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2017-03-31 Fri

#2895. űѸִξ˲ȤƤ [oe][popular_passage][bible][literature][oe_text][hel_education][voicy]

űѸϡűѸɲΤνԸȤͭѤǤ롥Ѹζ (The Authorized Version) 丽ѸǤϤܸޤढȤؤФƤꡤӡȤǤ뤫
ʲ Matthew 7: 24--27 Ρִξ˲ȤƤ׶äˤĤơűѸǥƥȤ MS Corpus Christi College Cambridge 140 꼨 (Mitchell 60) 碌ơбѸƥȤѤ롥

Ǣlċ þāra þe ðās mīne word ġehȳrþ and þā wyrcþ byþ ġelīċ þǣm wīsan were se hys hūs ofer stān ġetimbrode.
Þā cōm þǣr reġen and myċel flōd and þǣr blēowon windas and āhruron on þæt hūs and hyt nā ne fēoll sōþlīċe hit wæs ofer stān ġetimbrod.
And ǣlċ þāra þe ġehȳrþ ðās mīne word and þā ne wyrcþ sē byþ ġelīċ þǣm dysigan menn þe ġetimbrode hys hūs ofer sand-ċeosel.
Þā rīnde hit and þǣr cōmon flōd and blēowon windas and āhruron on þæt hūs and þæt hūs fēoll and hys hryre wæs miċel


Therefore whosoever heareth these sayings of mine, and doeth them, I will liken him unto a wise man, which built his house upon a rock:
And the rain descended, and the floods came, and the winds blew, and beat upon that house; and it fell not: for it was founded upon a rock.
And every one that heareth these sayings of mine, and doeth them not, shall be likened unto a foolish man, which built his house upon the sand:
And the rain descended, and the floods came, and the winds blew, and beat upon that house; and it fell: and great was the fall of it.


˴ؤűѸƥȤˤĤƤϡ#1803. Lord's Prayer ([2014-04-04-1])#1870. 2:18--25 7ɤ١ ([2014-06-10-1]) ⻲Ȥ줿

ʸ嵭2022/05/03(Tue)Voicy ֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio)פˤơ1űѸȯɤ߾夲ƤޤΤǤȤָűѸäȤɡޥִξ˲ȤƤ׶äǤ

Mitchell, Bruce. An Invitation to Old English and Anglo-Saxon England. Blackwell: Malden, MA, 1995.

Referrer (Inside): [2023-06-05-1] [2017-04-11-1]

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2017-03-30 Thu

#2894. 793ǯ󥰤ˤǥե罱 [anglo-saxon_chronicle][popular_passage][oe][history][literature][oe_text]

Anglo-Saxon Chronicle ϡեå粦̿ˤ890ǯԻϤ줿ǯ嵭Ǥ롥űѸǽ񤫤Ƥꡤ9ܤ¸Ƥ롥ǤĹ³Τ̾ Peterborough Chronicle ȸƤФΤǡ1154ǯޤǤεϿĤäƤ롥ʲȴϡWorcester Chronicle ȸƤФС793ǯεϿǤCrystal 19 긽Ѹ碌ưѡˡǯ饤󥰥ɤ˽פϤ᤿󥰤ǯˡΡ֥ꥢΥǥե򽱤ä󥰥ɿͤζͤŪ˵Ƥ롥Ǹ˸ڤƤ Sicga ʤʪϡ788ǯ˥Ρ֥ꥢ Ǣlfwald 򻦤̾⤤²Ǥ롥

Ann. dccxciii. Her ƿæron reðe forebecna cumene ofer noðhymbra land . 7 þæt folc earmlic breȝdon þæt ƿæron ormete þodenas 7 liȜrescas . 7 fyrenne dracan ƿæron ȝeseƿene on þam lifte fleoȝende. þam tacnum sona fyliȝde mycel hunȝer . 7 litel æfter þam þæs ilcan ȝeares . on . vi. id. ianr . earmlice hæþenra manna herȝunc adileȝode ȝodes cyrican in lindisfarna ee . þurh hreaflac 7 mansliht . 7 Sicȝa forðferde . on . viii . kl. martius.


Year 793. Here were dreadful forewarnings come over the land of Northumbria, and woefully terrified the people: these were amazing sheets of lightning and whirlwinds, and fiery dragons were seen flying in the sky. A great famine soon followed these signs, and shortly after in the same year, on the sixth day before the ides of January, the woeful inroads of heathen men destroyed god's church in Lindisfarne island by fierce robbery and slaughter. And Sicga died on the eighth day before the calends of March.


˾塤793ǯλϡ󥰥ɤˤܳŪʥ󥰤ογϤ𤲤ŪʽǤ롥

Crystal, David. Evolving English: One Language, Many Voices. London: The British Library, 2010.

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2017-03-29 Wed

#2893. Beowulf Ƭ11 [beowulf][link][oe][literature][popular_passage][oe_text][hel_education]

Beowulf ϡűѸǽ񤫤줿ǤĹ3182ԡˤǤꡤ󥰥夫鸽¸ǤפʸغʤǤ롥ǥʥαͺ Beowulf ϥǥޡDzʪ Grendel 򻦤³Ƥ⻦Beowulf ϸ˥ǥ Geat ²βȤʤ뤬ǯϷƤε襤ह롥
νϡűѸ scop ȸƤФ줿ͷͤˤꡤϡפαդȤȤ˶㤸줿Ȥ롥¸ͣμܡ1731ǯβл»Ƥˤ1000ǯΤΤǤꡤ2ͤμ̻μˤʤ롥ԤԾܤǤꡤ줿ˤĤƤΤʤȤʬäƤʤ8ΩȤ⤢С11Ȥ⤢롥
Ƭ11Ԥ Crystal (18) ꡤѸդǰʲ˺Ƹ褦

1HǷÆT ǷE GARDEna in ȝeardaȝum .Lo! we spear-Danes in days of old
2þeodcyninȝa þrym ȝefrunonheard the glory of the tribal kings,
3hu ða æþelinȝas ellen fremedon .how the princes did courageous deeds.
4oft scyld scefing sceaþena þreatumOften Scyld Scefing from bands of enemies
5monegū mæȝþum meodo setla ofteahfrom many tribes took away mead-benches,
6eȝsode eorl[as] syððan ærest ƿearðterrified earl[s], since first he was
7feasceaft funden he þæs frofre ȝebadfound destitute. He met with comfort for that,
8ƿeox under ƿolcum, ƿeorðmyndum þah,grew under the heavens, throve in honours
9oðþ[æt] him æȝhƿylc þara ymbsittendrauntil each of the neighbours to him
10ofer hronrade hyran scoldeover the whale-road had to obey him,
11ȝomban ȝyldan þ[æt] ƿæs ȝod cyninȝ.pay him tribute. That was a good king!


Ƭʬޤܲ (Cotton MS Vitellius A XV, fol. 132r) ϡǤ롥¾ʲΥȤ⻲ȡ

Cotton MS Vitellius A XV, Augustine of Hippo, Soliloquia; Marvels of the East; Beowulf; Judith, etc.: ܲǽ
Beowulf: BL ˤʪȼܤβ⡥
Beowulf Readings: űѸ츶ʸȡɤ߾夲פؤΥꡥ
Beowulf Translation: Ѹ
Diacritically-Marked Text of Beowulf facing a New Translation (with explanatory notes): űѸ츶ʸȸѸΥѥƥȡ

Crystal, David. Evolving English: One Language, Many Voices. London: The British Library, 2010.

Referrer (Inside): [2023-07-29-1] [2017-04-20-1]

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2017-03-28 Tue

#2892. orange θ츻ֻȯ [metanalysis][anglo-norman]

ε#2891. ե󥹸 bleu ФƱѸ blue ʤΤϤʤ ([2017-03-27-1]) ȴϢơƱǼĤμȤƵ󤲤줿 orange ֻˤĤƹͤƤߤ
ޤϡθθ츻ɤäƤߤ褦󥸤θϤǤꡤθ⤽ϰ˵ĤΤʤƥɥʥߡ nāramˤϤȤƥ󥹥åȸ졤ڥ륷졤ӥФơ衼åѤؤΥꥢ naranza, naranz, narans ʤɤηäƤɥ줫饤ꥢ˻ޤǡӤƸƬ n 򼨤Ȥդ줿衼åѤäƴ֤ʤꥢ졤ݥȥ졤ե󥹸ʤɤǤϸƬ n æ⸽줿㤨СAnglo-Norman Ǥϡ᤯1200ǯ pume orenge ȸƤ롥1400ǯ˥ե󥹸Ѽ狼Ѹ˼Ѥ줿Ȥθ⡤orenge ʤɤǤä
Ƭ n üͳˤĤƤϡ̾ꥢե󥹸ˤơ֤줿괧Ȥδ֤Ǥΰʬ (metanalysis) Ȥ (cf. Sp naranja) ѸˤС a norange äΤ an orange ʬϤƤޤäȤȤʡ#4. ǶܤǤѸñȯڤƤ롩 ([2009-05-03-1]) 򻲾ȡˡΩĥӥʳǤ⡤Ȥ n æƤä褦Ǥ롥
ơäʤΤ첻ʻˤǤ롥ŪˤѰۤѲƬ첻ʻˤˤĤƤϡѸե󥹸ǤϤ褽 o ǸꤷƤꥢʳޤǤ a ήǤ롥OED ˤСo ؤѲϡ̾ȤƤ Orange Ȥ䡤뤤ϡֲפ̣ե󥹸 or ȤηդʤʤֲβʪסˤŦƤ뤬ºݤΤȤϤɤʤΤʬʤ
2첻ʻˤˤĤƤϡ˺٤ȤƤ롥OED ˤСѸ줫Ѹˤơʲμֻǧ롥

horonge, oronge, orynge, orenge, orange, oreche, orenche, orrange, orrendge, orryge, orrynge, urring, orendge, oringe, orrenge, orringe, aurange, oreng, aurange, oireange, orang, oranȝe, oranje, oreinȝe, oreng, orenge, orenȝe, orenȝie, orenze, oreynȝe, oreynze, organege, oriange, orienge, orinche, oring, oringe, orinye, orrange, orrenge, orriange, orange


a, e, i, o, y, ea, ey, ia, ie, ʤɲǤ⤢ȤǤ롥Ҳ֤ޤơȤˤ¿ֻͤäȤʬֻɸಽη̡ǽŪ orange Ф줿櫓¾¿ñɸֻƱͤˡʤȤ櫓ֻ򤵤뤳ȤˤʤäΤŪ뤳Ȥ񤷤
ȯˤĤƤϡLongman Pronunciation Dictionary ˤȡ奤ꥹѸǤ /ˈɒrɪnʤ/ ̤奢ꥫѸǤ /ˈɔːrɪnʤ/ 8䡤/ˈɑːrɪnʤ/ 2Ȥֻˤȯˤ衤ŪˤɤޤˤñΤ褦
Ǹˡθ2첻ȤƤ a Ѥ줿櫓̤Ȥ <a> = /ɪ/ ȤŪޤʥޥå󥰤뤳ȤˤʤäȤˤ⿨Ƥdamage, vintage, Israel ʤɤϤˡ

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2017-03-27 Mon

#2891. ե󥹸 bleu ФƱѸ blue ʤΤϤʤ [yod-dropping][vowel][spelling][french][mulcaster][sobokunagimon]

317դηǼĤǡե󥹸 bleu ȤֻФơѸǤ blue ȤʤäƤΤϤʤȤ䤬󤻤줿e u žɤΤ褦˵äȤǤ롥
ˤϾ䤳Ūаޤ롥ťե󥹸 bleu ѸˤֻDZѸ˼Ѥ졤2ΰ֤ؤ blue ȤʤäȤľŪǺѤΤǤϤʤ褦ʲȯֻʬˤɤäƤߤ褦
ޤȯ顥첻ѸǤȯ [iʊ] ˶ᤫäꤵ뤬줬Ѹˤƶܤˤ徺2첻 [juː] Ȥʤꡤ˸ˤ yod-dropping [uː] Ȥʤäʡ#1727. /ju:/ ε ([2014-01-18-1])#841. yod-dropping ([2011-08-16-1])#1562. Χߤ yod-dropping ([2013-08-06-1]) 򻲾ȡˡ
ˡ䤳ֻλˤĤơޤθѸǤϡʤѸΥե󥹸Ǥֻˤʤä bleu ֤ƤºݤΤȤ<blew>, <blewe> ʤɤΰֻȤƸƤ뤳Ȥ¿äMED bleu (adj.) 򻲾ȡϢơ#2227. ʤ <u> ǽñ줬ʤΤ ([2015-06-02-1]) ⻲ȡˡˡŪ blue ȤֻȤƸ뤳ȤϡѸϤȤ17ޤǵäJespersen (101) ˾Ƥ롥

In blue /iu/ is from F eu; in ME generally spelt bleu or blew; the spelling blue is "hardly known in 16th--17th c.; it became common under French influence (?) only after 1700" (NED)


Ѥˤ⤢̤ꡤѸǤ bleu ¤ blew ֻ⤴Ūäºݡ[iʊ] ȯФƤϡե󥹼ѸΤߤʤ餺ǤäƤ⡤<ew> ֤뤳Ȥ¿ä㤨 vertew (< OF vertu), clew (< OE cleowen), trew (< OE trēowe), Tewisday (< OE Tīwesdæȝ) ΤȤǤ롥
ѸˤơƱ [iʊ] ȯФ <ue> Ȥ饤ХֻƤֻΤϥե󥹸ƥͳ褹ΤääϤФȡ츻ˤ餺¿ñŬѤ褦ˤʤäĤޤꡤƱ [iʊ] ФơŤƱѸ餷 <ew> ȡ꿷ƥե󥹸̣ <ue> 礹褦ˤʤäΤǤ롥η̡ѸǤ argue/argew, dew/due, screw/skrue, sue/sew, virtue/virtew ʤɤɤ줬¿줿ʳƥڥˤԤɸŪֻˡơblue/blew ⤽Τ褦ɤ򼨤ڥ1ĤäΤǤ롥
Τ褦ɤ줬ˤDzäΤñˤäưۤʤäƤꡤ褽ŪǤȤ褦ʤѸ <ew> Mulcaster Τ褦Ԥ⤤줬̤ŬѤ뵬§ȤȯŸ뤳ȤϤʤäΤǤ롥ˡˤ blew ǤϤʤ blue Ǥ뤳ȡeschue ǤϤʤ eschew Ǥ뤳Ȥϡ줤뤳ȤϤǤʤ
ơȤȤεäƤߤ褦ռȤƤϡΥե󥹸ȱѸ٤¤ꡤ<eu> <ue> ʸž褦˸Ūˤϡ<eu> ʸҤä֤ä <ue> Ȥʤä櫓ǤϤʤ<eu> ȴϢƤȤϻפ뤬ѸȼȯãȤߤʤ٤ѸŪ <ew> ȡѸˤϤ򿭤ФƤ <ue> ȤΩblue Ȥñ˴ؤ¤ꡤޤ޸ԤDzäɸಽƸ˻롤ȤȤǤ롥
ʾ塤Upward and Davidson (61--62, 113, 161, 163, 166) 򻲾Ȥ

Jespersen, Otto. A Modern English Grammar on Historical Principles. Part 1. Sounds and Spellings. 1954. London: Routledge, 2007.
Upward, Christopher and George Davidson. The History of English Spelling. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell, 2011.

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2017-03-26 Sun

#2890. 3March [calendar][etymology][japanese][latin][month]

3᲼ܤȤʤꡤ´ȼȿǯٽΥǤ롥3ؤѸ March ϡƥƱؤ Mārtius mēnsisĤޤ֥ޥ륹ηפκǽθ֥ޥ륹סʥƥñ Mārsˤͳ褹롥ޥ륹ϥޤ񤷤륹Ǥ⤢ꡤǤ⤢ꡤ̡ܤοǤ⤢롥3ߤꡤ۵ȤʤϤᡤưƳ٤Ǥꡤ̤γϤλǤ⤢, pp. 345--46ˡǤϡ1ǯϽʬϤޤäᡤMārtius mēnsis 1ǯκǽηä
ѸؤϡѸ˥ե󥹸̤Ƥθ줬ꡤmarch(e) ʤɤ֤줿MED march(e (n.(1)) 򻲾ȡˡ󥰥ͤϤηΤȤ hrēþ-mōnaþ ȸƤǤ1Ǥΰ̣ԾܤǤ롥
ơʡƻԤ1ͤ̾Ǥ Mark ϡƥǤ Mārcus Ȥʤ뤬ϼѸΥꥷ *Mārt-cos ṳ̂줿֤ͳ褹Τȹͤ졤Ūˤϡ֥ޥ륹פ̤Ȥ롥
ʤߤˡ椬α3εΡסʤ褤ˤˤĤƤϡ֤䤪ҡפѲΤȤ롥ڤ褤դդǤ롥ޤѤƤ뻨1ġʬפϡᵨʬפΰդǡΩդäƿǯޤȤιͤˤʤäƤ롥
ܤǤ⥤ꥹǤ⡤ǯλϤޤ꤬32ʤɤλ˰֤ŤƤȤΤϡɬǤϤʤ˾λϡ4᤯ˬƤΤ

رѸθ츻ŵ١罤۽Ź1990ǯ

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2017-03-25 Sat

#2889. 󥰤ΰưθư [old_norse][hel_education][history][map]

3National Geographic ǡ֥Х󥰡ƼԤǴꤹýȤǤ롥ϿȤơ (Vikings) ­פȹưϰϤ򼨤ϿޤդƤ񤭤ˤϡָŤ8˥֥ƥӤ餷äϿĤХ󥰡11ޤǤˤϡȾιϰϤǽסõԤ褦ˤʤäפȤ롥  *  *
бȤեȥ꡼ǽǡߤ⥷ȥɽݡɤǹԤʤƤ󥰤ˤˤʤפͻҤ䡤󥰤ȶʤɤΰʪʸʪۤ˽¢ͭ̾ Viking shipǥʯΥ롼ʸʤɤ򸫤뤳ȤǤ롥ѸˤǸťΥɸαƶʤɤҲ𤹤ݤΤΥӥ奢ȤƽǤ롥
󥰤ΰưθưϤϲäΤȤ˾䤤ˤ͡ʲꤦ롥#2854. 3000ǯʹߤδ䲽̱²ư ([2017-02-18-1]) Ǿ줿褦ˡưȤδط⡤󥰤ư1װȹͤ뤫⤷ʤ֥Х󥰡ƼԤǴפεǵ󤲤ƤװȤƤϡʲΤ褦ʤΤ (46--47)

536ǯФȡη̤ȤƤ­˵뵲ʥǥʥ̸̤¤Ǥ뤳Ȥա
줿ϤäƤΡͦԤ乶ħŤ줿ŪҲη
7Ѥ¤ѤȯŸ
ȿȤμ㤤ΤȤܤ

ʤ6ȾФҳη̤Ȥơݵ̲á֥饰ʥפޤ줿Ȥ롥ϡ¤ꡤǽ褬ơ٤Ƥοʹ֡ʪ䤨׻εǻϤޤäǤ롥Τ褦ʰŤΤʤǰޤ줿8ȾФ˳ظäȯȹͤ뤳ȤǤΤǤϤʤ
󥰤Υ֥ƥؤοˤĤƤϡ#1611. 깾ⳤ糤ء ([2013-09-24-1]) ε׻ȡ

Referrer (Inside): [2020-03-17-1]

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2017-03-24 Fri

#2888. ʸˤˤե˥ʸν [alphabet][writing][grammatology][map][timeline]

ε ([2017-03-23-1]) ǡѸϢָܴѸѸˤλ֤ͤʤѸ첻ɽΤʤΤҲ𤷤εɤˤäơʸˤ䥢ե٥åȻˤˤե˥ʸν򤷤Ƥȡꤪ⤷ʤȻפΤǡ­Ƥ
ե˥ʸϡ켫Ȥ2ǯȾ̤륷ʥʸ丶ʥʸʤɤȯŸʸηϤǤꡤ1000ǯ˻ȤƤҲʸηϤǤ롥Υե˥ʸ顤ߤޤǹѤƤ¿¿ͤʥե٥åʸηϤȤǡޤ˥ե٥åȤȤˤդ路ʰʲʸʪ (8--9) Υ饤ΰǺܡˡ

ե˥ʸʹߤȯŸ  *  *

ե˥ʸαƶƼʸηϤϡŪˤϥ桼饷Φ˵ڤǤꡤ쥢δʸηϤ̤ȤСʤȤ⤳2ǯ֡ϵǺǤƶϤΤʸ롼פƤȤ롥
䤿Ѹ񤭵ΤѤƤ륢ե٥åȤϡ֥ޥ󡦥ե٥åȡפ뤤ϡ֥ƥʸסΤˤϡѼȤ٤ˤ줬ʸηϤȤƤäƤܼŪħ¿ϡե˥ʸΤäƤħͳ褹ȤäƤ褤äơѸʸֻˤĤƿͻƤȡݱʤ˥ե˥ʸ䤽ˤޤ̤륢ե٥åȤˤ򻲾Ȥʤ
ե˥ͤȤʸ˴ؤƤϡ󤲤Τۤʲε⻲Ȥ줿

#2105. Ѹ쥢ե٥åȤ ([2015-01-31-1])
#2417. ʸݼƿ ([2015-12-09-1])
#2482. (3) ([2016-02-12-1])

奪ꥨʪۡԡˡʸʪ졡桼饷ʸΤٸ奪ꥨʪۡ2016ǯ

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2017-03-23 Thu

#2887. Ϣ3֤ʤѸ첻ɽΤʤΤ [notice][link][vowel][diphthong][consonant][alphabet][writing][grapheme][history][spelling_pronunciation_gap][grammatology][rensai][sobokunagimon]

321դǡѸϢָܴѸѸˤλ֤ͤʤѸ첻ɽΤʤΤޤϡرѸΡ֤ʤפ롡ϤƤαѸˡ2ϡȯֻ˴ؤѤʵפǼ夲ȴϢơäˡ첻ɽλפܤ겼ƹͤƤޤѸ첻ʲˤ첻ֻˤδطʣǤ뤳Ȥ˴ؤơʸˤδƤޤطʤˤϡ¤3ǯͥĶʪ줬Ȥسλ¤̣äƤ館ФȻפޤ
ʲˡ3εȴϢܥ֥ؤΥ󥯤ĥäƤޤ碌ƤȤ

#503. Ѹֻϵ§ŪԵ§Ū ([2010-09-12-1])
#1024. ѸֻԵ§줳 ([2012-02-15-1])
#2405. ֻȯЪΥ --- ѸֻԵ§μŪװ ([2015-11-27-1])
#1021. ѸܸβǤμȿ ([2012-02-12-1])
#2515. 첻Ǥ첻ʸǤбɽ ([2016-03-16-1])
#1826. ޻첻ĹûľܼȤǤʤ ([2014-04-27-1])
#2092. ե٥åȤ첻ľɽ魯Τ ([2015-01-18-1])
#1837. ޻ȥꥷʸλκۡ ([2014-05-08-1])
#423. ե٥åȤˡ ([2010-06-24-1])
#1849. ե٥åȤηޡ ([2014-05-20-1])

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2017-03-22 Wed

#2886. ʤֻܴط̾ thatפʤΤ (2) [relative_pronoun][preposition][pied-piping][word_order][syntax][determiner]

ε[2017-03-21-1]³ơ󤻤줿ɸμˤĤơѸξñ˸ϸűѸǤϤɤäΤָ褦
űѸˤ礭3ʺʬ4ˤδط̾줬ä켣 (248--49) ޤȤȡ̤Ǥ롥

(1) ̵Ѳ þe
(2) se žѡse ϴطγʤ˶ޤʡ#154. űѸη se ζޡ ([2009-09-28-1]) 򻲾ȡˡ
(3) 嵭2ĤȤ߹碌ʣط se þese (3a) طγʤ˶ޤȡ(3b) ԻƱʤ˶ޤ礬롥

ơδطֻ̾ۤΰ֤ϡ嵭δط̾μ˱ưۤʤ뤳ȤΤƤ롥켣 (249) μݤ󤹤ȡ(1) (3b) ˤĤƤϡֻϴط˻α뤬(2) (3a) ˤĤƤֻϴطľ֤롥(2) ζ޷1ĤǤ þæt ʸ衤ñʡгʤζ޷ˤѤˤϡֻϴط˻α뤳Ȥ¿ȤĤޤꡤűѸꡤɸιʸ򤱤ƤȤȤǤ롥
ͳ꤫ǤϤʤ1޷ˤʤ þæt űѸνޤǤˡԻ̵طѤ̵ѲδطȤʤäƤȤͿƤΤǤϤʤʤħϸޤǰѤƤˡط þæt ̵ѲǤ뤳Ȥȡֻ줬Ū˲餫ͭɸʳʷ׵᤹ȤȤ褯ʤˡʤȤܤ뤳Ȥ˾ޤʤȴ줿Τ⤷ʤ
ֻ þætפ⳧̵Ȥ櫓ǤϤʤʲ˵󤲤2ĤʸΤ1ܤϤΤ褦Ǥʱ켣p. 249ˡ

. . . fram ðam godcundum worde, ðurh þæt ðe ealle þing sind geworhte. (= from the divine word, through which all things are made) (c1000 Ælfric CHom II. 364. 14--15)
he forgiet ðæt grin ðæt he mid awierged wirð; (= he forgets the snare that he is accursed with) (c897 CP 331. 18--19)


켣 رѸˡ١ҡ2000ǯ

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2017-03-21 Tue

#2885. ʤֻܴط̾ thatפʤΤ (1) [relative_pronoun][preposition][pied-piping][word_order][syntax][sobokunagimon]

313դηǼĤǡɸμǼĤǤϡϡɤȤƤƱֻ³ thatפin that . . . except that . . . ʤɤƹϤߤʤȤȴϢƤΤȤݤΥȤդƤֻܴط̾ thatפȡֻ³ thatפϡɤƱǤϤ뤬칽¤ޤäۤʤΤǡ̤Ϥޤä̤θݤȤȤ館٤ȹͤƤ롥ֻ³ thatפˤĤƤϡ#2314. °³ȤƤ that ([2015-08-28-1]) 򻲾Ȥ줿
ơΡֻܴط̾ thatסʤ pied-piping ƳפȸƤФ츽ݡˤƤʤˤĤƤϡѸŪˤϤɤΤ褦˹ͤФ褤Τ
ȤƤϡ¤ϡűѸ줫餢롥äȤϳΤǤꡤŪˤϴ򤵤ƤʸǤȤäƤ褤줬ˤΤʤǴΩäˤʤꡤѸǤԻѤˤĤʤäƤ롥
Mustanoja (196--97) ϡѸδط̾ that which λȤʬˤĤƤսǡԤλѤˤĤƼΤ褦ħŦƤ롥

Which, on the other hand, is preferred in connection with prepositions (this folk of which I telle you soo, RRose 743), and also when the antecedent is a clause or a whole sentence.


ͳȤǼΤ褦ˤҤ٤Ƥ롥

Evidently because of the somewhat clumsy arrangement of the preposition in that-clauses. Prepositions occurring in connection with that are placed immediately before the verb (þet ilke uniseli gile þet ich of seide, Ancr. 30; the place that I of spake, Ch. PF 296), particularly in early ME. Less frequently in early ME, but commonly in late ME, the preposition is placed at the end of the clause (preciouse stanes þat he myght by a kingdom with, RRolle EWr. 112).


顤ֻܴط̾ thatפι¤ط̾ that 夷ƤѸˤϤǤ򤱤Ƥ餷Ȥ뤬ʤʤΤȤϻĤ롥طཾṽ¤˸¤餺̾μṽ¤ˤƤ⡤ĤƤֻ줬ɬŪ֤Ȥϸ¤ʤäȤͤȡֻȴطȤϡŪֻΰ֤˴ؤȤƤȤ館ɬפΤ⤷ʤ

Mustanoja, T. F. A Middle English Syntax. Helsinki: Société Néophilologique, 1960.

Referrer (Inside): [2022-01-01-1] [2017-03-22-1]

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2017-03-20 Mon

#2884. HiSoPra* ˻ä (2) [academic_conference][historical_pragmatics][pragmatics][sociolinguistics][history_of_linguistics][hisopra]

ε[2017-03-19-1]³ơ314˻ä HiSoPra* ꡥƤּҲȾ̤ΥƥȤˤ򸫤Ȳ뤫˼Ҳء˸θߤ̤פǡ10ʬ٤ȯε򤤤Ѩۤʤ䤬Ǥ֥ơפϡ21˼ҲؤϡŤ餢˿ʾ׷ͿѲޤ˸ؤν˳赤⤿餹ΤǤפȤΡä˻ʤǤθƬȯɽäΤǡʲ˺ϿŪƤγפĤƤ
ơ򤵤û󤹤ȡָŤФ뿷ץפǤ롥ϤʤȤʹե졼⤷ʤ˼Ҳء˸ˤĤơ䤬ͤƤ뤳ȤüŪɽȡ˹Ԥ夯ä˱ѸˤʬǤϡHiSoPra ŪʸϢʤ³ƤƤꡤθѤƤƤ롥ܸˤΩ줫顤⤦1ͤƤԤǤڻ᤬֤ȤäˤäƤפȽҤ٤̤ꡤѸˤǤ֤ȤäˤäƤפΤǤ롥˼Ҳءפ˸פȤ٥뤬ŽƤʤäǤ롥ϡ֤٥פʤΤ֤ɥ٥פʤΤǤ롥ºݤΤȤϡ֤פġ֤ɡפβ᤬ȻפäƤ뤬Ƥˡ̤פäƤ뤳Ȥ⤢ꡤʬȤƤΥ٥ŽϽפȤǵ򱿤֤ȤäˤäƤפȡʤ¸θ̾ȾͿ뤳ȤˤäơʸФޤ졤ޤǸʤäդȤδϢ褦ˤʤꡤפʤȿƤǽ롥
18ζؤˤϡŪ vs ˻ס濴ΰ vs ΰפ2ĤΩǤߤȡ줤Ǥ롥ʲΥޥȥåɽ蘆褦ˡ1920Ⱦˤơؤμ礿ؿ I II III νѲƤơ21˻Ĥ줿ΤIVơʤΥơϡǤϤ뤬̤ΤΤΤǤϤʤ¸2ĤιŪסּΰפݤ碌뤳ȤˤäơɬŪޤϤζǤ롥ռŪ2γݤ碌ϡ˾ΤΤǤꡤΰ̣ˤơֿפȤϸʰʲʬ򥯥åˡ

 濴ΰʲ֡졤̣ΰʼҲ񡤸ѡ
ŪII. Ūʹ¤ʸˡˡ20III. Ҳءʤɡ20Ⱦ
˻I. Ӹءʸء19IV. ˼Ҳء˸ʤ (21


ѸˤʬѤƤ¿θ򡤤ΥޥȥåΤʤ˰ĤҤȤĥץåȤƤȡIVΰˤ⾯ʤǤΰ̣Ǥϡֿ׸ʬǤϤʤȤΤޤǤ̾ĤƤʤäΤǰ֤ŤܤꤷƤΤǤ롥IΰIIIΰμפȤŪʰ֤ŤͿƤʤä줬˼Ҳءפ˸פʤɤѶŪʥ٥Ϳ뤳Ȥˤäơ꤬ꤹ뤳Ȥˤʤä
ȤϤɤޤǡIΰIIIΰȤǤޤä鱧֤ϳФΤ褦ʤΤȤƤǧƤʤä꤬˽ޤäơΤ褦ʤΤȤƤޤȤޤ򼨤褦ˤʤäƤޤǤȤʤˤϺſ­ʤʤȤǤϤʤȤʤäƤΤ顤֡פۤɤ̾ͿƤƤ褤ΤǤϤʤʶŪʼҲؤ⡤ǯ˶ФϤˤϡǤʤСǤʤ줳갷ƤΤ
ơ˼Ҳؤ˸ϡIVơǤꡤ2ĤμǹͤС˥եʥ륹ơȤʤ롥ޤ٤ޤȤ򤹤оöŪȯ椨ζߤĤªѶŪǤ롥IVơϡȯǤ뤬椨ˡI, II, IIIơθ򤹤٤Ѥ뤳ȤǤäޤ줿ݥˤ롤ȹͤɤIVơϡޥȥåΰ֤ŤȤƤϡŪŪפħŤ뱦1ΰˤʤػ˾ήƧޤʤͤСΰ濴ȤĤġ¾3ΰΤˤˤߤͭΩˤȤ롥ΰ̣ǡŪѤ󶡤ۡפ⤷ʤΤȤˤȯζߤ褫ȤǤ롥
ʾΤ褦ˡιͤ HiSoPra ΰյϡָŤФ뿷ץפǤ롥

[ | ѥڡ ]

2017-03-19 Sun

#2883. HiSoPra* ˻ä (1) [academic_conference][historical_pragmatics][pragmatics][sociolinguistics][hisopra]

314˳ؽؤˤơ˼Ҳء˸θ HiSoPra* (= HIstorical SOciolinguistics and PRAgmatics) 1󸦵񤬳Ť줿2ĤŪˤϢŤ줿ʬˤΥեǤ롥40̾ۤɤλüԤꡤ2ĤθĿȯɽȡּҲȾ̤ΥƥȤˤ򸫤Ȳ뤫˼Ҳء˸θߤ̤פꤹ2֤ˤ錄ƤפץȤޤƤ
ϡƤ5̾λƤԤ1ͤȤȤǻä뵡򤤤ʳؽιϤᡤŤȽ˴ؤư̤˴դޤˡƻƤԤʬθߤ̤ˤऱơפ󼨤ͥ˥եΤǵո򴹤夬롤ȤݤβǤ롥ʲۤ񤷤äΤǤϤʤȻפɤ⡤Ǥ碌äˤʤäܲȡ伫ͳոȯӸ򤤡ɷŪʲȤʤä
Ĥεʤ줿(1) 䥹åǷФ줿˼Ҳءפȡ˸פʤطˤꡤơŤΤ(2) 餬äܸˤѸˤʬˤơˡֿʬʤΤ(3) ʾʤȤ̾ȤƤϡ˿γʬϡɤΤ褦ʿθ⤿餷ƤȸޤΤȤäȤ礿ä
Ƥ̤ơ嵭Τ褦ʵؤΡפɬ餫ˤʤä櫓ǤϤʤʬ˴ˤطƤ븦Խδ֤͡ʸ򤬤ꡤ򤬽θդФŪȿǤƤΤȤȤΤ뤳ȤǤǤ⡤礭ʼϤäΤǤϤʤ
ʤȤ⡤֡θäơŪ HiSoPra ݤ͡פʤɤȰɽǤ褦ˤʤΤϤȤƤȻפäƤ롥

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2017-03-18 Sat

#2882. ʪȸѼ¸ǧ [dialect][variety][sociolinguistics]

ʪˤˤĤơĤˤּȤϲפɤߤΤȤʽ˷Ǻܤ褦ʺǤŪʪϡ֤ιβǼͳ˸ۤǤ뽸ġפǤ롥ϰŪΥˤʪŪﳵǰȤ٤ΤǤꡤΤ˼䤹Ȥ
ˤĤդ٤ϡ¸ŪȤϤʤäƤʤȤ (24) Ҥ٤褦ˡʪŪﳵǰϡҤθ򴹤뤫ʤȤäŪ뤤ϻŪǰǤäơ¸Ụ̄礤ʳǰǤסѤСҤθ򴹤Ƥߤƽơ줬뤫Ԥ뤫ʬȤ̣ǡ¸Ūˤɤ夤ƤʤȤȤǤ롥Ǥϡﳵǰϡ¸ŪˤǤʤȤСŪʳǰȤΤ (22) ۩

ϲޤʹ֤ǧŪʳǰǤäơ¸ŪʳǰǤҴŪʳǰǤʤΤϥ֥ȥॷȥ塞뤤ϥȥ᥸̤μȤǧΤ뤬κݡ2δ֤¸ŪˤĤǤ櫓ǤϤʤ


ơ (32) ϡּФƸ̩򲼤ʤΤϡ郎ʲ뤳Ȥɬη̤ʤΤǤפȷǤ롥
ʪؤؤؤڤؤ褦ȸζ̡뤤ϸζ̤ϡʼҲ˸ؤƤǤꡤΤ褦ʶ̤ΩʤǺѤѸȤѼ (variety) ƤƤѼʪˤʤ館ȡ˴ؤƶ¿Ȥ˵Ť㤨СѼʪƱͤ˵ҴŪ뤳ȤϺǤꡤΰ̣ˤ¸ŪʳǰȤϤޤǿʹ֤ǧŪʳǰǤ롤ȸ롥ޤѼФƸ̩򲼤ʤΤϡ줬Ѳ뤳Ȥɬη̤Ǥ롤Ȥ롥
ʪˤۤˤƲΤ뤤ϲˤʤΤϤ뤬ŪϢ³ƤоݤΥŪ˥롼ԥ󥰤Ƴơ̾դԤʤĤߤȤơʪζʬȸѼζʬϻ̤äƤ롥ʪѼ⡤Ū¸ŪʬβǽꤹΤǤϤʤޤǧŪʳǰʤΤǤ롥

ɧּȤϲסؿʪؤζʽ١Ĭҡ2001ǯ17--30ǡ

[ | ѥڡ ]

2017-03-17 Fri

#2881. Ѹʣ2;̿ξü [imperative][verb][inflection][number][agreement]

ɸθѲˤĤơ#2475. ̿ˤϤʤưθѤΤ ([2016-02-05-1]) ȡ#2476. Ѹˤˤư̿ˡ³ˡŪǽŪͻ礷 ([2016-02-06-1]) Ǿ줿޸μ岽üϡȤ櫓űѸѸˤƵäѸ˾Ѳư̿ζ޸ˤĤƤϡŪDZƤᤫޤܳŪʵҤʤƤʤ褦˻פ롥ưˤֿΰספɸʤ˴ؤȤ־νĤѸˤ2;ΤΡֿפϤ t/v_distinction Ȥݥ饤ȥͥľ뤹Ǥ⤢뤫顤ʾɵ椹ͤΤơޤʤΤǤϤʤ
ηˤĤơ (162) äƤߤȡΤ褦ˤä

̿ˡñʣ
ñ {-ø} (sing/her (=hear))첻<h> Ǥ -e ⵯ롥ʣܼľˡʣΤȤۤƱʬۤ򼨤 ({-es, -eth})ɽľ³Ȥ {-e} (helpe ye)15ȾФ {-ø} ʣƤˤʽФ褦ˤʤAncrR ˤǤˤ㤬ˡ


p. 277 ˤϢ뵭Ҥä

̿ˡ϶ܼ (helpes, helpeth) ޤϸ (helpe ye) ˤꤢ蘆롥Ԥϼ줬ʣ뤤ϡŤʸƤӳݤפñξѤ롥ɽȼȤϤƤޤǤ롥ԤñʣξѤ롥


顤Ѹ̿ˡʣϡ(1) ޸ˤĤľˡʣƱʬۤ򼨤Ȥȡ(2) Ťñפ2;ΤˤѤ줿ȡ(3) 15Ⱦк饼ޤִ褦ˤʤäƤȤʬ롥ʾξܺ٤ʵҤϤʤ
Ѹ͡ۼܥƥȤʤɤʬۤĴꡤ˻̤äƽѸդʬۤ򸫤Ƥߤ뤳ɬפ⤷ʤ

סرѸ II١Ѹ9罤۽Ź1972ǯ

Referrer (Inside): [2023-06-01-1]

[ | ѥڡ ]

2017-03-16 Thu

#2880. AElfwine's Prayerbook ĬˤĤ [oe][calendar]

ϤꡤŷΤ伫ѻ夲Ƥä˿ȶʴѻоݤˡĬ롥1ĬδκĬˤȾѲ򷫤֤˾ʱ115ˤΤĬˤȤʤꡤ岼ΤǾʾĬˤȤʤ롥
űѸƥȤˤ⡤ĬˤεҤ롥Winchester New Minster νƻĹ Ælfwine ŪʵμܤäƤʸߤǤ London, British Library, Cotton Titus D. xxvi--xxvii Ȥ2ĤμܤʬƤˡμܤԤޤ줿Τϡ1023--31ǯδ֤Ȥ졤ͿƤ2ͤμ̻Τ1ͤ Ælfwine οͤȤ롥μܤˤ78ΥƥȤƤ뤬ȾϿʸʸǤ롥ۤȤɤƥǽ񤫤Ƥ뤬10ΥƥȤˤĤƤϸűѸǽ񤫤Ƥ롥
űѸǽ񤫤줿¯ŪʥƥȤ1Ĥˡַ礱Ĭפ˴ؤΤ롥ʲMarsden (15--16) ǤѤ褦ǯϳؤζʽɤǤ뤫Τ褦

Hēr is sēo endebyrdnes mōnan gonges ond sǣflōdes. On þrēora nihta ealdne mōnan, wanað se sǣflōd oþþæt se mōna bið XI nihta eald oþþe XII. Of XI nihta ealdum mōnan, weaxeð se sǣflōd oþ XVIII nihta ealdum mōnan. Fram XVIII nihta ealdum mōnan, wanaþ se sǣflōd oþ XXVI nihta ealdum mōnan. Of XXVI nihta ealdum mōnan, weaxeð se sǣflōd oþþæt se mōna bið eft ðrēora nihta eald


Marsden, Richard, ed. The Cambridge Old English Reader. Cambridge: CUP, 2004.

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2017-03-15 Wed

#2879. comfort m ͳ [suffix][spelling]

ε#2878. comfort m ȯ ([2017-03-14-1]) ˰³ǼĤǴ󤻤줿ˤĤơƥƬ com- ϡ³ǤƬ f ξˤϡ̾ con- ѲϤǤϤʤȤǤ롥Τ conference, confident, configuration, confine ۤȤɤΥ con- ȤʤäƤ롥comfort(table) 㳰Ȥʤꡤ¾㳰 comfort ˴Ϣ줫comfit ̡ˡcomfiture ̡ˡcomfrey ʥե꡼饵ʥҥϥ꥽°¿ǯˤ餤ΤΤǡ˵Ǥ롥
Ƭθ츻ˤĤƤ com- ϥƥ "with, together" ̣ cum ƬȤѤ褦ˤʤäΤǡƥ줫ľܡޤե󥹸줫Ū˱ѸäŪʸΤʤǤϡ m ϲƱˤ͡ʸ򼨤̾ϡb, p, m ʤɤǤ com- Τޤ޸뤬l Ǥ col- Ȥơr Ǥ cor- Ȥơ첻 h, gn, w Ǥ co- ȤƸ졤ʳξˤ con- Ȥʤ롥㳰¿comfort ⤽1ĤǤ롥
Upward and Davidson (142) ϡդΤȤʲΤ褦˲⤷Ƥ뤬comfort comfit ˤĤƤñ㳰ŪȻŦƤΤߤǡθˤĤƤϽҤ٤Ƥʤ

Before B and P, OFr normally wrote CUM-: cumbatre 'to combat', cumpagnie 'company'. Although this was later altered back to the Lat COM- spelling, Eng retained the pronunciation related to CUM-, whence the /ʌ/ vowel of comfort, company, compass, etc.


In comfort and comfit, the CON- was altered in Eng to COM-: comfort < OFr cunforter < Lat confortare 'to strengthen'; comfit < ME confyt < OFr confit.


ˡcomfort ˤĤ Barnhart θ츻ŵäƤߤȡťե󥹸줫μѤ˴ϢƤ䤳𤬤褦ǡֻ˴ؤƤ con- ä˱Ѹ¦ com- ؤѲȤŦ롥

Probably before 1200 cunfort a feeling of consolation, in Ancrene Riwle; later confort (about 1200 and about 1280); borrowed probably through Anglo-French from Old French cunfort, confort, from earlier noun use derived from the stem of Latin cōnfortāre strengthen. Apparently the noun and verb were borrowed separately in English, though the noun replaced earlier Old English frōfor; however, it is possible that the later verb is from the noun. The phonetic change of con- to com- before f took place in English.


Skeat θ츻ŵǤ⡤ϤѸˤ con- com- ѲȤ¤ܤƤʤ

Though the verb is the original of the sb., the latter seems to have been earlier introduced into English. The ME. verb is conforten, later comforten, by the change of n to m before f. It is used by Chaucer, Troil. and Cress. iv. 722, v. 234, 1395. [The sb. confort is in Chaucer, Prol. 775, 7788 (A 773, 776); but occurs much earlier. It is spelt cunfort in Ol Eng. Homilies, ed. Morris, i. 185; kunfort in Ancren Riwle, p. 14.]


ѸǤΰֻʬۤťե󥹸ǤֻܤĴƤߤʤ¤ꡤcomfort m Ρ֤ʤפˤϡʾ뤳ȤϤǤʤǤ롥
ʤcomfit ֻˤĤƤϡإåץ꡼Ѹ츻ŵ٤ confectionery ιˡ̣Ū comfort ȴˤ䤫˴ϢŤ줿ΤǤϤʤȤλŦ롥

Upward, Christopher and George Davidson. The History of English Spelling. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell, 2011.
Barnhart, Robert K. and Sol Steimetz, eds. The Barnhart Dictionary of Etymology. Bronxville, NY: The H. W. Wilson, 1988.
硼 T. åץ꡼ ƻ ϻ إåץ꡼Ѹ츻ŵ١罤ۡ2009ǯ

[ | ѥڡ ]

2017-03-14 Tue

#2878. comfort m ȯ [phonetics][phoneme][assimilation][allophone][prefix]

228դηǼĤǡcomfort(able) m ˤĤƼ䤬󤻤줿ƥͳ褹Ƭ com- Ҳϡp, b, m Ǥ computer, combine, communicate ˸褦 m ݤ뤬ʳξǤϸ³˱ n, l, r ʤɤѲꡤȤ˼줿ꤹΤ̤Ǥ롥com- f Ǥ con- ȤʤΤǤꡤconfer, conflict, confront, convict ʤɤ˸̤Ǥ롥comfort Ǥ f m Ƥ롥ϡɤȤѸǤбեñ confort(able) n ֤Ƥ櫓ʤΤǡޤޤ䤬ޤ롥碌ơñ m Ϥ褦ȯΤȤ
ѸǤʤ m ΤˤĤƤϡĴ٤ƤߤޤǼ褦ʲƤʤǤϡȤꤢ m ȯˤĤ˲⤷ƤѸǤϡ<m> ʸϤۤ11δط /m/ βǤб롥 /m/ κǤŵŪʼ¸ͭξɡ [m] ĶˤäƤϤʳΰ۲ (allophone) ȤƤ¸롥ľ [f] [v] Τ褦ʿ³ˤϡ/m/ ĴεչƱ (assimilation) ˤͭɡ [ɱ] ȤʤΤ̤Ǥ롥פˡ[f] ȯιɡ©ȴƤФ褤βñȤĴ뤳ȤϤʤȻפ뤬[f] [v] ³֤Ǥ̵ռΤ [ɱ] ĴȤʤäƤϤǤ롥comfort m Ϥޤˤΰ۲Ǽ¸롥
ʲˡJespersen Cruttenden 顤۲ [ɱ] ˤĤƿƤʬѤ褦

Before [f, v], as in nymph, pamphlet, comfort, triumph, triumvir, circumvent [nimf, pæmflit, kʌmfət, traiəmf, traiˈʌmvə, səkəmˈvent], the [m]-closure is frequently formed not by means of both lips, but of the lower lip alone, which is applied to the lower edge of the upper front teeth. (Jespersen 395)


When followed by a labiodental sound /f,v/, the front closure may be labiodental [ɱ] rather than bilabial, e.g. in nymph, comfort, triumph, come first, circumvent, warm vest. Additionally pronunciations of infant, enforce, unforced, etc. with assimilation of [n] to [ɱ] can be regarded as having an allophone of /m/. (Cruttenden 212)


In connected speech /m/ frequently results from a final /n/ of the citation form before a following bilabial, e.g. one mile /wʌm ˈmaɪl/, more and more /mɔːr əm ˈmɔː/, ten pairs /tem ˈpeəz/, gone back /gɒm ˈbak/; sometimes /m/ is a realisation of word-final /ən/ or /n/ following /p/ or /b/, e.g. happen /ˈhapm/, ribbon /ˈrɪbm/, or, in context, cap and gown /kap m ˈgaʊn/ . . . . (Cruttenden 212)


դΤϡconfer, conflict, confront, convict ʤɤˤƤϡտȯǤϡ [f] [v] ³ȤϤäɡ [n] ȯΤ̤ȤȤˤ衤comfort(able) ϤϤѤäñǤ롥
ʤܸǤ̾ [f] [v] ȯʤΤǡޤƤ [ɱ] ʤɸ뤳Ȥʤ褦˻פ뤬ü˲˳֤ǥ޹ԤȯȡƤ [ɱ] Ȥʤ롥˥äȺ˳̤ξФߤǡֽޤơפȤȤΡ֤פȡ֤ޡפλҲݱʤ [ɱ] ȤʤäƤޤ

Jespersen, Otto. A Modern English Grammar on Historical Principles. Part 1. Sounds and Spellings. 1954. London: Routledge, 2007.
Cruttenden, Alan. Gimson's Pronunciation of English. 8th ed. Abingdon: Routledge, 2014.

Referrer (Inside): [2017-03-15-1]

[ | ѥڡ ]

2017-03-13 Mon

#2877. 3000ǯʹߤδ䲽̱²ư (2) [indo-european][anthropology][origin_of_japanese][diachrony]

#2854. 3000ǯʹߤδ䲽̱²ư ([2017-02-18-1]) ³ԡ²θϡĸ줬äƤˤϥ饤ʤΥƥåӤ䥢ʥȥꥢʤɽ⤢뤬⸽ߤΥ桼饷ΦˤʬۡȤ櫓ɸɤʤɤθȡŪ̴ϰꤵƤ뤳Ȥʬ롥դˤСĸôΤθŸϡˤäħŤȤ⤤롥̱²ưˤĤơڤ3500ǯ˵äưˤΤȹͤƤ롥θϡܸεɥδϢεˤŪ˴Ϳ桼饷ΦȤʥǤ̱²ưɥޤβǽΤǤ롥

ޡǯϡϵΤε޷ˤꡤˤäƤϡάͰ쵤3˵ڤ10ε㲼Ǥ⥫ʥˤϻͶ塻᡼ȥ򤳤ɹϤǤΤǤ뤫顤Ǥϵʬ̻äޡΤε㲼ϡ̤ν̱ˤȤäƤŪǤäϤǤꡤ줬ҤΤȹͤ롥ɡ衼åѽäΤΤϤޤ饢ե˥նƥΤۤȤäˤϥɥͤʸĤäƤάͤλŪʴ粽⤪äƤꡤꥢͤ˶व줿ά쥢Ǥ⡤㲼ˤä̱²äȹͤǡäƾȤ⤽ʹߡɥ줬ܸȴطäȤϹͤʤβȤʻδطˤĤƤϡꤹ뤳ȤϤǤʤڡp. 28--29


(34) ϡؤīȾ礫̱²ư⡤Ʊϵ٥δ䲽˵Ƥ롥
ʤ (24) ưŪ̱²ưŪ̱²ʬۤˤĤơΤ褦ʰ̣Ĺȯ򤷤Ƥ롥̱²ưϸߤǤ⤪ʤƤ뤬ŪˤϲθݤǤ롥򤫤СưƤʹ֤θݤΰ֤Ȥơߤ롥סϡ̻֤ȶ֤λڤؤ򹪤ߤ˸ɽΤǤ롥

ס̱²ΰưȸʬۡסطٸ졡ϴ15ǯǰ̺罤۽Ź1987ǯ24--40ǡ

[ | ѥڡ ]

2017-03-12 Sun

#2876. Ѹäʬۤ˴ؤʺ1%Υ [lexicology][statistics][frequency][corpus]

ε#2875. Ѹäʬۤγʺ򥸥˷ȥĶǤߤ ([2017-03-11-1]) ˰³Ѹ٤γʺˤĤƹͤƤߤä˷ľŪ˳ʺǧǤɸȤơʺ1%ΥȤΤ롥кѳؤǤСȥޥԥƥⰦѤƤ֥ȥå͵ؤνפǤ롥ɤΤ餤Ȥɸ򤹤Ф褤ѸäˤĤƸС٤ǥȥå1%뤽ۤ¿ʤˤäơΤΤɤΤ餤ΥƤ뤫򼨤ɸȤʤ롥
Ʊ褦ˡٿ81.5ۤɤŪϤ GSL θɽȡ1850ۤɤε祳ѥ#1424. CELEX2 ([2013-03-21-1]) ˴ŤɽǷ׻Ƥߤȥå1%ȥȥå0.1%Ǥͤϡʲ̤ꡥ

 GSLCELEX2
1%47.05%69.36%
0.1%14.60%43.57%


ºݡޤǹ⤤ͤˤʤȤͽۤƤʤäѸؽȤߤȡüäٸΥȥå1%ŵС5?7ۤɤθ줬ǧǤ뤳Ȥˤʤ롥ǥƥȤǤ뤫ȤȡϤޤäǤϤ뤬óؽθΨˤĤƺƹͤ롥
ͤޤǤˡ2000ǯλǤƤν򸫤ƤߤȡꥫǤϥȥå0.1%͵ؤΤ7%ۤɡܤǤ2%ۤɤǤʵp. 226ˡǯξȤ˳ʺϳƤƤ褦˸äۤɤγʺ˻뤳ȤϤʤäμҲϡ餿ʿʼҲǤ롥

Ρؿ͸ܷкѡ١ҡӡ2016ǯ

[ | ѥڡ ]

2017-03-11 Sat

#2875. Ѹäʬۤγʺ򥸥˷ȥĶǤߤ [lexicology][statistics][frequency][zipfs_law][corpus]

#1103. GSL ˤ Zipf's law θڡ ([2012-05-04-1]) ǡGeneral Service List (GSL) κ2000;θɽѤơzipfs_law ΩͻҤ±餷ٽ̤ι⤤θ줬ιٸǤϤʤĶٸǤ뤳ȡǤʳ¿θ줬ʤ٤ٸǤȤȤǧ줿ΤȤϡѸʤơ餯ˤθäʬۤʿԶѹդǤꡤ礭ʤФĤȳʺħŤƤ뤳Ȥ򼨤ΤǤ롥
Τ褦ʬۤγʺ򼨤ɽŪʻɸˡꥢηкѳؼԥˤ񻺤ʬۤʿ¬ɸȤ1936ǯ˹ͰƤ˷ (Gini's coefficient) 롥ͤϼ̤X˱äƺ鱦غǤ٤㤤줫⤤ؤȽ¤١٤ΥY˼äƤĤʤȡ餫ηα夬ζȤʤ롥Ķ (Lorenz curve) Ȥ٤Ƥθ줬Ʊ٤ǸȤˤϥĶ45٤α夬ľȤʤִʿפ򼨤դˡüȤơ1ĤθΤߤ٤Τ٤Ƥͭ¾Τ٤Ƥθ줬٥ξˡִʿפȤʤꡤĶϺLȤʤ롥̤ϡĶϡ45٤α夬βˡθ̤Ȥ롥˷ϡѤȡ45٤α夬ľѤդȤľջѷΨȤɽ롥äơ0ʿ1ʿȤȤˤʤ롥
ơGSL ǡեǷ׻̡˷0.812ȽФĶȡʲΤ褦ˤʤ롥

Lorenz Curve of Word Frequency from GSL


餫ʿʬۤȤ롥ʤߤˡGSL ʥѥθɽȤȡ˥˷Ͼ夬㤨С1790줫ʤ륳ѥ#1424. CELEX2 ([2013-03-21-1]) ˴Ť׻Ǥϡ0.950 ȤޤͤФˡ
ͤޤǤˡ (122) ˵ä2010ǯννʺ򼨤˷򤤤Ĥ󤲤ȡܤ 0.336ꥫ 0.380꤬ 0.510ɤ 0.246 Ǥ롥äμҲ񤬶ˤʿʼҲǤ뤳Ȥʬ

Ρؿ͸ܷкѡ١ҡӡ2016ǯ

Referrer (Inside): [2017-03-12-1]

[ | ѥڡ ]

2017-03-10 Fri

#2874. [evolution][language_change][speed_of_change][functional_load][schedule_of_language_change][entropy]

ʲʪؤǤϡ (natural selection) ȴϢ (selective pressure or evolutionary pressure) Ȥǰ롥 (23) 򸫤Ƥߤ褦

ζٹ礤ɽ魯Ȥˡ (selective pressure ޤ evolutionary pressure) ȤդȤޤˤŬ٤ΰ㤤礭ȤϹ⤯ʤޤȤСĶ¿θΤ¹Ĥ˻䤨Ŭ٤ι⤤θΤ¹Ĥ˱ɤ褦ʾǤϡϹ⤯ʤޤ
⤤ȤʲԥԡɤǿʤߤޤŬ٤Ϸˤä礭ۤʤΤǡ⤤Ŭ٤ФƤŬ٤򲼤ϵ®˼Ƥޤդˡ㤤ǤϡäƤ⤽ۤŬ٤˺ޤ󡥤äơФƤѲϤޤ긫ޤ


ϡȤƥӥβ󤲤Ƥ롥ӥβΤϥե顼夬ʤΤǡ̤¸Ψ롥ĤޤŬ٤򲼤ʤΤǡ̾ι⤤ǤϡƤȤۤȤɤǤ롥ȤðŤƶʤɡե顼夹뤳Ȥ̣⤿ʤĶˤƤϡ㤤ᡤӥβΤŬ٤ä뤳ȤˤϤʤʤƶˤƤϡӥβʤ̵ͭˤϽ⤿ʤΤǤ롥
ơǸ˰ܤѲ򡤹̣ǸȤޤĶѲŬ뤿μǤªΤǤСˤȤΤͤ뤳ȤͭѤ⤤ǤϡäȤѰۤǤӤӡŬ٤ι⤤ѰΤ򤵤ǽ⤤㤤ǤϡʤΩѰۤǤäƤ⤵ۤɽ⤿ʤᡤѰΤä餱Ȥ褦ΥץؿʤǤʤ
Ǥϡˤι⤤֤㤤ĶȤϲηǤΰϤȸηϳΰϤʬƹͤ뤳ȤǤ롥ԤˤĤƤϡ¤Ūʴ鵡ǽô (functional_load)ΩθΨηϤоʤɡ͡ʹͤ롥ԤˤĤƤϡҲؤǼ夲üԴ֤ߺѤܿʤɤθĶѰդǤȤʤ롥
ʪˤʲ®٤ˤطȤȤϡˤĤƤƤϤޤꤽǤ롥⤱С餯Ѳϥԡǥ˿ʤ˴ؤƤϡȥԡ (entropy) Ȥ⤦1Ĥζ̣۵롥#1810. ѰۤΥȥԡ ([2014-04-11-1])#1811. "The later a change begins, the sharper its slope becomes." ([2014-04-12-1]) ε򻲾Ȥ줿

ˡʪʲȤϤʤˤ١٥ǡ2016ǯ

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2017-03-09 Thu

#2873. ʪʲ˴ؤȡβˡθؤα [evolution][language_myth][family_tree][indo-european]

#2863. ʬˤ³ʿפȡַס ([2017-02-27-1]) Ǥ⿨줿ǯθؤǤϡʲʪؤˤʲ (evolution) γǰФлȤ롥ʪοʲȸʲӤȡ̣ƶ뤳Ȥ¿ϡʪʲ˴ؤƿ͡ŵŪƤҲ𤷤ʤ顤бʲθˤĤƹͤƤߤ
(52--53) ˤȡʪʲˤĤƼΤ褦ʸ̢䤷ƤȤʲΤʤǥҥȤǤ̤Ǥꡤμ롤Ƥβˤʪʽäʤɡˤ֤Ť졤ΤȤƽ󤬤롤ȤǤ롥ʲʪؤǤϡ줾ʪơδĶŬƤΤǤꡤҥȤˤƤ⡤ˤƤ⡤ˤƤ⡤ߤʶ̤褫ʬ줷ơƱ֤ˤ餵졤˿ʲκƤΤȹͤ롥Ĥޤꡤ͡ʼδ֤ˤϡطαϤˤ衤岼ͥκȤäϤʤ
ҥȤʪνĺú¤ƤȤ򤭤ۤˤϡޤ򾯡פФ褤㤨С (54) ϰʲκޤⱦޤθΤۤŪǤȤƤ롥

ꡡͥ顡ѥ󥸡ҥȡꡡͥѥ󥸡ҥȡ
















ޤǤϡҥȤֽĺפ۵䤹üΥݥˤ֤Ƥ餺̤¸ߤǤϤʤȤ롥ˡѥ󥸡¤ϥҥȤΤۤ˶ᤤ̤Ǥ뤳Ȥɤ߼䤹ʤ롥ҥȤȤʳΥʥѥ󥸡ȥˤȤΩǤϤʤҥȤȥѥ󥸡륰롼פȡΥ롼פȤΩǤ롤Ȥ⤭ĦˤʤΤ뤤ϡѥ󥸡ˤȤäƺǤưʪϲȤ䤤򤹤СǤϤʤҥȤǤ롤ȤΤǤ뤳Ȥɤ߼䤹
̤ˤϡҥȤΩ줫鸫Сѥ󥸡⥴Ʊ֥פȤƲ˸롥鸫СҥȤȥѥ󥸡ϡּʬ鳰ƤäѤʥפȤƱ˱Ǥѥ󥸡ϡҥȤ⥴Ѥٹ礤ۤʤ뤬ˤѤʡ֤ɤäΥѥ󥸡פʤɤȸƤ뤫⤷ʤΤ
ϡ˴ؤȡθβäˤĤƤƤϤ뤳ȤǤΤǤϤʤǺǤŪͭѤǡѤƤѸȤϡǰΤǤȸʤ줬Ǥ롥ޤˤƤ⡤Ѹ줬Ǥפȸʤ䤹֤졤¾θȤ˻ʲλޤŪǼŪʰ褦뤳Ȥ롥вƤߤСѸ¾θơ˴ĶŬƤȤǤƱʤǤꡤ줬ȤȤϤʤʲƤäݤޤǤϤ뤬Ѹޤηޡ2٤Ƥߤ褦

ĸ졡ȸ졡졡եꥸ졡Ѹ졡ĸ졡ȸ졡եꥸ졡Ѹ졡
















Ѹޤ²ηޤˤĤƤϡcat:indo-european family_tree γƵ򻲾ȡ

ˡʪʲȤϤʤˤ١٥ǡ2016ǯ

[ | ѥڡ ]

2017-03-08 Wed

#2872. Ǥȥۥ⡦ԥ [phonetics][homo_sapiens][anthropology]

Ǥ뤤ϵ岻 (click) Ȥüʸ첻ĸ줬Ȥƥեꥫ˽椷ʬۤƤȤ¤ϡؼԤΤߤʤ餺ؼԤ̱²ؼԤδؿĤƤǤβŪʵҤˤĤơ#1672. ή ([2013-11-24-1]) ǡŪʬۤˤĤơ#1314. ([2012-12-01-1]) ʬŪ˰äƤϤεˤĤƤθڤ򽸤ƤߤɬŪʴȤϸʤ⤷ʤ1ĤƶȤƼƤ
̸αˤ路 (130) ϡߤΥ󥶥˥Ϥ˽ĺν̱ϥ²θˤĤơȤˤ뼡Τ褦ʰո򻲾ȤƤ롥

Ȥϡϥ²θ졤ʤȤ⤽η֤ϡдνθ˶ᤤΤǤϤʤȹͤƤ롥ϥ²θϤۤȤǤǹ졤첻ҲѤ̾θդȤϤޤäۤʤäƤ롥ǤϡȤ櫓κˤΰϤȯ롥Ǥʤ顤ʪ˵Ť뤳Ȥʤ󤯤֤ȾãȤǤΤ
Ƕθˤꡤϥ²ΰҹϡޤǸ椵줿ɤΥ롼פ¿ͤǤ뤳ȤȽҤФ뤴Ȥ˰Υڡ¿ͲƤΤǡ¿ͤǤФۤɡηˤŤȤȤˤʤ롥Ȥϡϥ²η¾οफʬ줿Τϡۥ⡦ԥ󥹤ƴ֤ʤäȹͤƤ롥Ĥޤϡۥ⡦ԥ󥹤κǽ³ƤʤΤ


ؼԤΥС (45--46) ϡ岻ˤĤƼΤ褦˴ѻƤ롥

岻ϡեꥫΥ²ʥߥӥȥܥĥʤΥ֥åޥʥ²ˤꥫΥ²ʥ²ˡȥ󥶥˥οͭ͡ΤΤ֥åޥȥ²ͼΤۤʤꡤ֥åޥϼĺν̱²ϲܤƤƤ롥ϰۤʤ뤬ɤŸǤ岻롥ؼԤȸؼԤϡ礭ۤʤäƤξ²ˤΤ褦ʶΤϡΤ˶̤褫ʬ줿ȹͤƤ롥


³岻ε˴ؤ롤С (48) ΤʤѻѤ롥

ǯθˤꡤ岻ä롼פˤĤʤϡηΤ˸줿Ȥ餫ˤʤäϤǤʤؼԤϡ岻εϿǯˤΤܤꡤबեꥫȯäΤǤϤʤȿ¬Ƥ롥


ơС (54) ϡʥߥӥΥ֥åޥμĤƱԤơΤ褦ʴۤҤ٤Ƥ롥

­פ򤿤ɤʤ顤դϾäƤ롥岻Ϥäʹ롥岻ä͡ηĴ٤ؼԤϡθεϿǯˤΤܤǽȿ¬Ƥ롥岻ߤޤ³ƤΤϡ򤷤ʤ饳ߥ˥ȤΤǤϤʤ֥åޥȤä˹ưƤƴΤϡ餬Ǥ䤭Ȥ岻ȤƤϤäʹȤȤǤϲγξڤʤ岻ϼȿ⤯¾θ٤Ʊ󤯤ޤϤˤΤǤϤʤϡڤδ֤򤫤ޤäưưϥ󥿡󤯤ˤưʪ˻Τ줺˾򴹤뤳ȤΤǤʤΤ⤷ʤ


ǤεȤꤵƤǯ夬ǯȤŤΤǤ뤳ȤͤȤ嵭δѻϡǥޥͶ¾ǵǰΤȤʤ롥

ꥹȥեɡˡ ҡˡ137ǯʪ١ʸݽս2012ǯ
ꥹСġˡ ҡˡؿ20ǯʤιϩ١ʸݽս2013ǯ

Referrer (Inside): [2022-08-03-1]

[ | ѥڡ ]

2017-03-07 Tue

#2871. űѸΥ饤ǯɽ [timeline][web_service][oe][anglo-saxon]

#2358. 饤ɤǤѸǯɽ ([2015-10-11-1]) ˤʤ餤Mitchell (361--64) θűѸǯɽ򥹥饤ɲƤߤޤʲβ򥯥åƤ饤ǯɽǤϡΥ̤ Lay = СReligious = ֡Literary = ĤǿʬƤޤ

HEL Timeline for OE by Mitchell

ʲϡ饤ǯɽΥ١Ȥ̾ɽǯɽǤͤޤǤˡ

DateLayReligiousLiterary
449Traditional date of coming of Angles, Saxons, and Jutes. The legend of Arthur may rest on a British leader who resisted the invaders.
c. 547  Gildas writes De excidio Britanniæ.
560--616Æthelbert King of Kent.  
c. 563 St Columba brings Celtic Christianity to Iona. 
597 St Augustine brings Roman Christianity to Kent. 
616--632Edwin King of Northumbria.  
c. 625Earliest possible date for Sutton Hoo ship-burial.  
627 Edwin converted to Christianity. 
632Edwin killed by heathen King Penda of Mercia.  
635 Aidan settles in Lindisfarne, bringing Celtic Christianity. 
635 King Cynegils of Wessex converted. 
641Oswald King of Northumbria killed by Penda.  
654Penda killed by Oswy King of Northumbria.  
664 Synod of Whitby establishes supremacy of Roman Christianity. 
664 St Chad becomes bishop. 
657--680 Hild Abbess of Whitby.Cædmon uses Germanic alliterative verse for religious subjects during this period.
c. 678 English missions to the continent begin. 
680  Approximate earliest date for composition of Beowulf.
c. 700  Date of first linguistic records.
709 Death of Aldhelm, Bishop of Sherborne. 
731  Bede completes Historia gentis Anglorum ecclesiastica.
735 Death of Bede. 
c. 735Birth of Alcuin.  
757--796Offa King of Mercia.  
782 Alcuin settles at Charlemagne's court. 
793Viking raids begin.Sacking of Lindisfarne. 
fl. 796  Nennius, author or reviser of Historia Britonum.
800Four great kingdoms remain --- Northumbria, Mercia, East Anglia, Wessex.  
780--850  Cynewulf probably flourishes some time in this period.
804 Death of Alcuin. 
851Danes' first winter in England.  
865Great Danish Army lands in East Anglia.  
867Battle of York. End of Northumbria as a political power.  
870King Edmund of East Anglia killed by Danes. East Anglia overrun.  
871Alfred becomes King of Wessex.  
874Danes settle in Yorkshire.  
877Danes settle in East Mercia.  
880Guthrum and his men settle in East Anglia. Only Wessex remains of the four Kingdoms.  
?886Boundaries of Danelaw agreed with Guthrum. Alfred occupies London. The period of the Alfredian translations and the beginning of the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle.
892Further Danish invasion.  
896Alfred builds a fleet.  
899Death of King Alfred.  
899--954The creation of the English Kingdom.  
c. 909 Birth of Dunstan. 
937Battle of Brunanburh. Poem commemorates the battle.
954The extinction of the Scandinavian kingdom of York.  
959--975Edgar reigns.  
960 Dunstan Archbishop of Canterbury. The period of the Monastic Revival. 
c. 971  The Blickling Homilies.
978 or 979Murder of King Edward.  
950--1000  Approximate dates of the poetry codices --- Junius MS, Vercelli Book, Exeter Book, and Beowulf MS.
978--1016Ethelred reigns.  
988 Death of Dunstan. 
991Battle of Maldon. Poem commemorates the battle.
990--992  Ælfric's Catholic Homilies.
993--998  Ælfric's Lives of the Saints.
1003--1023 Wulfstan Archbishop of York. 
c. 1014  Sermo Lupi ad Anglos.
1005--c. 1012 Ælfric Abbot of Eynsham. 
1013Sweyn acknowledged as King of England.  
1014Sweyn dies.  
1016Edmund Ironside dies.  
1016--1042Canute and his sons reign.  
1042--1066Edward the Confessor.  
1066Harold King. Battle of Stamford Bridge. Battle of Hastings. William I king.  


Mitchell, Bruce. An Invitation to Old English and Anglo-Saxon England. Oxford: Blackwell, 1995.

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2017-03-06 Mon

#2870. űѸνǽ񤫤줿ƥȤʬ [oe_dialect]

űѸˤĤƤϡ#1433. 10θűѸƥȤʬۡ ([2013-03-30-1])#2868. ˤƸűѸޤ줿 ([2017-03-04-1]) ˤƤϡCrowley (102) ΥꥹȤ˽äơ(1) Ωǯ夬ʬäƤꡤ(2) Τ褽ޤä(3) ŪˤӤűѸƥȤΰƸƤ

Abbreviated TitleContentDateWhere Written
NORTHUMBRIAN
RuthCrRuthwell Cross inscription: about 320 runesS. VIII1Dumfrieshire, NW
HENamesOE Names in Bed's Historica (MSS. Moore, Leningrad, Cott. Tib. A.xiv): 5000-6000 personal or place namesVIIIMoore: Northumbria (Wright 1964); Len & Tib.: Wearmouth-Jarrow (Lowe 1958)
CædCædmon's Hymn (Moore, Leningrad MSS. of Bede's HE)VIII1 or VIIImM: Northumbria; L: Wearmouth-Jarrow
Ru2Owun's gloss to Luke and most of Mark and John in the Rushworth GospelsX2probably Yorkshire WR
LiGloss to the gosepels (Lindisfarne Gospels)X2Durhamshire
RitGlGloss to the Rituale Ecclesiae DunelmensisX2Durhamshire
MERCIAN
Charters 47, 48 in Sweet's Oldest English TextsProse and names (While Chs. are relatively skimpy, they are the best localized witnesses of Mercian.)47: c. 836 Mercia; 48: c. 840Mercia
WEST SAXON (While the first three witnesses below are not so linguistically consistent as the Late West Saxon ones that follow, they are nonetheless the principal witnesses of Early West Saxon.)
CP (C), CP (H)The two earliest mss of Alfred's translation of the Cura Pastoralis890--7Wessex
Chron (A)The OE Chronicle in the Parker MS., folios 1--25vc. 900; c. 925Winchester (Parkes 1976)
Or(L)OE translation of Orosius in the Lauderdale MS.X1Winchester (Ker)
BenR(O)OE Rule of St. BenedictX2probably Winchester (Gretsch 1974: 133)
ÆCHom(A)The Royal MS. of Ælfric's Catholic Homilies990Cerne Abbas, Dorset. Emended by Ælfric himself. (Eliason & Clemoes 1966)
ÆCHom(K)The Catholic Homilies in MS. Cambr. Univ. Lib. Gg 3.28X/XIunknown, but the text shows marks of Ælfric's supervision (Sisam 1953: 178)
ÆCHom(Q)Homilies in MS. Corp. Chr. Col., Cambr. 188XI1"
Chron(B, C)Two mass of the OE ChronicleB: X2; C: XIm, XI2Abingdon, Berkshire; Abingdon, Berkshire
Or(C)OE OrosiusXI1Abingdon, Berkshire
WS(O, A)West Saxon GospelsO: c.1000; A: XI2Wessex (Bath?); Wessex (Exeter)
KENTISHnone


󥦥ȡޤޤƤ뱤ʸƥȤϾʤʤۤȤɤκǤꡤνˤϤʤʤꥹȤˤϵ󤲤ƤʤNorthumbria Franks Casket inscription, Bede's Death Song, the Leiden Riddle, ޤ Mercia the Corpus, Epinal, Erfurt glossaries, the Vespasian Psalter gloss ŪˤϰӤƤ뤬꤬ʤƤ餺ڵȤƤϿʤ嵭 (1), (2), (3) 3󥦥ȡǽ񤫤줿ƥȤ˾ʤΥꥹȤʬ
ǯˤƥȤʬۿޤ򼨤ȡΤ褦ˤʤCrowley, p. 103 οޤˡ"X" Ϥ褽3ƥȡ"s" ϴ˾ʤŪѤǤƥȤǤ롥

                  700           800           900          1000           1100
                   |             |             |             |             |
North          s sXXX                             X XX
Merc.               s    s       s  XX           s s
Kent.                             s ss s          s
W. Sax.                   s         s   X  X  XX    X    X X XsXsXsXssXsss

Crowley, Joseph P. "The Study of Old English Dialects." English Studies 67 (1986): 97--104.

[ | ѥڡ ]

2017-03-05 Sun

#2869. ťΥɸ줫μѤϸűѸǤäƤ⡤ʸڤѸ [old_norse][loan_word][borrowing][oe][eme]

üԤ̤θ줫ѤȤ԰٤ȡθѤȤȤϡʪǤ롥ԤϤޤˡּڤפȤ԰٤ԤʤƤȤ̣ưŪ borrowing ǤꡤԤϤ줬ηϤǼޤäŪ loan_word ѤǤ롥2Ԥΰ㤤ڵ (evidence) ȤҤ٤Сʸ塤Ԥ "borrowing" βϳǧ뤳ȤϤۤȤɤԤ "loan word" ѤȤƤξΤߤȿǤ뤳Ȥˤʤ롥
ΰ㤤򡤱ѸˤθťΥɸμѡʸˤˤƹͤƤߤ褦Ѹ줬ťΥɸθäѤϡξ줬ܿǤ뤫顤濴ϸűѸǤ롥ˤäƤ¿ʤȤѸޤǤȤƤ⡤ܤϸűѸǤ뤳Ȥϴְ㤤ʤʡ#2591. ťΥɸϤĤޤǥ󥰥ɤǻȤƤ ([2016-05-31-1]
ѤȤ԰٤űѸνǤäȤƤ⡤Τ褦˼Ѥ줿Ѹ줬λκȤܤʤɤʸƱŪȿǤƤ뤫ɤǤ롥̾ѸϼҲŪˤٹǧΤ褦ˤʤäƤ񤭸դ˽ȤΤǤꡤѤʤ줿ȼѸ줬ʸڤδ֤ˤϥåפ롥Ȥ櫓¸űѸʸΤۤȤɤϡŪ˸ťΥɸαƶǤⴶˤ West-Saxon ɸŪʱѸˤǽ񤫤Ƥ뤿ᡤťΥɸ줫μѸξڵۤȤɼʤťΥɸαƶǻä󥰥ϡɸŪȤơȤ񤭵뵡񤬤ʤäΤǡڵȤʤʸΤΤĤäƤʤˡΥޥʹߡѸϡɤǤ졤ʸ˽Ȥ뵡񤽤ΤΤ㸺ᡤѸˤƤťΥɸ줫μѸλѤǧǤʸɬ¿ʤäơ¿θťΥɸѸ줬ʸư̾ڵȤƳǧΤϡ᤯ƤѸ졤٤иѸʹߤȤȤˤʤ롥ťΥɸμѡʸˤݤˡϤȤƤפʤΤǡõƤ
Crowley (101) ˡˤĤüŪƤս꤬ΤǡƤ

[T]he Scandinavian influence on English dialects, which began after c. 850 and outside the tradition of writing, does not show up in any significant way in the records of Old English. The substantial pre-1066 texts from the Danelaw areas show either the local Old English dialect without Scandinavian influence or standard Late West Saxon. So, despite the circumstantial evidence and Middle English attestation of a significant Scandinavian influence, not much can be made of it for Old English.


Crowley, Joseph P. "The Study of Old English Dialects." English Studies 67 (1986): 97--104.

[ | ѥڡ ]

2017-03-04 Sat

#2868. ˤƸűѸޤ줿 [oe_dialect][dialectology][anglo-saxon][dialect_levelling]

˻θűѸʤ700ǯ夫ʸڤűѸνѼϡˤΩΤ5Φޥ̱²֥ƥ˿ƤΤȤ餬ơ¿Ѳ뤲ˤ衤ŪˤϤΤޤݤơ8ʹߤʸ˸Ƥ롤ȤȤʤΤ
űѸηˤĤ Crowley ϡΤ褦ˤϹͤƤʤCrowley ϡष8ʹߤ˳ǧűѸνϡ餬֥ƥذܽν礿װȤΤǤƤ롥5ΰܽˤäơޥν̱²ϳơȤƤȤȤϤä֥ƥϤäƤϡ̱²Ϥ䤬ͻ礷Ūʺۤ⤤äϤ褽ʿ줿ǽ⤤ (cf. dialect levelling) θ塤Ƥӥ֥ƥˤư˻λϤޤޤǤˡ䤿ѻǤűѸνޤƤΤǤϤʤCrowley ϡβη˴ؤװȤơפʽˡϷˡꥹȶ顤ܿ󤲤Ƥ롥Crowley (97--98) ľܸäƤ餪

   In the genesis of the Old English dialects, post-migration factors appear to have been more important than pre-migration factors. For the most part, the dialects were not brought over from the continent. While there is historical and archaeological evidence to support Bede's statement that the principal peoples in the settlement were the Angles, Saxons, and Jutes . . . , there is even more evidence, archaeological, documentary, and onomastic, to indicate that more tribes than these three took part in the migration and that the settlement groups were heterogeneous --- that there were rarely coherent, homogeneous, separate areas of settlement exclusively for the Angles or Saxons or Jutes. Though it is a fact that certain distinct regional groups in sixth-century Anglo-Saxon jewelry correspond to particular cultures of the continental Angles and Saxons respectively, this proves nothing about the dialect divisions of Old English in that period. The linguistic features which differentiate Old English dialects, except for ǣ1/ē . . . and perhaps breaking/retraction, seem to have developed in England after the migration and primarily because of isolative geographical and political conditions. The invaders probably spoke various dialects of Germanic, but the differences between those dialects were not (ǣ1/ē excepted) those that by c. 750 AD (the time our witness documents begin) distinguished the Old English dialects. Most of the division between the continental tribes were probably lost in the mixing and social reorganisation of the migration and settlement.
   The chief factors, then, in shaping the attested Old English dialects seem to have been forces in post-migration England: physiography, military and political history, Christianity and education, and contacts with other languages --- in order of descending importance. . . . Once regional differences in phonology and inflections developed during the proto-Old English period, the spoken dialects were probably not radically modified by later political and educational changes, for such factors directly affected the speech of only a minority of the population.


űѸʬˤĤƤζʽŪʵҤϡ#1433. 10θűѸƥȤʬۡ ([2013-03-30-1]) ε򻲾ȡ

Crowley, Joseph P. "The Study of Old English Dialects." English Studies 67 (1986): 97--104.

[ | ѥڡ ]

2017-03-03 Fri

#2867. Ѳζɬ [language_change][causation][teleology][entropy][unidirectionality][spaghetti_junction][invisible_hand]

ʵڤӤΩȤƤɬˤȤϲȤ䤤ůؾѲθõݤˤ򤱤̤櫓ˤϤʤ׳ؼԡΨԤǤˤֶפ˴ؤ뿷ɤǤߤ
ϡֶɬŪʪ (139) Ȥɽ󤵤Ƥ褦ˡɬΩ복ǰȤϡषȤ߹蘆äƸݤϢ³ŪưǤȹͤƤ롥㤨СʪʲˤĤơѰۤεˤϤʤΰϤΤȤǡѤ߽ŤͤˤפȽҤ٤Ƥ (138) ѰۼΤϤޤǡֶפζθΤäΤˤäơΰ褬ޤꡤ褬ФΨޤ롥Τ褦˲⤫ʤǤˡǽŪˤ褬1Ĥ˹ʤ졤Ψ1ʤɬפȤʤ롥ʤֶפȯʤ⡤ˡפʤ졤ĤˤϡɬפؤϢʤ롤Ȥ櫓
̤ȹ̤2ĤλԤͤƤߤ褦ޤ1λԡˤƱ̤ȹ̤äƤȤ롥̵٤1ĤФ̤̤Ͽ᤹ȤȤ򷫤֤줫ζ̤ФΨϡˡ§ˤ1/2Ȥʤ뤳ȤϼǤ롥Ǥϼ2λԡǤϡ̵٤1ļФˡƱΤ⤦1Ĥζ̤ä᤹ȤȤ򷫤֤Ƥߤ롥ǽμФǤοФ뤫γΨ1/2㤨Фޤ̤ФȤơ᤹ݤˤϡ⤦1Ĥ̤ä᤹ΤǡμФ˺ݤƤγΨη׻ϡ̤ͭʼؤѤμ㴳ͭ椨˼ºݤ˼β̤ФȤȡμβˤϤ̤ͭȤʤŤͤ뤴Ȥ̤ͭǽŪˤ̤ФΨϸ¤ʤ1˶ŤƤϤǤ롥ǽ϶äΤǸˤϤۤɬȤʤäƤޤǤ롥
2ĤλԤ顤Ѥˡ2ढ뤳Ȥʬ롥1ܤǤϤĤޤǤäƤ1/2ȤΨѤ餺ष㲽ƤΤ褦Сȥԡ硤뤤Ͼ̤θǤ롥2ܤϡǽζˤˤФäƤǽŪɬ˶ŤƤϡȥԡθ뤤Ͼ̤Ȥ (74) ϡΤ褦˽Ҥ٤Ƥ롥

Τʶ̤ˤơ֥ȥԡˡ§פȡ־ˡ§פȤƯƤȻפĤޤꡤˤɬȤʤȤΤ¸ߤƶˤˡ§Ω褦ʡ˸¤ˤƴʰ⤿餹ΤΤȡѤ뤳ȤˤäƾȤƯδĶβǿФ褦ʤΤȤब롥Ԥζϥȥԡ⤿餹ԤϾ̤⤿餹ΤǤ롥ܤС˺Ф줿󥷥ƥˤäª뤳Ȥˤäơꤷݻ뤳ȤˤʤΤǤ롥


븽ݤǤ⤢ɬǤ⤢ȤΤϰ츫̷⤷Ƥ뤬Τ褦˹ͤĴ¤롥θϡѲˤ¿μͿƤ롥㤨СѲ˴ؤˡunidirectionality invisible_hand spaghetti_junction ȸƤФ벾⤬ʡ#2531. Ѳ "spaghetti junction" ([2016-04-01-1])#2533. Ѳ "spaghetti junction" (2) ([2016-04-03-1])#2539. ָפˤѲ ([2016-04-09-1]) ʤɤ򻲾ȡˡޤˤ륨ȥԡˤĤƤ entropy γƵǰäƤΤǡ⻲ȡ

ضȤϲѶỤ̄١ȽŹҴȿӡ2010ǯ

Referrer (Inside): [2018-01-20-1]

[ | ѥڡ ]

2017-03-02 Thu

#2866. ſؤˤߤŻ᤿결ʬ결 [world_languages][typology][family_tree][anthropology][homo_sapiens][timeline][chronology]

ϢСʡɡåɤΡؿοʲ٤򻲾Ȥ¾ΰ褫ҥȤƸοʲˤĤƹͻƤ³ƥåɤ򻲾ȤʬܤƤȺ٤ˤĤƤƶƤߤ
ˤοˤĤƤϡԤˤäƿΰ㤤ꡤ롥ΰ㤤ˤä뤫Ȥϡ#270. θοϤʤΤİǤʤ ([2010-01-22-1]) #1060. θοȤȡ ([2012-03-22-1]) ʤɤΤǷ֤ʤ1Ĥˡָפȡפζ̤ҴŪˤĤʤȤ𤬤롥ߤ˶ᤤطˤ뤤ĤθѼ1ΤȤˤª뤫뤤ϳơΩª뤫ϡФиŪʴΤߤǷꤹ뤳ȤǤʤԤªϡŻ᤿결 (lumper) θԤΩǡԤϡʬ결 (splitter) θԤΩǤ롥
"lumper" "splitter" ȤƾΤϡſؤʬǾѤƤΤΤ褦̤ˤϿˤϡֱ͡סָ͡סֵ͡סֿ͡פ4ʳǿʤǤ򤵤Ƥ뤬ϿؼԤˤȤäƤƤʬΤ褦ǡŪˤϤäȺ٤ʬवƤȤ֤äȺ٤פˤ٥뤬ꡤȤδ֤Ǥ⡤礭ޤȤᤢ lumper ȡȤȤʬ splitter Ȥǡפʬ餷ŪˤϿؼԤ10ͤ10̤ʬबȤ⤤ξϸˤƤƱȤȤ⤷
ͤޤǤˡŻ᤿결ʬ결ˤ롤ſμ̾оɽ򡤥å (99) Ƹ褦

̾Ż᤿결μ̾ǯǯʬ결ʬ˴ޤޤ̾
ǥԥƥߥʹ700--450ǥԥƥåѡǥԥƥߥإȥץǥ󥷥󡦥ȥͥ󥷥
ͤȥۥ⡦ϥӥꥹȥԥƥե󥷥ʹ420--300ȥԥƥե󥷥ȥԥƥʥ󥷥ȥԥƥС륨륬ꡤ˥ȥץץƥץ
ȥԥƥեꥫ̥300--240ȥԥƥեꥫ̥
ѥȥץܥʹ250--130ѥȥץܥѥȥץԥȥԥƥ
ѥȥץ֥ȥ200--150ѥȥץ֥ȥ
ͤȵۥ⡦ϥӥꥹʹ240--160ۥ⡦ϥӥꥹۥ⡦ɥե󥷥
ۥ⡦쥯ȥʹ198--1.8ۥ⡦쥯ȥۥ⡦륬ۥ⡦ե󥷥󥷥
ۥ⡦ԥ󥹡ʹ70--ۥ⡦ƥå롤ۥ⡦ϥǥ٥륲󥷥ۥ⡦ͥǥ륿󥷥ۥ⡦ԥ


Ż᤿결ѤƤ֥ۥ⡦ԥ󥹡פˤϡʬ결ˤȤäƤζǤο֥͡ۥ⡦ԥ󥹡פΤߤʤ餺ֵ̾͡פȤƤ֥ۥ⡦ͥǥ륿󥷥פޤޤ뤳ȤˤʤʤɡǿͤˤȤäƤϼ¤ˤ䤳DNA ȤʪŪڵפˤ⤫餺ҴŪ񤷤ȤΤϡ˼ŪǤ롥¤ˤ񤷤ϡʬ˺ݤƤۤܤΤޤƤϤޤΤǤ롥  *

СʡɡåɡˡϾ ͪˡˡؿοʲȻǤˤõ١ǡ2014ǯ

[ | ѥڡ ]

2017-03-01 Wed

#2865. Ĥ䤹ڵ򡤾ä䤹ڵ򡽡ؤΥҥ [philology][writing][manuscript][representativeness][textual_transmission][evidence]

ˤ򸦵椹ۤͣˡϡ¸˰͵򤹤뤳ȤǤ롥Ȥ¸ϼŪˤŪˤФ꤬ꡤѥؤѸǤ "representative" Ǥ "balanced" Ǥʤ
ޤʪŪʾ郎롥ߤ뤿ˤϡĹ֤Ѥ̺ƻǵƤ뤳ȤɬפǤʡ#2457. ̺Ƚƻ (2) ([2016-01-18-1]) 򻲾ȡˡˡǥδ顤äաŪʸոˤϡ񤭻Ĥơߤޤǽ㤤Ȥ餫񤭼δϡʸˤϤäѤɤ߽ǽϤΤ륨꡼ؤθո乥ߤ꤬ȿǤ졤ʳؤθưϿ˻Ĥ뤳ȤϤۤȤɤʤˡƤȤ顤㤨ȿŪʽʪϡˤǽ⤤
¸ʸϡ͡ʱ̿򤹤ȴĤäƤȤ̣ˤΡֶפθƤΤϳΤĤ䤹ΤˤϤĤξ郎Ȥ嵭εǰƬ֤ȡΡɬפθƤȤ롥˸ؤʸؤˤơɤΤ褦ʡ־פɬפΤƤȤϽפ
ΤδŪʥҥȤȤơɤΤ褦ʲФפߤޤĤ䤹ͻ벽 (taphonomy) Ȥʬθ򻲹ͤˤ㤨СಽФλĤ䤹ĤˤϡˤäƷޤȹͤåɤϡֿಽеϿζкߡפꤹ (73--75) ǡΤ褦˽Ҥ٤Ƥ롥

ǯ֤⡤ؼԤϡ700?600ǯʹߤ¸οΤͳ褹벽Ф򽸤Ƥο¿褦˻פ뤫⤷ʤʬϸߤ˶ᤤǯΤΤǯŪкߤΤۤˤ⡤ಽФˤϤޤޤФ꤬롥Τ褦Ф꤬뵡餫ˤȤϡֲءפȤФ롥䲼ܹ뤤ϻͻ礭ʹϤ褯Ĥ뤬ǹϾסؤιʤɤ̩ưפ»ΤǻĤˤĤޤꡤλĤ䤹礭ȴ椵㤹롥ǹΤ褦ʷڤϱˤή졤Ф˱Ф졤ʤˤιȰ˲Фˤʤ롥ŤƬܹϹή졤δδ֤˰ääơۤΦ緿ưʪιȰ˲Фˤʤ롥
ФλĤ򺸱⤦ĤװϡῩưʪΤΤɤʬ򹥤फǤ롥ҥ祦ϥμ­ΤʤΤǡ⤷ΤǤῩưʪƱäΤʤ顤ಽФμ­ȯ뤳ȤʤϤǤ롥ºݡ­βФϤޤ껺ФƤ餺ΤοʲˤĤƤϤ褯狼äƤ뤬­οʲϤ褯狼äƤʤΤ礭⡤ФĤ뤫ɤ˱ƶ롤Τ礭ʼϲФȤƻĤ䤹ƱǤΤ礭ʸΤϻĤ䤹󡤤Τ褦ФϿಽФ⳺롥
ĶǤϡۤ١Фˤʤ䤹ȯ䤹äơǯ䤢ϰͳ褹벽Ф¿Ȥäơǯ夢뤤ϰ¿θΤǤȤϸ¤ʤǯϰξۤ٤ƲвŬƤǽΤƱͤˡǯϰ褫ಽФĤʤƤ⡤˿बǤʤäȤˤϤʤʤ־ڵΤʤΤϡ¸ߤʤڵǤϤʤפȤʸ⤢롥äơΤμϡǸŤβФȯǯǿβФȯǯޤ¸ƤȤˤʤ롥ĤޤꡤмεǤǯϼºݤ٤ƾ˹ˤʤ롥
Ʊͤ¤ϲȯפŪʬۤˤƤϤޤ롥ϡФȯפ깭ϰϤ¸ƤϤޤδĶϸߤȤϰäƤϤߤǤϸĶˤϽߤ䤹ä⤷ʤդ⤢롥ˡФȤ¸ƤĶϷ褷¿ϤʤھǤϡä˻ĤʤȤ˿ӴĶǤϡ٤⤯ھʤΤǡФϻĤʤȹͤƤǶǤϡɬ⤽ǤϤʤȤ餫ˤʤäȤϤ͸ųؼԤдȿ͹ȯȴäƤ⡤Ƥ͹ϤƤޤд路ȯǤʤΤ


ϡνФѸȤʤäʸؾȤϢ˸ˤˤĤƤϡ#1051. Ѹ˸оݤȤʤ (1) ([2012-03-13-1])#1052. Ѹ˸оݤȤʤ (2) ([2012-03-14-1]) 򻲾Ȥ줿ϢơʸȯˤĤƤιͻ⻲ͤˤʤʡ#1834. ʸǯɽ ([2014-05-05-1])#2389. ʸηϤεȯã (1)([2015-11-11-1])#2457. ̺Ƚƻ (2) ([2016-01-18-1]) 򻲾ȡˡ

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