μͭӥ mond ˡ֤ʤƻ̾ (she, it, mine) ǤʤǤפȤ䤬ޤ;̾ϡ (definiteness) ΰ̣ħļ礿뵡ǽֻؼפǤȤƤߤޤβϡȤ櫓¿ˤɤߤƤ褦ǤˬƤߤƤ

βκǸ Quirk et al. §6.20 ȤȽҤ٤ޤʬʲ˰ѤƤޤ "Modification and determination of personal pronouns" ꤹΰǤ
In modern English, restrictive modification with personal pronouns is extremely limited. There are, however, a few types of nonrestrictive modifiers and determiners which can precede or follow a personal pronoun. These mostly accompany a 1st or 2nd person pronoun, and tend to have an emotive or rhetorical flavour:
(a) Adjectives:
Silly me!, Good old you!, Poor us! <informal>
(b) Apposition:
we doctors, you people, us foreigners <familiar>
(c) Relative clauses:
we who have pledged allegiance to the flag, . . . <formal>
you, to whom I owe all my happiness, . . . <formal>
(d) Adverbs:
you there, we here
(e) Prepositional phrases:
we of the modern age
us over here <familiar>
you in the raincoat <impolite>
(f) Emphatic reflexive pronouns . . .:
you yourself, we ourselves, he himself
Personal pronouns do not occur with determiners (*the she, *both they), but the universal pronouns all, both, or each may occur after the pronoun head . . .:
We all have our loyalties.
They each took a candle.
You both need help.
괧ޤ (determiner) ;̾դȤϤʤ褦Ǥ͡;̾줬ǤˡפǤꡤפ2ɸˤʤäƤޤǤ礦;ܼ̾ŪħˤĤƹͤǤ
Quirk, Randolph, Sidney Greenbaum, Geoffrey Leech, and Jan Svartvik. A Grammar of Contemporary English. London: Longman, 1972.
̾ (noun phrase) ϡȤ˽礬¿ղä졤Ĺʤ뤳Ȥ롥㤨СüˤǤä夲ǤϤ뤬all the other potentially lethal doses of poison that may be administered to humans ʸˡŪǤ롥
Τ褦͡ʽ礬ղäˤϡ̾Ǥ¤ӽ礬ޤäƤ롥Ŭ֤ƤϤʤΤѸε§Fischer (79) "Element order within the NP in PDE" ꤹɽǺܤ褦
| Predeterminer | Determiner | Postdeterminer | Premodifier | Modifier | Head | Postmodifier |
| quantifiers | articles, | quantifiers, | adverbials, | adjectives, | noun, proper name, | prepositional |
| quantifiers, | numerals, specialized | some adjectives | adjuncts | pronoun | phrase, relative | |
| genitives, | adjectives | clause (some | ||||
| demonstratives, | adjectives) | |||||
| possessive/ | (quantifiers?) | |||||
| interrogative/ | ||||||
| relative pronouns | ||||||
| half | the | usual | price | |||
| any | other | potentially | embarrassing | details | ||
| a | pretty | unpleasant | encounter | |||
| both | our | meetings | with the | |||
| chairman | ||||||
| a | decibel | level | that made your | |||
| ears ache | ||||||
| these | two | criminal | activities |
ε#5653. 2°ɽ a friend of mine 2Ĥΰ̣Ūħ ([2024-10-18-1]) ˰³double_genitive 뤤 post-genitive ΰ̣롥 a friend of mine ȤɽȤ one of my friends Ȥΰ̣Ūʺۤ뤫ɤܤ롥
Quirk et al. (17.46) ˤСξɽ̾Ʊʸ̮ˤäƤϰۤʤް (entailment) ӤӤȤ
The two constructions a friend of his father's and one of his father's friends are usually identical in meaning. One difference, however, is that the former construction may be used whether his father had one or more friends, whereas the latter necessarily entails more than one friend. Thus:
Mrs Brown's daughter [8] Mrs Brown's daughter Mary [9] Mary, (the) daughter of Mrs Brown [10] Mary, a daughter of Mrs Brown's [11]
[8] implies 'sole daughter', whereas [9] and [10] carry no such implication; [11] entails 'not sole daughter'.
Since there is only one composition called the War Requiem by Britten, we have [12] but not [13] or [14]:
The War Requiem of/by Britten (is a splendid work.) [12] *The War Requiem of Britten's [13] *One of Britten's War Requiems [14]
̯ʰ㤤褦Ƕ̣ȤǺǸ˽Ҥ٤ƤӺεǿ줿ħˤȿ㤬롥㤨 "that wife of mine", "this war Requiem of Britten's", "this hand of mine", "the/that daughter of Mrs Brown's", "that son of yours" ʤɤ
Quirk et al. ϡΤ褦롥"this hand of mine" ϡǤ "this one of my (two) hands" ΰ̣ǤϤʤ "this part of my body that I call 'hand'" ΰ̣Ǥ롥ޤԤʸ̮ǰ "a daughter of Mrs Brown's" ƤСȤݤ "the/that daughter of Mrs Brown's (that I mentioned)" ۤɤΰ̣ǻȤ뤳Ȥ롥ˡŪŪʰ̣礤 "that son of yours" ʤɤȤ⤢롥Ĥޤꡤ㳰Ū˷줬դ륱Ǥϡ餫Ρʰ̣ŪǤʤ˸ŪʴްդäƤȤȤ
Quirk, Randolph, Sidney Greenbaum, Geoffrey Leech, and Jan Svartvik. A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language. London: Longman, 1985.
Ѹˤϴ̯ʽͭɽ롥my friend Ǥ one of my friends Ǥʤa friend of mine ȤäƤޤäŪˤ2° (double_genitive) ȸƤФɽǤpost-genitive ȸƤФ뤳Ȥ⤢ˡ
ŪˤߤƤⶽ̣ʸǡѸ˽뤬μϸűѸˤäȼĥԤ⤤롥ޤϢ빽ʸȤơűѸǤ괧°̾줬֤̾¤ΤäѸˤ *a my friend, *his a man तιʸűѸǤϵƤƤΤΡ˵ƤʤʤäȤȤϡ a friend of mine פιʸνиȴطƤǽ롥
2°ʤϡΤ褦˱ѸˤǤ⤿ӤܤƤޤ椬¿ĤƤ롥ŪõäƤäơޤιʸ˴ؤƸѸλİƤɬפ롥Τ Quirk et al. γȴФƤߤ褦
The 'post-genitive'
5.126 An of-construction can be combined with a genitive to produce a construction known as the POST-GENITIVE (or 'double genitive'). In this construction, the independent genitive acts as prepositional complement following of:
some friends of Jim's ['some of Jim's friends']
that irritating habit of her father's
an invention of Gutenberg's
several pupils of his
But the independent genitive is not in this case elliptical. Rather, the post-genitive contrasts in terms of indefiniteness or unfamiliarity with the normal determinative genitive. Whereas [1] and [2] presuppose definiteness, the presupposition in [1a] and [2a] is one of indefiniteness:
Jim's friend [1] a friend of Jim's [1a] Joseph Haydn's pupil [2] a pupil of Joseph Haydn's [2a]
ܥ֥Ǥϡ2°ʤˤĤơ#2082. 夷ʤä° *the knight of his ([2015-01-08-1]) Ǥäȿ줿ˤʤܲhelwa Discord ߥ˥ƥ夬äƤʸˡǤ⤢ꡤܤƤơޤ
Quirk, Randolph, Sidney Greenbaum, Geoffrey Leech, and Jan Svartvik. A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language. London: Longman, 1985.
ε#5544. űѸζʤεǽ3 ([2024-07-01-1]) ˰³ (instrumental) ˤĤơűѸ괧ʤ뤤Ϸ (definite article or determiner) ζɽ#154. űѸη se ζޡ ([2009-09-28-1]) Ǽˤȡþȳ, þon Ȥäȼη֤ȤʷäȤ狼롥Ʊͤ˵̾˻ (interrogative_pronoun) ˤĤƤ⡤ζɽ#51. 5W1Hפʤ̡6Hס ([2009-06-18-1]) ˼ˤ hwȳ Ȥʷ롥
Lass (144) ˤȡζʷӸŪˤ⡤ľϤǤŤ̤ΤȤʸ츻ͤȤˤ褦դλľ Lass ˸äƤ餪
There are remains of what is usually called an 'instrumental' in the masculine and neuter sg; this term as Campbell remarks 'is traditional, but reflects neither their origin nor their prevailing use' (1959: §708n). The two forms are þon, þȳ, neither of which is historically transparent. In use they are most frequent in comparatives, e.g. þȳ mā 'the more' (cf. ModE the more, the merrier), and as alternatives to the dative in expressions like þȳ gēare '(in) this year'. There is probably some relation to the 'instrumental' interrogative hwȳ 'why?', which in sense is a real one (= 'through/by what?'), but the /y:/ is a problem; hwȳ has an alternative form hwī, which is 'legitimate' in that it can be traced back to the interrogative base */kw-/ + deictic */ei/.
Ӹؤμ˳ݤäƤ⡤٤Ƥθ츻ɤ餫ˤ뤳ȤϻζȤΤ褦
Lass, Roger. Old English: A Historical Linguistic Companion. Cambridge: CUP, 1994.
Campbell, A. Old English Grammar. Oxford: OUP, 1959.
űѸˤ̾졤̾졤ƻʤɤμ» (substantive) γ (case) Ȥ (instrumental) ƻĤäƤѸޤǤˤܴۤ˾üƤޤűѸǤϤޤѤ롥
ʤδŪʵǽ3Ĥ롥(1) ʤˡɽ魯ˡ(2) ¾ȤƤˡ(3) ֤ɽ魯ˡǤ롥Sweet's Anglo-Saxon Primer (47) ꡤʰѤ褦
Instrumental
88. The instrumental denotes means or manner: Gāius se cāsere, ōþre naman Iūlius 'the emperor Gaius, (called) Julius by another name'. It is used to form adverbs, as micle 'much, by far', þȳ 'therefore'.
It often expresses time when: ǣlċe ȝēare 'every year'; þȳ ilcan dæȝe 'on the same day'.
ʤϤǤ˸űѸޤǤ˿षƤƤˡűѸǤи٤Ϲ⤯ʤŪˤͿ (dative) ζ֤뤳Ȥ¿ĤäƤȤƤʤиòΤʤʤ褦˻פ롥ӸŪʴζʤοˤĤƤϡ#3994. űѸͿʷε ([2020-04-03-1]) Ȥ줿ۤ˶ʤȤƤϡ#811. the + ӵ + for/because ([2011-07-17-1]) ȡ#812. The sooner the better ([2011-07-18-1]) ⻲ȡ
Davis, Norman. Sweet's Anglo-Saxon Primer. 9th ed. Oxford: Clarendon, 1953.
ѸˤǤϡؼ that 괧 the ʬΩǤ뤳ȤΤƤ롥űѸ괧ʵŪˤϻؼǤꡤޤ괧ȤƤˡǤ˳ΩƤϤʤäص夳Τ褦˸ƤǤˤ se ʤ˱ƶޤ͡ʷ֤äΤʤñʡгʤη֤ þæt ä줬Ѹλؼ that η־Ǥ롥θűѸλ˴դߤȡthat the 1֤ˤʤȤȤˤʤ롥
Ǥϡʤθ that the ֥롼פȴФΩؼȤȯãΤűѸ줫Ѹˤơ괧͡ʶ֤ the ȤƱ֤ؤȿʿƤäή줬³Сthe 1ˤʤ that 䤬ƾä椯̿ǤϤäȤthat ϻؼȤ̤εǽä椯̿æ뤳ȤǤΤǤ롥ΤˤСȤ the ȤˤؼεǽϤäȤˡλؼεǽ the å褦ˤ that ΩȤȤĤޤꡤؼ that εǽ the ߤƤȤˤʤ롥θ塤¸ΡֶΡפλؼ this ȤʬĴ˿ʤߡthat ϡֱΡפλؼȤƳΩ˻ä
Fertig (37--38) ϡΰϢθѲŬ (exaptation) λȤƾҲ𤷤Ƥ롥
A simple example can be seen in the modern survival of two singular forms from the Old English demonstrative paradigm: the and that. The contrast between these two forms originally reflected a gender distinction; that (OE þæt) was an exclusively neuter form, while the predecessors of the were non-neuter. One would expect one of these forms to have been lost with the collapse of grammatical gender. They survived by being redeployed for the distinction between definite article (the) and demonstrative (that).
ؼ that ȯãȴϢơʲ heldio hellog ΥƥĤȡ
heldio #493. ؼ this, that, these, those θ츻
hellog #154. űѸη se ζޡ ([2009-09-28-1])
hellog #156. űѸ se ʻϲ ([2009-09-30-1])
Fertig, David. Analogy and Morphological Change. Edinburgh: Edinburgh UP, 2013.
ε#5307. Birmingham 3Ĥȯ ([2023-11-07-1]) ΰѤˤڤä褦ˡ̾ϸŤϰ̳ʡʸűѸʹߤͿʡˤη뤳Ȥ¿äƱֻͤȼä뤳Ȥ⡤Ϥ¿äϹͤƤߤмΤȤǤ롥ȡͿʸֻ줬Τޤ̾Τΰ˼ޤƤޤФƤ롥ˡηȾ˺ȡʬ (metanalysis) 뤳Ȥˤʤ롥Τ褦ʻʪ̾˻ĤäƤ롥
Clark (476--77) ˤȡ㤨 Attercliffe ϸűѸ *æt þǣm clife (DB Atecliue) "beside the escarpment" ͳ褷Byfleet ϸűѸ bī flēote "by a stream" ˡBygrave ϸűѸ bī grafan "beside the diggings" ˤ줾ͳ褹롥
괧 the ΰ̾˼ޤƤޤ⤢롥㤨 Thurleigh ϸűѸ (æt) þǣre lēage "at the lye" ̤롥Noke Ѹ atten oke ˡ켫ΤϸűѸ *(æt) þǣm ācum "at the oak-trees" ̤Ȥ顤Ƭ n ϷζΡѷ˰ƤȤ롥Rye Rea ƱͤǡűѸ (æt) þǣre īege/ēa "at the water" ΰʬϤˤȯãɽ魯
⤦1Ķ̣Τ Scarborough, Edinburgh, Canterbury ʤɤ˸ borough ֻԡפΰ۷֤űѸμʡг -burg ͳ褹Τ -borough/-burgh Ȥʤ뤬Ϳ -byrig ͳ褹Τ -bury Ȥʤ롥
ʣˤĤƤƱͤɤ줬졤Hastings -s ʣʡгʷ̤뤬Barking, Reading ʤɤʣͿʷ̤ȤʸűѸʣͿʷ -um 줬ʳŪ˼岽ƾüˡ
ʾ塤ֻ졤졤ʷȤʣ߹礤̾η֤ʣ˭ʤΤˤƤȤʬ
Clark, Cecily. "Onomastics." The Cambridge History of the English Language. Vol. 1. Ed. Richard M. Hogg. Cambridge: CUP, 1992. 452--89.
Ѹˤ̾ (indefinite_pronoun) (indefinite determiner) ȤηϤ롥 (indefinite) ȿФ (definite) Ǥ롥㤨п;̾졤Ƶ̾졤ͭ̾졤ؼ̾졤ƤȤ˵̾ˤŪǤǧ뤬̾ˤϤ줬ߤʤ̾졦ϡषŪ顤ŪǤ (quantitative) ȤȤ館Ƥ褤⤷ʤŪ (universal) ʬŪ (partitive) ȤǤ롥
Quirk et al. (6.45) ˼פ̾졦ΰɽ롥Ǻܤ褦ηŪǤϤ뤬ʤʤʣʸǤ뤳Ȥ狼
Quirk, Randolph, Sidney Greenbaum, Geoffrey Leech, and Jan Svartvik. A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language. London: Longman, 1985.
ε[2017-03-21-1]³ơ줿ɸμˤĤơѸξñ˸ϸűѸǤϤɤäΤָ褦
űѸˤ礭3ʺʬ4ˤδط̾줬ä켣 (248--49) ޤȤȡ̤Ǥ롥
(1) ̵Ѳ þe
(2) se žѡse ϴطγʤ˶ޤʡ#154. űѸη se ζޡ ([2009-09-28-1]) ȡˡ
(3) 嵭2ĤȤ߹碌ʣط se þese (3a) طγʤ˶ޤȡ(3b) ԻƱʤ˶ޤ礬롥
ơδطֻ̾ۤΰ֤ϡ嵭δط̾μ˱ưۤʤ뤳ȤΤƤ롥켣 (249) μݤȡ(1) (3b) ˤĤƤϡֻϴط˻α뤬(2) (3a) ˤĤƤֻϴطľ֤롥(2) ζ1ĤǤ þæt ʸ衤ñʡгʤζˤѤˤϡֻϴط˻α뤳Ȥ¿ȤĤޤꡤűѸꡤɸιʸƤȤȤǤ롥
ͳ꤫ǤϤʤ1ˤʤ þæt űѸνޤǤˡԻ̵طѤ̵ѲδطȤʤäƤȤͿƤΤǤϤʤʤħϸޤǰѤƤˡط þæt ̵ѲǤ뤳Ȥȡֻ줬Ū˲餫ͭɸʳʷ᤹ȤȤ褯ʤˡʤȤܤ뤳Ȥ˾ޤʤȴ줿Τ⤷ʤ
ֻ þætפ⳧̵Ȥ櫓ǤϤʤʲ˵2ĤʸΤ1ܤϤΤ褦Ǥʱ켣p. 249ˡ
. . . fram ðam godcundum worde, ðurh þæt ðe ealle þing sind geworhte. (= from the divine word, through which all things are made) (c1000 Ælfric CHom II. 364. 14--15)
he forgiet ðæt grin ðæt he mid awierged wirð; (= he forgets the snare that he is accursed with) (c897 CP 331. 18--19)
켣 رѸˡ١ҡ2000ǯ
914դǡa lot of ɤơ¿Ρפ̣褦ˤʤäΤȤϡѸˤ˸ؤδϡ̣ѲʸˡȤƤȤ館뤳ȤǤ롥ʲˤȤʤ̾ lot θŪ̻ŪѲάҤ褦
OED 츻ŵˤȡѸ lot Ρ֤פθϡűѸ hlot (allotment, choice, share) ˤΤܤ롥켫Τϥޥĸ *χlutam ˤΤܤꡤŪˤϰĸθ촴 *kleu- (hook) ˵ġ¾ΥޥˤƱ줬ߤ졤ޥؤѤƤ롥֡ʤΤΡ˾ޡפ̣ȹͤ졤ƥ clāvis (key), clāvus (nail) ȤδϢŦƤ롥
ơűѸΡ֤פθ˻ϤޤꡤˤäƷʤΡʬۡסơֳơפθѸ parking lot ־ˤϡϤγƤȤȤǤ롥Ǥ뤫ֱ̿פθѸΤΤǤ롥
Ѹä16ȾФˤϡΡַʡפθȯãʤˤθѤȤʤˡʤȤСߡƥåڡѡ1ǯʬܥɥȾǯʬʤɡʤΰ컳뤳Ȥ¬Ǥ褦ˡƱΤΡְ컳ȡפȤ17ȾФߤǤ⡤˽Фʪؤ Lot 46: six chairs ʤɤɽѤ롥ƱʪͤΡֽġ췲 (group, set) ۤɤθȯŸ The first lot of visitors has/have arrived. / I have several lots of essays to mark this weekend. / What do you lot want? (informal) ʤɤ㤬ǧ롥
Ťֳơפθˤ衤ֽġ췲פθˤ衤a lot of [noun] ηѤ뤳Ȥ¿äȤϼǤ롥ޤlot ˡä˷Τΰ̣͡ʷƻ줬ź졤an interesting lot of people a lazy lot (of people) Τ褦ɽƤ1800ǯˤϡa great lot of a large lot of ʤɿ̤礭ɽ魯ƻ줬Ĥ졤餯줬Ȥʤäơ19ˤϷƻʤ a lot of 뤤 lots of ñΤǡ¿Ρ¿̤Ρפɽ魯ˡȯãߡ¿Ρפΰ̣Ƕˤܶ a lot of ϡ̤ꡤʤ꿷ɽǤ롥
a lot of [noun] lots of [noun] μϡ衤Ūˤ lot(s) ΤϤˤΰפȽǤˡ [noun] ȤȤ館Ƥ褦ߤǤϡa lot of lots of many much Ʊͤ˸ (determiner) 뤤Ͽ̻ (quantifier) ȲᤵƤ (Quirk et al. 264) ΤȤϡȤ alot of ֤줿ꡤa ά lot of ʤɤɽ뤳ȤǧǤ롥
Ʊ褦ˡʬɽ魯 of ޤ礬ȤƺʬϤ졤ʸˡ (grammaticalisation) ƤȤơa number of a majority of ʤɤ롥a [noun_1] of [noun_2] ηɽˤơ [noun_1] [noun_2] ؤȰܹԤѲ̤ƤƤ뤳Ȥ狼 (Denison 121)
嵭 lot ΰ̣ѲˤĤƤϡRoom (169) ⻲Ȥ줿
Quirk, Randolph, Sidney Greenbaum, Geoffrey Leech, and Jan Svartvik. A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language. London: Longman, 1985.
Denison, David. "Syntax." The Cambridge History of the English Language. Vol. 4. Ed. Suzanne Romaine. Cambridge: CUP, 1998.
Room, Adrian, ed. NTC's Dictionary of Changes in Meanings. Lincolnwood: NTC, 1991.
Ѹ괧 a(n) ȴ the ϡŪˤϤ줾űѸο (OE ān) ȷ (OE se) ȯãΤǤ롥ߤǤϲĻ̾ñǤϤ줫ղäɬܤȤʤäƤꡤʳ̾ʣǤꡦʸˡƥɸΤȤƾ¤פôäƤ뤬űѸѸǤϤޤǤդǤˤʤäѸʹߡ줬ɬܤʸˡܤȤʤäƤäʤʤʸˡ (grammaticalisation) ƤäˤʸˡΩ줫ߤȡʸˡϿ DP (Determiner Phrase) ȤǽƤȯȤª뤳ȤǤ롥ݺ (16) Ȥơ괧괧ι¤Ѳĥɽȼ̤Ȥʤ롥

an ˤƤ þe ˤƤ⡤űѸǤϡ̾ˤзƻȤǤդźơ礭 NP (Noun Phrase) äѸˤʤäΤ NP ǤϤʤ DP ȤǽƤι¤ȤƺƲᤵ褦ˤʤäDP ȯȸƤ֤ȤǤ롥ι¤ DP ȲᤵȤȤϡޤ a the μȤʤꡤ̾ʤΤȤꡦξʸˡǽȯãȤ̣롥NP Τ褦˸Ūʰ̣ͭƤ顤DP Τ褦ʸˡǽôǽƤغƲᤵ줿Ȥǡι¤Ѳʸˡΰȸ뤳ȤǤ롥
ѸˤˤƵǽƤȯȤǤѲ¿ꡤݺǤϼΤ褦ʹܤǽ DP, CP, IP ؤκʬϤη̤ȤƼ갷äƤ롥
ι¤Ѳ
괧졤괧
there ι¤Ѳ
ͭɸ -'s ι¤Ѳ
³ι¤Ѳ
now, when, while, after, that
ط̾ι¤Ѳ
that, who
Ƶ̾ι¤Ѳ
ư DO ι¤Ѳ
ˡưι¤Ѳ
may, can ,will
to ι¤Ѳ
ɸ to, be going to, have to
ʹԹʸι¤Ѳ
λʸι¤Ѳ
ưʸΤι¤Ѳ
it ʸι¤Ѳ
Ϣ BE ʸit դ;ιʸ
ݺ ƻͺʸˡѸ١ҡ2014ǯ
then Ӥ³졦ֻ than 츻ŪƱǤ뤳ȤϡޤΤƤʤߤΤ褦˷־ζ̤ΤˤʤäΤϡճȿ1700ǯǤ롥
ξεȤƤϡޥĸλؼ̾촴 *þa- åʷꤵƤ롥Ȥȡthat the ȤƱΰۤʤˤʤȤˤʤ롥åʷ "from that; after that" ۤɤ̣λؼ̾ŪˡȯŸ³Ūˡȹͤ롥ĤޤꡤJohn is more skilful; then (=after that) his brother John is more skilful than his brother. ǡǤ롥Ӥ³ȤƤˡϡťեꥸ졤ť졤ŹϥɥĸǤǧƤꡤŪޥĸʳȯãƤ褦
OED ˤȡ̤⤢롥űѸλ³ þonne "when" ͳ褹ȤǡWhen his brother is skilful, John is more (so). Ȥ칽¤äˤʤäƤȤΤǤ롥ƥ then ɽ魯 quam ˡٻƤ롥
ߤǤ⡤then than ϼ夤ȯǤ϶̤ʤʤΤǡֻκƱ䤨ʤ (Common Errors in English Usage HP )
[2012-01-24-1]ε#1002. this ؼƻȤƤˡפǼ夲 this ˡ˴ؤȤ̤ˡthis ˤĤơ⤦İ㤦䤬Ƥthis ظȤǤ褤ȤǤ롥
this 濴ŪʸȤơܤˤפǤȳΤ˻Ūˤϸߤ̤ؼȹͤΤthat time Ф this time ʤɡthat this ɽˤäƤ⡤that סthis פȤ꤬ưפˤʤäƤ롥
this ؼ뤳Ȥϳ̵ǤϤʤɸ this Sunday ϡñȤǤϡ褿פ̤ؤΤȲ᤹ľννäƤȤʸ̮Ǥϡ̤Ѥ롥this weekend, this summer ʤɤƱͤǤ롥פˡüԤᤤȴƤü this ΤǤꡤθ¤Ǥ this ؼ뤳Ȥ⤢롥Ʊ̤ΰؤǤ⡤this Sunday Τۤ next Sunday ܴȤ뤫顤this ϻּθˤޤơŪʵΥζᤵƤ뤳Ȥ狼롥嵭ǤϡܸΡ֤ס֤νס֤βơפޤäƱȤǤ롥
ơѤ λؼ֤̾Ρפ this ϡθ deixis ηϤˤƤ⡤ŪŪˡꤷƤ롥 this б that ϡ[2009-09-30-1]ε#156. űѸ se ʻϲפǿ줿褦ˡűѸ se ʬǤꡤ֤ȵǽˤϤʣƱͤˡܸǤ⡤ΥФΥΥʤ뤤ϥˤΰ֤ŤϰꤷƤʤɻˤϥۤȤڤʤȤ顤ȥ2äȤ⤢뤷˸ؼʻؤˡȯãΤšܳŪˤäȤ顤˥ꤷʤ⤢ʹ⻳ڡpp. 151--52ˡդäСեλؼ̾ deixis η (Ƕ̤Τʤ ce Τߡˤ⡤ƥǤŪȯŸƤΤǤ롥Ƹ deixis ŪȯŸоŪ˸椹Τ⤪⤷
⻳ ԡ ԡإɥ֥åܸʸˡˡ١ҤĤ˼2010ǯ
[2009-09-30-1]εǿ줿 se Ȥ̤ηλؼ̾ þēs "this" ζɽǤ롥

Ѹ this ϡɽñʤη֤ĤäΤǤ롥ޤɽʣʤ þās ϡѸ those η֤˱ƶͿǤϡѸ these εϡѸ that εϡդϡ¤˿ʣˤǤΤǡơ
[2009-09-28-1]ǡѸ괧 the бΤȤƸűѸ se ζɽǤΤȤνߤǡse Ϥʤ definite article 괧פǤϤʤ determiner סʡפȤ˸ƤФΤȤ䤬äǤϡűѸ se ϸѸ the ȵǽˡۤʤ뤫ȽҤ٤ʬƬΤʤǤƤʤäΤǡ餿Ĵ٤Ƥߤ
ѸǤ Ȥϡ̾齤Τ괧 ( definite article )괧 ( indefinite article )ͭ̾ ( possessive pronoun )ؼ̾ ( demonstrative pronoun ) ο̻ ( quantifier ) ؤŪˤϡthe, a, my, this, all ʤɤޤࡥäơʸˡǤϡthe ϡָפȤβ̶ʬǤִפΤ˲̶ʬǤ괧פǤȤ֤Ťˤʤ롥ΰ̣Ǥϡthe ̣Ǥ̾ꤹָפΰǤ뤳Ȥϴְ㤤ʤ
űѸǤϡ̾ɸ괧פεǽϸѸۤΤˤϳΩƤʤä괧ȤƳΩ뤳Ȥˤʤ se Ȥ¸ߤƤꡤ衤ѸǤ "that" ˶ᤤֻؼ̾פȤƵǽƤֻؼ̾פȤƤˡ¾ˡʳǤϳΩƤʤäȤϤΤΡ괧פˡ˨Τ˸ΤǡޤȤȡse ˤϡֻؼ̾괧פεǽĤޤ"that""the"פεǽäȤˤʤ롥դ٤ϡűѸˤ se "that" Ȥ̷λؼ̾ þēs "this" Ū¸ߤȤǤ롥
ơ se ȸƤ֤٤Ȥ꤬롥괧פȸƤФʤΤϡεǽΩƤʤȤ˲äΡֻؼ̾פȤƤˡ̵뤵ƤޤǤ롥εǽŻ뤷ֻؼ̾פȤƤse ηΤۤ þēs η⤢ΤǶ̤ռ뤹ɬפ롥äơþēs-type λؼ̾פȶ̤ơse-type λؼ̾פȸƤ֤ΤäȤΤʤΤ⤷ʤ
εǡse ַסʡˤȸƤΤϡȤ٥ĤФ褤ΤȽȤʤäˡŪʥ٥ȤäƤޤäȤȤˤʤ롥ؤƶŪˡָפȸ٤ȤŪˡưʪפȸä褦ʤΤְ㤤ǤϤʤäŬڤѸѤ٤ä
Ѹ the ָפǤʤСűѸ se ָפǤ롥Ŭڤˤϡthe ϡָפΤʤǤäˡ괧פǤȸ٤Ǥꡤse ϡָפΤʤǤäˡse-type λؼ̾פǤȸ٤ä嵭λ̵Фä椨Ρɽäȿʡ
ĤθǤʣεǽäƤꤹȡ͡ߥThis is a beautiful life this ϡֻؼ̾פȥ٥Ť뤬This life is beautiful ξˤϡֻؼפȤǤƤ֤٤ǽ̤ʸˡȤˤäƤ⤳εǽθƤϤޤޤʸˡѸΥ͡ߥϰǤϤʤ
Ѹ괧 the εǤűѸ se ϡ괧 ( definite article ) ǤϤʤַ ( determiner ) ȸƤФΤ̤Ǥ롥ϡǽˡѸ the Ȥ˰ۤʤäƤǤ롥
Ѹ괧Τ褦֤̾ ( definiteness ) ɸȤˡϳΤˤäΤ褦˵̳Ū˲ݤʸˡǤϤʤäޤ̾Ȥʤ鷺ñȤ he, she, it, they ʤɿ;̾ˡ⤢äˡط̾ȤƤѤ뤳ȤäűѸηϡѸ괧 the ϰϤäȹäΤǤ롥
Ūˤ⡤űѸ se ϸѸ the 礭ۤʤäƤѸ the ϤĤɤǻȤäƤ the Ȥ֤ѤʤűѸ se ʤˤäƷ㤷ޤΤǤ롥ɥĸؤǤͤϡɽӤ줿ƱޥϤˡ٤Ƥߤȡ褯Ƥ롥


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