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2010 : 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12
2009 : 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12
729ߡVoicy ֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio)ˤ3ǯ2ۤɤ̾ۿץߥۿͭۿ碌1,372ۤɤۿϤƤޤȤ櫓1ǯȾۤɤϡꥹʡγΤϤˤꥳ襤ߤѸ˥ߥ˥ƥȤƽ夬äƤޤ꤬Ȥޤ
Voicy Υʥƥˤꡤ줿Ȥ¿ۿΥ٥30ФƤߤޤ̤ΤۿǡꥹʡγƤӤ˱¿Ȥˡ夬ꡤޤޤ臘Ȥä褦Ǥ
Τ1ĤΥƥĤˤʤäƤΤǤϤʤȻפۤ⤢ޤΤǡɤİꤷƤФȻפޤ1̤˵˥åͤ͡βʤɤϡ֤äƤߤȰ祤٥ȤˤʤäƤޤ
ʬΥ (split_infinitive) ˤˤĤƤϡʲεǼ夲Ƥʤ뤤εåȡˡ
#2992. Ѹˤʸȯã ([2017-07-06-1])
#4976. ʬΥϤ ([2022-12-11-1])
#4977. ʬΥ14餢äΤ19ȾС ([2022-12-12-1])
#4979. Ȥ to not do ŪˤϤä ([2022-12-14-1])
#4981. Reginald Pecock --- ˾Ƕ "infinitive-splitter" ([2022-12-16-1])
ʬΥϡѸȾФ˰ٲФȤʤäƤ1819ˤƽ̤ƤȤϤɬ٤Ѥ褦ˤʤä櫓ǤϤʤ⤷19--20ˤƾ٤Ƥǽ⤢ä⤷ʤβǽϵʸˡȤȽˤ٤ƤޤäΤǤ롥19ηаޤˤĤ Visser (Vol. 2, 1936--37) βѤ褦
When, towards the end of the eighteenth century, the usage was resuscitated in the written language, it soon spread with a remarkable rapidity, and in the nineteenth century it was to be found in the works of writers of every standing including several of great name. The usage, however, was of an occasional character so that one had to read hundreds of pages before finding an example. It is worth notice that one type of splitting, common in Middle English, was not revived, namely that with a (pro)noun between to and the infinitive, e.g. 'to hine finde', 'to þee defend', 'to temple go'.
The usage might have become general and more habitual instead of occasional in the course of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries but for the adverse judgment on it by grammarians. According to 1882 Fitzedw. Hall (On the Separation by a Word and Words of 'to' and the Infinitive) the earliest objection to this usage appeared in print in 1840), when Richard Taylor expressed his dissatisfaction with the idiom in the following words: "Some writers of the present day have a disagreeable affectation of putting an adverb between to' and the infinitive." In 1864 Dean Alford (The Queen's English p. 171) observes: "'To scientifically illustrate'. But surely this is a practice entirely unknown to English speakers and writers. It seems to me, that we ever regard the to of the infinitive as inseparable from its verb." In 1867 the idiom is also categorically condemned by Mason (English Grammar p. 181): "The to of an infinitive mood should never be separated from its verb by an adverb. Such phrases as, 'To rightly use', 'To really understand' are improper." It is noticeable that these early censurers, and many others with them for that matter, did not know of (or ignored?) the occurrence of the idiom in earlier English. The result of the disapproval so strongly expressed was that splitting the infinitives became one of the favourite taboos of the school-teacher, and that minor writers, or those that yet had to win themselves a name, afraid of running the risk of being censured for being ignorant of linguistic conventions, avoided it. Newspaper tradition used to be strong against splitting and sub-editors and correctors of the press were seduously (sic) watching for trespasses of this kind.
ѸȾ "one of the favourite taboos of the school-teacher" Ȥ̤ꡤʬΥϡ19衤Ѹ˴ؤʿ (complaint_tradition) ǤŵŪθʸˡܤȤʤäΤǤ롥
Visser, F. Th. An Historical Syntax of the English Language. 3 vols. Leiden: Brill, 1963--1973.
#5565. ѸŪư̾ι¤6 ([2024-07-22-1]) Ǽ夲褦ˡư̾ˤĤƤϡȯãˤ͡ʸѥ
Visser Ȥ-ing ˰̣μ줬ȡ̣Ū줬ˤĤơŪѥƥѥˤĤơVisser ΩƤƤΤǡܼ (Vol. 2, xiii--xiv) ǤΤᤤVisser 夲ƤΤ -ing ˴ؤǤꡤư̾Τߤʤ餺ʬޤޤƤ뤳ȤդɬפǤ롥
THE SUBJECT OF THE FORM IN -ING
Type 'They doubted the truth of the boy's being dead'
Type 'It's a curious thing your saying that'
Type 'From the arysing of the sonne'
Type 'At the sun rising'
Type 'I hope it's all right me coming in'
Type 'Everybody was talking about you going over there'
Type 'They knew about it being so serious'
Type 'Don't talk of there being no one to help'
THE OBJECT OF THE FORM IN -ING
A. Object before the form in -ing
Type 'Thou desirest the kynges mordryng'
Type 'Excuse his throwing into the water'
Type 'Restrayne yow of vengeance taking'
Type 'To þi broþur burieng fare''
Type 'Hope-giving phrases'; 'his heart-percing dart'
Type 'The maner of þis arke-making'
Type 'His love-making struck us as unconvincing'
Type 'To be present at the iudgement geuing'
Type 'In dyteys-making she bare the pryse'
B. Object after the form in -ing
Type 'A daye was limited for justifying of the bill'
Type 'Wenches sitt in the shade syngyng of ballads'
Type 'He went prechynge cristes lay'
Type 'I slow Sampsoun in shakynge the piler'
'The reading the book' versus 'the reading of the book'
ư̾ȴϢơ Voicy heldio ۿ2Ĥ⻲ȡ
#1150. ư̾Ȥ --- His/Him speaking Japanese surprised us all.
#1151. ư̾Ϥޤޤä
Visser, F. Th. An Historical Syntax of the English Language. 3 vols. Leiden: Brill, 1963--1973.
ε#5560. 727ڡˤī뿷ֺ4ָαѸ˻ĤűѸκספΤ ([2024-07-17-1]) ǤΤ餻̤ꡤī㡼ɶˤƥָֺ츻ŵǤɤѸˡ4ָαѸ˻ĤűѸκספ֤ޤⶵӥ饤ˤ¿ˤä꤬Ȥޤ
űѸȸѸθä٤ĤġȤ櫓űѸΥޥŪħܤȤʤäƤޤűѸŪطʤä塤űѸˤϼѸŪʤषǤȤ߹碌ʣ줬˭Ǥ뤳ȤĴޤȤ櫓ʣ (compounding) kenning ʱŪʣˤȸƤФ˭ɽ¿ޤȸȤθܿ˿줿塤#1124. ֤ϤƤθűѸ9 with Ͻؤ&ޤˤ&¼Ϻܤ줿 Beowulf 1ʸ夲űѸñθ츻1ĤҤȤġرѸ츻ŵ٤dzǧƤޤ
ʲեեåǹֺ¤ƤƤޤ
#5542. ֥ؤ֤ϤƤθűѸ Part 9 with Ͻؤޤˤ¼Ϻ ([2024-06-29-1]) ǤϡVoicy heldio ο͵κǿȤʤ#1124. ֤ϤƤθűѸ9 with Ͻؤ&ޤˤ&¼ϺҲ𤷤ޤۿǤϡϤˤäƼ夲줿 Beowulf 1ʸȤʤޤ
Wyrd oft nereð/ unfǣgne eorl, þonne his ellen dēah. (ll. 572b--73)
"Fate often saves an undoomed earl, when his courage avails."
ֱ̿ϤФлह٤̿ˤʤͦΤߤͦΩĻˡ
ѤκǸθ dēah ϡ "to be good, to be strong, to avail" ̣ dugan Ȥư3ñηǤ̯ʷ֤Ǥ⤽ΤϤŪˤư (preterite-present_verb) ȸƤФüʷưǤcf. #66. ư ([2009-07-03-1])ˡ
Sweet's Anglo-Saxon Primer (37) ꡤưγɽ⤦1ĤΤ褯֤ư āgan "to own, possess" ¤٤ƷǤޤ礦
| Infin. | dugan 'avail' | āgan 'own' | ||
| Pres. | sing. | 1, 3. | dēah | āh |
| Pres. | sing. | 2. | āhst | |
| Pres. | pl. | dugon | āgon | |
| Pres. | subj. | dyge, duge | āge | |
| Pret. | dohte | āhte | ||
| Past | part. | āgen (only as adj.) |

ε#5568. 98ˡֱѸ˥饤2024פŤޤ ([2024-07-25-1]) ǾҲ𤷤 Voicy heldio θϿ٥ȤϡkhelfʷѸ˥եˤŤ륤٥ȤȤʤޤʣνǼҤ궨Ƥޤ
Υ٥Ȥ˸ khelf Ρhel (helkatsu) 夬äƤƤޤʲΩäưҲ𤷤ޤ
(1) khelf θ˿ڡ䥳ƥĤääƤޤ
ֱѸ˥饤2024ߥڡץƤޤ٥Ȥ˴ؤǿξϡ餫ޤ
ֱѸ˥ƥ50+ϽפνפǤޤ³Ƥޤ
(2) Voicy ֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio)ؤ khelf Сνб
#1119. 98ˡֱѸ˥饤2024פŤޤ by khelf2024ǯ622
#1130. khelf Ĺ --- ΤΤ2024ǯ73
#1137. khelf Ĺ --- Yes, this is! 2024ǯ710
#1143. khelf Ĺ --- Ūˡϡ2024ǯ716
#1145. --- khelf šֱѸ˥饤2024פνбԤȶҤȯɽ2024ǯ718
#1146. khelf ɤγưҲ --- ʤοͤ2024ǯ719
#1147. αѸˡѸ --- khelf ɥĤο2024ǯ720
#1152. ®ֱۡѸ˥饤2024ץݥҤȤǹ2024ǯ725
#1153. رѸ츻ŵ٤ɤॷ (8) --- khelf ƣ king ιɤ2024ǯ726
(3) khelf θ Instagram @khelf_keio ȯư
ĹбαѸ˷ϥ硼ư襷ȡ12ɤ
ֱѸ˥饤2024˴ؤơ1ƤǡǿƤ
khelf СҲ𤹤Ƥʤɤ桥
(4) khelf θ X @khelf_keio ȯư
1450եʤ khelf ưιȤƱճưƤޤǶᤤݥϲ̣ΤǤ礦
(5) khelf ȯԤΡرѸ˿ʹ (The HEL Herald)
ֱѸ˥饤202498ˤȯͽ10˸ơԽȤʹǤ
泰ޤХåʥСΥڡɤ
Τ褦 khelf ϲƵ٤ߤδ֤뤵餱hel³ƤޤΤۤɤꤤޤ

Voicy ֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio)Υ٥ȤΤǤ2024ǯ98ˤ12Ϣ³θϿΡֱѸ˥饤2024 (hellive2024) ˿dzŤޤkhelfʷѸ˥ե˼ŤΡѸˤòǤѸ˷ϥ٥ȤȤƤ̤ʹλߤȤʤޤ
سΰdz븦ԤȤ̤褷ƤֱۤѸ˥פ͵֤ϤƤθűѸפʤɤͽꤷƤޤޤ¿νǼҤ궨ȤˤʤäƤޤ
ϸ66ޤǡ12֤ Voicy heldio ۿϤޤϿˤϡkhelf С¾ؤδطԤΩޤ
ΤۤVoicy heldio ץߥꥹʡۿֱͥѸˤء (helwa)ʷ800ߤΥ֥ˤΥꥹʡˤ⤴Ͽξ头äޤܤ718ڡˤۿ֡ڱѸˤ #160ֱۡѸ˥饤2024פؤλä罸ޤۿˡİֱѸ˥饤2024פ˻ä뤿 helwa ˤꤤȤⴿޤޤ
1ȾۤɸΥ٥ȤǤܲ khelf DZսǤ725ߡֱѸ˥饤2024פ˴ؤƷޤäƤ뤳Ȥޤ
ڥᥤ MCs
ڵkhelf Ĺر
ƣ蘆ʷر
֤ޤˤפȿĿФ¢رء khelf Ĺ
Ͻؤʾء
ʳء
δʷء
ͽʸˡ
¼Ļر̾
ջʵء
ʼʷء
¼ء
սء
ʡˡء
ݺƻͺء
Ǧʽٲء
ڶǼҡʸˡ
īҽŹ
Ʋ
罤۽Ź
ؽ
˼
ҤĤ˼
ۿͽȡ
Ȥ
͵֤ϤƤθűѸ
Ѹ˥
رѸ˿ʹ10椪Ϫ
رѸ츻ŵɽ
űѸLINEפϪ
ηϿ heldio ۿ䡤khelf θ HP ֱѸ˥饤2024ߥڡˤƤΤ餻Ƥޤޤkhelf θ X @khelf_keio khelf θ Instagram @khelf_keio ⥤٥ȾȯƤޤܤ
Ȥ櫓 heldio ǤϡˤˡֱѸ˥饤2024״ϢιۿϤƤͽǤޤǤνפʹβƤޤ
#1119. 98ˡֱѸ˥饤2024פŤޤ by khelf2024ǯ622
#1145. --- khelf šֱѸ˥饤2024פνбԤȶҤȯɽ2024ǯ718
#1152. ®ֱۡѸ˥饤2024ץݥҤȤǹ2024ǯ725
ֱѸ˥饤2024סʳ餪夲ƤȻפޤꤤޤ
Τ餻֤Τۤإͥפ2κꥹȤޤIJǤɤѤ
ƱνΰʼȱĤƤ YouTube ֤Τۤإͥκǿϡ˸줿#251. ԻԤΤ륦֥Υꥹ֤ colour 饢ꥫ color ؤ֤פظˤΤϡǤꥫѸμԻԤȤΤ Noah Webster (1758--1843) ˡѸˤδäưǤ
ưǤϡԻԤȤƤΤߤʤ餺֥Τ⤦1Ĥ¦ֻ̡ԤȤƤΥ֥Ҳ𤷤Ƥޤ colour ֻ color ˡ centre center ˲뱿ưƳꥫѸΥꥹѸ줫Ωĥޤ
֥ϤȤȶԤȤƳưƤꡤѸζʽʤɤƶ˹ƤޤνǤꡤ Blue-Backed Speller ȤΤ褦ˤʤäֻܤ֤褦졤θ100ǯ֤8000٥ȥ顼Ȥʤޤ
ޤ֥ϰζʪǡꥫΩˤ⻲路Ƥޤºݡֻˤ⡤ȿꥹȿɤäƤޤβפΤ٤Ƥ櫓ǤϤޤ嵭Τ褦˰βƤϼ졤ꥫѸֻȤ夷ޤ֥̾ϡζФǮȥꥫΩ˻٤ƤȤޤ
֥ˤĤƤ hellog Ǥ webster γƵǽƤޤȤ櫓ʲȤ
#468. ꥫȤ Webster ([2010-08-08-1])
#2905. Benjamin Franklin ˱ƶ Noah Webster ([2017-04-10-1])
#3087. Noah Webster ([2017-10-09-1])
#3247. ֺ¡֥ڥǤɤѸˡפ5color colour --- ꥫΥڥס ([2018-03-18-1])
#4152. ꥫѸ -our -or ؤΥե --- Webster αƶϸŪ ([2020-09-08-1])
#4735. ʤ Webster ֻפʤ ([2022-04-14-1])

*
ǯ١Ҥηؤդ٤ˤϢֱܵѸˤįեפƤޤؤդ8ԤޤϢܤȤƤ5Ȥʤޤ
Ρ֥եѸήפ˰³ƤǤήη̡ѸäˤɤΤ褦ʾ⤬⤿餵줿Τޤʲ4ĤξФΤȤ˥åƤޤ
1. ñѤȸηϤѲ
Ѹ˥ե줫̤ñѤꡤѸθηϤ礭ʱƶͿޤˤꡤѸθäΤ礭Ѳޤ
2. Ȥʤäαñ
ե줫μѸˤꡤ¸αñ줬֤Ȥʤ륱¿ޤ㤨С֤פ̣ ēam uncle ˡּʡפ̣ anda envy ֤ʤɤޤ
3. Υޥեե
μѸϥΥޥ顤ϥѥե줫ޤˤꡤƱ츻ñ줬ۤʤDZѸꡤ2Ÿ (doublet) Ȥƶ¸褦ˤʤޤ
4. ʩϥ֥åɸ
եθ˴줿ѸϡեͳܼѸñդƿñФޤϱʩǤޤϥ֥åɸȤƱѸ夷ޤ
4Ϣܵ hellog ǾҲ𤷤ƤޤΤǡʲꤪɤߤ
#5449. ؤդ٤DZѸϢܤϤޤޤ ([2024-03-28-1])
#5477. ʤʩѸˤϻƤñ줬Ρ --- ؤդ٤Ϣܵ2ơ ([2024-04-25-1])
#5509. Ѹ˼Ѥ줿ǽʩñ --- ؤդ٤Ϣܵ3ơ ([2024-05-27-1])
#5538. եѸή --- ؤդ٤Ϣܵ4ơ ([2024-06-25-1])
δ졡ֱѸˤįե졡5ѸΥեѸ줬ѸäͿסؤդ2024ǯ8桤ҡ2024ǯ72352--53ǡ
ɸˤĤơ켣 (274) ˤꡤTajima (1985) Ȥ6ι¤Ѹ첽ֻȤȤ˰Ƥ롥
I°Ūư̾졤: at the king's crowning ʲ˲ĺȤ
IIŪư̾졤: other penance doing ʤۤι뤳ȡ
IIIư̾of̾졤: choosing of war (襤뤳)
IVư̾of̾졤: the burying of his bold knights ͦʵΤ뤳ȡ
Vư̾Ū졤: saving their lives ̿뤳ȡ
VIư̾Ū졤: the withholding you from it ʤ뤳ȡ
Ū줬ư̾Ф֤뤳Ȥ⤢и֤뤳Ȥ⤢äԤξˤֻ of ȼ¤⤢ạ̈ޤư̾μ줬°ʡʸνͭʡˤȤ̳ʡʸŪʡˤȤξߤƤΤܤ٤Ǥ롥ˡư̾Τ괧 the ɤȤ⡤˾νפʥݥȤǤ롥

Tajima, Matsuji. The Syntactic Development of the Gerund in Middle English. Tokyo: Nan'un-Do, 1985.
켣 رѸˡ١ҡ2000ǯ
űѸθä٤˥ԥ奢ʥޥϤθäȤäƤ褯Ѹϸ¤Ƥ롥⡤θ¤줿Ѹʬƥ (latin) ΤΤǤ롥ۤˤϸťΥɸ (old_norse)ȸ (celtic)ޥ (germanic), ե (french) μѸʤǤϤʤޤDZƤ
θ줫űѸؤμѸϡष㳰Ū餳ˤʤΤʤΤǡűѸɤǤȤ˽Ф魯Ȥ䤱ΩĤΤǤ롥Ѹ˸Ǥ⤫äƤ褯ܤƤ롥Hogg ϡűѸθäȸüѤˤĤƼΤ褦ɾƤ롥
. . . there are words of non-native origin in Old English, the vast majority of which are from Latin. It has been estimated only about 3 per cent of Old English vocabulary is taken from non-native sources and it is clear that the strong preference in Old English was to use its native resources in order to create new vocabulary. In this respect, therefore, and as elsewhere, Old English is typically Germanic. (102--03)
. . . there was in Old English only a very limited use of words taken from other language, i.e. borrowed or loan words, and those words were primarily from Latin. Apart from Latin, Old English borrowed words from the Scandinavian languages after the Viking invasions, from the celtic languages mostly at a very early date, and there was also a scattering of forms from the other Germanic languages. At the very end of the period we begin to see the first loan words from Norman French. (109)
űѸγƸ줫θüѤˤĤƤϡʲεȡ
#32. űѸ˼Ѥ줿ƥ ([2009-05-30-1])
#1437. űѸ˼Ѥ줿ƥ ([2013-04-03-1])
#1619. ʤ deus Ѥ줺 God ݤ줿Τ ([2013-10-02-1])
#1945. űѸΥƥѤλʬ ([2014-08-24-1])
#2578. ȸ̤ƱѸؼѤ줿찮Υƥñ ([2016-05-18-1])
#3787. 650ǯդȤ롤ΥƥѸü ([2019-09-09-1])
#3788. űѸΥƥѸΰճ ([2019-09-10-1])
#3789. űѸäˤƥѸΨ1.75% ([2019-09-11-1])
#3790. 650ǯΥƥѸΰ ([2019-09-12-1])
#3829. 650ǯʸΥƥѸΰ ([2019-10-21-1])
#3830. űѸΥƥѸϸޤ³ݤ ([2019-10-22-1])
#1216. űѸΥȼѸ ([2012-08-25-1])
#3821. Old Saxon μѸ ([2019-10-13-1])
#302. űѸΥեѸ ([2010-02-23-1])
Hogg, Richard. An Introduction to Old English. Edinburgh: Edinburgh UP, 2002.
ʸˡǤϡư§ư (regular verbs) Ե§ư (irregular verb) Ȥʬ롥Ե§ưΤʤǤȤ櫓Ե§η㤷ư㤨 be, have, can ʤɡˤϡ§ư (anomalous verbs) ȸƤФ뤳Ȥ롥§ư§ϡŪˤϤ٤ǤΤΡʣǤ뤳ȤϳΤǤꡤŪʴϡ§פȤ롼פɤäƽƤȤˡŪ˺ѤƤ롥
űѸˤ⡤Ūʴ§ư¸ߤwillan (= PDE "to will"), dōn (= PDE "to do"), gān (= PDE "to go") Ǥ롥űѸˤƤ鶦Ūˡ§פȤդƤޤΰۿưζɽHogg (40) Ǥ褦Ť§ŪäΤ
| Pres. | willan | dōn | gān |
| 1 Sing. | wille | dō | gā |
| 2 Sing. | wilt | dēst | gǣst |
| Sing. | wile | dēð | gǣð |
| Plural | willað | dōð | gāð |
| Subj. (Pl.) | wille (willen) | dō(dōn) | gā(gān) |
| Participle | willende | dōnde | --- |
| Past | |||
| Ind. | wolde | dyde | ēode |
| Participle | --- | ġedōn | ġegān |
717ʿˤ19:00ꡤƱνΰʼȱĤƤ YouTube ֤Τۤإͥˤơ250ǰΥ饤ۿϤޤ100̾Ķ˥饤Ǥİޤ꤬ȤޤۿȤƤİǤޤΤǡ#250. 250ǰ饤ɤ80ʬۤɤۿǤˡ
Υ饤ۿϡȾǯ200ǰ#5388. YouTube ֤Τۤͥפ200ǰȤƽƤΥ饤ۿԤʤޤ ([2024-01-27-1]) ³2ƤǤޤΤ褦ʥ饤ۿϤȻפäƤޤ
ϻ̲ǤϤޤȾˤƽפʸƤӤ䤪Τ餻ޤ
(1) YouTube ͥΰָ߲إХפˡȽб餷ƤѸ˳Ҥ
(2) 98ˤ Voicy ֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio)Ȥ12ۿΡֱѸ˥饤2024פŤޤΥեʡˤϡʼо줹ͽǤΥ٥Ȥκǿ#1145. --- khelf šֱѸ˥饤2024פνбԤȶҤȯɽꤪİ
³֤Τۤإͥפꤤޤ
Voicy heldio #1139. ǥȥǥಽ --- ¼Ȥ with ϽؤϤޤԤƬˤޤ⤽ǥ (idiom) ȤϲʤΤǤ礦
嵭ۿǤ⻲Ȥ (33--34) ˤȡǥϼ̤Ǥ
ǥȤƤϡ̣塤δ˾Ȥ餷碌ơΤ褦ħ碌Τȸ롧
(i) ̣ŪƩ뤤 (non-compositionality)ǥΰ̣Ϥʬ¤ФƤʤ褯ΤƤȤơ
kick the bucket = die
롥
(ii) ѷʤʤChafe (1968) θ 'transformational deficiency' Ǥ롥Υǥϡֻ̡פȤ̣ǤϼưԲĤǤ롧
*The bucket was kicked by Sam.
(iii) ǥʬθŪѤϤǤʤʤָŪ̵פǤ롥
have a crush on *have a smash on
Numberg et al. (1994) ϥǥỤ̄ʬʬۤƤʤǥ㡧saw logs = snoreˤ 'idiomatic phrase'ƥǥỤ̄ʬʬۤƤ륤ǥ㡧spill the beans = divulge the information) 'idiomatic combination' ȸƤӡʬƤ롥
ɽǥफɤȤΤϡ嵭ξ狼ͽۤ褦˼ưŪˡ뤤ϥƥꥫ˷ޤ褦ʪǤϤޤǥ (idiomaticity) ȤϢ³ΤγǰǰƬ֤ɬפꤽǤ
¼䡡ʸˡȥǥಽ١ҤĤ˼2014ǯ
Chafe, Wallace. "Idiomaticity as an Anomaly in the Chomskyan Paradigm." Foundations of Language 4 (1968): 107--27.
Numberg, Geoffrey, Ivan A. Sag and Thomas Wasow. "Idioms." Language 70 (1994): 481--538.

ǯ١ī㡼ɶˤƥָֺ츻ŵǤɤѸˡ˰٤Υڡdz֤Ƥޤ4563νմ7ϲƴ뤬Ϥޤޤ
4轵727ڡˤͼ 17:30--19:00 ˳֤ޤƤޤΤǡܺ٤ǧֺ·Ϥϥ֥åɷǡɶǤ̼֡뤤ϥꥢ륿ࡦ饤Ǥμ֤ǽǤޤߤ줿ϡָƨۿפȤơθ1ֺ֡¤İǤޤԹɤˡǤäʲ̤ꡤܥ12ͽꤷƤޤƲƥΩϹ⤤ΤǡƴƤμ֤ǤäƤ⡤ޤäꤢޤ
1. Ѹ츻ŵڤ2024ǯ427
2. ѸäˤѤ2024ǯ518
3. ñȡ֥ˡ§ס2024ǯ68
4. αѸ˻ĤűѸκס2024ǯ727
5. Ѹ졤ƥȽв2024ǯ824
6. Ѹ졤θȸ2024ǯ928
7. Ѹ졤ե˿̤
8. Ѹ졤ȸή̤
9. Ѹ졤ƥꥷƴ̤
10. Ѹ졤ν̤ܿ
11. Ѹˤߤ븽ο̤
12. 㤤ޤ줿ñ̤
7ʹߤβƴ1ͼ 17:30--19:00 ˳֤ͽǤմ뤫³Ƥ륷ǤϤޤƥ롤ƲȤΩι⤤ֺ¤ǤΤǡƴƤΤäǤäƤ⡤ޤäꤢޤ
մ3ι̣ǤΡ֥ȥפƴϤ褤ѸûˤζŪʵҤϤޤޤ4ϡָαѸ˻ĤűѸκספꤷơѸˤ볫ȤʤűѸ (Old English) λܤޤűѸȤϵ449--1100αѸؤޤäˤƤ⡤ȯʸʸˡˤƤ⡤ѸȤ϶äۤɰۤʤǤδߤȡ㤨иűѸθäϡ¿γ礬ޤӤˡȤʤäƤޤűѸȸѸθäϡƤϤ礭ۤʤΤǤ
Τ˸ä³ΤǤäη³ˤܤȤǤ4ֺ¤ɸϡűѸȸѸθäְ㤤ʤĤʤäƤȤ¤ǧ뤳ȤǤ
4ΤΤ餻ȳפϡ Voicy heldio Ǥ⤪äޤ#1140. 727ڡˡīΥֺ4ָαѸ˻ĤűѸκספ֤ޤİ
ǤرѸ츻ŵ١ʸҡˤ˻ȤޤƱŵϡֺ¤˻ȡڤ֤Ǥ뤫Ȼפޤʤ긵ˤʤȤꤢޤˡ

ܥ˴ؤ hellog βإĥäƤޤΤǡȤ
#5453. īֺ¤οָ츻ŵǤɤѸˡפ427Ϥޤޤ ([2024-04-01-1])
#5481. īֺ¤οָ츻ŵǤɤѸˡפ1λޤ ([2024-04-29-1])
#5486. 518ڡˤī뿷ֺ2ֱѸäˤѤפΤ ([2024-05-04-1])
#5511. 68ڡˤī뿷ֺ3ֱñȡ֥ˡ§ספΤ ([2024-05-29-1])
#5528. īֺ¤οָ츻ŵǤɤѸˡפνմ3λޤ ([2024-06-15-1])
մϡīֺ¤ΤʤǺǤ¿˼֤Ƥޤ4Ϥޤƴ⡤¿ΤäԤƤޤ
߷ ˧ͺԽ紴ˡرѸ츻ŵ١ҡ1997ǯ
#2560. űѸηƻ춯Ѳޤ̾̾κѥ ([2016-04-30-1]) Ǥߤ褦ˡűѸηƻζޤˤ̣Ū˱ƼѲ (weak declension) ȶѲ (strong declension) ̤롥
줾ηŪʵϡεǽҤ٤̤ǡ̾μѲȶѲ˥ȥ졼Ȥб櫓ǤϤʤäƤ롥ƻμѲϡΤ̾μѲб롥n-stem ҲȤڤ̤ꡤ n ΩġFertig (38) ˤȡѲζϡȤȤϸ̲ǽ (= "individualizing function") ͭüȯȤ̲ơפɽ魯餳ޥɤǤ "definiteness" ȷӤĤ褦ˤʤäΤ
ƻζѲζϡɬ̾ζѲΤ˻ƤʤषŪˤ̾Τह롥ˤ̾Ūʶƻ˿ѲȤʤΤϤ褯ʬʤˤäƷƻ줬Ūˤ̾Ȱ褹ؤȯŸƤäȤϳΤ
Fertig (39--40) ꡤϢƤ
Originally, the function of this new distinction in Germanic involved definiteness (recall the original 'individualizing' function of the -en suffix in Indo-European): strong = indefinite, blinds guma 'a blind man'; weak = definite, blinda guma 'the blind man').
The other Germanic innovation which may not be entirely separable from the first one, is that many of the endings on the strong forms of adjectives do not correspond to strong noun forms, as they had in Indo-European. Instead, they correspond largely to pronominal forms . . . .
űѸ̾졤ƻ졤ưǤȤΡּѲפȡֶѲפϡ줾̣礤ۤʤ뤳Ȥ˲դ
Fertig, David. Analogy and Morphological Change. Edinburgh: Edinburgh UP, 2013.
Voicy heldio ΥץߥꥹʡۿֱͥѸˤء (helwa) ˤ֡ڱѸˤ #146 ѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤ (52) Old English Literature --- ǦȤμ¶ѡʸȾˡϤޤB&C ˤѸˤ̾1᤺ɤƤͭΰĤǡűѸʸؤ⤹52ɤ߽ȤǤ
ɤʸϡ#5525. űѸʸ --- Baugh and Cable αѸˤ52 ([2024-06-12-1]) ǾҲ𤷤̤Ǥp. 67 ˡΤ褦ʸϤޤ
All of these poems have their counterparts in other literatures of the Middle Ages. They show England in its cultural contact with Rome and being drawn into the general current of ideas on the continent, no longer simply Germanic, but cosmopolitan.
2ʸ "They show . . . ." ᤰäơhelwa ꥹʡδ֤ǡ֤ˤ錄ꥳˤǮʸɲåɤŸޤϤʸɤ߲ޤΤ˲᤹ˤϤäʸ̮ɤäƤɬפꤽǤ
åɤŸƤоʪϡפäumisio ʢαѸ춵Ǥä㤤ޤˡδ4̾ǤʲͭۿΥȤʤΤǰ̤ˤϸƤʤΤǤطԳư̤εĤơɤߤ䤹ԽǸޤɤ1ʸΤ˲ᤷƤߤƤ
פä
umisio52ᡤĹǤ~Ƕᡤäɤ߽ޤumisio⡤ĥäƲʻϡ67ڡ They show England ~ ʸϤι¤ޥ祤2Ǻߤޤ
umisio
䡤ֿ~ʤǤĹƾ©ڤ쵤̣Ǥ֤ݤǴĥ줽ǤȤŦβսꡤʬޤ⤷Ф餯ͤʬʤäΤǤʸǤʤ夵ˤ䤻˿ʤǤޤthey λؤȻפΤǤ show England ɤΤ夵ܤαޤä鶵Ƥ
22:00 פꡥϻʸʸʸظζʬꡤʸظ˻ʸȱʸȤ顤In the development of ʲ2ԤԽʬǤϤʤ
32:00 ˼Ŧ³Ƥޤ
ޤ补SVOC ιʸȡThey show {=V} England {=O} in its cultural contact with Rome and being drawn ... the continent {=C},{=Ʊ} no longer simply Germanic, but cosmopolitan.
ϡO C ͻҤ V Ƥ롤ηȻפޤΤϤʤǤ֤ˤοϡɤޤʸŪܿ衼åΦΰŪʻۤĬή˰ޤƤͻҤĤޤꥤɤϤñ˥ޥŪʤǤϤʤȤߤĶƤͻҤªƤ롥סcurrent ȰäƤǤ̾ĬήפǤ
פä
umisio ĹǤǡ٥դΥåɤDeor ᰥʻ빽ʤФʤΤǶˡեå粦ʼ̱ʸͿˤȽꡤٶˤʤޤΤǡĥäơե졼ե졼˴ؤͻѸ줬ʥƥ٤ơäȼʲΤǤϡεⶽ̣äǤ͡
⤳ʥȤƤȤǤ
ߤˡThey show~ ϡthey ָűѸΥꥹȶ̣λ these poemsסin Ūϡcontact being drawnסno longer ʲ being ά줿ʬ칽ʸȤơ˹ͤޤ
ľ֤λϡʸŪʥޤȤܿΦˤͤΰŪư˰ळȤˡɤ줿ĤޤꡤλϡϤñ˥ޥŪʤǤʤݥʥ衼åΦŪˤʤΤȤʤäΤ
֤λˤäơɤϥޤʸ̤ǤܿΦǤΰŪʹͤ褦ˤʤäΤĤޤ~
ɤǤ礦
umisio
夵פäĤ
夵 SVOC ΤŦǤ褦䤯ʤϤǤ֤ɤˤʤäƤΤ show ä褦ʡ䤷 equally ꡤξ硤İĤñΰ̣¤ˤƤȤ褦ʵޤۿ (52) Ǥ礭ȿǤ礤ˤʤ뵤ŤǤǡʾƧޤƤޤ
֤ˤοϡɤޤȤʸŪܿ¤ӤΦΰŪʻۤĬήε۰ФǡϤʥɤϡñ˥ޥŪǤǤϤʤΦŪǤ뤳Ȥ show Ƥ롥פȤޤɤʤǤ礦
umisio ѷ빽Ǥޤ
פäĤshow ־פȤȤ롤ȤȤǤ͡ȤƤ show = reveal 餫ˤ롤פǤϤʤȡ
ɤ֤顤 In its ... ǤϤޤʸ Old English literature reveals (at ...) the outlook and temper of the Germanic mind. ָűѸʸؤϥޥŪȹͤƤפȤꡤˤƤʸȸƱƤơ֤áפƤʤޤ¤٤ƸƤ
פä
夵umisio
ֿ꤬Ȥޤshow reveal ΰ̣ England θ in ˤƤΤ⡥
ƱʸˤĤƸäɤγڤǤ͡轵ϰͤǥ˥㥦˥ͤƤޤ夵Ʋäս⤦ɤǤߤޤ
δ
夬äƤƳڤǤ͡
ʸιʸνˤʤ褦ʰŪѥե졼äƤߤޤǤ礦
All of these poems let us see England in a new way; that is, something that had been in contact with Rome and now was being drawn into the general current of ideas on the continent. In other words, England in the Old English period was no longer a simply Germanic nation, but a cosmopolitan one.
ʾǤ
ʤۤǤsee in a new way ȤΤϤɤΤͳ褹ΤǤ礦
פä
⡪ˤ꤬ȤޤβǼǤޤɤȡʤޤˡcosmopolitan ʤΤ poems Ǥ England ʤǤ͡ʪˤäƳʸΦŪʤΡˤ롤ȤήʤΤȻפpoems England ΦαƶΤȻפǤޤޤ
Ǥ⡤poems ϸΤǡcosmopolitan poems ȤȤϡ˹̱ cosmopolitan ǤȤȤʤǤ͡
ͤޤޤ³ɡĥޤ
δ
פäĤŪˤ no longer ʹߤϤϤꤳʸŪǤ England εҤʤΤȹͤޤäȤꡤŪ˼ They (= these poems) ˤڤǤ櫓ǤϤޤ
夵in a new way ϰȤʾˡβ¿ʬ줿ʬǤɼԤϡB&C ΤޤǤεҤ顤Ѹϥޥɤ°ǤꡤűѸ䥢ȤФޤʬ˥ޥŪʸǤȤݤƤϤǤȤ England = simply Germanic Ȥ櫓Ǥʤ¤ cosmopolitan ʤΤȤǿǤФƤƤ褦ɤ߹ȤǤ
ʤۤɡ³ but cosmopolitan ꤹ in a new way Ȥ֥ѥե졼פǤ͡
umisio
B&C ⤽ǯۤȤϤǤޤ³ޤ͡ǤǤ餢ǤҤȥץå夤Ǥ礦ץǤϤޤץåǤǰΤˡ
䡤ȤƤͭյdzڤ֤ȤʤޤפäĤϤޤ夵ڤ餷оȤϡʤʥƥġΥåɤ B&C üԤȤǤ͡ä helwa ~(>_<)
ΥåɤɤǴؿϡ B&C ɥˤäХåʥСϡ#5291. heldio ΡֱѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤץĴ˿ʤǤޤ ([2023-10-22-1]) ɤ
Baugh, Albert C. and Thomas Cable. A History of the English Language. 6th ed. London: Routledge, 2013.

¼Ļر̾ˤɸνҤȤĤ̤ޤơͻҤ Voicy heldio #1139. ǥȥǥಽ --- ¼Ȥ with ϽؤȤۿޤȤǻԤ22ʬۤɤ̲ʤäƤޤҤ֤ΤȤˤİ
¼ˡ䡡ʸˡȥǥಽ١ʤҤĤ˼2014ǯˤˤĤƤϡޤǤ⤤ĤεǼ夲ƤƤꡤȤ櫓#1975. ʸˡȯŸȳ (2) ([2014-09-23-1]) 1ϤܼޤϺλȤΤˤܽΤܼǤƤޤ̤³ԤۿͽǤ
ǤϤ
Ϥ
1ϡʸˡ
1.1
1.2ʸˡȤΥᥫ˥
1.2.1Ū (Pragmatic inferencing)
1.2.2ɺ (Bleaching)
1.3 (Unidirectionality)
1.3.1̲ (Generalization)
1.3.2æƲ (Decategorialization)
1.3.3ز (Layering)
1.3.4ݻ (Persistence)
1.3.5ʬ (Divergence)
1.3.6ü첽 (Specialization)
1.3.7ƿ (Renewal)
1.4Ѳ (Subjectification)
1.5ʬ (Reanalysis)
1.6饤ʸˡϢ (Grammaticalization chains)
1.7ʸˡȥ (Iconicity)
1.8ʸˡȳŬ (Exaptation)
1.9ʸˡȡָ (Invisible hand)
1.10ʸˡȡή (Drift)
2ϡǥಽ
2.1
2.2ǥȤ
2.3ǥಽ
2.4ǥಽװ
2.4.1ŪŪ
2.4.2æƲ (Decategorialization)
2.4.3ʬ (Reanalysis)
2.4.4 (Frequency of occurrence)
2.5ǥಽʸˡڤӸò
ʬ
1ϡѸˤʣưȯã
1.1
1.2Ը
1.3ǡ
1.4ʣưΥǥŪħ
1.4.1Give
1.4.2Take
1.5֤ӡ The Cely Letters The Paston Letters
1.6
2ϡѸˤʣư
2.1
2.2Ը
2.3ǡ
2.4¤ħ
2.5ط̾첽
2.6ưħ
2.6.1Do
2.6.2Give
2.6.3Have
2.6.4Make
2.6.5Take
2.7ʣưʸˡ
2.8
3ϡGive ǥη
3.1
3.2Ը
3.3ǡڤ give ѥε
3.4
3.4.1ʸˡȥǥ
3.4.2ʬϤỌ̇̄ɺ
3.4.3ǥಽ
3.4.4̾
3.4.5ʸ
3.4
3.4.1ʸˡȥǥ
3.4.2ʬϤỌ̇̄ɺ
3.4.3ǥಽ
3.4.4̾
3.4.5ʸ
3.5
4ϡ2ĤΥפμưʸ
4.1
4.2Ը
4.3ǡ
4.4ǥಽ
4.5
5ϡƵưȴϢʸ
5.1
5.2Ը
5.3ǡ
5.3.1Content oneself with
5.3.2Avail oneself of
5.3.3Devote oneself to
5.3.4Apply oneself to
5.3.5Attach oneself to
5.3.6Address oneself to
5.3.7Confine oneself to
5.3.8Concern oneself with/about/in
5.3.9Take (it) upon oneself to V
5.4Ƶưʸˡڤӥǥಽ
5.5Ƶưưڤʣư
5.5.1Prepare
5.5.2Interest
5.6
6ϡFar from ʸˡǥಽ
6.1
6.2Ը
6.3ǡ
6.4ʸˡȥǥಽ
6.4.1ʸˡ
6.4.2̣ѲѲδطǥಽ
6.5
7ϡʣֻ
7.1
7.2Ը
7.3ǡ
7.4ʣֻȯã
7.4.1Instead of
7.4.2On account of
7.5ط (Rivalry)
7.5.1In comparison of/in comparison with/in comparison to
7.5.2By virtue of/in virtue of
7.5.3In spite of/in despite of
7.6õǽȯã
7.7ʸˡòǥಽ
7.8
8ϡưֻ
8.1
8.2Ը
8.3ǡڤʬ
8.3.1Concerning
8.3.2Considering
8.3.3Regarding
8.3.4Relating to
8.3.5Touching
8.4ưֻʸˡ
8.5
9ϡư pray ʸˡ
9.1
9.2Ը
9.3ǡ
9.415
9.516
9.617
9.718
9.819
9.9ʸˡ
9.9.1ʸˡ
9.9.2ǫɸʸˡ
9.10
10ϡ'I'm afraid' Ūȯã
10.1
10.2Ը
10.3ǡڤӤʸˡ
10.4ʸˡ---Hopper (1991) 濴
10.5
11ϡ'I dare say' Ūȯã
11.1
11.2Ը
11.3ǡʬ
11.4ʸˡʸ
11.5
12ϡưˤ after forth ο
12.1
12.2For ˤ after θ
12.2.1Ը
12.2.2ư
12.2.3After for ΰ̣ǽѲ
12.3Forth ο
12.3.1Ը
12.3.2Forth ȶưμ
12.3.3Out ˤ forth θ
12.4
13ϡWanting פư֤˸붥 --- desire, hope, want ڤ wish 濴 ---
13.1
13.2Ը
13.3Ѳ
13.3.1Desire
13.3.2Hope
13.3.3Want
13.3.4Wish
13.44ĤưỤ̄Ūħ
13.4.1°ˤˡڤӻ
13.4.1.1Desire + that/Ø
13.4.1.2Hope + that/Ø
13.4.1.3Wish + that/Ø
13.4.2Desire, hope, want ڤ wish to 칽¤
13.4.3That ξά
13.5ƥ˻ѲڤӺ
13.6
ʸ
̾
¼䡡ʸˡȥǥಽ١ҤĤ˼2014ǯ
ε#5555. kh ֻ ([2024-07-12-1]) ˰³2Ż (digraph) <kh> ˤĤơUpward and Davidson (257) ˤޤȤޤäҤΤǰѤ롥
KH
The KH spelling reflects an aspirated consonant (somewhat like [k] + [h]) or a fricative (like [x] as in Scottish loch) in the source or carrier languages, all from the Middle East or Indian subcontinent. In English, there is no difference in pronunciation between KH and K.
In initial position: khaki (< Hindi); khamsin 'hot wind' (< Arabic); khan (spelt caan when first borrowed in the 15th century; < a Turkic language)
- Khazi, a slang word for 'toilet' dating from the 19th century, is not, despite its spelling, of eastern origin, but probably derives from Italian or Spanish casa 'house'. It has various spellings in English (kazi, kharzie, karsey, etc.).
In medial position: astrakhan 'fabric' (< Russian place-name); bakhshish 'tip or bribe' (a spelling baksheesh --- see under 'K'); burkha (a spelling of burka/burqa --- see under 'K'); gymkhana (< Urdu gend-khana, altered by influence of gymnastics); kolkhoz 'collective farm in USSR' (< Russian).
In final position: ankh 'emblem of life' (< Egyptian 'nh); lakh '100,000' (also lac; < Hindi and Hindustani); rukh 'mythical bird' (another spelling of roc, which is the more common spelling in English; < Arabic rokh, rukhkh, Persian rukh); sheikh (< Arabic shaikh).
ۤܤ٤Ƥñ줬졤ɥΦνͳ褷θ̣ݻ뤿ˡŪˤϱѸߤΤʤ <kh> ȤֻѤƤΤդֻˤϡäդȯǤɸʤñͳ뵡ǽʬŪǤäƤȤפǤ롥
Upward, Christopher and George Davidson. The History of English Spelling. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell, 2011.

khelfʷѸ˥եˤǤرѸ˿ʹȯԤʤɡѸˤhel (helkatsu) ͡ŸƤޤ
khelf ȤƾΤ "Keio History of the English Language Forum" Ƭ (acronym) ǡ伫Ȥ¤ʤΤǤܸȯǤϡ֥աסѸȯǤ /kɛlf/ ȤʤΤȻפޤkhelf <kh> ֻϢ³ʤȤޤΤǡѸֻˤ 2Ż (digraph) ˤĤܵǼ夲ޤ
<kh> ϡѸˤƤϷ褷٤ι⤤ʸȤ߹碌ǤϤޤkhaki ʥˡkhan ʥϡˡKhmer ʥ͡ˡKhoisan ʥ²ˡSikh ʥ̡ˤʤɤ˸졤ñǤ <kh> /k/ бطޤ٤ƼѸͭ̾ǤꡤѸˡ˴ƱƤ뤫ȤвȤǤCarney (221) Ǥϡ<kh> ˸ڤĤ astrakhan ʥȥ饫, gymkhana , khaki, khan, khedive ʥץˤƤޤ
Carney (328) Ǥϡ<h> 2ʸܤȤƤġҲɽ魯¾2ŻȤȤ <kh> ƤޤϢսѤޤ礦
The clusters <ch>, <ph>, <sh>, <th>, <wh>, are treated as spelling units. So are the clusters <gh>, <kh>, <rh>, but there is a difference. In the first group, the <h> has the natural function of indicating the features 'voiceless and fricative' in representing [ʧ], [f], [ʃ], [ʍ]; <th> represents only 'fricative' for both voiceless [θ] and voiced [ð]. In the group <gh>, <kh>, <rh>, the <h> is empty and arbitrary; there is some marking, however: <rh> is §Greek, <kh> is exotic.
<kh> <h> ϲŪˤưŤΤʤۻ (silent_letter) ȤäƤ٤Ǹ˿ƤȤꡤñ줬 "exotic" Ǥ뤳Ȥɸ뵡ǽͭƤ褦khelf ˡ̥ŪȤ̣Ǥ "exotic" ʳưܻؤ
Carney, Edward. A Survey of English Spelling. Abingdon: Routledge, 1994.

#5546. heldio 2024ǯ2ȾΥ٥Ȳꥹʡɼ --- 79ޤǥץ ([2024-07-03-1]) Ǥ⤷Ȥꡤhel (helkatsu) ΰĤȤơǯ2Ⱦˤ Voicy heldio Υ٥ۿꥹʡɼ110ɼޤǡˤ»ܤޤ29̾ꤴɼޤϤ꤬Ȥޤ
ɼ̤ޤȤޤΤǡܵˤ𤤤ޤ10̤ޤǤη14ʬǺܤƤޤܤ Slido Ǥɼ
1. #1124. ֤ϤƤθűѸ9 with Ͻؤ&ޤˤ&¼Ϻ (48%)
2. #1066. Υޥ --- Ten Sixty-Six (34%)
3. #1064. eavesdrop ʹס (31%)
3. #1115. ˤϥ¿ --- ; (31%)
5. #1039. ѸȯָܸβưפڹΥ֥ (28%)
5. #1096. ʤο䤷ֻƤ with Ͻؤޤˤ (28%)
5. #1125. ֤ϤƤθűѸ9ƤΥեȡ (28%)
8. #1043. ӤΤȯãƤΤ̤ӤΤѤֳŬס (24%)
8. #1126. ˤ̯ʡֲưס (24%)
10. #1057. ֤ϤƤθűѸ with Ͻؤ&ޤˤ --- Bede ɤ (2) (21%)
10. #1085. hamburger η (21%)
10. #1088. ȤгŪʥåˤĤƸ --- ߷वȤ (1) (21%)
10. #1104. ԤȸWorld Englishes ١ʾƲ2023ǯ --- ȤΥեꥫαѸᤰ (2) (21%)
10. #1109. ˡȸ9 --- ¤Ρ־ɸءס (21%)
1̤ˤϡ֤ϤƤθűѸץ#1124. ֤ϤƤθűѸ9 with Ͻؤ&ޤˤ&¼ϺФޤ2Υꥹʡɼ˰³3ϢƤǤܥ͵˲夲Ƥäꥹʡ˴פޤʤϽʾءˤӡ֤ޤˤפĿ¢رءˤȤΥȥꥪǤꤷƤűѸ祷Ǥ¼Ϻءˤˤ⤴ƱʤĤꤵ䤫ʲȤʤޤϤˤ Beowulf տȤʸƤȻפޤʤΥեȡ5̤դƤΤǡ碌¿Υꥹʡ˳ڤİƤΤȼäƤޤ
2̤#1066. Υޥ --- Ten Sixty-SixޤǤۿֹǯ˸ΩƤƤβǤ켫Τϼ¤ϥꥹʡΥǥǤޤǤ
3̤ˤϡֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸פȤƤʥȥԥåǤ#1064. eavesdrop ʹסȡܼä#1115. ˤϥ¿ --- ;ɼΨޤƤޤԤϥ夬ޤʤƤߤƤˡ
5̥3Τ2ϡ֤ϤƤθűѸץΥСˤ뻨̲Ǥ⤦1ڹʷܳرءˤΥƥĤˤ䤫ä#1039. ѸȯָܸβưפڹΥ֥Ǥ
8̰ʲξܺ٤Ͼάޤǯ heldio ơޤǤѲ (language_change) ˴Ϣ䡤̲̤ޤ
ΥįƤޤİǤʤޤ顤İ褤ФȻפޤʾ塤ɼ̤Ǥ

Ʊνʼ YouTube ֤ΤۤإͥĤƤޤ轵塦18:00˺ǿ³ơ250ϤǤ
˥åפ줿ǿ#247. Ĥ1ǯֿ䤷ƤܸŪˤϱѸ츻ŵ٥ȡ߷˧ͺԽ紴رѸ츻ŵ١ʸҡˡǤ1ǯˤ錄䤷ŸƤܤθؤ٤ŵƾҲ𤷤Ȼפޤ礦Ԥ줿ФȤߥǤ⤢ޤ
ưǤäƤ̤ꡤرѸ츻ŵ١뤤 KDEE (= The Kenkyusha Dictionary of English Etymology) ϡҺǸγǰˤ뼭ŵǤꡤܤαѸϽǻ˾ζȤ⤤٤¸ߤǤƱҤΤϤˤꡤǯβơVoicy ֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio)ˤơƱŵԽ˷Ȥä˥ӥ塼Ƥޤ YouTube ưǿ줿ƤοȤʤäƤޤΤǡҹ碌ƤİС
#828. رѸ츻ŵ١ʸҡ1997ǯˤäƥ --- ҲļǤ (1)
#834. رѸ츻ŵ١ʸҡ1997ǯˤäƥ --- ҲļǤ (2)
#842. رѸ츻ŵ١ʸҡ1997ǯˤäƥ --- ҲļǤ (3)
Ϣơ2023ǯ81ָnote֡رѸ츻ŵ٤ȳǰáꤹˤ뵭ƤޤΤǡ⤪ɤߤ
ƱŵˤĤƤϡhellog heldio ǴϢ륳ƥĤ¿ƤޤΥȤơʲ2Ҳ𤷤Ƥޤ礦
#5436. ΡرѸ츻ŵٿ䤷 --- 2024ǯ315ǡ ([2024-03-15-1])
#5522. ΡرѸ츻ŵٿ䤷 --- 2024ǯ69ǡ ([2024-06-09-1])
YouTube ưǰ夵ȯ츻ϡֶޤǡȤͥǤ͡ȤŨʥåե졼ȤʤäƤޤ͡ȤäƤȻפޤ
߷ ˧ͺԽ紴ˡرѸ츻ŵ١ҡ1997ǯ

5˳ҤǤ줿̸αѸ˽ܴҡˡˤɤбѸ줬狼 --- Υޥȿ١ʳҡ2024ǯҲ𤷤ޤ̻ˤ̻ˤζѹդμ줿7ϤʤѸ˽ǡ̻ˤˤĤƤʸˡ꤬¿ΤΡɸŪƤϤä겡ƤޤʲΥ٥ޤܼǺܤޤ
Ϥ
1ϡ7Υޥޤ
ȿͤΥ֥ƥ
ͤˤ
ޥ̱²ư
English ʱѸˤ England ʥɡ
Ҳ
ȿ̵ͤǰ
ꥹȶοƩ
ǡͤν
եå粦
Υޥ
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ܽκ̥Ϥϡǽ7Ϥȥ뤫鼨褦ˡɡɴǯѲη̡ѸϤɤʥפθˤʤäΤȤ䤤ФԤʤͿƤ뤳ȤǤѸϼ˶ѸѲη̤ȤƽϤ줿ΤǤθѲطʤ˲äΤפ䤤Ȥʤޤ
Ѹ˽¿ǤƤޤ줾ȼޤɤ٤Ƥߤ뤳Ȥᤷޤҡ#5462. Ѹ˳ν2024ǯǡˡ ([2024-04-10-1]) Ȥ
ʤҲ𤷤ܤˤĤƤϡVoicy heldio ˤ#1131. ܴҡˡˤɤбѸ줬狼١ʳҡ2024ǯˡǤ夲Ƥޤ⤼ҤİС
ҡˤɤбѸ줬狼 --- Υޥȿ١ҡ2024ǯ
ܥ֥ǤϱѸֻȯЪΥ (spelling_pronunciation_gap) ¿夲Ƥΰ1ĤȤȤ⤢뤬Ȥ櫓ܤαѸؽԤؿ䤹ȥԥåȤȤиΤäƤ뤫Ǥ⤢롥
ѸֻȤˤᤰäƤϡޤޤʸ̽ǤƤǶΩäȤǤ Horobin, Simon. Does Spelling Matter? Oxford: OUP, 2013. ꡤإڥαѸˡ١˼2017ǯȤƻ伫ȤȤƽǤƤаޤ⤢롥
ϡɤߤ䤹ѽȤܥ֥Ǥⲿ٤ѡȤƤ Vivian Cook ˤ The English Writing System (Hodder Education, 2004) Ҳ𤷤̤꤫⤭Ѹֻˡˡˡֻؽˤ꤬ڤ֡㼨ꡤ§ɽɡʸƤꡤɤͥʲܼ

1 Ways of writing
1.1 Meaning-based and sound-based writing
1.2 Two ways of processing written language
2 The multi-dimensions of spoken and written English
2.1 Differences between the visual and acoustic media
2.2 Special features of written English
3 Approaches to English spelling
3.1 Basic rules for English
3.2 Venezky: correspondence rules and markers
3.3 Albrow: three systems of English spelling
3.4 Noam and Carol Chomsky: lexical representation
4 Punctuation and typography
4.1 Grammatical and correspondence punctuation
4.2 The typography of English
5 Learning the English writing system
5.1 English-speaking children's acquisition of spelling
5.2 Acquisition of English spelling by speakers of other languages
6 Historical changes
6.1 Before English
6.2 Old English
6.3 Middle English
6.4 From Early Modern English to Modern English
7 Variation in the English writing system
7.1 Differences of region: 'British' and 'American' spelling styles
7.2 Novel spellings of pop groups and business names
7.3 Adapting English to modern means of communication
References
IPA transcription of English phonemes
Index
ѸֻθѤܤǤ
Cook, Vivian. The English Writing System. London: Hodder Education, 2004.
Horobin, Simon. Does Spelling Matter? Oxford: OUP, 2013.
ۥӥˡ δˡإڥαѸˡ١˼2017ǯ
ε#5549. Sturtevant's Paradox --- Ѳϵ§ŪԵ§߽ФԵ§§߽Ф ([2024-07-06-1]) κǸǡFertig "Sturtevant's Paradox" ȽŪΩǤ뤳ȤFertig (97--98) εʤΤǡޤޤѤ
Like a lot of memorable sayings, Sturtevant's Paradox is really more of a clever play on words than a paradox, kind of like 'Isn't it funny how you drive on a parkway and park on a driveway.' There is nothing paradoxical about the fact that phonetically regular change gives rise to morphological irregularities. Similarly, it is no surprise that morphologically motivated change tends to result in increased morphological regularity. 'Analogic creation' would be even more effective in this regard if it were regular, i.e. if it always applied across the board in all candidate forms, but even the most sporadic morphologically motivated change is bound to eliminate a few morphological idiosyncrasies from the system.
If we consider analogical change from the perspective of its effects on phonotactic patterns, it is sometimes disruptive in just the way that one would expect . . . . At one point in the history of Latin, for example, it was completely predictable that s would not occur between vowels. Analogical change destroyed this phonological regularity, as it has countless others. Carstairs-McCarthy (2010: 52--5) points out that analogical change in English has been known to restore 'bad' prosodic structures, such as syllable codas consisting of a long vowel followed by two voiced obstruents. Although Carstairs-McCarthy's examples are all flawed, there are real instances, such as believed < beleft, of the kind of development he is talking about (§5.3.1).
What the continuing popularity of Sturtevant's formulation really reveals is that one old Neogrammarian bias is still very much with us: When Sturtevant talks about changes resulting in 'regularity' and 'irregularities', present-day historical linguists still share his tacit assumption that these terms can only refer to morphology. If we were to revise the 'paradox' to accurately reflect the interaction between sound change and analogy, we would wind up with something not very paradoxical at all:
Sound change, being phonetically/phonologically motivated, tends to maintain phonological regularity and produce morphological irregularity. Analogic creation, being morphologically motivated, tends to produce phonological irregularity and morphological regularity. Incidentally, the former tends to proceed 'regularly' (i.e. across the board with no lexical exceptions) while the latter is more likely to proceed 'irregularly' (word-by-word).
I realize that this version is not likely to go viral.
ǤСؼԤϡηϤε§äơε§ε§Ż뤷ƤΤǤϤʤפ˷нŤäΤǤϤʤȤŦޤ "Sturtevant's Paradox" ζ̵Ƚ˼ƤˤȤäơܤФ褦ʻŦä
Fertig, David. Analogy and Morphological Change. Edinburgh: Edinburgh UP, 2013.
Carstairs-McCarthy, Andrew. The Evolution of Morphology. Oxford: OUP, 2010.
ɸϡޤޤ˸뤳ȤǤ롥ֲˡ§ϵ§ŪԵ§߽Фˤ¤Ե§§߽ФפȤ⤤뤷ַˤƵ§ŪʲѲϥȥԡ礵Ե§ŪѤϥȥԡפȤ⤤롥Ѳ (sound_change) (analogy) γơħޤɽΤǤʺε#5548. Ѳν̤ƹͤ ([2024-07-05-1]) ȡˡΰ⤤ˤĤƤϡʲδϢ뵭Ƥ
#1693. §ŪʲѲԵ§ŪʷѲ ([2013-12-15-1])
#838. ηϤȥȥԡ ([2011-08-13-1])
#1674. ѲȶοʿˤĤƤŪͻ ([2013-11-26-1])
ζǽ˽Ҥ٤ΤïäפФȤƤFertig ɤǤơ Sturtevant Ǥȶ줿Fertig (96) ꡤϢʬѤ롥
Long before there was a Philosoraptor, historical linguists had 'Sturtevant's Paradox': 'Phonetic laws are regular but produce irregularities. Analogic creation is irregular but produces regularity' (Sturtevant 1947: 109). It is catchy and memorable. It has undoubtedly helped generations of linguistics students remember the battle between sound change and analogy, and, on the tiny scale of our subdiscipline, it is no exaggeration to say that it has 'gone viral', making appearances in numerous textbooks . . . and other works . . . .
Τ˥åʶǤ롥Fertig ϤΥå椨˸ʤʤäƤʬΤǤϤʤȷپĤ餷Ƥ롥
Fertig, David. Analogy and Morphological Change. Edinburgh: Edinburgh UP, 2013.
Sturtevant, Edgar H. An Introduction to Linguistic Science. New Haven: Yale UP, 1947.
Ӹ (comparative_linguistics) ζȤ٤ǯʸˡ (neogrammarian) ˤֲѲ㳰ʤפθ§ (Ausnahmslose Lautgesetze) ϡѲ (sound_change) (analogy) ̤ȤΩ衤θѲ2ĤθϡƤʤΡʤΤȤƲᤵƤ2ˤꡤäˤŪʸѲκƤޤȤۤɤθ̤Ǥ롥
ŪʥơФȿ⡤³ŪФƤ㳰ʤȤ벻Ѳ⡤ѤаΧŬѤ줿ȤƲǤΤǤϤʤȤո¤ΤȤ伫ȤóȻ (lexical_diffusion) ᤰΤʤǡ2θѲθϡߤܶᤷΤǤϤʤȹͤȤä
νפˤĤơFertig (99--100) ŸƤ롥Fertig 2̤٤ȤŪʸΩäƤϤ뤬εϥƥϡFertig Τ褦ΩΩĺҤ٤Ƥ1Ѥ (95) ñȯˤ϶ʤɿΰ۷ (variants) ȤҲθˤǤ롥
The restriction of the term 'analogical' to processes based on morpho(phono)logical and syntactic patterns has long since outlived its original rationale, but the distinction between changes motivated by grammatical relations among different wordforms and those motivated by phonetic relations among different realizations of the same wordform remains a valid and important one. The essence of the Neogrammarian 'regularity' hypothesis is that these two systems are separate and that they interface only through the mental representation of a single, citation pronunciation of each wordform. The representations of non-citation realizations are invisible to the morphological and morphophonological systems, and relations among different wordforms are invisible to the phonetic system. If we keep in mind that this is really what we are talking about when we distinguish analogical change from sound change, these traditional terms can continue to serve us well.
Ѳݤˤϡ٤äꤳ˸礦ɬפȹͤƤ롥
Fertig, David. Analogy and Morphological Change. Edinburgh: Edinburgh UP, 2013.
father ȤñϡӸؤǤ褯礤ˤɽʤȤʤΤ餳ʤΤθŪȤʤȤʤߤθϲѲη̤ʤΤ뤤η̤ʤΤ餯ξʣäϥ֥åɤʤΤܸۤɡ츻ΤϤʤ
Ǥ Fertig (78) contamination Ѥ褦1Ĥˤʤ
The d > ð change in English father (<OE fæder is a popular example of contamination). (The parallel case of mother is cited less often in this context, for reasons that are not entirely clear to me.) The claim is that, by regular sound change, this word should have -d- rather than -ð- both in Old English (as it apparently did) and in Modern English (as is clearly does not). The -ð- in Modern English is thus attributed to contaminating from the semantically related word brother, which has had -ð- throughout the history of English . . . .
father 2ҲȤΤϡѸ˾Ǥ1ĤȤäƤ褤ʤ father father ʤΤϤޤФƤʤʲϢ뵭ȡ
#480. father ȥͥˡ§ ([2010-08-20-1])
#481. father ˵ä ([2010-08-21-1])
#698. father, mother, brother, sister, daughter λ (1) ([2011-03-26-1])
#699. father, mother, brother, sister, daughter λ (2) ([2011-03-27-1])
#703. űѸο²̾ζɽ ([2011-03-31-1])
#2204. d th θءѲ ([2015-05-10-1])
#4230. ʤ father, mother, brother Ǥ -th- Τ sister ˤϤʤΤǤ --- hellog 饸ǡ ([2020-11-25-1])
Fertig, David. Analogy and Morphological Change. Edinburgh: Edinburgh UP, 2013.
ܥ֥βǡǤȤ⤤īۿ Voicy ֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio)ꡤǯ2ȾˤϤƤۿΤʤ٥10ꥹʡɼ٥ȤǤɼ79ʲС23:59 ޤǥץƤޤΤǡεİƨۿʤɤİ褤ޥ٥Ȥ10äǤФȻפޤ
ۿؤΥϡƥİɤ41ۿ#1036. ؤդ٤DZѸˤϢܤϤƤޤ 630ۿ#1127. ưαѸ˥쥳ޤǤ91ʬɼоݤȤʤޤ
ΥꥹʡɼϡΡ2023ǯ heldio ο䤷ۿפΡ2024ǯ2ȾΥ٥Ȳפ³ƤδǤη̤#5466. ꥹʡɼˤ heldio 2024ǯ1ȾΥǤ𤷤ƤޤΤǡҤС
ʳäƤɼˤɼƤӤ#1129. heldio 2024ǯ2ȾΥ٥Ȳꥹʡɼ110ɼ79ޤɼաˡۿޤʤۿǻäƤޤ#1113 ϷֲʸۿˤȤʤäƤޤ
ε#5544. űѸζʤεǽ3 ([2024-07-01-1]) ˰³ (instrumental) ˤĤơűѸ괧ʤ뤤Ϸ (definite article or determiner) ζɽ#154. űѸη se ζޡ ([2009-09-28-1]) Ǽˤȡþȳ, þon Ȥäȼη֤ȤʷäȤ狼롥Ʊͤ˵̾˻ (interrogative_pronoun) ˤĤƤ⡤ζɽ#51. 5W1Hפʤ̡6Hס ([2009-06-18-1]) ˼ˤ hwȳ Ȥʷ롥
Lass (144) ˤȡζʷӸŪˤ⡤ľϤǤŤ̤ΤȤʸ츻ͤȤˤ褦դλľ Lass ˸äƤ餪
There are remains of what is usually called an 'instrumental' in the masculine and neuter sg; this term as Campbell remarks 'is traditional, but reflects neither their origin nor their prevailing use' (1959: §708n). The two forms are þon, þȳ, neither of which is historically transparent. In use they are most frequent in comparatives, e.g. þȳ mā 'the more' (cf. ModE the more, the merrier), and as alternatives to the dative in expressions like þȳ gēare '(in) this year'. There is probably some relation to the 'instrumental' interrogative hwȳ 'why?', which in sense is a real one (= 'through/by what?'), but the /y:/ is a problem; hwȳ has an alternative form hwī, which is 'legitimate' in that it can be traced back to the interrogative base */kw-/ + deictic */ei/.
Ӹؤμ˳ݤäƤ⡤٤Ƥθ츻ɤ餫ˤ뤳ȤϻζȤΤ褦
Lass, Roger. Old English: A Historical Linguistic Companion. Cambridge: CUP, 1994.
Campbell, A. Old English Grammar. Oxford: OUP, 1959.
űѸˤ̾졤̾졤ƻʤɤμ» (substantive) γ (case) Ȥ (instrumental) ƻĤäƤѸޤǤˤܴۤ˾üƤޤűѸǤϤޤѤ롥
ʤδŪʵǽ3Ĥ롥(1) ʤˡɽ魯ˡ(2) ¾ȤƤˡ(3) ֤ɽ魯ˡǤ롥Sweet's Anglo-Saxon Primer (47) ꡤʰѤ褦
Instrumental
88. The instrumental denotes means or manner: Gāius se cāsere, ōþre naman Iūlius 'the emperor Gaius, (called) Julius by another name'. It is used to form adverbs, as micle 'much, by far', þȳ 'therefore'.
It often expresses time when: ǣlċe ȝēare 'every year'; þȳ ilcan dæȝe 'on the same day'.
ʤϤǤ˸űѸޤǤ˿षƤƤˡűѸǤи٤Ϲ⤯ʤŪˤͿ (dative) ζ֤뤳Ȥ¿ĤäƤȤƤʤиòΤʤʤ褦˻פ롥ӸŪʴζʤοˤĤƤϡ#3994. űѸͿʷε ([2020-04-03-1]) Ȥ줿ۤ˶ʤȤƤϡ#811. the + ӵ + for/because ([2011-07-17-1]) ȡ#812. The sooner the better ([2011-07-18-1]) ⻲ȡ
Davis, Norman. Sweet's Anglo-Saxon Primer. 9th ed. Oxford: Clarendon, 1953.
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