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űѸϡűѸɲΤνԸȤͭѤǤ롥Ѹζ (The Authorized Version) 丽ѸǤϤܸޤढȤؤФƤꡤӡȤǤ뤫
ʲ Matthew 7: 24--27 Ρִξ˲ȤƤäˤĤơűѸǥƥȤ MS Corpus Christi College Cambridge 140 꼨 (Mitchell 60) 碌ơбѸƥȤѤ롥
Ǣlċ þāra þe ðās mīne word ġehȳrþ and þā wyrcþ byþ ġelīċ þǣm wīsan were se hys hūs ofer stān ġetimbrode.
Þā cōm þǣr reġen and myċel flōd and þǣr blēowon windas and āhruron on þæt hūs and hyt nā ne fēoll sōþlīċe hit wæs ofer stān ġetimbrod.
And ǣlċ þāra þe ġehȳrþ ðās mīne word and þā ne wyrcþ sē byþ ġelīċ þǣm dysigan menn þe ġetimbrode hys hūs ofer sand-ċeosel.
Þā rīnde hit and þǣr cōmon flōd and blēowon windas and āhruron on þæt hūs and þæt hūs fēoll and hys hryre wæs miċel
Therefore whosoever heareth these sayings of mine, and doeth them, I will liken him unto a wise man, which built his house upon a rock:
And the rain descended, and the floods came, and the winds blew, and beat upon that house; and it fell not: for it was founded upon a rock.
And every one that heareth these sayings of mine, and doeth them not, shall be likened unto a foolish man, which built his house upon the sand:
And the rain descended, and the floods came, and the winds blew, and beat upon that house; and it fell: and great was the fall of it.
˴ؤűѸƥȤˤĤƤϡ#1803. Lord's Prayer ([2014-04-04-1])#1870. 2:18--25 7ɤ١ ([2014-06-10-1]) ⻲Ȥ줿
ʸ嵭2022/05/03(Tue)Voicy ֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio)פˤơ1űѸȯɤ߾夲ƤޤΤǤȤָűѸäȤɡޥִξ˲ȤƤäǤ
Mitchell, Bruce. An Invitation to Old English and Anglo-Saxon England. Blackwell: Malden, MA, 1995.
Anglo-Saxon Chronicle ϡեå粦̿ˤ890ǯԻϤ줿ǯ嵭Ǥ롥űѸǽƤꡤ9ܤ¸Ƥ롥ǤĹ³Τ̾ Peterborough Chronicle ȸƤФΤǡ1154ǯޤǤεϿĤäƤ롥ʲȴϡWorcester Chronicle ȸƤФС793ǯεϿǤCrystal 19 긽Ѹ碌ưѡˡǯ饤ɤ˽פϤǯˡΡ֥ꥢΥǥեäɿͤζͤŪ˵Ƥ롥Ǹ˸ڤƤ Sicga ʤʪϡ788ǯ˥Ρ֥ꥢ Ǣlfwald ̾⤤²Ǥ롥
Ann. dccxciii. Her ƿæron reðe forebecna cumene ofer noðhymbra land . 7 þæt folc earmlic breȝdon þæt ƿæron ormete þodenas 7 liȜrescas . 7 fyrenne dracan ƿæron ȝeseƿene on þam lifte fleoȝende. þam tacnum sona fyliȝde mycel hunȝer . 7 litel æfter þam þæs ilcan ȝeares . on . vi. id. ianr . earmlice hæþenra manna herȝunc adileȝode ȝodes cyrican in lindisfarna ee . þurh hreaflac 7 mansliht . 7 Sicȝa forðferde . on . viii . kl. martius.
Year 793. Here were dreadful forewarnings come over the land of Northumbria, and woefully terrified the people: these were amazing sheets of lightning and whirlwinds, and fiery dragons were seen flying in the sky. A great famine soon followed these signs, and shortly after in the same year, on the sixth day before the ides of January, the woeful inroads of heathen men destroyed god's church in Lindisfarne island by fierce robbery and slaughter. And Sicga died on the eighth day before the calends of March.
˾塤793ǯλϡɤˤܳŪʥογϤ𤲤ŪʽǤ롥
Crystal, David. Evolving English: One Language, Many Voices. London: The British Library, 2010.
Beowulf ϡűѸǽ줿ǤĹ3182ԡˤǤꡤ夫鸽¸ǤפʸغʤǤ롥ǥʥαͺ Beowulf ϥǥޡDzʪ Grendel ³Ƥ⻦Beowulf ϸ˥ǥ Geat ²βȤʤ뤬ǯϷƤε襤ह롥
νϡűѸ scop ȸƤФ줿ͷͤˤꡤϡפαդȤȤ˶㤸줿Ȥ롥¸ͣμܡ1731ǯβл»Ƥˤ1000ǯΤΤǤꡤ2ͤμ̻μˤʤ롥ԤԾܤǤꡤ줿ˤĤƤΤʤȤʬäƤʤ8ΩȤ⤢С11Ȥ⤢롥
Ƭ11Ԥ Crystal (18) ꡤѸդǰʲ˺Ƹ褦
1 HǷÆT ǷE GARDEna in ȝeardaȝum . Lo! we spear-Danes in days of old 2 þeodcyninȝa þrym ȝefrunon heard the glory of the tribal kings, 3 hu ða æþelinȝas ellen fremedon . how the princes did courageous deeds. 4 oft scyld scefing sceaþena þreatum Often Scyld Scefing from bands of enemies 5 monegū mæȝþum meodo setla ofteah from many tribes took away mead-benches, 6 eȝsode eorl[as] syððan ærest ƿearð terrified earl[s], since first he was 7 feasceaft funden he þæs frofre ȝebad found destitute. He met with comfort for that, 8 ƿeox under ƿolcum, ƿeorðmyndum þah, grew under the heavens, throve in honours 9 oðþ[æt] him æȝhƿylc þara ymbsittendra until each of the neighbours to him 10 ofer hronrade hyran scolde over the whale-road had to obey him, 11 ȝomban ȝyldan þ[æt] ƿæs ȝod cyninȝ. pay him tribute. That was a good king!
Ƭʬޤܲ (Cotton MS Vitellius A XV, fol. 132r) ϡǤ롥¾ʲΥȤ⻲ȡ
Cotton MS Vitellius A XV, Augustine of Hippo, Soliloquia; Marvels of the East; Beowulf; Judith, etc.: ܲǽ
Beowulf: BL ˤʪȼܤβ⡥
Beowulf Readings: űѸ츶ʸȡɤ߾夲פؤΥꡥ
Beowulf Translation: Ѹ
Diacritically-Marked Text of Beowulf facing a New Translation (with explanatory notes): űѸ츶ʸȸѸΥѥƥȡ
Crystal, David. Evolving English: One Language, Many Voices. London: The British Library, 2010.
ε#2891. ե bleu ФƱѸ blue ʤΤϤʤ ([2017-03-27-1]) ȴϢơƱǼĤμȤƵ줿 orange ֻˤĤƹͤƤߤ
ޤϡθθ츻ɤäƤߤ褦θϤǤꡤθ⤽ϰ˵ĤΤʤƥɥʥߡ nāramˤϤȤƥåȸ졤ڥ륷졤ӥФơ衼åѤؤΥꥢ naranza, naranz, narans ʤɤηäƤɥ줫饤ꥢ˻ޤǡӤƸƬ n Ȥդ줿衼åѤäƴ֤ʤꥢ졤ݥȥ졤եʤɤǤϸƬ n æ⸽줿㤨СAnglo-Norman Ǥϡ1200ǯ pume orenge ȸƤ롥1400ǯ˥եѼ狼Ѹ˼Ѥ줿Ȥθ⡤orenge ʤɤǤä
Ƭ n üͳˤĤƤϡ̾ꥢեˤơ֤줿괧Ȥδ֤Ǥΰʬ (metanalysis) Ȥ (cf. Sp naranja) ѸˤС a norange äΤ an orange ʬϤƤޤäȤȤʡ#4. ǶܤǤѸñȯڤƤ롩 ([2009-05-03-1]) ȡˡΩĥӥʳǤ⡤Ȥ n æƤä褦Ǥ롥
ơäʤΤ첻ʻˤǤ롥ŪˤѰۤѲƬ첻ʻˤˤĤƤϡѸեǤϤ褽 o ǸꤷƤꥢʳޤǤ a ήǤ롥OED ˤСo ؤѲϡ̾ȤƤ Orange Ȥ䡤뤤ϡֲפ̣ե or ȤηդʤʤֲβʪסˤŦƤ뤬ºݤΤȤϤɤʤΤʬʤ
2첻ʻˤˤĤƤϡ˺٤ȤƤ롥OED ˤСѸ줫Ѹˤơʲμֻǧ롥
horonge, oronge, orynge, orenge, orange, oreche, orenche, orrange, orrendge, orryge, orrynge, urring, orendge, oringe, orrenge, orringe, aurange, oreng, aurange, oireange, orang, oranȝe, oranje, oreinȝe, oreng, orenge, orenȝe, orenȝie, orenze, oreynȝe, oreynze, organege, oriange, orienge, orinche, oring, oringe, orinye, orrange, orrenge, orriange, orange
a, e, i, o, y, ea, ey, ia, ie, ʤɲǤ⤢ȤǤ롥Ҳ֤ޤơȤˤ¿ֻͤäȤʬֻɸಽη̡ǽŪ orange Ф줿櫓¾¿ñɸֻƱͤˡʤȤ櫓ֻ뤳ȤˤʤäΤŪ뤳Ȥ
ȯˤĤƤϡLongman Pronunciation Dictionary ˤȡ奤ꥹѸǤ /ˈɒrɪnʤ/ ̤奢ꥫѸǤ /ˈɔːrɪnʤ/ 8䡤/ˈɑːrɪnʤ/ 2Ȥֻˤȯˤ衤ŪˤɤޤˤñΤ褦
Ǹˡθ2첻ȤƤ a Ѥ줿櫓̤Ȥ <a> = /ɪ/ ȤŪޤʥޥå뤳ȤˤʤäȤˤƤdamage, vintage, Israel ʤɤϤˡ
317դηǼĤǡե bleu ȤֻФơѸǤ blue ȤʤäƤΤϤʤȤ䤬줿e u žɤΤ褦˵äȤǤ롥
ˤϾ䤳Ūаޤ롥ťե bleu ѸˤֻDZѸ˼Ѥ졤2ΰ֤ؤ blue ȤʤäȤľŪǺѤΤǤϤʤ褦ʲȯֻʬˤɤäƤߤ褦
ޤȯ顥첻ѸǤȯ [iʊ] ˶ᤫäꤵ뤬줬Ѹˤƶܤˤ徺2첻 [juː] Ȥʤꡤ˸ˤ yod-dropping [uː] Ȥʤäʡ#1727. /ju:/ ε ([2014-01-18-1])#841. yod-dropping ([2011-08-16-1])#1562. Χߤ yod-dropping ([2013-08-06-1]) ȡˡ
ˡ䤳ֻλˤĤơޤθѸǤϡʤѸΥեǤֻˤʤä bleu ֤ƤºݤΤȤ<blew>, <blewe> ʤɤΰֻȤƸƤ뤳Ȥ¿äMED bleu (adj.) ȡϢơ#2227. ʤ <u> ǽñ줬ʤΤ ([2015-06-02-1]) ⻲ȡˡˡŪ blue ȤֻȤƸ뤳ȤϡѸϤȤ17ޤǵäJespersen (101) ˾Ƥ롥
In blue /iu/ is from F eu; in ME generally spelt bleu or blew; the spelling blue is "hardly known in 16th--17th c.; it became common under French influence (?) only after 1700" (NED)
Ѥˤ⤢̤ꡤѸǤ bleu ¤ blew ֻ⤴Ūäºݡ[iʊ] ȯФƤϡեѸΤߤʤ餺ǤäƤ⡤<ew> ֤뤳Ȥ¿ä㤨 vertew (< OF vertu), clew (< OE cleowen), trew (< OE trēowe), Tewisday (< OE Tīwesdæȝ) ΤȤǤ롥
ѸˤơƱ [iʊ] ȯФ <ue> Ȥ饤ХֻƤֻΤϥեƥͳ褹ΤääϤФȡ츻ˤ餺¿ñŬѤ褦ˤʤäĤޤꡤƱ [iʊ] ФơŤƱѸ餷 <ew> ȡ꿷ƥե̣ <ue> 礹褦ˤʤäΤǤ롥η̡ѸǤ argue/argew, dew/due, screw/skrue, sue/sew, virtue/virtew ʤɤɤ줬¿줿ʳƥڥˤԤɸŪֻˡơblue/blew ⤽Τ褦ɤڥ1ĤäΤǤ롥
Τ褦ɤ줬ˤDzäΤñˤäưۤʤäƤꡤ褽ŪǤȤ褦ʤѸ <ew> Mulcaster Τ褦Ԥ⤤줬̤ŬѤ뵬§ȤȯŸ뤳ȤϤʤäΤǤ롥ˡˤ blew ǤϤʤ blue Ǥ뤳ȡeschue ǤϤʤ eschew Ǥ뤳Ȥϡ줤뤳ȤϤǤʤ
ơȤȤεäƤߤ褦ռȤƤϡΥեȱѸ٤¤ꡤ<eu> <ue> ʸž褦˸Ūˤϡ<eu> ʸҤä֤ä <ue> Ȥʤä櫓ǤϤʤ<eu> ȴϢƤȤϻפ뤬ѸȼȯãȤߤʤ٤ѸŪ <ew> ȡѸˤϤФƤ <ue> ȤΩblue Ȥñ˴ؤ¤ꡤޤԤDzäɸಽƸ˻롤ȤȤǤ롥
ʾ塤Upward and Davidson (61--62, 113, 161, 163, 166) Ȥ
Jespersen, Otto. A Modern English Grammar on Historical Principles. Part 1. Sounds and Spellings. 1954. London: Routledge, 2007.
Upward, Christopher and George Davidson. The History of English Spelling. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell, 2011.
3ܤȤʤꡤ´ȼȿǯٽΥǤ롥3ؤѸ March ϡƥƱؤ Mārtius mēnsisĤޤ֥ޥ륹ηפκǽθ֥ޥ륹סʥƥñ Mārsˤͳ褹롥ޥ륹ϥޤ륹Ǥ⤢ꡤǤ⤢ꡤ̡ܤοǤ⤢롥3ߤꡤ۵ȤʤϤᡤưƳ٤Ǥꡤ̤γϤλǤ⤢, pp. 345--46ˡǤϡ1ǯϽʬϤޤäᡤMārtius mēnsis 1ǯκǽηä
ѸؤϡѸ˥ե̤Ƥθ줬ꡤmarch(e) ʤɤ֤줿MED march(e (n.(1)) ȡˡͤϤηΤȤ hrēþ-mōnaþ ȸƤǤ1Ǥΰ̣ԾܤǤ롥
ơʡƻԤ1ͤ̾Ǥ Mark ϡƥǤ Mārcus Ȥʤ뤬ϼѸΥꥷ *Mārt-cos ṳ̂줿֤ͳ褹Τȹͤ졤Ūˤϡ֥ޥ륹פ̤Ȥ롥
ʤߤˡ椬α3εΡסʤ褤ˤˤĤƤϡ֤䤪ҡפѲΤȤ롥ڤ褤դդǤ롥ޤѤƤ뻨1ġʬפϡᵨʬפΰդǡΩդäƿǯޤȤιͤˤʤäƤ롥
ܤǤ⥤ꥹǤ⡤ǯλϤޤ꤬32ʤɤλ˰֤ŤƤȤΤϡɬǤϤʤ˾λϡ4ˬƤΤ
رѸθ츻ŵ١罤۽Ź1990ǯ
3National Geographic ǡ֥ХƼԤǴꤹýȤǤ롥ϿȤơ (Vikings) פȹưϰϤϿޤդƤˤϡָŤ8˥֥ƥӤ餷äϿĤХ11ޤǤˤϡȾιϰϤǽסõԤ褦ˤʤäפȤ롥 * *
бȤեȥǽǡߤ⥷ȥɽݡɤǹԤʤƤˤˤʤפͻҤ䡤ȶʤɤΰʪʸʪۤ˽¢ͭ̾ Viking shipǥʯΥ롼ʸʤɤ뤳ȤǤ롥ѸˤǸťΥɸαƶʤɤҲ𤹤ݤΤΥӥ奢ȤƽǤ롥
ΰưθưϤϲäΤȤ˾䤤ˤ͡ʲꤦ롥#2854. 3000ǯʹߤδ䲽̱²ư ([2017-02-18-1]) Ǿ줿褦ˡưȤδط⡤ư1װȹͤ뤫⤷ʤ֥ХƼԤǴפεǵƤװȤƤϡʲΤ褦ʤΤ (46--47)
536ǯФȡη̤ȤƤ˵뵲ʥǥʥ̸̤¤Ǥ뤳Ȥա
줿ϤäƤΡͦԤ乶ħŤ줿ŪҲη
7Ѥ¤ѤȯŸ
ȿȤμ㤤ΤȤܤ
ʤ6ȾФҳη̤Ȥơݵ̲á֥饰ʥפޤ줿Ȥ롥ϡ¤ꡤǽ褬ơ٤Ƥοʹ֡ʪ䤨εǻϤޤäǤ롥Τ褦ʰŤΤʤǰޤ줿8ȾФ˳ظäȯȹͤ뤳ȤǤΤǤϤʤ
Υ֥ƥؤοˤĤƤϡ#1611. 깾ⳤ糤ء ([2013-09-24-1]) εȡ
ε ([2017-03-23-1]) ǡѸϢָܴѸѸˤλͤ3ε֤ʤѸ첻ɽΤʤΤҲ𤷤εɤˤäơʸˤ䥢ե٥åȻˤˤե˥ʸνƤȡꤪ⤷ʤȻפΤǡƤ
ե˥ʸϡ켫Ȥ2ǯȾ̤륷ʥʸ丶ʥʸʤɤȯŸʸηϤǤꡤ1000ǯ˻ȤƤҲʸηϤǤ롥Υե˥ʸ顤ߤޤǹѤƤ¿¿ͤʥե٥åʸηϤȤǡޤ˥ե٥åȤȤˤդ路ʰʲʸʪ (8--9) Υ饤ΰǺܡˡ
* *
ե˥ʸαƶƼʸηϤϡŪˤϥ桼饷Φ˵ڤǤꡤ쥢δʸηϤ̤ȤСʤȤ⤳2ǯ֡ϵǺǤƶϤΤʸ롼פƤȤ롥
䤿ѸΤѤƤ륢ե٥åȤϡ֥ޥե٥åȡפ뤤ϡ֥ƥʸסΤˤϡѼȤ٤ˤ줬ʸηϤȤƤäƤܼŪħ¿ϡե˥ʸΤäƤħͳ褹ȤäƤ褤äơѸʸֻˤĤƿͻƤȡݱʤ˥ե˥ʸ䤽ˤޤ̤륢ե٥åȤˤȤʤ
ե˥ͤȤʸ˴ؤƤϡΤۤʲε⻲Ȥ줿
#2105. Ѹ쥢ե٥åȤ ([2015-01-31-1])
#2417. ʸݼƿ ([2015-12-09-1])
#2482. (3) ([2016-02-12-1])
奪ꥨʪۡԡˡʸʪ졡桼饷ʸΤٸ奪ꥨʪۡ2016ǯ
321դǡѸϢָܴѸѸˤλͤ3ε֤ʤѸ첻ɽΤʤΤޤϡرѸΡ֤ʤפ롡ϤƤαѸˡ2ϡȯֻ˴ؤѤʵפǼ夲ȴϢơäˡ첻ɽλפܤ겼ƹͤƤޤѸ첻ʲˤ첻ֻˤδطʣǤ뤳Ȥ˴ؤơʸˤδƤޤطʤˤϡ¤3ǯͥĶʪ줬Ȥسλ¤̣äƤ館ФȻפޤ
ʲˡ3εȴϢܥ֥ؤΥĥäƤޤ碌ƤȤ
#503. Ѹֻϵ§ŪԵ§Ū ([2010-09-12-1])
#1024. ѸֻԵ§줳 ([2012-02-15-1])
#2405. ֻȯЪΥ --- ѸֻԵ§μŪװ ([2015-11-27-1])
#1021. ѸܸβǤμȿ ([2012-02-12-1])
#2515. 첻Ǥ첻ʸǤбɽ ([2016-03-16-1])
#1826. 첻ĹûľܼȤǤʤ ([2014-04-27-1])
#2092. ե٥åȤ첻ľɽ魯Τ ([2015-01-18-1])
#1837. ȥꥷʸλκۡ ([2014-05-08-1])
#423. ե٥åȤˡ ([2010-06-24-1])
#1849. ե٥åȤηޡ ([2014-05-20-1])
ε[2017-03-21-1]³ơ줿ɸμˤĤơѸξñ˸ϸűѸǤϤɤäΤָ褦
űѸˤ礭3ʺʬ4ˤδط̾줬ä켣 (248--49) ޤȤȡ̤Ǥ롥
(1) ̵Ѳ þe
(2) se žѡse ϴطγʤ˶ޤʡ#154. űѸη se ζޡ ([2009-09-28-1]) ȡˡ
(3) 嵭2ĤȤ߹碌ʣط se þese (3a) طγʤ˶ޤȡ(3b) ԻƱʤ˶ޤ礬롥
ơδطֻ̾ۤΰ֤ϡ嵭δط̾μ˱ưۤʤ뤳ȤΤƤ롥켣 (249) μݤȡ(1) (3b) ˤĤƤϡֻϴط˻α뤬(2) (3a) ˤĤƤֻϴطľ֤롥(2) ζ1ĤǤ þæt ʸ衤ñʡгʤζˤѤˤϡֻϴط˻α뤳Ȥ¿ȤĤޤꡤűѸꡤɸιʸƤȤȤǤ롥
ͳ꤫ǤϤʤ1ˤʤ þæt űѸνޤǤˡԻ̵طѤ̵ѲδطȤʤäƤȤͿƤΤǤϤʤʤħϸޤǰѤƤˡط þæt ̵ѲǤ뤳Ȥȡֻ줬Ū˲餫ͭɸʳʷ᤹ȤȤ褯ʤˡʤȤܤ뤳Ȥ˾ޤʤȴ줿Τ⤷ʤ
ֻ þætפ⳧̵Ȥ櫓ǤϤʤʲ˵2ĤʸΤ1ܤϤΤ褦Ǥʱ켣p. 249ˡ
. . . fram ðam godcundum worde, ðurh þæt ðe ealle þing sind geworhte. (= from the divine word, through which all things are made) (c1000 Ælfric CHom II. 364. 14--15)
he forgiet ðæt grin ðæt he mid awierged wirð; (= he forgets the snare that he is accursed with) (c897 CP 331. 18--19)
켣 رѸˡ١ҡ2000ǯ
313դηǼĤǡɸμǼĤǤϡϡɤȤƤƱֻ³ thatפin that . . . except that . . . ʤɤƹϤߤʤȤȴϢƤΤȤݤΥȤդƤֻܴط̾ thatפȡֻ³ thatפϡɤƱǤϤ뤬칽¤ޤäۤʤΤǡ̤Ϥޤä̤θݤȤȤ館٤ȹͤƤ롥ֻ³ thatפˤĤƤϡ#2314. °³ȤƤ that ([2015-08-28-1]) Ȥ줿
ơΡֻܴط̾ thatסʤ pied-piping ƳפȸƤФ츽ݡˤƤʤˤĤƤϡѸŪˤϤɤΤ褦˹ͤФ褤Τ
ȤƤϡ¤ϡűѸ줫餢롥äȤϳΤǤꡤŪˤϴƤʸǤȤäƤ褤줬ˤΤʤǴΩäˤʤꡤѸǤԻѤˤĤʤäƤ롥
Mustanoja (196--97) ϡѸδط̾ that which λȤʬˤĤƤսǡԤλѤˤĤƼΤ褦ħŦƤ롥
Which, on the other hand, is preferred in connection with prepositions (this folk of which I telle you soo, RRose 743), and also when the antecedent is a clause or a whole sentence.
ͳȤǼΤ褦ˤҤ٤Ƥ롥
Evidently because of the somewhat clumsy arrangement of the preposition in that-clauses. Prepositions occurring in connection with that are placed immediately before the verb (þet ilke uniseli gile þet ich of seide, Ancr. 30; the place that I of spake, Ch. PF 296), particularly in early ME. Less frequently in early ME, but commonly in late ME, the preposition is placed at the end of the clause (preciouse stanes þat he myght by a kingdom with, RRolle EWr. 112).
顤ֻܴط̾ thatפι¤ط̾ that 夷ƤѸˤϤǤƤ餷Ȥ뤬ʤʤΤȤϻĤ롥طཾṽ¤˸¤餺̾μṽ¤ˤƤ⡤ĤƤֻ줬ɬŪ֤Ȥϸ¤ʤäȤͤȡֻȴطȤϡŪֻΰ֤˴ؤȤƤȤ館ɬפΤ⤷ʤ
Mustanoja, T. F. A Middle English Syntax. Helsinki: Société Néophilologique, 1960.
ε[2017-03-19-1]³ơ314˻ä HiSoPra* ꡥƤּҲȾ̤ΥƥȤˤȲ뤫˼Ҳء˸θߤ̤פǡ10ʬ٤ȯεѨۤʤ䤬Ǥ֥ơפϡ21˼ҲؤϡŤ餢˿ʾͿѲޤ˸ؤν˳赤⤿餹ΤǤפȤΡä˻ʤǤθƬȯɽäΤǡʲ˺ϿŪƤγפĤƤ
ơûȡָŤФ뿷ץפǤ롥ϤʤȤʹե졼⤷ʤ˼Ҳء˸ˤĤơ䤬ͤƤ뤳ȤüŪɽȡ˹Ԥ夯ä˱ѸˤʬǤϡHiSoPra ŪʸϢʤ³ƤƤꡤθѤƤƤ롥ܸˤΩ줫顤⤦1ͤƤԤǤڻ֤ȤäˤäƤפȽҤ٤̤ꡤѸˤǤ֤ȤäˤäƤפΤǤ롥˼Ҳءפ˸פȤ٥뤬ŽƤʤäǤ롥ϡ֤٥פʤΤ֤ɥ٥פʤΤǤ롥ºݤΤȤϡ֤פġ֤ɡפβȻפäƤ뤬Ƥˡ̤פäƤ뤳Ȥ⤢ꡤʬȤƤΥ٥ŽϽפȤǵ֤ȤäˤäƤפȡʤ¸θ̾ȾͿ뤳ȤˤäơʸФޤ졤ޤǸʤäդȤδϢ褦ˤʤꡤפʤȿƤǽ롥
18ζؤˤϡŪ vs ˻ס濴ΰ vs ΰפ2ĤΩǤߤȡ줤Ǥ롥ʲΥޥȥåɽ蘆褦ˡ1920Ⱦˤơؤμ礿ؿ I II III νѲƤơ21˻Ĥ줿ΤIVơʤΥơϡǤϤ뤬̤ΤΤΤǤϤʤ¸2ĤιŪסּΰפݤ碌뤳ȤˤäơɬŪޤϤζǤ롥ռŪ2γݤ碌ϡ˾ΤΤǤꡤΰ̣ˤơֿפȤϸʰʲʬåˡ
| 濴ΰʲ֡졤̣ | ΰʼҲѡ | |
|---|---|---|
| Ū | II. Ūʹ¤ʸˡˡ20 | III. Ҳءʤɡ20Ⱦ |
| ˻ | I. Ӹءʸء19 | IV. ˼Ҳء˸ʤ (21 |
314˳ؽؤˤơ˼Ҳء˸θ HiSoPra* (= HIstorical SOciolinguistics and PRAgmatics) 1Ť줿2ĤŪˤϢŤ줿ʬˤΥեǤ롥40̾ۤɤλüԤꡤ2ĤθĿȯɽȡּҲȾ̤ΥƥȤˤȲ뤫˼Ҳء˸θߤ̤פꤹ2֤ˤ錄ƤפץȤޤƤ
ϡƤ5̾λƤԤ1ͤȤȤǻä뵡ʳؽιϤᡤŤȽ˴ؤư̤˴դޤˡƻƤԤʬθߤ̤ˤऱơפͥ˥եΤǵո夬롤ȤݤβǤ롥ʲۤäΤǤϤʤȻפɤ⡤Ǥ碌äˤʤäܲȡ伫ͳոȯӸɷŪʲȤʤä
Ĥεʤ줿(1) 䥹åǷФ줿˼Ҳءפȡ˸פʤطˤꡤơŤΤ(2) 餬äܸˤѸˤʬˤơˡֿʬʤΤ(3) ʾʤȤ̾ȤƤϡ˿γʬϡɤΤ褦ʿθ⤿餷ƤȸޤΤȤäȤ礿ä
Ƥ̤ơ嵭Τ褦ʵؤΡפɬ餫ˤʤä櫓ǤϤʤʬ˴ˤطƤ븦Խδ֤͡ʸꡤθդФŪȿǤƤΤȤȤΤ뤳ȤǤǤ⡤礭ʼϤäΤǤϤʤ
ʤȤ⡤֡θäơŪ HiSoPra ݤ͡פʤɤȰɽǤ褦ˤʤΤϤȤƤȻפäƤ롥
ʪˤˤĤơĤˤּȤϲפɤߤΤȤʽ˷Ǻܤ褦ʺǤŪʪϡ֤ιβǼͳ˸ۤǤ뽸ġפǤ롥ϰŪΥˤʪŪﳵǰȤ٤ΤǤꡤΤ˼䤹Ȥ
ˤĤդ٤ϡ¸ŪȤϤʤäƤʤȤ (24) Ҥ٤褦ˡʪŪﳵǰϡҤθ뤫ʤȤäŪ뤤ϻŪǰǤäơ¸Ụ̄礤ʳǰǤסѤСҤθƤߤƽơ줬뤫Ԥ뤫ʬȤ̣ǡ¸Ūˤɤ夤ƤʤȤȤǤ롥Ǥϡﳵǰϡ¸ŪˤǤʤȤСŪʳǰȤΤ (22) ۩
ϲޤʹ֤ǧŪʳǰǤäơ¸ŪʳǰǤҴŪʳǰǤʤΤϥ֥ȥॷȥ塞뤤ϥȥ̤μȤǧΤ뤬κݡ2δ֤¸ŪˤĤǤ櫓ǤϤʤ
ơ (32) ϡּФƸ̩ʤΤϡ郎ʲ뤳Ȥɬη̤ʤΤǤפȷǤ롥
ʪؤؤؤڤؤ褦ȸζ̡뤤ϸζ̤ϡʼҲ˸ؤƤǤꡤΤ褦ʶ̤ΩʤǺѤѸȤѼ (variety) ƤƤѼʪˤʤ館ȡ˴ؤƶ¿Ȥ˵Ť㤨СѼʪƱͤ˵ҴŪ뤳ȤϺǤꡤΰ̣ˤ¸ŪʳǰȤϤޤǿʹ֤ǧŪʳǰǤ롤ȸ롥ޤѼФƸ̩ʤΤϡ줬Ѳ뤳Ȥɬη̤Ǥ롤Ȥ롥
ʪˤۤˤƲΤ뤤ϲˤʤΤϤ뤬ŪϢ³ƤоݤΥŪ˥롼ԥƳơ̾դԤʤĤߤȤơʪζʬȸѼζʬϻ̤äƤ롥ʪѼ⡤Ū¸ŪʬβǽꤹΤǤϤʤޤǧŪʳǰʤΤǤ롥
ɧּȤϲסؿʪؤζʽ١Ĭҡ2001ǯ17--30ǡ
ɸθѲˤĤơ#2475. ̿ˤϤʤưθѤΤ ([2016-02-05-1]) ȡ#2476. Ѹˤˤư̿ˡ³ˡŪǽŪͻ礷 ([2016-02-06-1]) Ǿ줿μ岽üϡȤ櫓űѸѸˤƵäѸ˾Ѳư̿ζˤĤƤϡŪDZƤᤫޤܳŪʵҤʤƤʤ褦˻פ롥ưˤֿΰספɸʤ˴ؤȤ־νĤѸˤ2;ΤΡֿפϤ t/v_distinction Ȥݥ饤ȥͥľ뤹Ǥ⤢뤫顤ʾɵ椹ͤΤơޤʤΤǤϤʤ
ηˤĤơ (162) äƤߤȡΤ褦ˤä
̿ˡñʣ
ñ {-ø} (sing/her (=hear))첻<h> Ǥ -e ⵯ롥ʣܼľˡʣΤȤۤƱʬۤ ({-es, -eth})ɽľ³Ȥ {-e} (helpe ye)15ȾФ {-ø} ʣƤˤʽФ褦ˤʤAncrR ˤǤˤ㤬ˡ
p. 277 ˤϢ뵭Ҥä
̿ˡ϶ܼ (helpes, helpeth) ޤϸ (helpe ye) ˤꤢ蘆롥Ԥϼ줬ʣ뤤ϡŤʸƤӳݤפñξѤ롥ɽȼȤϤƤޤǤ롥ԤñʣξѤ롥
顤Ѹ̿ˡʣϡ(1) ˤĤľˡʣƱʬۤȤȡ(2) Ťñפ2;ΤˤѤ줿ȡ(3) 15Ⱦк饼ޤִ褦ˤʤäƤȤʬ롥ʾξܺ٤ʵҤϤʤ
Ѹ͡ۼܥƥȤʤɤʬۤĴꡤ˻̤äƽѸդʬۤƤߤ뤳ɬפ⤷ʤ
סرѸ II١Ѹ9罤۽Ź1972ǯ
ϤꡤŷΤ伫ѻ夲Ƥä˿ȶʴѻоݤˡĬ롥1ĬδκĬˤȾѲ֤˾ʱ115ˤΤĬˤȤʤꡤ岼ΤǾʾĬˤȤʤ롥
űѸƥȤˤ⡤ĬˤεҤ롥Winchester New Minster νƻĹ Ælfwine ŪʵμܤäƤʸߤǤ London, British Library, Cotton Titus D. xxvi--xxvii Ȥ2ĤμܤʬƤˡμܤԤޤ줿Τϡ1023--31ǯδ֤Ȥ졤ͿƤ2ͤμ̻Τ1ͤ Ælfwine οͤȤ롥μܤˤ78ΥƥȤƤ뤬ȾϿʸʸǤ롥ۤȤɤƥǽƤ뤬10ΥƥȤˤĤƤϸűѸǽƤ롥
űѸǽ줿¯ŪʥƥȤ1Ĥˡַ礱Ĭפ˴ؤΤ롥ʲMarsden (15--16) ǤѤ褦ǯϳؤζʽɤǤ뤫Τ褦
Hēr is sēo endebyrdnes mōnan gonges ond sǣflōdes. On þrēora nihta ealdne mōnan, wanað se sǣflōd oþþæt se mōna bið XI nihta eald oþþe XII. Of XI nihta ealdum mōnan, weaxeð se sǣflōd oþ XVIII nihta ealdum mōnan. Fram XVIII nihta ealdum mōnan, wanaþ se sǣflōd oþ XXVI nihta ealdum mōnan. Of XXVI nihta ealdum mōnan, weaxeð se sǣflōd oþþæt se mōna bið eft ðrēora nihta eald
Marsden, Richard, ed. The Cambridge Old English Reader. Cambridge: CUP, 2004.
ε#2878. comfort m ȯ ([2017-03-14-1]) ˰³ǼĤǴ줿ˤĤơƥƬ com- ϡ³ǤƬ f ξˤϡ̾ con- ѲϤǤϤʤȤǤ롥Τ conference, confident, configuration, confine ۤȤɤΥ con- ȤʤäƤ롥comfort(table) 㳰Ȥʤꡤ¾㳰 comfort ˴Ϣ줫comfit ̡ˡcomfiture ̡ˡcomfrey ʥե饵ʥҥϥ°¿ǯˤ餤ΤΤǡ˵Ǥ롥
Ƭθ츻ˤĤƤ com- ϥƥ "with, together" ̣ cum ƬȤѤ褦ˤʤäΤǡƥ줫ľܡޤե줫Ū˱ѸäŪʸΤʤǤϡ m ϲƱˤ͡ʸ̾ϡb, p, m ʤɤǤ com- Τޤ뤬l Ǥ col- Ȥơr Ǥ cor- Ȥơ첻 h, gn, w Ǥ co- ȤƸ졤ʳξˤ con- Ȥʤ롥㳰¿comfort ⤽1ĤǤ롥
Upward and Davidson (142) ϡդΤȤʲΤ褦˲⤷Ƥ뤬comfort comfit ˤĤƤñ㳰ŪȻŦƤΤߤǡθˤĤƤϽҤ٤Ƥʤ
Before B and P, OFr normally wrote CUM-: cumbatre 'to combat', cumpagnie 'company'. Although this was later altered back to the Lat COM- spelling, Eng retained the pronunciation related to CUM-, whence the /ʌ/ vowel of comfort, company, compass, etc.
In comfort and comfit, the CON- was altered in Eng to COM-: comfort < OFr cunforter < Lat confortare 'to strengthen'; comfit < ME confyt < OFr confit.
ˡcomfort ˤĤ Barnhart θ츻ŵäƤߤȡťե줫μѤ˴ϢƤ䤳𤬤褦ǡֻ˴ؤƤ con- ä˱Ѹ¦ com- ؤѲȤŦ롥
Probably before 1200 cunfort a feeling of consolation, in Ancrene Riwle; later confort (about 1200 and about 1280); borrowed probably through Anglo-French from Old French cunfort, confort, from earlier noun use derived from the stem of Latin cōnfortāre strengthen. Apparently the noun and verb were borrowed separately in English, though the noun replaced earlier Old English frōfor; however, it is possible that the later verb is from the noun. The phonetic change of con- to com- before f took place in English.
Skeat θ츻ŵǤ⡤ϤѸˤ con- com- ѲȤ¤ܤƤʤ
Though the verb is the original of the sb., the latter seems to have been earlier introduced into English. The ME. verb is conforten, later comforten, by the change of n to m before f. It is used by Chaucer, Troil. and Cress. iv. 722, v. 234, 1395. [The sb. confort is in Chaucer, Prol. 775, 7788 (A 773, 776); but occurs much earlier. It is spelt cunfort in Ol Eng. Homilies, ed. Morris, i. 185; kunfort in Ancren Riwle, p. 14.]
ѸǤΰֻʬۤťեǤֻܤĴƤߤʤ¤ꡤcomfort m Ρ֤ʤפˤϡʾ뤳ȤϤǤʤǤ롥
ʤcomfit ֻˤĤƤϡإåץѸ츻ŵ٤ confectionery ιˡ̣Ū comfort ȴˤ䤫˴ϢŤ줿ΤǤϤʤȤλŦ롥
Upward, Christopher and George Davidson. The History of English Spelling. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell, 2011.
Barnhart, Robert K. and Sol Steimetz, eds. The Barnhart Dictionary of Etymology. Bronxville, NY: The H. W. Wilson, 1988.
硼 T. åץ ƻ ϻ إåץѸ츻ŵ١罤ۡ2009ǯ
228դηǼĤǡcomfort(able) m ˤĤƼ䤬줿ƥͳ褹Ƭ com- Ҳϡp, b, m Ǥ computer, combine, communicate ˸褦 m ݤ뤬ʳξǤϸ³˱ n, l, r ʤɤѲꡤȤ˼줿ꤹΤ̤Ǥ롥com- f Ǥ con- ȤʤΤǤꡤconfer, conflict, confront, convict ʤɤ˸̤Ǥ롥comfort Ǥ f m Ƥ롥ϡɤȤѸǤбեñ confort(able) n ֤Ƥ櫓ʤΤǡޤޤ䤬ޤ롥碌ơñ m Ϥ褦ȯΤȤ
ѸǤʤ m ΤˤĤƤϡĴ٤ƤߤޤǼ褦ʲƤʤǤϡȤꤢ m ȯˤĤ˲⤷ƤѸǤϡ<m> ʸϤۤ11δط /m/ βǤб롥 /m/ κǤŵŪʼ¸ͭξɡ [m] ĶˤäƤϤʳΰ۲ (allophone) ȤƤ¸롥ľ [f] [v] Τ褦ʿ³ˤϡ/m/ ĴεչƱ (assimilation) ˤͭɡ [ɱ] ȤʤΤ̤Ǥ롥פˡ[f] ȯιɡ©ȴƤФ褤βñȤĴ뤳ȤϤʤȻפ뤬[f] [v] ³֤Ǥ̵ռΤ [ɱ] ĴȤʤäƤϤǤ롥comfort m Ϥޤˤΰ۲Ǽ¸롥
ʲˡJespersen Cruttenden 顤۲ [ɱ] ˤĤƿƤʬѤ褦
Before [f, v], as in nymph, pamphlet, comfort, triumph, triumvir, circumvent [nimf, pæmflit, kʌmfət, traiəmf, traiˈʌmvə, səkəmˈvent], the [m]-closure is frequently formed not by means of both lips, but of the lower lip alone, which is applied to the lower edge of the upper front teeth. (Jespersen 395)
When followed by a labiodental sound /f,v/, the front closure may be labiodental [ɱ] rather than bilabial, e.g. in nymph, comfort, triumph, come first, circumvent, warm vest. Additionally pronunciations of infant, enforce, unforced, etc. with assimilation of [n] to [ɱ] can be regarded as having an allophone of /m/. (Cruttenden 212)
In connected speech /m/ frequently results from a final /n/ of the citation form before a following bilabial, e.g. one mile /wʌm ˈmaɪl/, more and more /mɔːr əm ˈmɔː/, ten pairs /tem ˈpeəz/, gone back /gɒm ˈbak/; sometimes /m/ is a realisation of word-final /ən/ or /n/ following /p/ or /b/, e.g. happen /ˈhapm/, ribbon /ˈrɪbm/, or, in context, cap and gown /kap m ˈgaʊn/ . . . . (Cruttenden 212)
դΤϡconfer, conflict, confront, convict ʤɤˤƤϡտȯǤϡ [f] [v] ³ȤϤäɡ [n] ȯΤ̤ȤȤˤ衤comfort(able) ϤϤѤäñǤ롥
ʤܸǤ̾ [f] [v] ȯʤΤǡޤƤ [ɱ] ʤɸ뤳Ȥʤ褦˻פ뤬ü˲˳֤ǥԤȯȡƤ [ɱ] Ȥʤ롥˥äȺ˳̤ξФߤǡֽޤơפȤȤΡ֤פȡ֤ޡפλҲݱʤ [ɱ] ȤʤäƤޤ
Jespersen, Otto. A Modern English Grammar on Historical Principles. Part 1. Sounds and Spellings. 1954. London: Routledge, 2007.
Cruttenden, Alan. Gimson's Pronunciation of English. 8th ed. Abingdon: Routledge, 2014.
#2854. 3000ǯʹߤδ䲽̱²ư ([2017-02-18-1]) ³ԡ²θϡĸ줬äƤˤϥ饤ʤΥƥåӤ䥢ʥȥꥢʤɽ⤢뤬⸽ߤΥ桼饷ΦˤʬۡȤ櫓ɸɤʤɤθȡŪ̴ϰꤵƤ뤳Ȥʬ롥դˤСĸôΤθŸϡˤäħŤȤ⤤롥̱²ưˤĤơڤ3500ǯ˵äưˤΤȹͤƤ롥θϡܸεɥδϢεˤŪ˴Ϳ桼饷ΦȤʥǤ̱²ưɥޤβǽΤǤ롥
ޡǯϡϵΤεˤꡤˤäƤϡάͰ쵤3˵ڤ10ε㲼Ǥ⥫ʥˤϻͶ塻ȥɹϤǤΤǤ뤫顤Ǥϵʬ̻äޡΤε㲼ϡ̤ν̱ˤȤäƤŪǤäϤǤꡤ줬ҤΤȹͤ롥ɡ衼åѽäΤΤϤޤ饢ե˥նƥΤۤȤäˤϥɥͤʸĤäƤάͤλŪʴ粽⤪äƤꡤꥢͤ˶व줿ά쥢Ǥ⡤㲼ˤä̱²äȹͤǡäƾȤ⤽ʹߡɥ줬ܸȴطäȤϹͤʤβȤʻδطˤĤƤϡꤹ뤳ȤϤǤʤڡp. 28--29
(34) ϡؤīȾ礫̱²ư⡤Ʊϵ٥δ䲽˵Ƥ롥
ʤ (24) ưŪ̱²ưŪ̱²ʬۤˤĤơΤ褦ʰ̣ĹȯƤ롥̱²ưϸߤǤ⤪ʤƤ뤬ŪˤϲθݤǤ롥СưƤʹ֤θݤΰ֤Ȥơߤ롥סϡ̻֤ȶ֤λڤؤߤ˸ɽΤǤ롥
ס̱²ΰưȸʬۡסطٸ졡ϴ15ǯǰ̺罤۽Ź1987ǯ24--40ǡ
ε#2875. Ѹäʬۤγʺ˷ȥĶǤߤ ([2017-03-11-1]) ˰³Ѹ٤γʺˤĤƹͤƤߤä˷ľŪ˳ʺǧǤɸȤơʺ1%ΥȤΤ롥кѳؤǤСȥޥԥƥⰦѤƤ֥ȥå͵ؤνפǤ롥ɤΤ餤ȤɸФ褤ѸäˤĤƸС٤ǥȥå1%뤽ۤ¿ʤˤäơΤΤɤΤ餤ΥƤ뤫ɸȤʤ롥
Ʊ褦ˡٿ81.5ۤɤŪϤ GSL θɽȡ1850ۤɤε祳ѥ#1424. CELEX2 ([2013-03-21-1]) ˴ŤɽǷƤߤȥå1%ȥȥå0.1%Ǥͤϡʲ̤ꡥ
| GSL | CELEX2 | |
|---|---|---|
| 1% | 47.05% | 69.36% |
| 0.1% | 14.60% | 43.57% |
#1103. GSL ˤ Zipf's law θڡ ([2012-05-04-1]) ǡGeneral Service List (GSL) κ2000;θɽѤơzipfs_law ΩͻҤ±餷ٽ̤ι⤤θ줬ιٸǤϤʤĶٸǤ뤳ȡǤʳ¿θ줬ʤ٤ٸǤȤȤǧ줿ΤȤϡѸʤơ餯ˤθäʬۤʿԶѹդǤꡤ礭ʤФĤȳʺħŤƤ뤳ȤΤǤ롥
Τ褦ʬۤγʺɽŪʻɸˡꥢηкѳؼԥˤʬۤʿ¬ɸȤ1936ǯ˹ͰƤ˷ (Gini's coefficient) 롥ͤϼ̤X˱äƺ鱦غǤ٤㤤줫⤤ؤȽ¤١٤ΥY˼äƤĤʤȡ餫ηα夬ζȤʤ롥Ķ (Lorenz curve) Ȥ٤Ƥθ줬Ʊ٤ǸȤˤϥĶ45٤α夬ľȤʤִʿפդˡüȤơ1ĤθΤߤ٤Τ٤Ƥͭ¾Τ٤Ƥθ줬٥ξˡִʿפȤʤꡤĶϺLȤʤ롥̤ϡĶϡ45٤α夬βˡθ̤Ȥ롥˷ϡѤȡ45٤α夬ľѤդȤľջѷΨȤɽ롥äơ0ʿ1ʿȤȤˤʤ롥
ơGSL ǡեǷ̡˷0.812ȽФĶȡʲΤ褦ˤʤ롥

餫ʿʬۤȤ롥ʤߤˡGSL ʥѥθɽȤȡ˥˷Ͼ夬㤨С1790줫ʤ륳ѥ#1424. CELEX2 ([2013-03-21-1]) ˴ŤǤϡ0.950 ȤޤͤФˡ
ͤޤǤˡ (122) ˵ä2010ǯννʺ˷Ĥȡܤ 0.336ꥫ 0.380꤬ 0.510ɤ 0.246 Ǥ롥äμҲˤʿʼҲǤ뤳Ȥʬ
Ρؿܷкѡ١ҡӡ2016ǯ
ʲʪؤǤϡ (natural selection) ȴϢ (selective pressure or evolutionary pressure) Ȥǰ롥 (23) Ƥߤ褦
ζٹ礤ɽ魯Ȥˡ (selective pressure ޤ evolutionary pressure) ȤդȤޤˤŬ٤ΰ㤤礭ȤϹ⤯ʤޤȤСĶ¿θΤ¹Ĥ˻䤨Ŭ٤ι⤤θΤ¹Ĥ˱ɤ褦ʾǤϡϹ⤯ʤޤ
⤤ȤʲԥԡɤǿʤߤޤŬ٤Ϸˤä礭ۤʤΤǡ⤤Ŭ٤ФƤŬ٤ϵ®˼Ƥޤդˡ㤤ǤϡäƤ⤽ۤŬ٤˺ޤäơФƤѲϤޤ긫ޤ
ϡȤƥӥβƤ롥ӥβΤϥե顼夬ʤΤǡ̤¸Ψ롥ĤޤŬ٤ʤΤǡ̾ι⤤ǤϡƤȤۤȤɤǤ롥ȤðŤƶʤɡե顼夹뤳Ȥ̣⤿ʤĶˤƤϡ㤤ᡤӥβΤŬ٤ä뤳ȤˤϤʤʤƶˤƤϡӥβʤ̵ͭˤϽ⤿ʤΤǤ롥
ơǸ˰ܤѲ̣ǸȤޤĶѲŬ뤿μǤªΤǤСˤȤΤͤ뤳ȤͭѤ⤤ǤϡäȤѰۤǤӤӡŬ٤ι⤤ѰΤǽ⤤㤤ǤϡʤΩѰۤǤäƤ⤵ۤɽ⤿ʤᡤѰΤä餱Ȥ褦ΥץؿʤǤʤ
Ǥϡˤι⤤֤㤤ĶȤϲηǤΰϤȸηϳΰϤʬƹͤ뤳ȤǤ롥ԤˤĤƤϡ¤Ūʴ鵡ǽô (functional_load)ΩθΨηϤоʤɡ͡ʹͤ롥ԤˤĤƤϡҲؤǼ夲üԴ֤ߺѤܿʤɤθĶѰդǤȤʤ롥
ʪˤʲ®٤ˤطȤȤϡˤĤƤƤϤޤꤽǤ롥⤱С餯Ѳϥԡǥ˿ʤ˴ؤƤϡȥԡ (entropy) Ȥ⤦1Ĥζ̣۵롥#1810. ѰۤΥȥԡ ([2014-04-11-1])#1811. "The later a change begins, the sharper its slope becomes." ([2014-04-12-1]) εȤ줿
ˡʪʲȤϤʤˤ١٥ǡ2016ǯ
#2863. ʬˤ³ʿפȡַס ([2017-02-27-1]) Ǥ줿ǯθؤǤϡʲʪؤˤʲ (evolution) γǰФлȤ롥ʪοʲȸʲӤȡ̣ƶ뤳Ȥ¿ϡʪʲ˴ؤƿ͡ŵŪƤҲ𤷤ʤ顤бʲθˤĤƹͤƤߤ
(52--53) ˤȡʪʲˤĤƼΤ褦ʸ̢䤷ƤȤʲΤʤǥҥȤǤ̤Ǥꡤμ롤Ƥβˤʪʽäʤɡˤ֤Ť졤ΤȤƽ롤ȤǤ롥ʲʪؤǤϡ줾ʪơδĶŬƤΤǤꡤҥȤˤƤ⡤ˤƤ⡤ˤƤ⡤ߤʶ̤褫ʬ줷ơƱ֤ˤ餵졤˿ʲκƤΤȹͤ롥Ĥޤꡤ͡ʼδ֤ˤϡطαϤˤ衤岼ͥκȤäϤʤ
ҥȤʪνĺú¤ƤȤۤˤϡޤפФ褤㤨С (54) ϰʲκޤⱦޤθΤۤŪǤȤƤ롥
ꡡͥ顡ѥҥȡꡡͥѥҥȡ
ĸ졡ȸ졡졡եꥸ졡Ѹ졡ĸ졡ȸ졡եꥸ졡Ѹ졡
Ǥ뤤ϵ岻 (click) Ȥüʸ첻ĸ줬Ȥƥեꥫ˽椷ʬۤƤȤ¤ϡؼԤΤߤʤ餺ؼԤ̱²ؼԤδؿĤƤǤβŪʵҤˤĤơ#1672. ή ([2013-11-24-1]) ǡŪʬۤˤĤơ#1314. ([2012-12-01-1]) ʬŪ˰äƤϤεˤĤƤθڤƤߤɬŪʴȤϸʤ⤷ʤ1ĤƶȤƼƤ
̸αˤ路 (130) ϡߤΥ˥Ϥ˽ĺν̱ϥ²θˤĤơȤˤ뼡Τ褦ʰոȤƤ롥
Ȥϡϥ²θ졤ʤȤ⤽η֤ϡдνθ˶ᤤΤǤϤʤȹͤƤ롥ϥ²θϤۤȤǤǹ졤첻ҲѤ̾θդȤϤޤäۤʤäƤ롥ǤϡȤ櫓κˤΰϤȯ롥Ǥʤ顤ʪ˵Ť뤳Ȥʤ֤ȾãȤǤΤ
Ƕθˤꡤϥ²ΰҹϡޤǸ椵줿ɤΥ롼פ¿ͤǤ뤳ȤȽҤФ뤴Ȥ˰Υڡ¿ͲƤΤǡ¿ͤǤФۤɡηˤŤȤȤˤʤ롥Ȥϡϥ²η¾οफʬ줿Τϡۥ⡦ԥƴ֤ʤäȹͤƤ롥Ĥޤϡۥ⡦ԥκǽ³ƤʤΤ
ؼԤΥС (45--46) ϡ岻ˤĤƼΤ褦˴ѻƤ롥
岻ϡեꥫΥ²ʥߥӥȥܥĥʤΥ֥åޥʥ²ˤꥫΥ²ʥ²ˡȥ˥οͭ͡ΤΤ֥åޥȥ²ͼΤۤʤꡤ֥åޥϼĺν̱²ϲܤƤƤ롥ϰۤʤ뤬ɤŸǤ岻롥ؼԤȸؼԤϡ礭ۤʤäƤξ²ˤΤ褦ʶΤϡΤ˶̤褫ʬ줿ȹͤƤ롥
³岻ε˴ؤ롤С (48) ΤʤѻѤ롥
ǯθˤꡤ岻ä롼פˤĤʤϡηΤ˸줿Ȥ餫ˤʤäϤǤʤؼԤϡ岻εϿǯˤΤܤꡤबեꥫȯäΤǤϤʤȿ¬Ƥ롥
ơС (54) ϡʥߥӥΥ֥åޥμĤƱԤơΤ褦ʴۤҤ٤Ƥ롥
פɤʤ顤դϾäƤ롥岻Ϥäʹ롥岻ä͡ηĴ٤ؼԤϡθεϿǯˤΤܤǽȿ¬Ƥ롥岻ߤޤ³ƤΤϡʤ饳ߥ˥ȤΤǤϤʤ֥åޥȤä˹ưƤƴΤϡ餬Ǥ䤭Ȥ岻ȤƤϤäʹȤȤǤϲγξڤʤ岻ϼȿ⤯¾θ٤ƱޤϤˤΤǤϤʤϡڤδ֤ޤäưưϥˤưʪ˻Τ줺˾뤳ȤΤǤʤΤ⤷ʤ
ǤεȤꤵƤǯ夬ǯȤŤΤǤ뤳ȤͤȤ嵭δѻϡǥޥͶ¾ǵǰΤȤʤ롥
ꥹȥեɡˡ ҡˡ137ǯʪ١ʸݽս2012ǯ
ꥹСġˡ ҡˡؿ20ǯʤιϩ١ʸݽս2013ǯ
#2358. 饤ɤǤѸǯɽ ([2015-10-11-1]) ˤʤ餤Mitchell (361--64) θűѸǯɽ饤ɲƤߤޤʲβåƤ饤ǯɽǤϡΥ̤ Lay = СReligious = ֡Literary = ĤǿʬƤޤ

ʲϡ饤ǯɽΥ١Ȥ̾ɽǯɽǤͤޤǤˡ
| Date | Lay | Religious | Literary |
| 449 | Traditional date of coming of Angles, Saxons, and Jutes. | The legend of Arthur may rest on a British leader who resisted the invaders. | |
| c. 547 | Gildas writes De excidio Britanniæ. | ||
| 560--616 | Æthelbert King of Kent. | ||
| c. 563 | St Columba brings Celtic Christianity to Iona. | ||
| 597 | St Augustine brings Roman Christianity to Kent. | ||
| 616--632 | Edwin King of Northumbria. | ||
| c. 625 | Earliest possible date for Sutton Hoo ship-burial. | ||
| 627 | Edwin converted to Christianity. | ||
| 632 | Edwin killed by heathen King Penda of Mercia. | ||
| 635 | Aidan settles in Lindisfarne, bringing Celtic Christianity. | ||
| 635 | King Cynegils of Wessex converted. | ||
| 641 | Oswald King of Northumbria killed by Penda. | ||
| 654 | Penda killed by Oswy King of Northumbria. | ||
| 664 | Synod of Whitby establishes supremacy of Roman Christianity. | ||
| 664 | St Chad becomes bishop. | ||
| 657--680 | Hild Abbess of Whitby. | Cædmon uses Germanic alliterative verse for religious subjects during this period. | |
| c. 678 | English missions to the continent begin. | ||
| 680 | Approximate earliest date for composition of Beowulf. | ||
| c. 700 | Date of first linguistic records. | ||
| 709 | Death of Aldhelm, Bishop of Sherborne. | ||
| 731 | Bede completes Historia gentis Anglorum ecclesiastica. | ||
| 735 | Death of Bede. | ||
| c. 735 | Birth of Alcuin. | ||
| 757--796 | Offa King of Mercia. | ||
| 782 | Alcuin settles at Charlemagne's court. | ||
| 793 | Viking raids begin. | Sacking of Lindisfarne. | |
| fl. 796 | Nennius, author or reviser of Historia Britonum. | ||
| 800 | Four great kingdoms remain --- Northumbria, Mercia, East Anglia, Wessex. | ||
| 780--850 | Cynewulf probably flourishes some time in this period. | ||
| 804 | Death of Alcuin. | ||
| 851 | Danes' first winter in England. | ||
| 865 | Great Danish Army lands in East Anglia. | ||
| 867 | Battle of York. End of Northumbria as a political power. | ||
| 870 | King Edmund of East Anglia killed by Danes. East Anglia overrun. | ||
| 871 | Alfred becomes King of Wessex. | ||
| 874 | Danes settle in Yorkshire. | ||
| 877 | Danes settle in East Mercia. | ||
| 880 | Guthrum and his men settle in East Anglia. Only Wessex remains of the four Kingdoms. | ||
| ?886 | Boundaries of Danelaw agreed with Guthrum. Alfred occupies London. | The period of the Alfredian translations and the beginning of the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle. | |
| 892 | Further Danish invasion. | ||
| 896 | Alfred builds a fleet. | ||
| 899 | Death of King Alfred. | ||
| 899--954 | The creation of the English Kingdom. | ||
| c. 909 | Birth of Dunstan. | ||
| 937 | Battle of Brunanburh. | Poem commemorates the battle. | |
| 954 | The extinction of the Scandinavian kingdom of York. | ||
| 959--975 | Edgar reigns. | ||
| 960 | Dunstan Archbishop of Canterbury. The period of the Monastic Revival. | ||
| c. 971 | The Blickling Homilies. | ||
| 978 or 979 | Murder of King Edward. | ||
| 950--1000 | Approximate dates of the poetry codices --- Junius MS, Vercelli Book, Exeter Book, and Beowulf MS. | ||
| 978--1016 | Ethelred reigns. | ||
| 988 | Death of Dunstan. | ||
| 991 | Battle of Maldon. | Poem commemorates the battle. | |
| 990--992 | Ælfric's Catholic Homilies. | ||
| 993--998 | Ælfric's Lives of the Saints. | ||
| 1003--1023 | Wulfstan Archbishop of York. | ||
| c. 1014 | Sermo Lupi ad Anglos. | ||
| 1005--c. 1012 | Ælfric Abbot of Eynsham. | ||
| 1013 | Sweyn acknowledged as King of England. | ||
| 1014 | Sweyn dies. | ||
| 1016 | Edmund Ironside dies. | ||
| 1016--1042 | Canute and his sons reign. | ||
| 1042--1066 | Edward the Confessor. | ||
| 1066 | Harold King. Battle of Stamford Bridge. Battle of Hastings. William I king. |
űѸˤĤƤϡ#1433. 10θűѸƥȤʬۡ ([2013-03-30-1])#2868. ˤƸűѸޤ줿 ([2017-03-04-1]) ˤƤϡCrowley (102) ΥꥹȤ˽äơ(1) Ωǯ夬ʬäƤꡤ(2) Τ褽ޤä(3) ŪˤӤűѸƥȤΰƸƤ
| Abbreviated Title | Content | Date | Where Written |
|---|---|---|---|
| NORTHUMBRIAN | |||
| RuthCr | Ruthwell Cross inscription: about 320 runes | S. VIII1 | Dumfrieshire, NW |
| HENames | OE Names in Bed's Historica (MSS. Moore, Leningrad, Cott. Tib. A.xiv): 5000-6000 personal or place names | VIII | Moore: Northumbria (Wright 1964); Len & Tib.: Wearmouth-Jarrow (Lowe 1958) |
| Cæd | Cædmon's Hymn (Moore, Leningrad MSS. of Bede's HE) | VIII1 or VIIIm | M: Northumbria; L: Wearmouth-Jarrow |
| Ru2 | Owun's gloss to Luke and most of Mark and John in the Rushworth Gospels | X2 | probably Yorkshire WR |
| Li | Gloss to the gosepels (Lindisfarne Gospels) | X2 | Durhamshire |
| RitGl | Gloss to the Rituale Ecclesiae Dunelmensis | X2 | Durhamshire |
| MERCIAN | |||
| Charters 47, 48 in Sweet's Oldest English Texts | Prose and names (While Chs. are relatively skimpy, they are the best localized witnesses of Mercian.) | 47: c. 836 Mercia; 48: c. 840 | Mercia |
| WEST SAXON (While the first three witnesses below are not so linguistically consistent as the Late West Saxon ones that follow, they are nonetheless the principal witnesses of Early West Saxon.) | |||
| CP (C), CP (H) | The two earliest mss of Alfred's translation of the Cura Pastoralis | 890--7 | Wessex |
| Chron (A) | The OE Chronicle in the Parker MS., folios 1--25v | c. 900; c. 925 | Winchester (Parkes 1976) |
| Or(L) | OE translation of Orosius in the Lauderdale MS. | X1 | Winchester (Ker) |
| BenR(O) | OE Rule of St. Benedict | X2 | probably Winchester (Gretsch 1974: 133) |
| ÆCHom(A) | The Royal MS. of Ælfric's Catholic Homilies | 990 | Cerne Abbas, Dorset. Emended by Ælfric himself. (Eliason & Clemoes 1966) |
| ÆCHom(K) | The Catholic Homilies in MS. Cambr. Univ. Lib. Gg 3.28 | X/XI | unknown, but the text shows marks of Ælfric's supervision (Sisam 1953: 178) |
| ÆCHom(Q) | Homilies in MS. Corp. Chr. Col., Cambr. 188 | XI1 | " |
| Chron(B, C) | Two mass of the OE Chronicle | B: X2; C: XIm, XI2 | Abingdon, Berkshire; Abingdon, Berkshire |
| Or(C) | OE Orosius | XI1 | Abingdon, Berkshire |
| WS(O, A) | West Saxon Gospels | O: c.1000; A: XI2 | Wessex (Bath?); Wessex (Exeter) |
| KENTISH | none | ||
700 800 900 1000 1100
| | | | |
North s sXXX X XX
Merc. s s s XX s s
Kent. s ss s s
W. Sax. s s X X XX X X X XsXsXsXssXsss
üԤ̤θ줫ѤȤ٤ȡθѤȤȤϡʪǤ롥ԤϤޤˡּڤפȤ٤ԤʤƤȤ̣ưŪ borrowing ǤꡤԤϤ줬ηϤǼޤäŪ loan_word ѤǤ롥2Ԥΰ㤤ڵ (evidence) ȤҤ٤Сʸ塤Ԥ "borrowing" βϳǧ뤳ȤϤۤȤɤԤ "loan word" ѤȤƤξΤߤȿǤ뤳Ȥˤʤ롥
ΰ㤤ѸˤθťΥɸμѡʸˤˤƹͤƤߤ褦Ѹ줬ťΥɸθäѤϡξ줬ܿǤ뤫顤濴ϸűѸǤ롥ˤäƤ¿ʤȤѸޤǤȤƤ⡤ܤϸűѸǤ뤳Ȥϴְ㤤ʤʡ#2591. ťΥɸϤĤޤǥɤǻȤƤ ([2016-05-31-1])ˡ
ѤȤ٤űѸνǤäȤƤ⡤Τ褦˼Ѥ줿Ѹ줬λκȤܤʤɤʸƱŪȿǤƤ뤫ɤǤ롥̾ѸϼҲŪˤٹǧΤ褦ˤʤäƤդ˽ȤΤǤꡤѤʤ줿ȼѸ줬ʸڤδ֤ˤϥåפ롥Ȥ櫓¸űѸʸΤۤȤɤϡŪ˸ťΥɸαƶǤⴶˤ West-Saxon ɸŪʱѸˤǽƤ뤿ᡤťΥɸ줫μѸξڵۤȤɼʤťΥɸαƶǻäϡɸŪȤơȤ뵡ʤäΤǡڵȤʤʸΤΤĤäƤʤˡΥޥʹߡѸϡɤǤ졤ʸ˽Ȥ뵡ΤΤ㸺ᡤѸˤƤťΥɸ줫μѸλѤǧǤʸɬ¿ʤäơ¿θťΥɸѸ줬ʸư̾ڵȤƳǧΤϡƤѸ졤٤иѸʹߤȤȤˤʤ롥ťΥɸμѡʸˤݤˡϤȤƤפʤΤǡõƤ
Crowley (101) ˡˤĤüŪƤս꤬ΤǡƤ
[T]he Scandinavian influence on English dialects, which began after c. 850 and outside the tradition of writing, does not show up in any significant way in the records of Old English. The substantial pre-1066 texts from the Danelaw areas show either the local Old English dialect without Scandinavian influence or standard Late West Saxon. So, despite the circumstantial evidence and Middle English attestation of a significant Scandinavian influence, not much can be made of it for Old English.
Crowley, Joseph P. "The Study of Old English Dialects." English Studies 67 (1986): 97--104.
˻θűѸʤ700ǯ夫ʸڤűѸνѼϡˤΩΤ5Φޥ̱²֥ƥ˿ƤΤȤ餬ơ¿Ѳ뤲ˤ衤ŪˤϤΤޤݤơ8ʹߤʸ˸Ƥ롤ȤȤʤΤ
űѸηˤĤ Crowley ϡΤ褦ˤϹͤƤʤCrowley ϡष8ʹߤ˳ǧűѸνϡ餬֥ƥذܽν礿װȤΤǤƤ롥5ΰܽˤäơޥν̱²ϳơȤƤȤȤϤä֥ƥϤäƤϡ̱²Ϥ䤬ͻ礷Ūʺۤ⤤äϤ褽ʿ줿ǽ⤤ (cf. dialect levelling) θ塤Ƥӥ֥ƥˤư˻λϤޤޤǤˡ䤿ѻǤűѸνޤƤΤǤϤʤCrowley ϡβη˴ؤװȤơפʽˡϷˡꥹȶ顤ܿƤ롥Crowley (97--98) ľܸäƤ餪
In the genesis of the Old English dialects, post-migration factors appear to have been more important than pre-migration factors. For the most part, the dialects were not brought over from the continent. While there is historical and archaeological evidence to support Bede's statement that the principal peoples in the settlement were the Angles, Saxons, and Jutes . . . , there is even more evidence, archaeological, documentary, and onomastic, to indicate that more tribes than these three took part in the migration and that the settlement groups were heterogeneous --- that there were rarely coherent, homogeneous, separate areas of settlement exclusively for the Angles or Saxons or Jutes. Though it is a fact that certain distinct regional groups in sixth-century Anglo-Saxon jewelry correspond to particular cultures of the continental Angles and Saxons respectively, this proves nothing about the dialect divisions of Old English in that period. The linguistic features which differentiate Old English dialects, except for ǣ1/ē . . . and perhaps breaking/retraction, seem to have developed in England after the migration and primarily because of isolative geographical and political conditions. The invaders probably spoke various dialects of Germanic, but the differences between those dialects were not (ǣ1/ē excepted) those that by c. 750 AD (the time our witness documents begin) distinguished the Old English dialects. Most of the division between the continental tribes were probably lost in the mixing and social reorganisation of the migration and settlement.
The chief factors, then, in shaping the attested Old English dialects seem to have been forces in post-migration England: physiography, military and political history, Christianity and education, and contacts with other languages --- in order of descending importance. . . . Once regional differences in phonology and inflections developed during the proto-Old English period, the spoken dialects were probably not radically modified by later political and educational changes, for such factors directly affected the speech of only a minority of the population.
űѸʬˤĤƤζʽŪʵҤϡ#1433. 10θűѸƥȤʬۡ ([2013-03-30-1]) εȡ
Crowley, Joseph P. "The Study of Old English Dialects." English Studies 67 (1986): 97--104.
ʵڤӤΩȤƤɬˤȤϲȤ䤤ůؾѲθõݤˤ̤櫓ˤϤʤ׳ؼԡΨԤǤˤֶפ˴ؤ뿷ɤǤߤ
ϡֶɬŪʪ (139) ȤɽƤ褦ˡɬΩ복ǰȤϡषȤ߹蘆äƸݤϢ³ŪưǤȹͤƤ롥㤨СʪʲˤĤơѰۤεˤϤʤΰϤΤȤǡѤ߽ŤͤˤפȽҤ٤Ƥ (138) ѰۼΤϤޤǡֶפζθΤäΤˤäơΰ褬ޤꡤ褬ФΨޤ롥Τ褦˲⤫ʤǤˡǽŪˤ褬1Ĥ˹ʤ졤Ψ1ʤɬפȤʤ롥ʤֶפȯʤ⡤ˡפʤ졤ĤˤϡɬפؤϢʤ롤Ȥ櫓
̤ȹ̤2ĤλԤͤƤߤ褦ޤ1λԡˤƱ̤ȹ̤äƤȤ롥̵٤1ĤФ̤̤Ͽ᤹ȤȤ֤줫ζ̤ФΨϡˡ§ˤ1/2Ȥʤ뤳ȤϼǤ롥Ǥϼ2λԡǤϡ̵٤1ļФˡƱΤ⤦1Ĥζ̤ä᤹ȤȤ֤Ƥߤ롥ǽμФǤοФ뤫γΨ1/2㤨Фޤ̤ФȤơ᤹ݤˤϡ⤦1Ĥ̤ä᤹ΤǡμФ˺ݤƤγΨηϡ̤ͭʼؤѤμ㴳ͭ椨˼ºݤ˼β̤ФȤȡμβˤϤ̤ͭȤʤŤͤ뤴Ȥ̤ͭǽŪˤ̤ФΨϸ¤ʤ1˶ŤƤϤǤ롥ǽ϶äΤǸˤϤۤɬȤʤäƤޤǤ롥
2ĤλԤ顤Ѥˡ2ढ뤳Ȥʬ롥1ܤǤϤĤޤǤäƤ1/2ȤΨѤ餺ष㲽ƤΤ褦Сȥԡ硤뤤Ͼ̤θǤ롥2ܤϡǽζˤˤФäƤǽŪɬ˶ŤƤϡȥԡθ뤤Ͼ̤Ȥ (74) ϡΤ褦˽Ҥ٤Ƥ롥
Τʶ̤ˤơ֥ȥԡˡ§פȡ־ˡ§פȤƯƤȻפĤޤꡤˤɬȤʤȤΤ¸ߤƶˤˡ§Ω褦ʡ˸¤ˤƴʰ⤿餹ΤΤȡѤ뤳ȤˤäƾȤƯδĶβǿФ褦ʤΤȤब롥Ԥζϥȥԡ⤿餹ԤϾ̤⤿餹ΤǤ롥ܤС˺Ф줿ƥˤäª뤳Ȥˤäơꤷݻ뤳ȤˤʤΤǤ롥
븽ݤǤ⤢ɬǤ⤢ȤΤϰ츫̷⤷Ƥ뤬Τ褦˹ͤĴ¤롥θϡѲˤ¿μͿƤ롥㤨СѲ˴ؤˡunidirectionality invisible_hand spaghetti_junction ȸƤФ벾⤬ʡ#2531. Ѳ "spaghetti junction" ([2016-04-01-1])#2533. Ѳ "spaghetti junction" (2) ([2016-04-03-1])#2539. ָפˤѲ ([2016-04-09-1]) ʤɤȡˡޤˤ륨ȥԡˤĤƤ entropy γƵǰäƤΤǡ⻲ȡ
ضȤϲѶỤ̄١ȽŹҴȿӡ2010ǯ
ϢСʡɡåɤΡؿοʲ٤Ȥ¾ΰ褫ҥȤƸοʲˤĤƹͻƤ³ƥåɤȤʬܤƤȺ٤ˤĤƤƶƤߤ
ˤοˤĤƤϡԤˤäƿΰ㤤ꡤ롥ΰ㤤ˤä뤫Ȥϡ#270. θοϤʤΤİǤʤ ([2010-01-22-1]) #1060. θοȤȡ ([2012-03-22-1]) ʤɤΤǷ֤ʤ1Ĥˡָפȡפζ̤ҴŪˤĤʤȤ𤬤롥ߤ˶ᤤطˤ뤤ĤθѼ1ΤȤˤª뤫뤤ϳơΩª뤫ϡФиŪʴΤߤǷꤹ뤳ȤǤʤԤªϡŻ결 (lumper) θԤΩǡԤϡʬ결 (splitter) θԤΩǤ롥
"lumper" "splitter" ȤƾΤϡſؤʬǾѤƤΤΤ褦̤ˤϿˤϡֱ͡סָ͡סֵ͡סֿ͡פ4ʳǿʤǤƤ뤬ϿؼԤˤȤäƤƤʬΤ褦ǡŪˤϤäȺ٤ʬवƤȤ֤äȺ٤פˤ٥뤬ꡤȤδ֤Ǥ⡤礭ޤȤᤢ lumper ȡȤȤʬ splitter Ȥǡפʬ餷ŪˤϿؼԤ10ͤ10̤ʬबȤ⤤ξϸˤƤƱȤȤ⤷
ͤޤǤˡŻ결ʬ결ˤ롤ſμ̾оɽå (99) Ƹ褦
| ̾ | Ż결μ̾ | ǯǯ | ʬ결ʬ˴ޤޤ̾ |
| ǥԥƥߥʹ | 700--450 | ǥԥƥåѡǥԥƥߥإȥץǥȥͥ | |
| ͤȥۥ⡦ϥӥꥹ | ȥԥƥեʹ | 420--300 | ȥԥƥեȥԥƥʥȥԥƥС륨륬ꡤ˥ȥץץƥץ |
| ȥԥƥեꥫ̥ | 300--240 | ȥԥƥեꥫ̥ | |
| ѥȥץܥʹ | 250--130 | ѥȥץܥѥȥץԥȥԥƥ | |
| ѥȥץ֥ȥ | 200--150 | ѥȥץ֥ȥ | |
| ͤȵ | ۥ⡦ϥӥꥹʹ | 240--160 | ۥ⡦ϥӥꥹۥ⡦ɥե |
| ۥ⡦쥯ȥʹ | 198--1.8 | ۥ⡦쥯ȥۥ⡦륬ۥ⡦ե | |
| ۥ⡦ԥʹ | 70-- | ۥ⡦ƥå롤ۥ⡦ϥǥ٥륲ۥ⡦ͥǥ륿ۥ⡦ԥ |
ˤ椹ۤͣˡϡ¸˰͵뤳ȤǤ롥Ȥ¸ϼŪˤŪˤФ꤬ꡤѥؤѸǤ "representative" Ǥ "balanced" Ǥʤ
ޤʪŪʾ郎롥ߤ뤿ˤϡĹ֤Ѥ̺ƻǵƤ뤳ȤɬפǤʡ#2457. ̺Ƚƻ (2) ([2016-01-18-1]) ȡˡˡǥδ顤äաŪʸոˤϡĤơߤޤǽ㤤Ȥ餫δϡʸˤϤäѤɤ߽ǽϤΤ륨ؤθո乥ߤ꤬ȿǤ졤ʳؤθưϿ˻Ĥ뤳ȤϤۤȤɤʤˡƤȤ顤㤨ȿŪʽʪϡˤǽ⤤
¸ʸϡ͡ʱ̿ȴĤäƤȤ̣ˤΡֶפθƤΤϳΤĤ䤹ΤˤϤĤξ郎Ȥ嵭εǰƬ֤ȡΡɬפθƤȤ롥˸ؤʸؤˤơɤΤ褦ʡ־פɬפΤƤȤϽפ
ΤδŪʥҥȤȤơɤΤ褦ʲФפߤޤĤ䤹ͻ벽 (taphonomy) Ȥʬθͤˤ㤨СಽФλĤ䤹ĤˤϡˤäƷޤȹͤåɤϡֿಽеϿζкߡפꤹ (73--75) ǡΤ褦˽Ҥ٤Ƥ롥
ǯ֤⡤ؼԤϡ700?600ǯʹߤ¸οΤͳ褹벽ФƤο¿褦˻פ뤫⤷ʤʬϸߤ˶ᤤǯΤΤǯŪкߤΤۤˤ⡤ಽФˤϤޤޤФ꤬롥Τ褦Ф꤬뵡餫ˤȤϡֲءפȤФ롥䲼ܹ뤤ϻͻ礭ʹϤ褯Ĥ뤬ǹϾסؤιʤɤ̩ưפ»ΤǻĤˤĤޤꡤλĤ䤹礭ȴ椵㤹롥ǹΤ褦ʷڤϱˤή졤Ф˱Ф졤ʤˤιȰ˲Фˤʤ롥ŤƬܹϹή졤δδ֤˰ääơۤΦ緿ưʪιȰ˲Фˤʤ롥
ФλĤ⤦ĤװϡῩưʪΤΤɤʬफǤ롥ҥ祦ϥμΤʤΤǡ⤷ΤǤῩưʪƱäΤʤ顤ಽФμȯ뤳ȤʤϤǤ롥ºݡβФϤޤ껺ФƤ餺ΤοʲˤĤƤϤ褯狼äƤ뤬οʲϤ褯狼äƤʤΤ礭⡤ФĤ뤫ɤ˱ƶ롤Τ礭ʼϲФȤƻĤ䤹ƱǤΤ礭ʸΤϻĤ䤹Τ褦ФϿಽФ⳺롥
ĶǤϡۤ١Фˤʤ䤹ȯ䤹äơǯ䤢ϰͳ褹벽Ф¿Ȥäơǯ夢뤤ϰ¿θΤǤȤϸ¤ʤǯϰξۤ٤ƲвŬƤǽΤƱͤˡǯϰ褫ಽФĤʤƤ⡤˿बǤʤäȤˤϤʤʤ־ڵΤʤΤϡ¸ߤʤڵǤϤʤפȤʸ⤢롥äơΤμϡǸŤβФȯǯǿβФȯǯޤ¸ƤȤˤʤ롥ĤޤꡤмεǤǯϼºݤ٤ƾ˹ˤʤ롥
Ʊͤ¤ϲȯפŪʬۤˤƤϤޤ롥ϡФȯפ깭ϰϤ¸ƤϤޤδĶϸߤȤϰäƤϤߤǤϸĶˤϽߤ䤹ä⤷ʤդ⤢롥ˡФȤ¸ƤĶϷ褷¿ϤʤھǤϡä˻ĤʤȤ˿ӴĶǤϡ٤⤯ھʤΤǡФϻĤʤȹͤƤǶǤϡɬ⤽ǤϤʤȤ餫ˤʤäȤϤųؼԤдȿȯȴäƤ⡤ƤϤƤޤд路ȯǤʤΤ롥
ϡνФѸȤʤäʸؾȤϢ˸ˤˤĤƤϡ#1051. Ѹ˸оݤȤʤ (1) ([2012-03-13-1])#1052. Ѹ˸оݤȤʤ (2) ([2012-03-14-1]) Ȥ줿ϢơʸȯˤĤƤιͻ⻲ͤˤʤʡ#1834. ʸǯɽ ([2014-05-05-1])#2389. ʸηϤεȯã (1)([2015-11-11-1])#2457. ̺Ƚƻ (2) ([2016-01-18-1]) ȡˡ
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