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2019-04-30 Tue

#3655. Ȥͣι׵᤹ͳ [sociolinguistics][standardisation][language_planning]

ŵŪʶȤϡǸŪѤͣΡֹפ׵᤹롥ʣθѸǤ륹٥륮ʥʤɤιȤϾʤ餺¸ߤ뤬ʹߤˤ򿶤֤СȤۤȤܻؤ餫ˡ1ȡ1פäȤϡ§Ȥ1ĤθѼֹפȤƤޤĤꤢʤͭƤΤǤ롥Τ褦ʶḽιȤ˽°Ƥ䤿ΤۤȤɤϡΤȤΤȤȤ򤷤ƤꡤƼ䤹뤳Ȥ򤷤ʤƤʤȤͣι׵᤹ΤʤΤ
ǶᡤѸɸಽˤˤĤƺƹͤ뵡񤬤ꡤHaugen θŵŪʸɤľƤߤˡȤܻؤȤϡ"internal cohesion" "external distinction" ǤȤŴͤɤʸߤĤʸ̮⥫СĤġѤ褦

   The definition of a nation is a problem for historians and other social scientists; we may accept the idea that it is the effective unit of international political action, as reflected in the organization of the United Nations General Assembly. As a political unit it will presumably be more effective if it is also a social unit, it minimizes internal differences and maximizes external ones. On the individual's personal and local identity it superimposes a national one by identifying his ego with that of all others within the nation and separating it from that of all others outside the nation. In a society that is essentially familial or tribal or regional it stimulates a loyalty beyond the primary groups, but discourages any conflicting loyalty to other nations. The ideal is: internal cohesion--external distinction.
   Since the encouragement of such loyalty requires free and rather intense communication within the nation, the national ideal demands that there be a single linguistic code by means of which this communication can take place. . . . On the other hand, a nation feels handicapped if it is required to make use of more than one language for official purposes, as is the case in Switzerland, Belgium, Yugoslavia, Canada, and many other countries. (Haugen 927--28)


ȤŪˤ "internal cohesion" ܻؤгŪˤ "external distinction" 롥ɸ첽ȤδľСȤϡƱ Haugen Τ褦˸Ф "minimum variation in form" "maximum variation in function" ׵᤹ΤȤȤˤʤ̱ΤŪݤˤϡǻ̩ʥߥ˥ɬפǤꡤäͣζ̸줬ȤΤĤʤ⡤ˤ狼䤹
Ϣơ#2742. Haugen θɸಽ4ʳ ([2016-10-29-1]) ȡ#2745. Haugen θɸಽ4ʳ (2) ([2016-11-01-1]) ⻲Ȥ줿

Haugen, Einar. "Dialect, Language, Nation." American Anthropologist. 68 (1966): 922--35.

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2019-04-29 Mon

#3654. x ǻϤޤñ줬ʤΤϤʤǤ [sobokunagimon][x][grapheme][phonotactics]

ޤǤˤⲿ٤󤻤줿ȤΤäǤΤ˱Ѹ켭ǤߤƤ <x> ʸǻϤޤ븫ФϺǤ⾯ʤ¸ߴȤޤ
<x> ϡθƤ̾ /eks/ ̤ꡤŵŪˤ /ks/ ʤ뤤Ϥͭ /gz/ ȯɽ路ޤ (ex. fox, anxious; exit, anxiety) λҲϢϡ§ȤƱñθƬˤϸޤ󡥤 <x> ȤʸǻϤޤñ줬ۤȤɤʤΤǤ
ʤƬǤ /ks/, /gz/ ꤨʤΤȤ䤤Τϡ񤷤ǤѸǤƬʳǤˤ˸ҲϢʤΤǡĴŪ񤷤ȤȤϸޤ󡥤ޤ¾θܤܤСꥷʤɤǡ/ks/ ϸƬǤ̤˸ޤäơŪͳõȤ񤷤Ǥ
Τˤϲ (phonotactics) Ǥϡñˡֵ§פȤߤʤޤĤޤꡤѸǤϸƬˤλҲϢ뤳ȤϵʤȤ§ȹͤ櫓ǤܸǤ֤פϡŪˤñΤɤΰ֤˸ƤʤϤǤƬ˵뤳Ȥϸ§ȤƵޤ󡥤ǡƬˡ֤פ뤳ȤϤǤʤȤε§ȹͤ櫓ǤΤ褦ˡƸˤȼβε§äƤޤϡ¿ΡĹä§νΤǤüԤϡ콬˺ݤ̵ռΤˤ˳ؤӼäƤޤΤǤʹ֤ϤΤǤ
ơ<x> ǻϤޤñϾʤǤ̵ǤϤޤ󡥤Τ褦ñϡXmas (= Christmas) X-ray Τ褦ü㤫뤤 /z/ ȯ륮ꥷѸ˸¤ޤ<x> /z/ бϡ<x> /gz/ 1ҲæˤΤȹͤޤCarney (238) 勞"One or two words have a Greek correspondence <x>/z/ initially (or for some speakers <x>/gz/) --- xenon, xenophobia, xerox, xylophone." ۤ˸ͭ̾Ȥ Xanadu, Xanthippe, Xavier, Xenia, Xerxes ʤɤǤ
<x> ˤĤƤϡ#2280. <x> á ([2015-07-25-1])#2918. ̤ΤΤΡפɽ魯 x ([2017-04-23-1]) ϤȤ x ε⤴

Carney, Edward. A Survey of English Spelling. Abingdon: Routledge, 1994.

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2019-04-28 Sun

#3653. Ebonics ?? [aave][sociolinguistics][blend][language_or_dialect]

Ebonics פȤϡ1996ǯ˥ե˥ Oakland ζѰηĤüȯ롤ͱѸΰ֤ŤǤ롥λǹͱѸؤ Ebonics ȤѸ줬ͭ̾ȤʤäؤǤϹͱѸΤȤ AAVE (= African American Vernacular English) ȸƤ֤Ȥ¿aave γƵ򻲾ȡˡʤߤˡEbonics ebony ʹɡ phonics ʲˤκ (blend) Ȥ롥
1996ǯ1218ե˥ΥɶѰ񤬡 Ebonics ǧΤݻѤ뤳ȤꤷͤλҶǽŪɸѸή礦˻Ȥʤ褦ˤʤ뤿ˤϡ塤Ǥ Ebonics βߤ礫ʤȤȽǤѰϤ Ebonics ϱѸȡְŪطˤפѸȤϰۤʤǤȷĤΤǤ롥ηĤ1997ǯ17˥ꥫ춨פλٻդ٤ϡƱ Ebonics ɸѸȤΡְŪʴطפˤĤơ餫ŪʸҤ٤櫓ǤϤʤȤˡȽĤˤŪȽǤȽӤ뤳Ȥˤʤä
ζѰηĤˤ鶯ȿаոФ줿Ʊ1997ǯ1ˡꥫ屡ξѰθİǤϡͤͤȽäθˤꡤζѰ1997ǯ4ƽ񤫤 Ebonics ȤѸ뤳Ȥ;ʤ줿ۤɤǤ롥
2ĤθѼ郎2ĤΰۤʤʤΤ뤤1ĤθΰۤʤˤʤΤlanguage_or_dialect ȤҲؤθŤ꤬¤μҲȤʤäȤõ٤
ʾ塤Wardhaugh (371) 򻲾ȤƼɮWardhaugh ϡϢʸʣɤ롥

Wardhaugh, Ronald. An Introduction to Sociolinguistics. 6th ed. Malden: Blackwell, 2010.

Referrer (Inside): [2022-03-03-1]

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2019-04-27 Sat

#3652. nature mature 1ʸ㤤Ǥʤȯʤ˰ۤʤΤǤ [sobokunagimon][pronunciation][spelling_pronunciation_gap][stress][gsr][rsr][gvs][phonetic_change]

Ф줿⤷ǤռȤϤޤǤڥ󥰤ǤϸƬ <n> <m> ΰ㤤ǤȯϤ줾 /ˈneɪʧə/ /məˈʧʊə/ Ȥʤ礭ۤʤäƤޤŪʥڥ󥰤ǤʤȯۤʤȤȤϡξԤ11бƤ櫓ǤϤʤʣʴطͭƤ뤳ȤξںǤ
ξñϤ줾ƥ nātūra ܼˤ mātūrus ʻˤˤΤܤޤƥʳǤϡξñ˴ؤƥڥ󥰤ȯŪʴطˤꡤѸΤ褦ʰۤʤϤߤޤǤȤ餬ѸȤƱѸäƤˡ郎ޤ
ƥ nātūra ϡťե󥹸 nature ФơѸ13Ⱦ natur(e) ȤƱѸäƤޤѸäƤϡťե󥹸 /naːˈtyːr/ 2˶򤪤ȯƤޤȯͼѸ첽Ƥ뤳ȤˤʤޤȯαѸ첽Ȥϡ绨ĤˤС1֤褦ˤʤꡤ֤ʤʤä2벻岽ûؤޤˤ /naːˈtyːr/ /ˈnaːtyːr/ Ȥʤꡤ˶Ѹˤ첻 (gvs) ޤतĤβѲФƸ /ˈneɪʧə/ ˤޤȯŸΤǤ
ƥ mātūrus ϡ15ȾФľܱѸ mature ȤƼѤޤѸǤȯ /maːˈtyːr/ ˶ᤤΤäȻפޤȤñˤĤƤϡθ nature ǤϵäȯͼαѸ첽ʤ֤ưʤäΤǤη̡֤ʤ1ϼޤ뤳ȤˤʤꡤѸ /məˈʧʊə/ ȯ˻äΤǤ
Ĥޤꡤnature mature ʬϡѸ˼Ѥ줿ȯͼαѸ첽äʤääΤǤǤϡʤ nature ǤϱѸ첽ꡤmature ǤϵʤäΤǤ礦ϴñˤޤ󤬡ȤƤϡᤤ˼Ѥ줿ǤФۤɡߤޤǤ˱Ѹ첽Τ˽ʬʻ֤ݤƤꡤºݤ˱Ѹ첽Ƥǽ⤤ȤȤϤޤnature 13Ⱦmature 15ȾФμѤǤ顤λֺطƤǽϤޤޤѻѸ˶ŤжŤۤɡƥե󥹸줫μѸϡȯͼΤޤޤˤȤɤޤ뷹ȤΤƤޤ
ƥ졦ե󥹸ζ§ (Romance Stress Rule; rsr) ȱѸζ§ (Germanic Stress Rule; gsr) ȤϿδطǤꡤ餬Ѹˤƶ礷Ȥ˲뤫ȤˤĤƤϡ#718. ѸζѥѸѼ ([2011-04-15-1]) #200. Ȥΰ֤襤 --- ޥϤޥ󥹷Ϥ ([2009-11-13-1])

Referrer (Inside): [2022-09-17-1] [2019-05-22-1]

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2019-04-26 Fri

#3651. 514ʲСˤꡤ츦عֺ¡ˡֻŪءפ֤ޤ [notice][hel_education][tokyogengokenkyujo]

ǯعֺ¤ΡֻŪءϡܥ֥μɮԡδ줬ô뤳ȤˤʤäƤޤֺ³ (PDF) ǡֱѸˤγ̤ơŪ̻ŪʸθȤˤĤפǤäƤ̤ꡤѸˤ˸ؤֺ¤Ǥפ˽񤤤ʸϤ򷫤֤ޤȡ

ѸȤħ򤹤뤿ˤϡ줬ɤäƤˤؤ֤ȤԲķǤѸεϤɤˤΤѸ˸Ե§ϲͳ褹ΤѸϾɤʤäƤ椯ΤʤɤθŪŪ̻Ūʻ饢ץ뤳Ȥǡ¿ŪʱѸѡѤ뤳ȤֵܹɸǤ


ȤȤˤʤޤ
514ʲСˤ轵19:00?20:40Ȥ10ιֵͽꤷƤޤΤǡؿΤ츦 HP ꤪߤߤڤ59ڡˤȤʤäƤޤޤ1λϤޤľ512ˤ13:00ꡤּܥ󥹤ͽꤵƤޤ
ʤ轵421ڡˤˤƱǡñȯνմֺ¡ֱѸˤλѸįפ򳫤Ƥޤcf. #3633. 421ˡ츦νմֺ¤ǡֱѸˤλѸįפäޤ ([2019-04-08-1])ˡ쥮顼ֺ¤Ǥꤤޤ

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2019-04-25 Thu

#3650. hellog 10ǯˤʤޤ [notice][hel_education]

ܥ֥ϡä3650ܤ뤳Ȥˤʤޤ1ĤεȤȤ³ƤޤΤǡʱǯη׻̤ˤơˤۤ10ǯ³ƤȤˤʤޤ³Ƥ줿ΤϡҤȤ˱Ѹˤ˴ؿ󤻤ɼԤΤߤʤΤǤ꤬Ȥޤ
10ǯ˥֥Ϥ᤿ΤϡΡֱѸˡפιֵ֤Ƥˡֵ­󶡤뤿äΤǤθֳʳˤɼԤĹäƤǤϱѸؽԡѸ춵աƱѸؤʤɤ칶ر並ԤˤƤäƤ褦Ǥ
μɮǤΤ鹻ŤʤäƤޤΤƤˤĤԽʬʤȤޤѤ仲ȤˤƤŵʤɡߤʤ󤬳ơˤĤƳǧꡤĴ٤Ǥ褦ˤϿƤޤ
¤ϥ֥ɮ̤ƤФ󲸷ääƤΤϼɮԼȤǤȤȤϡ餯ï⿮ʤȤȻפޤʤǤʤ³櫓ʤΤǤˤǤܥ֥˴ŤƱѸˤνҤʣǤޤؽʸФƤޤΤʥݥƥʸѤϡϤޤä곰Ǥޤʬǽ񤤤Ȥ˺ƤޤäƤ뵭¿Τǡ֥򥻥ոƲƳؤ٤ǤС¿ʬïˤ餱ƤʤΤǤϤʤȻפޤʰ˲٥ɤ򸡺Ƥˡ
ˤ衤줫³ƤĤǤǯٽȤȤ⤢ꡤ󤻤줿Ѥʵפʤ٤¿夲뤳ȤˤƤޤºݤˤϡ¿ѡפʵʤɤǤϤʤʤ٤äꤷޤǤѸؽκݤˡ뤤ϱѸ춵θǡʤդ뵿䡤ޤǤ䤦Ƥʤä򡤿Ƥߤ䤹ѤʵפȸƤ³뤳ȤˤȻפޤơóݤˤƱѸˤ­ƧƤ̥Ϥ˵դƤ館ФȻפäƤޤ줫⡤ɤꤤޤ
Ƕ¿ɤޤƤ뵭Υ󥭥󥰤ϡɤ

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2019-04-24 Wed

#3649. q θˤɬ u ޤϤɤ櫓Ǥ [sobokunagimon][alphabet][digraph][q][spelling]

Ϣ󤻤줿Ѥʵ夲ƤޤϱñΥڥ󥰤Ǥ褯 <qu> Ȥ2ʸϢ³ˤĤƤεǤqueen, quick, quiet, quote, quality Τ褦 <q> θˤϤۤɬ <u> ޤϡ¾λҲľˤ첻ۤɸꤵƤΤϤʤΤǤϤʤȤѻ˴ŤȯȤơ⤷Ȼפޤ
ˡ<q> θˤ <u> Ȥ첻Τˤ /w/ ȤȾҲɽ魯ȾҲˤۤ100%γΨǸޤ#1599. Qantas ȯ ([2013-09-12-1]) Ǥߤ褦ˡάѸʤɤˤĤ㳰Ϥߤˤ衤¾ <qu> ȤϢǤǤȤäƤ褤Ǥ礦<q> 줿ִ֡Τ <u> ǤȤܴۤͽ¬ǤƤޤΤǡŪˤ <u> ξͤϥȤȤˤʤꡤ;ŪֻȤȤǤޤcf. #2249. ֻ; ([2015-06-24-1])ˡäơֻ˹ΤǤС˵󤲤 *qeen, *qick, *qiet, *qote, *qality ֤äƤ褤Ȥˤʤޤ<q> = /kw/ ȤäƤޤСषñʤΤ⤷ޤ
ѸǤϤΤ褦ʹƤޤǤǤСɬ⤹٤ƤŪˤǤƤ櫓ǤϤʤŪѲΤǤ⤢ޤ󡥤ष̵̤ѶŪ˵Ƥǿ줿褦; (redundancy) ݤ뷹ߤޤޤ/kw/ Ȥ2ɽ魯Τ <qu> Ȥ2ʸѤȤΤϡ̣ǤϤ狼䤹Ȥ⤤ޤ
<qu> ꥻåȤǤ³ͳϡѸαѸüԤΦʸؤƴȡκݤ˼줿ֻŪݻˤäȤäƤ褤Ǥ礦űѸǤ <qu> Ϥ <q> ȤʸΤȤƤ餺ߤ queen, quick cwen, cwic ʤɤ֤Ƥޤϡ<cw> <qu> ̤ƤΤǤ2 /kw/ б2ʸȤ߹碌ȤǤϡƱˤΤäƤȤˤʤޤϤǴ˵ǽƤꡤѤɬפʤäΤǤѸˤʤȥƥե󥹸ɽΦʸؤƴ줬θǤǤ夷Ƥ <qu> Ǥäƽ <cw> ֤ȤФƤޤơ<q> Ȥʸ <qu> ȤֻѸƳ줿ΤǤǤСαѸν񤭼꤬ߡϡŪΦήԤӤĤȤȤǤήԤȤΤϹȤ̤μǺѤΤǤꡤष̵̤ʳʹ褵ظΤʤΤ⤷ޤ󡥱Ѹϡθ⸽ߤ˻ޤǡ<qu> ȤΦʸι˭ʸǤºŤ­ݻƤΤǤ
ŪˡѸǤ /k/ β/kw/ ΰȤƤβޤˤɽ魯ΤˡʤȤ <c>, <k>, <qu> Ȥ3ĤֻȤʬʤФʤʤϤ˴٤äƤޤλäιοŪطʡʱѸˤȤϤ߽Ф˸Ťˤڤ֡ˤˤĤƤϡ#2367. űѸ <c> Ѹ <k> ء ([2015-10-20-1]) #1824. <C> <G> ʬ ([2014-04-25-1]) ε

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2019-04-23 Tue

#3648. ʤ *He cans swim. Τ褦˽ưˤ3ñ -s ĤʤΤǤ [sobokunagimon][auxiliary_verb][3sp][preterite-present_verb]

ε#3647. ̾ she ϸűѸˤäʸˡ̾ĤǤ ([2019-04-22-1]) ˰³󤻤줿Ѥʵ1ġ
䤿3ñ -s ˤĤƤϱʸˡλ֤ˤ뤵櫓Ǥγˤϼ줬3;ΡñߤǤäƤ can, may, shall, must ϤȤư (auxiliary_verb) ˤ -s դȤϤޤ󡥤򤤤֤Τ̵ϤޤɸΤ褦 *He cans swim. ǤϥǡHe can swim. ȤʤФʤʤΤǤʸˡŪ˵ƤʤʸϡؤǤϡʸפȸƤФ졤Ƭ * դޤˡϤɤä櫓Ǥ礦
ƤǤϡcan ưǤϤʤޤǽưȤΤǤꡤưϸ̵ѲǤ뤳ȤħʤΤ⤫ޤΤ褦ʲϡʸˡϤΤʤΤȸäƤˤ䤿ΤꤿˤϤʤäƤޤ
Ѹˤδ餹Сϴñ˽Фޤcan ޤ嵭Τ褦ŵŪʽưϡ츻ŪˤϲǤ3;ΤñġָߡפξˤΤդ -s 츻ŪˡֲפǤ can դ櫓ʤΤǤ*He cans swim. ʤΤϡ礦 *He swams. *He walkeds. ʤΤƱͳǤƱͤˡmay, shall, must ʤɤ츻Ūˤϲ餳 -s դʤ櫓Ǥ
νư줬Ū˲ǤȤȤϡʤΰ̣äƤϤǤȤˤβǸߤΰ̣ͭ褦Ѳ֤ϲʤ̣ϸߤȤϥξˤʤäƤޤޤΤ褦ʥϥưϡѸ˾塤ư (preterite-present_verb) ̾դƤޤܤϡ#58. ưθ߷Ȳ ([2009-06-25-1]) ȡ#66. ư ([2009-07-03-1]) 򤴻Ȥ
ɤˡưȤˤϡΰ̣ɽ路ƤΤߤΰ̣ӤӤ褦ˤʤ뷹褦Ǥcan, may, shall ߤΰ̣ӤӤ褦ˤʤȡ餿˲̣٤̤βɬפȤʤꡤºݤ could, might, should ʤ뿷߽ФޤʴñˤС줾θνư -ed դơ˾ѷη֤ǤˡȤ鿷⡤ȤʤäƤ Could it be true?, She might be in London by now. We should apologize. ʤɤΤ褦˼ºݤˤϲȤ⸽ߤΰ̣Ѥ뤳Ȥ¿ΤǤ
ʤ⤦1ĤŵŪʽư will ˤĤƤϾǤϿޤǤȤΤϡθϲưǤϤʤ̩ˤо嵭 can ʤɤȤƱ˵ǤʤǤǤϡwill ˤβ can ޤưΥ롼פ˼ޤƤ־塤Ʊ񤤤򼨤ȤˤʤäȤҤ٤Ƥޤ礦

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2019-04-22 Mon

#3647. ̾ she ϸűѸˤäʸˡ̾ĤǤ [sobokunagimon][gender][personal_pronoun][personification]

ǯ٤ΡֱѸˡפιֵϤޤޤǯ١μȤǤϡǤ褤ΤDZѸ˴ؤ뵿䡤Ȥ櫓ѤʵФƤȸƤӤƤޤ⡤ޤǡޤȥ֥ΥͥޤޤºݤˤɬѡפǤʤ٤äꤹΤǤܳŪ˱Ѹˤ䤤ꤲƤ褤Τ䤦ȤƤ褦䤤Ǥ⡤ȤˤФƤȸƤӤƤ罸äǡʤʤ䤬Фޤ֡ܥ֥ǡΤ褦ʳ䤤夲ƤȻפޤȤȤǡޤɸε䡥
ǯۤäƤűѸ (Old English) Ǥϡե󥹸ɥĸϤȤ븽ߤΥ衼åѽˤߤʸˡʸˡ = grammatical genderˤߤǤ٤Ƥ̾줬Τ줫˳꿶ƤΤǤ餯2ȤʸˡΤؤȤΤΤȤʹơֱѸˤʸˡäΤפȶäɸ䤤ؤȻפ餻ΤȻפޤΤˡαѸˤϡϤȤƼξʪ̾ؤƽ̾ she Ǽ콬ޤȤС̤Ǥ

Look at my sports car. Isn't she a beauty?
What a lovely ship! What is she called?
Hundreds of small boats clustered round the yacht as she sailed into Southampton docks.
There were over two thousand people aboard the Titanic when she left England.
Iraq has made it plain that she will reject the proposal by the United Nations.
France increased her exports by 10 per cent.
Britain needs new leadership if she is to help shape Europe's future.
After India became independent, she chose to be a member of the Commonwealth.


ϸűѸˤäʸˡȤ̵طǤʪ̾̾ǼѸδѸʹߤȯŪֵפȤ٤ΤǤꡤűѸˤäʸˡפȤľŪʴطϤޤ󡥤⤽פɽ魯űѸ scip (= ship) Ͻ̾ǤϤʤ̾Ǥbāt (= boat) ˤƤ̾ǤűѸθ³ѸʸŪʸŪ˴ŤʼΥͿȤäƤ褤Ǥ礦ܤϡʲε

#852. ̾̾ she (1) ([2011-08-27-1])
#853. ̾̾ she (2) ([2011-08-28-1])
#854. ̾̾ she (3) ([2011-08-29-1])
#1028. ʤ̾ȤߤʤƤΤ ([2012-02-19-1])
#1912. ̾̾ she (4) ([2014-07-22-1])
#1517. ([2013-06-22-1])

⤽ʸˡȤϲʤΤȵˤʤͤ¿ȻפޤŪˤ⤤ȵǤΤǤϿʹ֤Ρ֥եפΰǤȹͤƤޤ#2853. ˤȿʹ֤ʬե ([2017-02-17-1]) 򤴻Ȥ

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2019-04-21 Sun

#3646. ܸμҲŪͤ [japanese][dialect][dialectology][standardisation][sociolinguistics]

49ΤȤˤʤ뤬俷ʹī11̤ˡܸ졡ʿѲפꤹʸǺܤƤԤϡܸؤȤǡ̾ΰͺǤ롥μҲؤιֵ礤˳ؤФƤŪΤʬ̾դˤ긽ݤʬ䤹⤷ƤΤ̥Ϥäβ⵭ǤϡμҲŪͤʬפҲ𤵤ƤֲʤʤʤޤʬबǤפȤääƤλͥϪȤ櫓ʢμȤ򺣤ǤϤäȳФƤޤˡܸμҲŪͤ¤ˤ줤ɽʬǤ롥

 ෿ؤɾȤ
1෿Ǥо?ޥʥͥ
2෿ҤоΩ̸ξΩ
3෿ڤо?ʿץ饹̸ͥ


ʬɽǤҤ٤ƤεҤ䵭ϿΤϤĤλǤԤʤƤäơ2෿ΡֵҤоݡפȤϡ1෿3෿λȤŪʸ̮򤹤٤ֵҡפǤ롥
ϡΤȤƤʿδ֡Ͽष˸ؤäƤǤ⡤㤤ͤ϶̸Ȥ褦ˤʤä̸λѼԿϡ1١¸5١ʿ9٤Ȥߤ롥̱Ⱦ̸Ȥ褦ˤʤžäΤƥӤʤɥǥαƶ礭ꤨǤϤʤϤޤ졤ή˹⤢롥ؤ١ؤä١ʰäˡΡؤ١ʤɤפȽҤ٤Ƥ롥徼¤ʿλϡΤȤƶ̸줬ʤǽषƤĤĤ⡤ܸüԤΤˡڤꤹȤ꤬ޤ줿ȸäƤ褵
Ϣơ#1786. 츢ȸλࡤλ ([2014-03-18-1])#2029. ܤ̤ץåˡ ([2014-11-16-1]) ⻲Ȥ줿¾ƶȿǤʲεɤ

#2073. θѼ˺ѤῴϤȱϡ ([2014-12-30-1])
#2074. ѸѼαǥ ([2014-12-31-1])
#2132. ȴաar ȴաeru դա ([2015-02-27-1])
#2133. ȤФѲΤȤ館 ([2015-02-28-1])

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2019-04-20 Sat

#3645. Chaucer ɾƤʤä Dryden [popular_passage][dryden][chaucer][inflection][final_e]

17Ⱦαʸؤε John Dryden (1631--1700) 3ۤ Chaucer αΧǤƤʤäȤϡ褯ΤƤ롥Ѹ줫ѸˤƤΤλˤϡ"final e" ɽ޸˸̵첻˾üֶޤοʿפȸƤФѸ˾ΰѲ뤵줿ѲθλƤ Dryden ϡѲΤˤС꤫Ƥ˻ Chaucer β䱤Χ뤳ȤǤʤäΤǤ롥Dryden ϡChaucer λ˸ final e 17αѸ줵ʤ¸ߤʤΤ򤷤Ƥ̤ȤơChaucer αΧ Dryden ζ˿뤳ȤϤʤä
嵭ΤȤϡDryden Ȥ Chaucer ɾ狼롥Cable (25) ͳǡDryden (Essays II: 258--59) ɾѤ褦

The verse of Chaucer, I confess, is not harmonious to us . . . there is the rude sweetness of a Scotch tune in it, which is natural and pleasing, though not perfect. It is true, I cannot go so far as he who published the last edition of him; for he would make us believe the fault is in our ears, and that there were really ten syllables in a verse where we find but nine. But this opinion is not worth confuting; it is so gross and obvious an errour, that common sense (which is rare in everything but matters of faith and revelation) must convince the reader, that equality of numbers in every verse which we call heroic, was either not known, or not always practiced in Chaucer's age.


Dryden Ƥ褦ʸϡθ2ۤɤʸؤοŸˤ뤳ȤˤʤäΤΡfinal -e ȤŪˤϾǤѸˤˤƤʸػˤˤƤ⡤礭¸ߤǤäΤ빥

Cable, Thomas. "Restoring Rhythm." Chapter 3 of Approaches to Teaching the History of the English Language: Pedagogy in Practice. Introduction. Ed. Mary Heyes and Allison Burkette. Oxford: OUP, 2017. 21--28.
Dryden, John. Essays. Ed. W. P. Ker. Oxford: Clarendon, 1926.

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2019-04-19 Fri

#3644. Ѹ stress-timed ʸűѸ syllable-timed ʸ졩 [prosody][phonology][stress][vowel][typology][syllable][poetry]

#1647. ˤ뱤ΧŪħμȵǽ ([2013-10-30-1]) Ǥߤ褦ˡѸ stress-timed ʥꥺࡤܸ syllable-timed (or mora-timed) ʥꥺĸȤ롥Ԥ϶ֳ֤Ƿ֤ꥺǡԤϲʥ⡼ˤֳ֤Ƿ֤ꥺǤ롥Ѹ˶٤θǤХɥĸ stress-timed ǡե󥹸䥹ڥ syllable-timed Ǥ롥
Τ褦˶Ū෿δϽ򤤤줫Υꥺफ˿ʬ뤬̻ŪˤߤȳƸΥꥺѤäΤ뤤ѲƤΤ
Ѹ˴ؤƤС븫ϳΤѲƤȤ롥Ѹ stress-timed ꥺδפˤΤۣ첻 /ə/ ¸ߤǤ롥ΤΤʲȲ̤첻ȡ夯ûȯۣ첻Ȥ¸Ƥ뤿ˡԤˤȤΧñ̤Ū˷֤뤳ȤˤʤΤűѸǤۣ첻¸ߤʤäΤǡstress-timed ꥺΩפ夫äȤˤʤ롥űѸϤष syllable-timed ꥺ˶ᤫäȤ⤤ΤǤ롥Cable (23--24) εʹ

To begin with, Old English did not have reduced vowels. The extensive system of inflectional endings depended on the full values of the short vowels, especially [ɑ], [ɛ], [u], and [ɔ]; and in polysyllabic words these and other short vowels were not reduced to schwa. The surprising effect is that in its lack of reduced vowels Old English can be said to have similarities with the phonological structure of a syllable-based language like Spanish. In this respect, both Old English and Spanish differ from Late Middle English and Modern English. Consequently, Old English can be hypothesized to have more of the suprasegmental structure of syllable-based languages---that is, the impression of syllable-timing---despite our thinking of Old English as thoroughly Germanic and heavily stressed.


Cable ϡűѸ줬 syllable-timed ʸȸäƤ櫓ǤϤʤ١ΥꥺǤ⤢뤷١Τ⤢ȤơŪʥꥺȹͤƤ롥³ʸϤѤƤ

These deductions and hypotheses from theoretical and experimental phonology are supported in the most recent studies of the meter of Old English poems. Beowulf has never been thought of as a poem in syllabic meter. Yet the most coherent way to imagine Old English meter is as a precisely measured mix of "accentual" elements (as the meter has traditionally been understood), "syllabic" elements (which may seem more appropriate for French verse), and "quantitative" elements (which are most familiar in Greek and Latin). (Cable 24)


Cable, Thomas. "Restoring Rhythm." Chapter 3 of Approaches to Teaching the History of the English Language: Pedagogy in Practice. Introduction. Ed. Mary Heyes and Allison Burkette. Oxford: OUP, 2017. 21--28.

Referrer (Inside): [2022-08-11-1] [2021-07-23-1]

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2019-04-18 Thu

#3643. many years ago ago Ȥϲ [adjective][adverb][participle][reanalysis][be][perfect][sobokunagimon]

Ѹ ago ϡŵŪ˴֤ɽ魯ɽθˤơ?ˡפɽ魯a moment ago, a little while ago, some time ago, many years ago, long ago ʤɤѤ롥
ago ϸ츻Ūˤϡư go Ƭ a- դư ago ʡԻղ᤮롤в᤹ˤβʬ agone ҲäΤǤ롥פˡmany years ago Ȥ many years (are) (a)gone ΤȤǤꡤbe Ȥưβʬ agone ʸ agoˤȤ߹蘆äơֲǯ⤬вᤷȤפȴλäƤΤȹͤФ褤
OED ago, v. 3ˤϡ"intransitive. Of time: to pass, elapse. Chiefly (now only) in past participle, originally and usually with to be." ȤꡤϽűѸȤᤤʳʸڤƤ롥2ĵ󤲤Ƥ

eOE Anglo-Saxon Chron. (Parker) Introd. Þy geare þe wæs agan fram Cristes acennesse cccc wintra & xciiii uuintra.
OE West Saxon Gospels: Mark (Corpus Cambr.) xvi. 1 Sæternes dæg wæs agan [L. transisset].


Τ褦 be λʸȯãɽȤ³뤦 be άǡ?ˡפ̣Ȥƺʬ (reanalysis) 졤ˤĤʤˡȯãƤΤȻפ롥̤θ򤹤СΩʬ칽ʸ many years (being) ago(ne) ȤȯãƤȤȤ館Ƥ褤ˡνФϡOED ago, adj. and adv. ˤС14ȾΤȤǤ롥Ĥǽ󤲤褦

c1330 (?c1300) Guy of Warwick (Auch.) l. 1695 (MED) It was ago fif ȝer Þat he was last þer.
c1415 (c1395) Chaucer Wife of Bath's Tale (Lansd.) (1872) l. 863 I speke of mony a .C. ȝere a-go.
?c1450 tr. Bk. Knight of La Tour Landry (1906) 158 (MED) It is not yet longe tyme agoo that suche custume was vsed.


MED Ǥ agōn v. 5, 6 㤬˭٤˵󤲤ƤΤǡ⻲ȡ

Referrer (Inside): [2021-01-17-1] [2019-05-22-1]

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2019-04-17 Wed

#3642. ѸˤΤ (2) --- Ѹˤ϶Ūʳΰ [hel_education]

ε ([2019-04-16-1]) ˰³ǯ٤˱ѸˤäƤߤ褦ʤ뤤ܳŪ˸椷Ƥߤ褦ˤȤͤΤˡѸˤܤγؤǤ뤳Ȥ⤷ȻפޤHeyes and Burkette ϡ2017ǯԤѸ˶˴ؤܤνǡѸ (HEL = the history of the English language) ŪʳΰǤꡤʸŪΤ礷ؤǤ뤳Ȥ򷫤֤ŦƤޤޤϡΰѤ顥

HEL course, especially in English departments, are often outliers in course catalogs. Yet they tacitly reside at the center of professional conversation about "English Studies" that emphasize the role of praxis and the potential for political engagement in academic course. For the very reasons that HEL demands much of its instructors and students, it epitomizes the intellectual dynamism and integrated knowledge that have been identified among the humanities' most compelling assets in twenty-first-century university curricula. (2)


ޤܿͤαѸ˸ Haruko Momma ʤɤ礤˽ФơѸˤȤΰ򼡤Τ褦ɾƤޤ

Speaking to HEL's difference from other English department courses, Haruko Momma judges it an "intellectual advantage" that HEL "has never been subject to the compartmentalization that has affected the rest of the discipline." Momma's observation addresses HEL's chronological scope as well as its interdisciplinary reach. Over the course of a single semester, a HEL course may incorporate material from history, geography, lexicography, philology, literature, grammar, and linguistics, the last of which includes the subfields of phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics, pragmatics, and sociolinguistics. As Michael Adams has observed, in HEL "many elements of a liberal education converge." (3)


ե졼򽦤С"intellectual dynamism", "integrated knowledge", "intellectual advantage", "never . . . subject to the compartmentalization", "many elements of a liberal education" ȤʤꡤѸˤ˶ŪʸŪغŪΰǤ뤫⤷Ƥ뤳Ȥ狼ޤ

Heyes, Mary and Allison Burkette. "Introduction." Chapter 1 of Approaches to Teaching the History of the English Language: Pedagogy in Practice. Ed. Mary Heyes and Allison Burkette. Oxford: OUP, 2017. 1--10.

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2019-04-16 Tue

#3641. ѸˤΤ (1) --- Ѹˤ϶Ūʳΰ [hel_education][bchel]

ѸˤȤΰϡŪʸŪغŪǤȹͤƤޤءʱѸءˤ˳ؤǤ뤳ȤϸޤǤʤؤδϢʬ˳ؤδϢʬȤ¿ͤ˸򺹤ʣŪΤΰǤǯٽΤ4ˡѸˤ˽­Ƨͤ⡤ƿؤܤȰյͤ⡤ұѸˤ򤳤Τ褦˹Ȥ館Ƥ館ФȻפޤ
ѸˤθŵŪ̾路 Baugh and Cable ⡤6ǤƬ1 "The History of the English Languages as a Cultural Subject" ˤơ϶ܤ͡ˤդ路ܲܤǤƤޤĹǤϤΤäʸϤʤΤǡǺܤƤޤ礦

It was observed by that remarkable twelfth-century chronicler Henry of Huntington that an interest in the past was one of the distinguishing characteristics of humans as compared with the other animals. The medium by which speakers of a language communicate their thoughts and feelings to others, the tool with which they conduct their business or the government of millions of people, the vehicle by which has been transmitted the science, the philosophy, the poetry of the culture is surely worthy of study. It is not to be expected that everyone should be a philologist or should master the technicalities of linguistic science. But it is reasonable to assume that a liberally educated person should know something of the structure of his or her language, its position in the world and its relation to other tongues, the wealth of its vocabulary together with the sources from which that vocabulary has been and is being enriched, and the complex relationships among the many different varieties of speech that are gathered under the single name of the English language. The diversity of cultures that find expression in it is a reminder that the history of English is a story of cultures in contact during the past 1,500 years. It understates matters to say that political, economic, and social forces influence a language. These forces shape the language in every aspect, most obviously in the number and spread of its speakers, and in what is called "the sociology of language," but also in the meanings of words, in the accents of the spoken language, and even in the structures of the grammar. The history of a language is intimately bound up with the history of the peoples who speak it. The purpose of this book, then, is to treat the history of English not only as being of interest to the specialized student but also as a cultural subject within the view of all educated people, while including enough references to technical matters to make clear the scientific principles involved in its evolution. (Baugh and Cable 1--2)


μĥ˻ƱΤǤСѸˤƱ餤ܸˤٶʤ뤫⤷ޤ󡥡ˤϡܤǤ⤢궵ܲܤǤ⤢ΤǤؽߤ뤿ˡεɤ

#24. ʤѸˤؤ֤ ([2009-05-22-1])
#1199. ʤѸˤؤ֤ (2) ([2012-08-08-1])
#1200. ʤѸˤؤ֤ (3) ([2012-08-09-1])
#1367. ʤѸˤؤ֤ (4) ([2013-01-23-1])
#2984. ʤѸˤؤ֤ (5) ([2017-06-28-1])

Baugh, Albert C. and Thomas Cable. A History of the English Language. 6th ed. London: Routledge, 2013.

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2019-04-15 Mon

#3640. Ƭ˾άˤ2Ÿ [doublet][aphaeresis][shortening][abbreviation]

ѸˤˤϡƬ˾ά (aphaeresis) ȸƤФ벻ֲ򼨤λϾʤʤit is 'tis, beneath 'neath, advantage vantage, racoon coon, acute cute ʤɤǤ롥ˡ#548. example, ensample, sample 3Ÿ ([2010-10-27-1]) Τ褦⤢롥
ФСΤ褦ʲΥӥեȥեξߤ˰̣㤨Ĥʻ¸뤳Ȥꡤξˤϸ츻Ʊ2Ÿ (doublet) Ȥˤʤ롥Ǥ˵󤲤 (ad)vantage (a)cute ¾ˤ⤤Ĥ󤲤Ƥߤ褦

complot ʶš/ plot ʱš
defence ɱҡ/ fence ʰϤ
disport ʵ餷ڤޤ/ sport ʱưݡġ
distrain ʺ/ strain ʰĥ롤ĥ

䤿ˤʤ߿ sport ֥ݡġפθϡŪȯãǤ롥 disport 14Ⱦ Chaucer λ Anglo-French Ѥñǡϡָڡ餷פθѤ줿Ƭά sport ⤹ȯãֱưפѲΤ16ȾǤꡥ⤳θܳŪʻѤ19ȾˤʤäƤǤ롥
μ2ŸϥܥӥˤѤǤ롥#1723. åץ꡼ˤ2Ÿ ([2014-01-14-1]) #1724. Skeat ˤ2Ÿ ([2014-01-15-1]) Ѥ줿

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2019-04-14 Sun

#3639. retronym [synonym][retronym][terminology][lexicology][semantic_change][magna_carta]

413īʹīΡ֤ȤХץפȤȥ˥ξҲ𤬤äȥ˥Ȥϡֿȶ̤뤿ᡤƤ̾Ĥľ줿աפΤȤǡȤиŤֵפФ뿷ֽסƱפФסáפФָáס֥פФ֥ե५פʤɤäʤääȤи꼰ää櫓äڤƤȤäϡָáפȸƤľ뤳ȤˤʤäפǤ⡤֥ǥספ줿Ȥλפϡ֥ʥספȸƤФ뤳Ȥˤʤäȥ˥ (retronym) Ȥ retro- + synonym ȤĤ¤켫ΤʤʤޤƾΤݤ˻ĤѸ
Ѹˤȥ˥Ϥߤ롥㤨Сe-mail 줿Ȥˤäơ͹ؤ snail mail ȸƤФ뤳Ȥˤʤäacoustic guitar, manual typewriter, silent movie, landline phone ʤɤ⡤Ʊͤ˵ѳ׿ˤäޤ줿ȥ˥Ȥ롥ۤ whole milk, snow skiing ʤɤ⡥
ԥ塼طǤϡѤȯŸդǥȥ˥बȤ櫓¿ޤƤ뤳ȤΤƤ롥plaintext, natural language, impact printer, eyeball search, biological virus ʤɡ
ŪȤƤϡ#734. panda Britain ([2011-05-01-1])#772. Magna Carta ([2011-06-08-1]) Ǥߤ褦ˡlesser panda, Great Britain, Magna Carta ʤɤ󤲤ƤǤС֥ȥ˥פä櫓ѸȤΤʤΤǤ롥

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2019-04-13 Sat

#3638.رѸ춵٤Ϣ2֤ʤԵ§ʣΤ [notice][hel_education][elt][sobokunagimon][plural][number][rensai][link]

رѸ춵٤αѸϢֱܵѸƳΰФ䤹ѸˤΥĥܡ4ϤޤäƤޤȯ䤵줿5Ǥϡ2εȤơ֤ʤԵ§ʣΤפȤѤʵꤢƤޤ󤴰ɤ

رѸ춵2019ǯ5



̾ʣˤϡΥХʬǤʸΥȥ The Development of the Nominal Plural Forms in Early Middle English ǤˡʤȤ⤢ꡤܥ֥Ǥʣ plural ε͡˼ꤢƤޤϢܵƤȤȤ櫓ط֥ؤΥ󥯤ʲĥäƤޤ

#946. ̾ʣˤγס ([2011-11-29-1])
#146. child ʣ children ʤ櫓 ([2009-09-20-1])
#157. foot ʣϤʤ feet ([2009-10-01-1])
#12. How many carp! ([2009-05-11-1])
#337. egges or eyren ([2010-03-30-1])
#3298. ʤ wolf ʣ wolves ʤΤ (1) ([2018-05-08-1])
#3588. -o ǽ̾ʣ --- pianos potatoes ([2019-02-22-1])
#3586. ʣ ([2019-02-20-1])

ѸʣˤȤơޤˤĤƤ⡤ޤޤ椹٤ȤĤäƤޤѸˤϱǤ
2017ǯϢܤָѸѸˤλͤ1֤֡ȤФ̻Ūˤߤ פȤϡǤʣˤ򰷤ޤΤǡ󤴰ɤ

δ졡ֱѸƳΰФ䤹ѸˤΥĥܡ2󡡤ʤԵ§ʣΤסرѸ춵2019ǯ5桤罤۽Ź2019ǯ41262--63ǡ

Referrer (Inside): [2019-07-21-1] [2019-05-22-1]

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2019-04-12 Fri

#3637. ɽ魯 Will you . . . ? ν (2) [oed][speech_act][politeness][interrogative][historical_pragmatics][pragmatics][implicature][auxiliary_verb][construction]

[2019-04-07-1]ε˰³Will you . . . ? ʸȯˤĤơOED ˤȡιʸνФ1300ǯ Vox & Wolf ȤưʪäˤȤ롥Bennett and Smithers Ǥ The Fox and the Wolf ꡤβս (l. 186) ʸ̮ (ll. 171--97) ФƤߤ褦

'A!' quod þe wolf, 'gode ifere, 
Moni goed mel þou hauest me binome! 
Let me adoun to þe kome, 
And al Ich wole þe forȝeue.'175
'Ȝe!' quod þe vox, 'were þou isriue, 
And sunnen heuedest al forsake, 
And to klene lif itake, 
Ich wolde so bidde for þe 
Þat þou sholdest comen to me.'180
'To wom shuld Ich', þe wolf seide, 
'Ben iknowe of mine misdede?--- 
Her nis noþing aliue 
Þat me kouþe her nou sriue. 
Þou hauest ben ofte min ifere---185
Woltou nou mi srift ihere, 
And al mi liif I shal þe telle?' 
'Nay!' quod þe vox, 'I nelle.' 
'Neltou?' quod þe wolf, 'þin ore! 
Ich am afingret swiþe sore---190
Ich wot, toniȝt Ich worþe ded, 
Bote þou do me somne reed. 
For Cristes loue, be mi prest!' 
Þe wolf bey adoun his brest 
And gon to siken harde and stronge.195
'Woltou', quod þe vox, 'srift ounderfonge? 
Tel þine sunnen, on and on, 
Þat þer bileue neuer on.' 


ʪήϤǤ롥ĤٰͤƤޤäѤͤΤФ̤꤫äΤ礤ϵƤӻߤ᤿չߤϵ򤽤ΤϵͤȤʬæФ褦Ȼʤ롥ϵˤޤǤΰԤˤĤ褦ȡϵϤεˤʤꡤѤʹߤȴꤦ褦ˤʤ롥ǡWoltou nou mi srift ihere, / And al mi liif I shal þe telle? (ll. 168--69) Ȥϵȯˤʤ櫓
նʸ̮ǤΤȤˡư줬¿ѤƤꡤѤϵݤ礤Τʤΰջ֤տޤΤäƤȤݤ롥βսϡwill 򸶵ΰջ֤ΰ̣Ǽȡ֤ʤˤϻʹȤջ֤ޤǤлϿΤ٤Ƥ򤢤ʤ˹𤲤ޤ礦פȤʤ롥Ǥʸ̮餫ϵϸѤʹƤ餤ȻפäƤ롥äơɤߤäơ֤ʹƤʡϿΤ٤Ƥ򤢤ʤ˹𤲤ޤ礦פȤǽȤʤ롥Ȥΰջ֤䤦ȤȰȤϡ̣Ūˤ϶ϺǤꡤǡʤƤȹͤ櫓顤Ǥξΰ̣¸ƤȤȤ館뤳ȤǤ롥
ľθѤϡȤϼ뤫Τ褦 Nay! . . . I nelle. Ǥ롥ѸǤ Will you hear my shrift now? Ф No, I won't. Ƥ褦ʤΤʤȤѤϡϵȯʹȤջ֤뤫פȤȲʤդˤεФ No ƤΤǤ롥ϵȤƤϰΤĤǸäΤ⤷ʤˤϵȲᤵƤޤäȤˤʤ롥ºݡϵϤ뤫Τ褦ˡNeltou? ʤΰջ֤ʤȤˤ֤Ƥ롥
⤷ϵ¦˰ΰ̣ƤȤƤ⡤ΰȤްդϡʸ̮˻٤ƽƸतü첽줿Ūް (particularized conversational implicature) Ǥäơ̲줿Ūް (generalized conversational implicature) ǤϤʤޤƤ䴷Ūް (conventional implicature) Ǥʤ褦˻פ롥λ Will you . . . ? ʸνȤߤʤȤѤ餺ǽ⤷ʤ줿ʸ뤤ȤΩɽȤߤʤˤ᤹

Bennett, J. A. W. and G. V. Smithers, eds. Early Middle English Verse and Prose. 2nd ed. Oxford: OUP, 1968.

Referrer (Inside): [2022-03-17-1]

[ | ѥڡ ]

2019-04-11 Thu

#3636. ǯٽرѸΡ֤ʤפ롡ϤƤαѸˡ٤Ҳ [notice][hel_education][sobokunagimon][rensai][link][hajimetenoeigoshi]

ؤǤ⿷ǯ٤ܳŪ˻Ϥޤޤ䤬ôѸ˴ϢμȤǡ2016ǯ˸ҤǤ줿رѸΡ֤ʤפ롡ϤƤαѸˡƥȡʤ뤤ϻͥƥȡˤȤƤΤǡǯٽ˼ݤƤñ˾Ҳ𤷤Ƥޤ

naze_front_cover



ܽνǸ˸ҤΥ֥Ⱦߤ줿ѥ˥󡦥ܽΤͤ餤ˤܤ񤭤ޤʤܽɤǤΤƤǶĴƤȻפޤϡ

ѸΡѤʵפˡֱѸˡפλƤȤ̤ơѸ춵ϤȤѸˤ¿ˡѸΡֿפƤܤڤθ̣äƤ餤Ǥ
Ūˤϡʲ5ĤΤͤ餤ޤ

1. ï⤬ѸΡѤʵפˡǼΤͿޤ
2. ѤʵפˤбǤ롤ηŪμɬ⤭ޤ
3. ʬֱѸˡפ̥Ϥޤ
4. Ѹ졤ѸؽѸ춵ФֿפƤޤ
5. Ūʻ顤ѸˤĤơܤڤθ󶡤ޤ


ܽǼ夲Ƥ¿񤭤Ƥܥ֥εˤʤäƤޤΤǡ֥ɼԤˤȤäƤŪˤʸŪˤǥ崶뤫⤷ޤܼ˵󤲤ƤΤǷ֤ޤ󤬡¿ο̣ͤʥȥȴƤޤ

ʤ *a apple ǤϤʤ an apple ʤΤ
ʤ̾ récord ʤΤư recórd ʤΤ
ʤ often t ȯͤΤ
ʤ five Ф fifth ʤΤ
ʤ name ϡ֥ʥפǤϤʤ֥ͥפȯΤ
ʤ debt, doubt ˤȯʤ <b> Τ
ʤ3ñ -s դΤ
ʤ *foots, *childs ǤϤʤ feet, children ʤΤ
sometimes -s ϲɽ魯Τ
ʤԵ§ư줬Τ
ʤ -ly դˤʤΤ
ʤ̤ɽ魯Τ will ѤΤ
ʤ If I were a bird ȤʤΤ
ʤѸˤϼ줬ɬפʤΤ
ʤ *I you love ǤϤʤ I love you ʤΤ
ʤ May the Queen live long! ϤθʤΤ
ʤ Help me! Ȥ϶֤ Aid me! Ȥ϶ФʤΤ
ʤ Assist me! ȤϤʤ鶫ФʤΤ
ʤ1Ĥñ͡ʰ̣Τ
ʤñΰ̣ΤȺǰ㤦Τ
ѸοϤɤΤ褦˺Τ
ʤꥫѸǤ r 򤽤ȯΤ
ꥫѸϥꥹѸֿפΤ
ʤͱѸɸѸȰۤʤäƤΤ
ʤ̾ she ǼΤ
ʤñ they Ȥ褦ˤʤäƤΤ

ܽɤߡѸˤ̥ϤܳФ᤿顤Ҿ嵭ѥ˥󡦥2017ǯ112ˤϢܤ줿ܽγǡȯŸǤȤ٤ָѸѸˤλͤε12ܤ⥪饤ǤɤΥ饤ʥåפǤ

1󡡡֤ȤФ̻Ū˸פȤϡ2017/01/20
2󡡤ʤ3ñ -s դΤ2017/02/20
3󡡤ʤѸ첻ɽΤʤΤ2017/03/21
4󡡥ꥹѸ autumn ȥꥫѸ fall 2017/04/20
5alive ˸ 2017/05/22
6󡡤ʤѸä3ع¤Τ2017/06/20
7 -ish ŪŸ 2017/07/20
8󡡤ʤ֥ˡ§פѸ˾פʤΤ 2017/08/21
9󡡤ʤ try tried Ȥʤꡤdie dying ȤʤΤ 2017/09/20
10󡡤ʤ you ϡ֤ʤפǤ⤢֤ʤפǤ⤢Τ 2017/10/20
11󡡤ʤѸ SVO θʤΤԡ 2017/11/20
12󡡤ʤѸ SVO θʤΤʸԡ 2017/12/20

δ졡رѸΡ֤ʤפϤƤαѸˡ١ҡ2016ǯ

[ | ѥڡ ]

2019-04-10 Wed

#3635. Ѹ˳ν2019ǯǡ [bibliography][hel_education][link]

ǯٽDZѸˤؤӻϤͤ⤤ȻפΤǡѸ˳濴ˡѸˡѸؤδʸ2019ǯǡˤǤѸˤνؼԤäˤο޽ˡ򡤼ˤο޽ˡդƤ롥Τۤˡƿ޽δ䥦֥Ȥ˷ǺܤƤ뻲ʸɽ׻ȡѤPDFäΤǡɤ

αѸ˳ܸˡ

ջҡ إ١åѸˡ١ҤĤ˼2007ǯ
켣 رѸˡ١ҡ2000ǯ
߷ ͧ¿̱²ι񥤥ꥹ---4ĤڤѹˤΤ١ҡ2008ǯ
߷ ͧرѸΥ롼ġ١ҡ2011ǯ
߷ ⡡رѸˡ١ҡӡ2008ǯ.
ס ׯҡؿѸ١罤۽Ź1988ǯ
رѸ١ؽDz2005ǯ.
δ졡رѸˤDz򤭤ۤѸθ --- ǼƱѸؤ֤ˡ١ؽ2011ǯ
δ졡رѸΡ֤ʤפϤƤαѸˡ١ҡ2016ǯ
ϲ ͭ ԡ λҡ ¹̾ ԡرѸˡ١罤۽Ź1995ǯ
رѸˤ򤿤ɤι١إ֥å꡼ Acta 30޼ҡ2019ǯ
졡رѸˡ١罤ۡ1983ǯ

αѸ˳ʱѸˡ

Algeo, John, and Thomas Pyles. The Origins and Development of the English Language. 5th ed. Thomson Wadsworth, 2005.
Baugh, Albert C. and Thomas Cable. A History of the English Language. 6th ed. London: Routledge, 2013.
Blake, N. F. A History of the English Language. Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1996.
Bradley, Henry. The Making of English. London: Macmillan, 1955.
Bragg, Melvyn. The Adventure of English. New York: Arcade, 2003.
Brinton, Laurel J. and Leslie K. Arnovick. The English Language: A Linguistic History. Oxford: OUP, 2006.
Bryson, Bill. Mother Tongue: The Story of the English Language. London: Penguin, 1990.
Crystal, David. The Stories of English. London: Penguin, 2005.
Fennell, Barbara A. A History of English: A Sociolinguistic Approach. Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2001.
Gelderen, Elly van. A History of the English Language. Amsterdam, John Benjamins, 2006.
G&ouml;orlach, Manfred. The Linguistic History of English. Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1997.
Gooden, Philip. The Story of English: How the English Language Conquered the World. London: Quercus, 2009.
Horobin, Simon. How English Became English: A Short History of a Global Language. Oxford: OUP, 2016.
Jespersen, Otto. Growth and Structure of the English Language. 10th ed. Chicago: U of Chicago, 1982.
Knowles, Gerry. A Cultural History of the English Language. London: Arnold, 1997.
McCrum, Robert, William Cran, and Robert MacNeil. The Story of English. 3rd rev. ed. London: Penguin, 2003.
Smith, Jeremy J. An Historical Study of English: Function, Form and Change. London: Routledge, 1996.
Strang, Barbara M. H. A History of English. London: Methuen, 1970.
Svartvik, Jan and Geoffrey Leech. English: One Tongue, Many Voices. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2006.

αѸˡѸؤλͿ޽

ͺ° ̭ԡˡظʸˡŵ١Ʋ1992ǯ
ж ϺԡˡظѸؼŵ١Ʋ1973ǯ
סԡˡرѸˡ˱ѸءʸʸϿ١ҡ1997ǯ
⿮ ʸͺʴƽˡؿѸؼŵ١ҡ1982ǯ
С¾ˡرѸˡ١ϯ, ƣɧԡرѸϡ١8--11ˡ罤۽Ź1972--85ǯ
ãڸ ԡˡرѸؿ̾ŵ١ҡ1995ǯ
߷ ˧ͺԡˡرѸ츻ŵ١ҡ1997ǯ
߷ ˧ͺԡˡرѸˡ˱Ѹ --- ʸʸϿ١ҡ1997ǯ
߷ ˧ͺԡˡرѸ׸켭ŵ١ҡ2002ǯ
߷ ˧ͺ ()رѸǯɽ?ѸˡѸػˡʸػˡ̻?١ҡ1993ǯ
ϲ ͭӾ ɧ ˮɧԡˡ罤۱Ѹػŵ١罤۽Ź1983ǯ
Biber, Douglas, Stig Johansson, Geoffrey Leech, Susan Conrad, and Edward Finegan, eds. Longman Grammar of Spoken and Written English. Harlow: Pearson Education, 1999.
The Cambridge History of the English Language. Vols. 1--7. Ed. Richard M. Hogg. 1992--2001.
Crystal, David. The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995. 2nd ed. 2003.
Crystal, David. The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Language. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995. 2nd ed. 2003.
English Historical Linguistics: An International Handbook. 2 vols. Ed. Alexander Bergs and Laurel J. Brinton. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 2012.
Huddleston, Rodney and Geoffrey K. Pullum, eds. The Cambridge Grammar of the English Language. Cambridge: CUP, 2002.
McArthur, Tom, ed. The Oxford Companion to the English Language. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1992.
The Oxford English Dictionary. 2nd ed. CD-ROM. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1992. Version 3.1. 2004. (Also available online as Oxford English Dictionary Online at http://www.oed.com/ .)
Quirk, Randolph, Sidney Greenbaum, Geoffrey Leech, and Jan Svartvik. A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language. London: Longman, 1985.

αѸ˴ϢΥ֥ȡ

ջҡֱѸ˴طʴʸʤɡˡסhttp://www.iyeiri.sakura.ne.jp/students/English.htm ʤȴ줿ʸΥꥹȡ
δ졡hellog?Ѹ˥֥סhttp://user.keio.ac.jp/~rhotta/hellog/äˡֻʸꥹȡ (http://user.keio.ac.jp/~rhotta/hellog/references.html) 򻲾ȡ
ߡA Gateway to Studying HEL: Textbooksܸԡˡסhttp://www013.upp.so-net.ne.jp/HEL/textbooks.html ʽ¤Ѹˤʸꥹȡ

Referrer (Inside): [2020-04-01-1]

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2019-04-09 Tue

#3634. ̾ˤѸ첻ɽ [ipa][phonetics][elt][hiragana]

رѸ춵4ˡˤֶŪʱѸ첻ɽȤƤβ̾βǽˤؤӸߤ˳褫פꤹ뵭ǺܤƤꡤ̣ɤܤǽǤƤѸμñ콸ʽʤɤǡIPA (International Phonetic Alphabet) ɽ䤽˽सե٥åȻѤɽѤˡʿ̾Ҳ̾ѤΤ뤬ζṲ̄ϤɤʤΤʤΤȻפäƤ
̾ɽϡΤ餢ä褦IPA ƳˤϱѸؽ˺ݤƲ̾ɽԤʤƤä IPA ƳȲ̾ɽʬŪ˰ʤäʳŪסΡסּ«ɬספȤ᡼դ줿
IPA ʤɤˤ벻ɽؤ򤬿ޤäƤȡȿưäƤơͳϺԲϻȤʪ̾ɽʸ˾ФIPA Ⲿ̾ɽ⤢ޤɽˤξԤƤΰ㤤٤ȤäƤΤǤ롥ҤϡIPA ϽؼԤˤȤä̤οؤܤȤƤѸʸȤ̤οǤȤˡ̤̤οäƳؤФʤФʤʤȤΤϤäȻˤޤȤʵŸԲϤ⡤ؽŪǤϤʤŪΩƤС̾ɽŪǤϤʤɾ
ɤΤȤIPA ˤ貾̾ɽˤ衤ʤŪDZѸ첻ɽ褦ȤƤ뤫ȤǤפʤΤǤꡤ˱ơ֡˲ʳŪס֡ԡΡסּ«ʤסˡפɾѤäƤ#669. ȯɽȱѸˡ ([2011-02-25-1]) Ǥ褦ˡnarrow transcription broad transcription ȤΤϡɤ餫ŪɤȤǤϤʤŪ˰¸ŪǤ롥äơ̾ɽŪäƤȤͥƤȤˤϤʤʤ
ʥ٥ˤ˱Ѹ춵塤ºݤ˲̾ɽɤŪʤΤ˴ؤ¾ŪʸϡۤȤɤʤƤʤ褦ȯƳ˴ؤĴˤȡѷȯǤ夷ؽԤǧŪ٤Ǥ㤯ʤä (69) Ȥ롥ȤСȡפΤ褦ɽ顤ؽԤϲˤĤƽפľȤϡֶŪɽˤȤäƽפʤΤϡɤΤɽΤǤϤʤˤƳؽԤ˳ؽʳȯ뤫Ǥ롥Ȥ⤹СؽԤ˻äƤĹФ­줬ˤ뤿˲̾ɽѤƤɤΤǤϤʤ (69) ᤯äƤ롥
ϢơIPA ȤˤˤĤơ#822. IPA άˡ ([2011-07-28-1])#3362. International Phonetic Association (IPA) ([2018-07-11-1])#3363. International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) ([2018-07-12-1])#251. IPAΥ㡼ȡ ([2010-01-03-1]) ǽ񤤤ƤΤǻȤ줿

ֶ͡ŪʱѸ첻ɽȤƤβ̾βǽˤؤӸߤ˳褫סرѸ춵2019ǯ4桤罤۽Ź2019ǯ31468--69ǡ

[ | ѥڡ ]

2019-04-08 Mon

#3633. 421ˡ츦νմֺ¤ǡֱѸˤλѸįפäޤ [notice][hel_education][tokyogengokenkyujo]

ǯعֺ¤ΡֻŪءô뤳Ȥˤʤޤֺ³ (PDF) ǡֱѸˤγ̤ơŪ̻ŪʸθȤˤĤפǤäƤ̤ꡤѸˤ˸ؤֺ¤Ǥ514ʲСˤ轵19:00?20:40Ȥ10ιֵͽꤷƤޤ
ޤ5ιֺ³ϤΩѸʬƳȤ̣礤ơ褿421ˤ10:00?11:20ˡñȯνմֺ¤Ȥơɸֱ̤ѸˤλѸįפꤹä򤷤ޤפ (PDF) ˷ǺܤƤޤʲ˺Ƹޤ

ǯѸؤǤȡؤӻϤκƤ褦Ѥʵ䤬˺ƤޤȤ¿ΤǤʤ A ϡ֥פǤϤʤ֥פɤΤʤ go β went ʤΤʤư3ñˤ -s ĤΤѸȥե󥹸졦ɥĸϤɤΤ褦ʴطˤΤʤѸȤʤꤨΤΤ褦ѤʵƻפưääƤ椭ޤ˹ͻΤ˸ؤδߤѸ --- Ѹ --- ȤʬǤ
ȤƤϡ4Ǥޤ(1) ѸεŪʻ饢ץ롤(2) ѸˤγάΤ롤(3) Ѹءؤιͤؤ֡(4) ˤ̤ʱѸѤ롥
ֵܹǤϡѤʵȱѸˤɤˤĤƹͻ塤Ѹˤ򳵴Ѥޤ³ơֻȯʸˡáѸ䤽¾˴ؤѤʵ夲ʤ顤ѸŪʤΤθͤҲ𤷤ޤ


ǯٽǤޤϱѸˤȤʬγڤ뤳Ȥɸˤޤ
մֺ¼Τ420ڡˡ21ˤξγ֤ǡ2֤ΤȤ16ιֺ¤ѰդƤޤ֤οäƤƤޤΤǡô˾츦 HPꤪߤ

Referrer (Inside): [2019-04-26-1]

[ | ѥڡ ]

2019-04-07 Sun

#3632. ɽ魯 Will you . . . ? ν [oed][speech_act][politeness][historical_pragmatics][pragmatics][implicature][construction][auxiliary_verb]

Ѹˤˡư will Ѥɽ魯ȤơWill you do me a favor? ʤɤɽ롥ŪƤѤ뤳Ȥ¿ˤäƤ Will you shut up? Τ褦ˤ䤭Ĥ̿Ȥʤ뤳Ȥ⤢롥ŪʻؼȤ Will you sign here, please? Τ褦ˤѤ졤ݥ饤ȥͥμ٤˱ѤΤǡȤʤΤϰճ񤷤Ūˤ̤ΰդȤʤΤǡΰտޤΤˤˤ please դȤ¿
ɽεϡ2;Τΰջ֤䤦ջ̤ȤƤ Will you . . . ? ˤȹͤ롥Ū߻򲡤ĤΤǤϤʤޤΰջ֤ºŤ䤦ȤκۤȤΤǡʬ餫ǫʸˤʤ뤫ʸγ򤷤Ƥʤ顤ºݤ˹ԤʤäƤΰꡦ̿ᡦؼȤȤǡݥ饤ȥͥθŵŪȯù԰ (indirect speech act) λȤ롥

OED will, v1. ˤȡI. The present tense will. ΤȤ6bˡˡ󤲤Ƥ롥

b. In 2nd person, interrog., or in a subord. clause after beg or the like, expressing a request (usually courteous; with emphasis, impatient).

a1300 Vox & Wolf in W. C. Hazlitt Remains Early Pop. Poetry Eng. (1864) I. 64 Thou hauest ben ofte min i-fere, Woltou nou mi srift i-here?
a1400 Pistill of Susan 135 Wolt þou, ladi, for loue, on vre lay lerne?
1470--85 Malory Morte d'Arthur i. vi. 42 Sir said Ector vnto Arthur woll ye be my good and gracious lord when ye are kyng?
1592 R. Greene Philomela To Rdr. sig. A4 I..craue that you will beare with this fault.
1600 Shakespeare Henry V ii. i. 43 Will you shog off?
1608 Shakespeare King Lear vii. 313 On my knees I beg, That you'l vouchsafe me rayment, bed and food.
1720 A. Ramsay Young Laird & Edinb. Katy 1 O Katy wiltu gang wi' me, And leave the dinsome Town a while.
1823 Scott St. Ronan's Well III. iv. 96 I desire you will found nothing on an expression hastily used.
1878 T. Hardy Return of Native III. v. iii. 144 Oh, Oh, Oh,..Oh, will you have done!


ɽȤƤ Will you . . . ? ưν°˸ will ȯãǽΤŪˤϤꤽOED ǤС°4Ĥ1592ǯΤΤǤꡤ֤طդΤ褦ˤߤ롥ޤ1300ǯȤʤᤤ餯ɽȤ夷Τ϶ѸäƤǤϤʤȤŪʵǽް (implicature) İ̲ȤΤϡ˸˾ˤĤƲ뤿ؤ̯ǤꡤΤʤȤ򤤤櫓ǤϤʤϢơ#1976. ŪްդȤ¾͡ʴްա ([2014-09-24-1])#1984. ŪްդỌ̇̄Ѳ ([2014-10-02-1]) ⻲ȡ

[ | ѥڡ ]

2019-04-06 Sat

#3631. ʤ?˹ԤäȤפ have gone to . . . ǤϤʤ have been to . . . ʤΤ [sobokunagimon][perfect][be]

ֹԤפ go Ǥꡤ?ȤפȤиΰ̣ϸߴλhave + ʬפɽ魯ȤȤǤС?˹ԤäȤפ̤˹ͤ have gone to . . . ȤʤꤽŪˤ have been to . . . ǤȽϻ⤺äԻ׵Ĥ˻פäƤե졼ȤơʸȤƤΤ褦ˤʤäƤΤȸʹƤΤǡʾμϤƤʤäƹͤƤߤơϤǤ롥
have gone to . . . ϡֹԤäȤפȤиǤϤʤֹԤäƤޤäʤη̡ˤϤʤˡפȤ̤ΰ̣ˤʤȡФи롥顤ߴληиˡȷˡηХåƥ󥰤ʤ褦Ԥˤ϶̤줿 have been to . . . ѤΤȤΩǤ롥󤳤Ϥ٤ޤǼǤ롥ʸ "blocking" ȤǤƤ֤٤Τ褦ʶŪĵǽŪϡɥۥåΤ餤褦˻פ롥1ĤεǽФ1Ĥηб褦ȤΰŪظˤĤƤǤȤƤ⡤ηʤȤ櫓 have been to . . . ǤʤФʤʤäΤȤ̤ˤĤƤϡҥȤͿƤʤޤꥫѸˤ¤Ȥơhave gone to . . . иΰ̣ɽ魯⤢롥ȤС (568) I took a scuba course in college and I've gone a few times to the Caribbean. ʤʸ򤢤Ƥ
ŪˤҤȤе䤬ä뤫ȤСȤϤñǤϤʤ褦ΤȤʾʤȤˤϡ餷ΤϸФƤʤˤλ¤ͿСߤ餫ѤäƤ롥ȤΤϡ⤽?˹ԤäȤפ̣ have been to . . . ȤŪ18λʪǤꡤˤѤƤʤä褦ʤ18˸줿ΤƤʤȤ櫓ηФ뤳ȤˤʤäΤ϶ŪѸؤǤϤʤ̻Ū˱ѸؤǤ롥
OED be, v. 8c ˡˡ夲Ƥ롥

c. With to and a noun: to have been present (in a place, esp. for some purpose, or at an event or special occasion); to have gone to visit (and returned from) a place.
   Apparently rare before the second half of the 18th cent. (when it occurs frequently in the usage of Fanny Burney).
1712 R. Laurence Bishop of Oxford's Charge Consider'd §xlviii. 73 Publickly Baptiz'd a Child in the Meeting-house; which was carried thither in as great Form and Order, as if it had been to Church.
1763 F. Brooke Hist. Lady Julia Mandeville I. 178 We have been to the parish church, to hear Dr. H. preach.
1773 F. Burney Early Diary (1889) I. 186 She had been to these rehearsals.
1778 F. Burney Evelina I. xvii. 115 Miss will think us very vulgar..to live in London, and never have been to an Opera.
1802 C. Wilmot Irish Peer on Continent (1920) 39 We have been to the Opera Buffa or the Italian Opera.
1829 R. Sharp Diary 21 June (1997) 209 This understrapping Parson of ours has been to Cambridge the last week to vote for who? why for Mr. Bankes.
1892 E. Reeves Homeward Bound 205 Hadji is his title, and means that he has been to Mecca.
1902 Westm. Gaz. 25 Aug. 2 His Majesty has been to Westminster Abbey, and the Crystal Palace,..and Madame Tussaud's.
1915 T. S. Eliot Let. 3 Jan. (1988) I. 77 I have just been to a cubist tea.
1977 J. Lees-Milne Diary 27 Sept. in Through Wood & Dale (2001) 195 I have not been to the lav since I left Salonika on Friday.
2007 S. Worboyes Lipstick & Powder iii. 91 This wasn't the first time she had been to the flat so she knew where everything was kept.


ˤȤꡤ18Ⱦ Fanny Burney (1752--1840) ˤѤȤˡμ¼ŪȤʤä褦ϺɤƤɬפꤽˤ衤Ū be ȡưӤŪϤްդưŪ to ȤľܷӤĤȤ´Ϥ̤ʤ̤βȤơ߲Ƥʤ go ˴ꤻʤΤǤϤʤȤҤ٤Ƥ

ͧ ԡظѸˡŵ١Ʋ2006ǯ

Referrer (Inside): [2021-07-31-1] [2019-05-22-1]

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2019-04-05 Fri

#3630. ʤ who ϤֻǤȯʤΤ [spelling][pronunciation][spelling_pronunciation_gap][interrogative_pronoun][sobokunagimon][sound_change][digraph]

ɸ who ʤȤ֤Ȥ٤ whom, whose, etc.ˤϤޤܶñǤˡѸؽԤϳֻǤȯ (= /huː/) Ǥ뤳Ȥ򤽤Τޤ޴ݰŵƤꡤä˵ʤˤʤ褯ͤƤߤȡֻȯδطԵ§ޤʤñǤ롥ֻǤС /woʊ/ ȯϤ
ޤҲߤƤߤ褦<wh> ֤ä /h/ ȯΤϡ¾ wh ٤Ф狼̤ꡤǤ롥what, which, when, where, why Ϥ /w/ ǻϤޤäƤʤɸѼǤ̵ /ʍ/ ⤢롨cf. #1795. Ĥ wh ȯ ([2014-03-27-1])ˡˤ /h/ ǻϤޤñϡ§Ū <h> ֤ how ΤߤǤhow ΤʤǤ⤳Τ褦˰ѤäƤ뤳ȤˤĤƤϡ#51. 5W1Hפʤ̡6Hס ([2009-06-18-1]) 򻲾ȡˡ
첻ߤƤߤ褦Ҳ <o> ñ줬硤go, ho, Jo, lo, no, so ʤɤˤߤ褦ˡ첻 /oʊ/ Ǥ롥who Τ褦 /uː/ ȤʤΤϡdo, to ʤɤ뤬Ū˾ɤäơwho hoo ȤǤ֤٤ñǤꡤֻϻҲˤƤ첻ˤƤԵ§Ȥ虜ʤ
츫ǼΤʤֻȯδطˤϡŪʷаޤ롥űѸǤñ hwa ֤ /hwɑː/ ȯ줿򤫤ơΤ褦ʰϢ첻Ѳ

/hwɑː/ /hwɔː/ /hwoː/ /hwuː/ /huː/


Ĥޤꡤ첻ιä夬ФΤʤؤϤФȰươĤ˹첻幽ãƤޤäΤǤ롥ǽʳ /w/ ξüϡҲȸ塦߿첻˶ޤ줿Ķ15--16˵§ŪѲǡtwo, sword ʤɤȯƤ롥Ĥޤ who two βѲʿŪȤäƤ褤ʤʤΤǼε⻲ͤˤ줿#184. two /w/ ȯʤΤϤʤ ([2009-10-28-1])#1324. two /w/ Ϥ ([2012-12-11-1])#3410. Ѹˤֹٹס ([2018-08-28-1])
ֻˤĤƤϡλҲϸűѸǤ2Ż (digraph) <hw> ǽ񤫤줿ѸǤϵž2Ż <wh> ǽ񤫤褦ˤʤä첻˴ؤƤϡޤǤ첻Ѳɤ뤫Τ褦 <a> <o> ؤѲɤäϤǥȥåפ<u> <oo> ֻؤ夹뤳ȤϤĤʤäΤǤ롥ơwho = /huː/ ʤطɸಽƤޤäȤ櫓
ˤäƤϡwho Τ褦ܶñǤФۤԵ§褯ѻΤǤ롥Ϣơ#1024. ѸֻԵ§줳 ([2012-02-15-1]) ñꥹȤ⻲ȡ
ʤ<wh> = /h/ Ȥ㳰ŪʻҲʻˤбϡwho Τۤ whole, whore ˤߤ롥ˤĤƤϡ#1783. whole <w> ([2014-03-15-1]) 򻲾ȡ

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2019-04-04 Thu

#3629. 饤ʤˤ [map][russian][ukrainian][sociolinguistics][slavic][language_shift]

ߥȾäƥ饤ʶ¹ɤƤ롥ܲ饤ʤκäƤԤȿƤϩȤǤϰפƤ롥
饤ʤȥϡߤ˥Ȥ졦̱²ʸζ뤬椨Τ褦ʹޤϸźդƤ뤬դƤ뤫ȤäƲ褬䤹櫓ǤϤʤषդΤȤ¿
饤ʸȥδطˤĤƤС#1469. Хȡ᥹ָɡʰ²ˡ ([2013-05-05-1]) ǿ줿ȤUkrainian ϥ饤ʤ5000ͤˤääƤǤŪ˰ҿΤȶ礷Ƥꡤ̱²Ūʱưˤ줫ζ̲ܻؤƤפȤ褦ˡ饤ʸüԤΰռŪʥ줫Υȿ롥"sociolinguistic distancing" ŵȤäƤ褤Ūˤϥ饤ʸ줫ؤθ (language_shift) ƤˡߤޤǾʣƤΤǤʡ#1540. Ѹˤء ([2013-07-15-1]) ǴϢ˰Ƥˡ
Υ饤ʤˤʬۤˤĤơŤ2001ǯιĴη̤329俷ʹī˷ǺܤƤӥΡե󥳥եդʤɤǤϥ饤ʸ줬ݤƤ뤬ΥǥåǤϤۤȾǤꡤΥɥͥĥܲΥߥ¹Ǥϥ줬ݤƤ롥ΤȤƤߤС饤ʸ줬2/3ȾäƤ뤬ҲŪ԰ꤵưפͽۤΨǤ롥  *
饤ʤȤСĸθϤͭϸȤʤäƤꡤ˸ؤǤ̾Τ줿Ǥcf. #637. 륬ʸĸ ([2011-01-24-1])ˡޤѸäȤߤǤС#834. 饤ʸ줫μѸ ([2011-08-09-1]) ˤդȤǤ롥ơˤҤ٤褦ˡճ⤷ʤüԿ͸Ǥ3ͤĶ롤30٤˥󥯥󤹤Ǥ뤳ȤõƤ
饤ιܤ

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2019-04-03 Wed

#3628. ̾ɽ֥׾ä [katakana][japanese]

330俷ʹīɸεǺܤƤ29ˡܤˤ볰̾ɽ᤿߳̾ΰֵͿˡΩȤˤ꽾֥ȥꥹȥե͡ (Saint Christopher and Nevis) ɽƤֳ֥̾ȥꥹȥե͡ӥפȤʤ롥Ʊͤˡեꥫη֥ݥǡ (Cape Verde) ϡ֥ݥ٥ǡפȤʤ롥ˤꡤ̳ʤʸ񤫤̾ˡ֥פȤäɽʤʤ뤳Ȥˤʤ롥ˤС֤狼䤹ȯΤ䤹ͥ褹פȤȤΤ褦ܸȤƤɽǤ뤫顤줬Ȥм
Ρ֥פɽäƤϴѤɤѻ졤ɸಽ̲뤳Ȥʤʤ񤷤Ūطʤϡ (388) Τ褦ˤޤȤƤ롥

Ҳ̾ǽ񤯤ȤˡϤǤ˹ͻ夫齬Ū˹ԤƤơv ȯ֥פɽΤʡ͡Ȥڱ̸١ʰȬϻǯˤˤƺǽ˻ߤΤǤ롥θ塤ϡȯ¨ɽǽ񤫤줿ꡤܸβƱȯ˴Ťɽʤ줿ꤹʤɡԤδ֤Ǥոΰפߤʤä
ǯˡֳɽפչ𼨤ȤƽФơɽδब줿ϸ§ȵƤΩƤȤʤäƤ롥ʤܸβƱȯ˴Ť1ɽˤȡ丶ĤŤˤʤ٤᤯ɽ2ɽˤʤꡤ1ɽˤ뤳Ȥ§Ȥ뤬ɬפ˱2ɽƤȤΤǤ롥Ǥϡ2ɽ v ֥פǽɽȤƤȤޤƤ롥


չ𼨡ֳɽ򸫤Ƥߤȡαջऽ2ʺ§ŪʻˡפΡ2ɽ˼̾˴ؤΡפˤơ2ɽ˼̾ϡ丶ĤŤˤʤ٤᤯ɽȤѤ벾̾ǡβ̾ѤɬפʤϡŪˡ1ɽ˼̾ϰϤǽɽȤǤפȤ롥ޤι710ˡ֥ɽ˴ؤ뵭Ҥ롥ˡ֥֡׷Ϥ§ȤʤŪ˱ơ֥׷ϤƤȤ٤Τɤ߼뤳ȤǤ롥

֥ס֥ס֥ס֥ס֥פϡ費б벾̾Ǥ롥
͡󡡥ʥ
ȥꥢ()륵()륬()
ǥ()ޥ()ơ()
Ūˤϡ֥Сס֥ӡס֥֡ס֥١ס֥ܡפȽ񤯤ȤǤ롥
͡Х󡡥ӡʥ١
ӥȥꥢ()٥륵()ܥ륬()
ӥХǥ()֥ޥ()ܥơ()
. . . .
ά
. . . .
֥פϡ費б벾̾Ǥ롥
͡󥿥塼塼奤䡼(͡)
Ūˤϡ֥ӥפȽ񤯤ȤǤ롥
͡󥿥ӥ塼ӥ塼ӥ奤䡼()


֥ɽȴϢơ#3325. ֥פܸǤθ츻ŪֻȤ뤫⡩ ([2018-06-04-1])#901. ʬ ([2011-10-15-1]) ⻲ȡʤ֥פǤϤʤ嵭βˡǤϡ#3289. Swaziland eSwatini ˹̾ѹ ([2018-04-29-1]) ǾҲ𤷤褦ˡ֥兩ɡפ֥ƥˡפѹȤʤäȤդäƤ

顦 Ƿ һҡ 㡡ؿ޲ܤʸ١Ʋ2011ǯ

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2019-04-02 Tue

#3627. ֺ¡ֱѸˤDz򤯱ѸѤʵ [asacul][sobokunagimon][link][slide]

330ڡˤ15:00?18:15ˡī㡼󥿡ɶˤơֱѸˡפ3ƤȤƹֱֺѸˤDz򤯱ѸѤʵ򳫹֤ޤ֤줿ϿʡѤʵפ⤤ĤӽФؤȯޤμݤϡ̤Ǥ

ǯѸؤǤȡؤӻϤκƤ褦Ѥʵ䤬˺ƤޤȤ¿ΤǤʤ A ϡ֥פǤϤʤ֥פɤΤʤ go β went ʤΤʤư3 ñˤ -s ĤΤΤ褦ѤʵƻפưääƤ椭ޤ˹ͻΤѸˤȤʬǤѤʵ򼡡ɹ򤵤ƤѸˤϤˤԤ

1. ѸˤѤʵ褤
2. ȯ˴ؤѤʵ
3. ֻ˴ؤѤʵ
4. ʸˡ˴ؤѤʵ
5. ä˴ؤѤʵ
6. 󤫤εˤĤƸƤ
7. ֺܹ¤ΤޤȤ


줾ΡѤʵפȤƼ夲줿ϡ֤ԹˤŪǤϤޤġε褷ƤץΤΤѸˤγؤӤǤꡤȤ̥Ϥ򤵤줿ΤǤϤʤǤ礦ֺ¤ǻѤ饤ɻ˥åפƤޤΤǡͳˤȤ

1. ꡼ֱѸˡ 3󡡱ѸˤDz򤯱ѸѤʵ
2. ֺܹ¤Τͤ餤
3. 1. ѸˤѤʵ褤
4. Ѹ˴ؤѤʵ (#1093)
5. Ѥʵϡ
6. 2. ȯ˴ؤѤʵ
7. 3. ֻ˴ؤѤʵ
8. 4. ʸˡ˴ؤѤʵ
9. ȶư¿Ե§Ѳ
10. Ūˤդ뤫첻Ѳ뤫
11. ʤ§ư첽ƤΤ
12. Ե§
13. 5. ä˴ؤѤʵ
14. 󤫤εˤĤƸƤ
15. ֺܹ¤ΤޤȤ
16. 󰷤äΤ䤽¾Ѥʵ뻲ʸ

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2019-04-01 Mon

#3626. ˡرѸˤ򤿤ɤι [review][norman_french][doublet][pictish]

ǯٽˡαѸ1Ҳ𤷤ޤ¿̤ǤäˤʤäƤؤν񤫤줿رѸˤ򤿤ɤι3˽ǤޤܤޤƤ꤬Ȥޤˡإ֥å꡼ Acta 30ܤȤ֤ŤǤ
ϱѸ̻ŪʸѲŪʴʬϤ븦ԤȤƳƤޤϤ̻ŪǤФäڤȤѸ쳰̻ˡʼˤ򡤴άʣ⤷꡼֥˵ҤΤħȻפޤꥹԼ餬Ƥ̿ʤɤ¿Ǻܤ졤ɽ䥳˭٤Ǥʤ顤β800ߤȤΤäǤ
夲ƤȤƤϡꥹܤˤѸܿˡ롼ʸȤäʸŪǤ¿ڤɤ߿ʤƤȤǤޤĥܤĤ٤ʥͥܤǤȤХΥޥ󡦥ե󥹸 (norman_french) ե󥹸 (Central French) 2Ÿ (doublet) ˤĤơܥ֥Ǥ⤤Ĥ夲ƤϤޤpinch ʤĤޤˤ pincers ʤäȤˤȤڥ⤽äΤȶޤܽ p. 69; cf. #76. Norman French vs Central French ([2009-07-13-1])#95. ޤ롪 Norman French Central French Ÿ ([2009-07-31-1])#388. äȤ롪 Norman French Central French Ÿ ([2010-05-20-1])ˡΥ䥬祦ԥȿͤΥܥ (Pictish symbols) ʤɤ⡤̿ȤȤ˾Ҳ𤵤Ƥꡤ̣ޤܽ p. 32--34ˡ
ܽǰƤϸ塦ˤĤƤεҤȾǤǯ٤˳ؤdz֤Ѹ˳ιֵϤ褽塦Ϥޤ櫓ǤΤǡˤϥ꡼ǤѸ쳰̻ˤؤκǽΰȤƤդ路޽Ǥ

رѸˤ򤿤ɤι١إ֥å꡼ Acta 30޼ҡ2019ǯ

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