫓ǤϤʤ椨ɬߤ˸ǽȤϤʤʤ
we Ѥ [1], [2] ϡäꡤʹꡤ3Ԥޤह٤Ƥο͡ؤΤǡäȤؼϰϤȹͤ롥ܲȯäξȤˤޤdzȤäƤ롥äơȤˤʸϼưʸѤ롥㤨 We now know that the earth is round. It is now known that the earth is round. ȴ롥
you Ѥ [3], [4] ϡεǤ⿨줿褦̾ one ΥեޥǤȹͤ롥you ʹο̤ξηиʤ̤롥㤨 This wine makes you feel drowsy, doesn't it? Τ褦ʸ򻲾ȡˤϡȤʹǤϤʤäؼ륱⤢롥it wasn't a bad life. You got up at seven, had breakfast, went for a walk . . .' Τ褦ʸ򻲾ȡ
they Ѥ [5] you Ʊͤ˥եޥʶ롥3;̾ŪʵǽȿǤơäʹ͡ȤޤߤꡤŪˡָҶڡס֥ǥסܡפʤɤؤȤ⤢롥㤨 I see they're raising the bus fares again. Whatever will they be doing next? They don't make decent furniture nowadays. Τ褦ʸ򻲾ȡ
we, you, they ŪˡˤĤơ줾ο;ΤθäȻ¸ƤȤ̣1ĵ䤬롥嵭 you ŪˡʣȤƤ you ˡǤȸڤ뤳ȤǤΤȤȤȤΤϡ "plural pronouns of all persons can function generically with reference to 'people in general'" Ȥ뤫ñȤƤ you ˡ򤹤뤳ȤϤǤʤΤϢơ#2248. ;̾ȤƤ you ([2015-06-23-1])#2313. ;̾ȤƤ thou ([2015-08-27-1]) 򻲾ȡ

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2023-06-23 Fri

#5170. 3;ñ̾Ūˡ [pronoun][number][personal_pronoun][gender][generic][indefinite_pronoun]

3;ñ̾դ٤ˡȤŪ (generic) ʻѤ롥Quirk et al. (6.20, 21, 56) 3󤲤褦

(1) he who . . . she who . . . Τ褦ʸȱɽʸŪ뤤ϸʶġʤߤˡ *it that . . . ʣ *they who . . . Ϥʤơ what . . . those who . . . Ѥ롥

He who hesitates is lost. ['The person who . . .'; a proverb]
She who must be obeyed. ['The woman who . . .']

(2) Ūñ̾ǡȱǤȱǤˡ̾Τ褦3;ñ̾Ѥ뤳ȤǤ롥

Ever since he found a need to communicate, man has been the 'speaking animal'.
A: Do you like caviar? B: I've never tasted it.
Music is my favourite subject. Is it yours?

(3) one "people in general" ɽ魯եޥɽեޥˤ you Ѥ롥ͭʷ one's ȺƵ oneself 롥ФмºݾüԤؤȤ⤢롥

I like to dress nicely. It gives one confidence.
One would (You'd) think they would run a later bus than that!

Quirk, Randolph, Sidney Greenbaum, Geoffrey Leech, and Jan Svartvik. A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language. London: Longman, 1985.

Referrer (Inside): [2025-06-28-1]

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2015-08-27 Thu

#2313. ;̾ȤƤ thou [personal_pronoun][pragmatics][indefinite_pronoun][pronoun][generic]

#2248. ;̾ȤƤ you ([2015-06-23-1]) Ǽ夲ȴϢơŤ2;ñ̾ thou ΰŪʿͤؼˡȯãΤϤĤȤ夲롥εǤ⿨줿褦ˡOED Ǥ thou ˤĤƤΤ褦ʸʬबʤƤ餺ΤʤȤϸʤMED Ǥ͡ʸ󤵤Ƥ롥ǤŤȤƵ󤲤ƤΤϡűѸȤäƤ褤ʸǤ롥a1150 (OE) Vsp.D.Hom. (Vsp D.14) 3/18: Þonne þu oðerne mann tæle, þonne geðænc þu þæt nan man nis lehterleas.
ۤƱ餤ᤤȤơ?a1160 Peterb. Chron. (LdMisc 636) an. 1137: Hi..brendon alle the tunes ðæt wel þu myhtes faren all a dæis fare sculdest thu neure finden man in tune sittende ne land tiled. 󤲤Ƥ뤬ʸĤƤϡŤʸ Koziol (173) ڤƤ롥

Die Bedeutung des thou in Sprichwörtern und allgemeinen Regeln kommt einem »man« zumindest sehr nahe; es wendet sich nicht an einen bestimmten Menschen, sondern an jeden. Im Neuenglischen ist ja der entsprechende Gebrauch von you (oder they) sehr häufig. Daß früher thou die gleiche allgemeine Bedeutung haben konnte, geht aus Stellen wie der folgenden aus der Sachsenchronik 1137 hervor: hi . . . brendon alle the tunes, đ wel þu myhtes faren al a dæis fare, sculdest thu neure finden man in tune sittende. N. Bøgholm führt außer diesem noch ein Beispiel aus altenglischer Zeit an. Das OED verzeichnet diesen Gebrauch nicht.


ΰѤˤС˸űѸ줫㤬ꤽȤȤ2;̾ؤ̿;ΤؤˡγĥϸŪˤǤϤʤäȤǤϤʤƱĥ˻˵äƤȤǽ餢ʸŪˤϡ㤬Ĥɤʸڤ줿ΤȤȤˤʤ롥ƱˡεȯãϻĤ뤬ߤ̤Ѥ2;̾;Τɽ魯ˡ٤ѤäȤƤűѸ줫ѸˤƤλˤǤ˳ǧ줿Ȥ¤ˡˤĹȸŪΰüߤ뤳ȤǤ롥

H. Koziol, "Die Anredeform bei Chaucer." Englische Studien 75 (1942): 170--74.

Referrer (Inside): [2023-06-24-1]

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2015-06-23 Tue

#2248. ;̾ȤƤ you [personal_pronoun][proverb][register][sobokunagimon][indefinite_pronoun][pronoun][generic]

63դǴ󤻤줿Ѥʵ;̾Ȥ people one ۤɤΰŪʻؼоݤɽ魯 you ˡϡŪˤĤɤΤ褦ȯãΤȤǤ롥Ѹʸ򤤤Ĥ󤲤褦

You learn a language better if you visit the country where it is spoken.
It's a friendly place---people come up to you in the street and start talking.
You have to be 21 or over to buy alcohol in Florida.
On a clear day you can see the mountains from here.
I don't like body builders who are so overdeveloped you can see the veins in their bulging muscles.


ޤϡOED 򸫤Ƥߤ褦you, pron., adj., and n. ˤСyou ̾ȤƤˡ16ȾСѸ̤롥

8. Used to address any hearer or reader; (hence as an indefinite personal pronoun) any person, one . . . .

   c1555 Manifest Detection Diceplay sig. D.iiiiv, The verser who counterfeatith the gentilman commeth stoutly, and sittes at your elbowe, praing you to call him neare.


Ϥޤ2;ñ̾Ȥ thou ĤäƤΤǡOED thou, pron. and n.1 Ĵ٤ƤߤǤä;̾ȤƤθߤƤʤä
ѸξäƤߤ褦 Mustanoja 򳫤ȡηˤĤƵߤĤ뤳ȤǤMustanoja (127) ϡthou ;Ūˡ Chaucer ˤߤ뤳ȤŦƤ롥

It has been suggested (H. Koziol, E Studien LXXV, 1942, 170--4) that in a number of cases, especially when he seemingly addresses his reader, Chaucer employs thou for an indefinite person. Thus, for instance, in thou myghtest wene that this Palamon In his fightyng were a wood leon) (CT A Kn. 1655), thou seems to stand rather for an indefinite person and can hardly be interpreted as a real pronoun of address.


ܳŪʵ Mustanoja (224--25) Ƿ깭Ƥ롥嵭Τ褦 OED εҤϡˡȯãѸΤΤȵȤºݤˤñ thou ˤʣ ye ˤ⡤Ѹ줫㤬ΤǧȤѸ줫 ñ thou 㤬3İƤ뤬;Ūˡ̤äȤ (Mustanoja 224--25)

wel þu myhtes faren all a dæis fare, sculdest thu nevre finden man in tune sittende, ne land tiled (OE Chron. an. 1137)
no mihtest þu finde (Lawman A 31799)
--- and hwat mihte, wenest tu, was icud ine þeos wordes? (Ancr. 33)


Ѹˤñ thou Τۤ¿ʣ yeyou ϡ餬ñ thou ִĤĤäѸˤƤ⡤ۤΩϤʤä褦ʣ ye ⡤Τ˽Ѹ줫ʲΤ褦ʸڤ (Mustanoja 225)

--- þenne ȝe mawen schulen and repen þat ho er sowen (Poema Mor. 20)
--- and how ȝe shal save ȝowself þe Sauter bereth witnesse (PPl. B ii 38)
--- ȝe may weile se, thouch nane ȝow tell, How hard a thing that threldome is; For men may weile se, that ar wys, That wedding is the hardest band (Barbour i 264)


ʤMED thou (pron.) (1g, 2f) Ǥ (1b, 2b) Ǥ⡤;ŪˡϽѸ줫˭٤ʸڤ롥ʸ򻲾Ȥ줿
ʹؼ2;̾줬ΰŪʿ͡ؼˡȯã뤳ȤˤʤäȤϡۤǤϤʤȤ虜Եˡ쥷ԤʤɤͤƤߤȤ褤Υ쥸ǤϡȯԤϡʹꤢ뤤ɤ߼ꤷ thou ʤ ye ʤѤ뤬Τ褦ʹꤢ뤤ɤ߼ϼºݤˤ¿ο͡Ǥ롥ޤΥ쥸ǤϡƤΰȾǤꡤȤꤢʤɤȤΩƤ thou ye Ū˻ؼоݤȤ뤳ȤϼԤ㤨ФΤ褦ʥ쥸ȯơ2;̾줬Ū;ŪѤ뤳ȤˤʤäΤǤϤʤ

Mustanoja, T. F. A Middle English Syntax. Helsinki: Société Néophilologique, 1960.

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