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2017-11-30 Thu

#3139. ֺ¡֥ڥ󥰤ǤɤѸˡפΤΤ餻 [notice][spelling][spelling_pronunciation_gap][hel_education][asacul][sobokunagimon]

ǯ2018ǯ13ˤơī㡼󥿡ɶˤ5ˤ錄ֺ֥ڥ󥰤ǤɤѸˡ򳫹֤ޤ
ΥơޤǤΤϡ9 Simon Horobin Does Spelling Matter? إڥ󥰤αѸˡǤ줿Ȥ⤢ޤΩ4˳֤#2911. Ѹ˹ֺ1ֻȯδطõ롽ʤ doubt <b> Τס ([2017-04-16-1]) Ǥؿ⤿¿äǤơ⤳ΥơޤϡѸˤ̴ѤΤˤȤƤͥ줿ʤΤǤڥ󥰤ˤ̤ơʸϤȤ겻ܿҲءȤä¿ͤʳ٤顤Ѹˤ򳵴Ѥ뤳ȤǤޤؿΤϡɤ
ϢơرѸΡ֤ʤפ롡ϤƤαѸˡ2ϡȯֻ˴ؤѤʵرѸˤDz򤭤ۤѸθ --- ǼƱѸؤ֤ˡ6ϡѸܸ٤ʸηϤñǤ⤴Ȥ
ֺܹ¤μݤȳƲǰͽƤϼ̤Ǥ

¿γؽԤˤȤäơѸΥڥ󥰤ϡԵ§㳰Фΰŵ򶯤¸ߤȱǤޤʤ knight doubt Ȥڥ󥰤ˤϡȯʤ <k>, <gh>, <b> Τ褦ʸΤǤ礦ʤ color colourcenter centre Τ褦ʡפȤפإڥ󥰤ΤǤ礦Թ˻פ뤳Υڥ󥰤γơˤ⡤ʤΤ褦ʥڥ󥰤ˤʤäƤ뤫ȤŪͳָĥǤϤʤ100%¸ߤΤǤֺܹ¤ǤϡѸΤɤäƤ1500ǯʾˤ򻲾Ȥʤ顤ġñΥڥ󥰤Ρ֤ʤפǼΤ椯ܤޤ

1. ե٥åȤεȱѸΥڥ
2. ѸΥե٥åɽ --- űѸΥڥ
3. 515̤ through --- ѸΥڥ
4. doubt <b> --- ѸΥڥ
5. color colour --- ꥫΥڥ


ѸΥڥ󥰤ԿԤˡǼΤ椯פͿȽҤ٤ƤޤϡּŪΩפƱǤϤޤ󡥤ĹŪˤߤСǼΤ椯פפǤȹͤƤޤ

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2017-11-29 Wed

#3138. ȻѤǯ [japanese][kanji]

ܤ˴褷ΤϤĤܳŪ˻ȤϤ᤿ΤϤĤȤˤĤơ#2386. ܸʸˡʸԡˡ ([2015-11-08-1])#2124. ٻʯŴ ([2015-02-19-1])#2505. ܤǤ˴ΤƤ ([2016-03-06-1]) ʤɤǿƤˤĤơܸˡ٤路θ˼򷹤褦
(24) ϡ2溢λǤδѤκǸŤȹͤȻŦƤ롥

ܹʸȤƤϡʯˤƤιڴϽڴ郎롥ȤСڴ˹ޤ줿ΤˤϡסʻŸŻ԰ǻĮ¿˽ڴ椴ˤˤؤƻ˹פΤ褦ͤϽ񤵤줿ΤˤϡĮסʷܸ̾ԲϺˤΰͤפȯ줿ûα˽񤫤줿ġפΤ褦ͤ롥ñʤܰȤƤε桦ʤΤȰռƽ񤫤줿ʸʤΤȽ̤


嵭桦ΰФʤΤǤǽ⤤ΤФơ4ޤǤ˳ɬפܤˤäƤͤʸ񤤤ƤȤϳΤ餷ȤƤδʸ񤤤ƤΤǤäơܸǽ񤤤Ƥ櫓ǤϤʤä
ܹǺ줿¸ǸŤδʸոԸԤΡذʯŴá٤Ǥ롥ɽ¦ˤϡֲעɢסʲעաɤơʰ¡ˤ󤼤ˤȤꡤ΢¦ˤϡֺסʺˤϢˤɤȤʲp. 25ˡŴ5ȾȤ뤬ƱȾˤϡ#2124. ٻʯŴ ([2015-02-19-1]) Ƥ롥
ξȽǤơ (25) ϹǤμ¼ŪʴȻѤγϤ򡤵400ǯˤƤ롥ɴѿͤȤ͸ưȼäȤ

ڻξ򴪰ƤȡܳŪʴϻƬˤƤäȤΤǤ롥λ˴ѤϤޤطʤˤϡīȾλ礭ͿƤ롥ǯˡιڲʹˤϿ߱Τ˸ʼɸԤϤƤѤǤᡦޤǿʤȤʡعڲʸٻͰǯΩˡϿ塦ΩɴѤʥȤˤƱ緳ɸΤǤ뤬η⤬īȾ礫ѤݤˡȾ˽Ǥ͡ˤƨܤϤԤ⤤Τ褦ʿ͡ΦŪʵѤʤɤȤˡʸܳŪΤǤ롥


顡ܸˡ١˼Ҥ޿ӡ2017ǯ

Referrer (Inside): [2020-02-08-1] [2019-01-10-1]

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2017-11-28 Tue

#3137. ܸˤλʬ (2) [periodisation][japanese]

ܸˤλʬˤĤơ#1525. ܸˤλʬ ([2013-06-30-1])#1526. Ѹܸθûоɽ ([2013-07-01-1])#2669. ѸܸʸˡˤĬή ([2016-08-17-1]) ǾҲ𤷤ϲ (16) ˤʣζʬˡߤƤߤ褦

ʬˡ
ʬˡ
ʬˡ
ʬˡ
ϻʬˡ
ʬˡ
Ȭʬˡ ʯ塤Ļ塤ɻ ʿ» һ Į ͻ


Ѥʬΰ㤤ϡܸˤɤȤ館뤫ˤ롥ʬˡϡŵ줬Ωָפȡ줬ΩֶפȤʬ롤礭Ĭή˽֤ΩǤ롥ʬˡϤβϴȤơפꤹ롥λˤˤ뻰ʬ路ΤȤäƤ褤ʡ#232. Ѹˤλʬ (1) ([2009-12-15-1]) 򻲾ȡˡʬˡ⻰ʬˡήȤäƤ褯ߤޤǤĹʤꤹֶפֶפȡֶפ˺ΤǤ롥ʬˡʸػˤǤ褯ѤʬǤ롥ϻʬˡȼʬˡϡʬˡȤƬסָפդΤǡ٤ܸˤߤݤͭѤǤ롥
ˤˤʬˤĤơperiodisation γƵƤɤʶʬˡǤܼŪˤŪǤ롥ޤǻȤؤޤ뤿ƻΩƤƻΩƤȤƺѤʾϡλŪ˾Ȥ餷ƺǤΩĤΤ֤٤椨ƻʬħΤäƤȤϽפǤ롥

顡ܸˡ١˼Ҥ޿ӡ2017ǯ

Referrer (Inside): [2018-09-28-1]

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2017-11-27 Mon

#3136. singular you ϵʤΤ singular they ˤܤޤ [personal_pronoun][gender][singular_they]

singular they ˤĤơʲεǰäƤ

#275. Ѹλ;ñ̾ ([2010-01-27-1])
#1054. singular they ([2012-03-16-1])
#1887. ˤͤݤ4Ĥλ ([2014-06-27-1])
#1920. singular they ޤ뵬ʸˡ (1) ([2014-07-30-1])
#1921. singular they ޤ뵬ʸˡ (2) ([2014-07-31-1])
#1922. singular they ޤ뵬ʸˡ (3) ([2014-08-01-1])
#2455. 2015ǯαѸήԸޡ ([2016-01-16-1])

Merriam-Webster μ񥵥ΥǡSingular 'They' ˴ؤ뵭򸫤Ĥ1881ǯ Emily Dickinson singular they 󶡤ƤƤ뤳ȡ˽Ȥ̤ʬˡΤΤ˵褹륷ܥȤƤˡƤƤ뤳Ȥʤɶ̣ƤޤɤߤʤȤ櫓ʤۤɤɨǤäΤΤǤ롥

. . . the development of singular they mirrors the development of the singular you from the plural you, yet we don't complain that singular you is ungrammatical . . . .


ߤ˶᤹뤿ˡޤǵŤʤä;̾ʣǤϡ2;Τ3;ΤˤƤȤˡ־οζ̤¤ˤȤȤѸ˾塤;̾ηϤϤ礳礳ѲƤ21ؤ¤˼ѤƤꡤѲѰ߽ۤФ³Ƥ롥
ñʣѤ2;̾ you ˤĤƤϡ#3099. Ϣ10֤ʤ you ϡ֤ʤפǤ⤢֤ʤפǤ⤢Τס ([2017-10-21-1]) ڤӤĥä򻲾Ȥ줿

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2017-11-26 Sun

#3135. -ed ε [suffix][preterite][participle][germanic][indo-european][verb][inflection][etymology][reduplication][gothic][grammaticalisation][preterite-present_verb][degemination][sobokunagimon][-st][dental_suffix]

Ѹˤưβʬ˷ -ed "dental suffix" ȤƤФ졤ղäϥޥͭηֲǤʡ#182. ޥɤħ ([2009-10-26-1]) 򻲾ȡˡˤäƥޥϡ촴첻ѲƲ췿ζѲưԵ§Ѳưˤȡ dental suffix ղäѲưʵ§ѲưˤȤ2ʬ뤳ȤˤʤäԤϡֵ§Ūפʤ˸¿ưعäƤѸưˤ礭ʱƶڤܤƤʡ#178. ưε§Ѳά ([2009-10-22-1])#764. ѸưѤ3Ĥʬˡ ([2011-05-31-1]) 򻲾ȡˡ
Ѹ -ed Υޥˤ뵯ˤĤƤϽ⤢ꡤ夬ĤƤʤͭϤˤȡư do ƱǤϤʤȤdo ΤưṲ̄ȤȤǧˤ衤ʬˤΰ̣ɤФƤΤϼǤϤʤƱˤȡޥˤ do 촴Τʣ (reduplication) ȤŤֲäƤˡƱҲ2ٸ *dēd- ʤɤη֤Ȥʤä䤬첻üλҲ蘆äƽŻҲȤʤäæŻҲơɤΤȤ *d- ˼ޤäĤޤꡤ-ed λҲϡdo θ촴ҲбƱˡ줬Τ˽ʣƱҲˤб뤳Ȥˤʤ롥
Ǥϡϲ餫ʸˤٻΤȸ˾嵭ηֲ򤦤碌㤬ĤȤLass (164)

The origin of the weak preterite is a perennial source of controversy. The main problem is that it is a uniquely Germanic invention, which is difficult to connect firmly with any single IE antecedent. Observing the old dictum ex nihilo nihil fit (nothing is made out of nothing), scholars have proposed numerous sources, none of which is without its difficulties. The main problem is that there are at least three consonantisms: /d/ (Go nasida 'I saved', inf. nasjan), /t/ (Go baúhta 'I bought', inf. bugjan), and /s/ (Go wissa 'I knew', inf *witan).
   But even given this complexity, the most likely primary source seems to be compounding of an original verbal noun of some sort with the verb */dhe:-/ 'put, place, do' (OHG tuon, OE dōn, OCS dějati 'do', Skr dádhati 'he places', L fēci 'I made, did').
   This leads to a useful analysis of a Gothic pret 3 ppl like nasidēdun 'they saved':
   
(7.18) nas - i -dē - d - un
       SAVE-theme-reduplication-DO-3 pl

I.e. a verbal root followed by a thematic connective followed by the reduplicated perfect plural of 'do'. This gives a periphrastic construction with a sense like 'did V-ing'; with, significantly, Object-Verb order . . ., i.e. (7.18) has the form of an OV clause 'NP-pl sav(ing) did'. An extended form also existed, in which a nominalizing suffix */-ti/ or */-tu/ was intercalated between the root and the 'do' form, e.g. in Go faúrhtidēdun 'they feared', which can be analysed as {faúrh-ti-dē-d-un}. This suffix was in many cases later weakened; first the vowel dropped, so that */-ti-d-/ > */-td-/; this led to assimilation */-tt-/, and then eventual reinterpretation of the /t/-initial portion as a suffix itself, and loss of the 'do' part from verbs of this type . . . . The problematic /s(s)/ forms may go back to a different (earlier) development also involving */-ti/, in which the sequence */tt/ > /s(s)/ . . . but this is not clear.


פˡ-ed ղäθϼ̤ޤư촴̾첽ܤư̾Τ褦ʤΤ롥ľˡdo β did Τ褦ʤΤ֤ơΤȤơ֡ưˤưԤʤäפȤ롥Τ褦ˤȤȤOVαŪ칽¤ȤƻϤޤä䤬ΤĤŤޤäʣΤ褦ʤΤȤƤȤ館褦ˤʤꡤŪʲؤȰܹԤʳ˻äơ-ed ʬϡŪǤȤʤ«ǤȲᤵ줿ʸˡ (grammaticalisation) ȤߤƤ褤
ΰѤ Lass Go wissa ˸ڤȤȤˡǸ /s(s)/ ˸ڤǤ뤬бűѸˤư wāt βȤ wiste/wisse ꡤŪ񤷤ꤲƤ롥ˤĤƤϡ#2231. ưβ˸ -st- ([2015-06-06-1]) 򻲾Ȥ줿

Lass, Roger. Old English: A Historical Linguistic Companion. Cambridge: CUP, 1994.

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2017-11-25 Sat

#3134. James VI Ρּε [monarch][scottish_english][scots][emode][bible]

#1803. Lord's Prayer ([2014-04-04-1]) ǸűѸ줫鸽ѸˤƤΡּεפΥ٤˽ΥåȥΥä褦
ؼȩΥåȥɲ James VI (1566--1625) 1580ǯ˱ʸǡּεפ򼫤 Scots ǺƤܿͤˤ񤭤ΤΤ London, British Library, MS Royal 18 B.xvi, f. 44 ˳ǧ롥James VI English English ǤϤʤ Scots (English) ǽ񤯤Ȥˤ餤򴶤ƤͻҤϤʤƲǤCrystal (125) Ƹ褦

THE LORDIS PRAYER

Ô michtie father that in heauin remainis
thy noble name be sanctifeit alwayes
thy kingdome come, in earth thy will & rainis
euen as in heauunis mot be obeyed with prayse
& giue us lorde oure dayly bread & foode
forgiuing us all oure trespassis aye
as we forgiue ilk other in lyke moode
lorde in temptation lead us not ue praye
but us from euill deliuer euer moire
for thyne is kingdome ue do all record
allmichtie pouer & euerlasting gloire
for nou & aye so mot it be ô lorde.


Υåȥɲ James VI 1603ǯ˥󥰥ɤΥīγĤȤƥ󥰥ɲ James I Ȥʤ櫓ΤȤ˿òμԤȤȤˤ Scots ɥε˱֤ȤȤʤäϤƥ󥰥ɤ̱ϡ򸢰ҤѼȤǧ᤿ΤȯˡʤȤ⤢ΥåϴȤդˤСScots Υ󥰥ɱѸ첽Ϥޤäִ֤Ȥ⤤
η˴طȤơ#491. Stuart ī˿षʿʸˤ뱪Ū do ([2010-08-31-1])#1719. Scotland ˤѸˡ ([2014-01-10-1])#1952. Ųפ Your Majesty ˤߤɰա ([2014-08-31-1])#2128. "than" ȤƤ nor or ([2015-02-23-1])#3095. Your Grace, Your Highness, Your Majesty ([2017-10-17-1]) ⻲Ȥ줿

Crystal, David. Evolving English: One Language, Many Voices. London: The British Library, 2010.

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2017-11-24 Fri

#3133. Ѳ "how" "why" [causation][language_change][how_and_why]

Ѳ "why" ϡ˸ؤˤƵˤ䤤Ǥ롥˾ǤŤˤϡ¾4W1H䤤ؤ¤Ѥ߽ŤͤƤۤʤǤ "why" ˴ˤɤ夯ΤϤۤȤԲǽǤꡤ "how" 餫ˤΤؤλǤ롥 "how" Ǥ顤ΰФʤȤ¿
ܥ֥Ǥ⡤Ѳ how_and_why ˤĤƤϡ#784. ˸ؤ abductive discipline ([2011-06-20-1])#2255. Ѳθɵ椹ͤˤĤơ ([2015-06-30-1])#2123. Ѳڤ ([2015-02-18-1]) ʤɤǰäƤ
ε#3130. ʣϸء ([2017-11-21-1]) ǾҲ𤷤 Kretzschmar (251--52) ϡʣϤѤƸѲʶŪˤϥꥫѸνѼȤˤ뤳Ȥˤꡤ"why" 䤤ˤʤȤƤ⡤"how" 䤤ФƤͭͿ뤳ȤǤȼ򼨤Ƥ롥

We cannot answer the question "why" American English is as it is --- there is never a good answer to the "why" question in linguistics --- but it is now possible to address more adequately the question "how" it came to be as it is.


Kretzschmar θոˤȡ츽ݤ򶦻Ū褦Ȥݤ䤤 "why" ǡ̻ŪŪ褦Ȥݤ䤤 "how" Ǥ褦ˤⴶ롥뤤ϡѲθ䤦Τ "why" ǡѲη䤦Τ "how" ǤȽҤ٤Ƥ褦ˤʹ롥
Ԥˤä "how" "why" ȤˤäƲؤΤϤ˰ۤʤȤȤǧ᤿ǡѲ how_and_why ˤ³Ƥ

Kretzschmar, William A., Jr. "Complex Systems in the History of American English." Chapter 4 of Developments in English: Expanding Electronic Evidence. Ed. Irma Taavitsainen, Merja Kytö, Claudia Claridge, and Jeremy Smith. Cambridge, 2015. 251--64.

Referrer (Inside): [2018-06-09-1] [2018-01-05-1]

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2017-11-23 Thu

#3132. Źؤȸ (2) [cryptology][linguistics][statistics][chaos_theory][information_theory]

Ƕᡤؤȥ (chaos_theory) ˤĤƾĴ٤Ƥ뤬ե饯޷֥ޥǥ֥ (Mandelbrot set) Τؼ Benoît Mandelbrot (1924--2010) ؤ˴ؤͤ路Ƥ뤳ȤΤäʡ֥ޥǥ֥פˤĤƤϡ#3123. ȥե饯 ([2017-11-14-1]) 򻲾ȡˡ
Mandelbrot ϤͤǡŹ (cryptology) ȸؤȤˤ⿨Ƥ롥ܥ֥Ǥ#2699. Źؤȸء ([2016-09-16-1]) εǡξʬ̩ܤʴطˤĤƹͤȤäΤǡǺƤӼ夲ε2ǽҤ٤Ȥ Mandelbrot (552) μ1ϡ褯礹롥

. . . let us grant for the moment that the encoding and decoding machines may be as complicated as the designer may wish, and that the memory of the human links---using the common sense of the word "memory"---is unbounded. Under those ideal circumstances, it is obvious that any improvement of our understanding of the structure of language and of discourse will bring a possibility of improvement of the performance of the cryptographer or stenographer. For example, a knowledge of the rules of grammar will show that a given phrase will never be encountered in grammatically correct discourse; thus, if his employer were to speak only grammatical English, a stenographer would not need any special set of signs to designate the incorrect sentences. Similarly, a knowledge of the statistics of discourse will suggest that the "cliché" be represented by special short signs; in this way, the stenogram will be shortened and---since deciphering is very much helped by cliché---the code will be strengthened. That is, the ideal cryptographer and stenographer should make the utmost use of any available linguistic information.


ŹԤϡΤäƤФۤɡ΢򤫤ŹʸǤ뤷դ˰ŹɼԤ⡤ΤäƤФۤɡΤ褦΢򤫤ǽ򸺤餹ȤǤ롥ΰ̣ǡŹؤѤؤȤ⤤ΤǤ롥

Mandelbrot, Beno&icirc;t. "Information Theory and Psycholinguistics." Scientific Psychology: Principles and Approaches. Ed. Benjamin B. Wolman and Ernest Nagel. New York: Basic Books, 1965. 550--62.

Referrer (Inside): [2020-03-13-1]

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2017-11-22 Wed

#3131. Ϣ11֤ʤѸSVOθʤΤԡˡ [link][notice][word_order][syntax][typology][world_languages][inflection][japanese][rensai][sobokunagimon]

1120դǡѸϢָܴѸѸˤλͤ11ε֤ʤѸSVOθʤΤԡˡޤѸθ˴ؤ礭ʤΤǡ2ˤ錄äϢܤͽǤϤԤȤʤޤ
Ԥγפϰʲ̤ǤܸȱѸˤ S, V, O 3Ǥθΰ㤤óݤȤơˤִܸפܤޤ෿θˤСνˤܸĴ٤ȡ¤ܸ췿 SOV Ǥ¿ǸѸ췿 SVO ¿Ȥʬۤ餫ȤʤޤȤѸűѸޤ̤ȡSVO ΤۤSOV, VSO ʤ͡ʸ礬ǽǤĤޤꡤŪʸǤǤϤʤŪͳʸ礬ƤΤǤϡ̾졤ƻ졤졤ưʤɤθѲֶޡ ƯˤꡤʸΤɤǤǤ뤫ŪǤ뤫Τ˼Ǥ餺Ȥ⡤̤μʤѰդƤȤȤˤʤޤǴ֤طɸΤ˸äƤ뤫ޤäƤ뤫ϳΤ礭ʰ㤤ǤϤޤ줬ͥƤ롤äƤ뤫ȤˤϤʤޤ󡥸˱ѸˤβǸŪͳʸ줫 SVO ǤθؤȥեȤƤ櫓ǤΥեȼΤͥδɾ뤳ȤϤǤʤΤǤ
ԤκǸǤϡ֤ʤѸSVOθʤΤפȤѤʵ̻Ūʻ֤ʤѸ϶޽Ż뷿Ż뷿θؤڤؤꡤκݤˤʤܸSVOȤ줿Τפȥѥե졼ޤεˤĤƤϡθԤˤԤ
SOV, SVO ʤɤθ˴ؤƤϡ#137. θδܸ ([2009-09-11-1])#3124. ܸ෿ (1) ([2017-11-15-1])#3125. ܸ෿ (2) ([2017-11-16-1])#3128. ܸ෿ (3) ([2017-11-19-1])#3129. ܸ෿ (4) ([2017-11-20-1]) εɤ

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2017-11-21 Tue

#3130. ʣϸ [chaos_theory][complex_system][variety][zipfs_law][language_change][contact][methodology]

Kretzschmar ϡʣϤȤƤȤ館Ѳ븦ԤǤ롥ǶʸǡʣϤγǰѤơꥫѸνѼ郎ˤƤȤƤ롥ʸƬ (251) ǡȯäʣϤȤƤȤ館븫üŪ˽Ҥ٤Ƥ롥

. . . language in use, speech as opposed to linguistic systems as usually described by linguists, satisfies the conditions for complex systems as defined in sciences such as physics, evolutionary biology, and economics . . . .


ʣϤȤߤʤ٤2Ĥħʤ "non-linear distribution" "scaling" ƤȤ (253) "non-linear distribution" ϡŪˤСж (A-curve) ʬۤؤƤ롥ȤƤ˻פ⤫֤Τϡ#1103. GSL ˤ Zipf's law θڡ ([2012-05-04-1]) #1101. Zipf's law ([2012-05-02-1]) ǾҲ𤷤 zipfs_law ΥդǤ롥ιٸ¿ٸˤꡤĹդ롥Kretzschmar ϡ˴ؤ¾θݤǤ⤳Τ褦ʥդȼĥ롥
ָʣϡפ˴ؤ⤦1ĤħǤ "scaling" ϡA-curve Τ褦ʬۤΰۤʤ٥ˤƷ֤ؤƤ롥ꥫˤñ¸ˤĴǡƷ֤ˤĤٽ̤ι⤤¤٤٤ץåȤƤ A-curve Ȥʤ뤬New York ˸¤äƱͤΥդƤ뤷üԤ˸¤äդǤϤƱͤζȤ (255)
դǤꥹ롦ե꡼ȤȤˤʤСʤ#3123. ȥե饯 ([2017-11-14-1]) ۵롥Ϣơ#3111. ȸѲ (1) ([2017-11-02-1])#3112. ȸѲ (2) ([2017-11-03-1])#3122. ηϤϡ֥ձפˤ ([2017-11-13-1]) ⻲Ȥ줿
Kretzschmar (263--64) ʸκǸǡѼΤʣϤιͤͭѤǤȷŤʣϸؤ򾧤롥

Complexity science is the model that can cope successfully with the problems of language variation and change that we are interested in solving for the history of American English. Complexity science addresses the emergence of a new American variety, along with its component regional varieties, more adequately than traditional approaches. Complex systems replace the notion of monolithic "language contact" or Fischer's "cultural shift" with interaction between speakers. Complex systems can deal with the extension of existing varieties into new areas, and still account for the evident acquisition of new variants from important cultural groups in different areas. Finally, complex systems can cope with contemporary American cultural change and attendant language change, again without recourse to monolithic thinking. We are just at the beginning of research to understand the operation of the complex system of speech, but it is already clear that it gives us a good way to describe how the process of emergence and change really works.


Τ褦 "monolithic" ʸܿ˴ŤǤϤʤ˴ޤ߹褦ʣϤ줫θѲ٤ƤΤǤϤʤȤ櫓Τ˻ɷŪǤ롥

Kretzschmar, William A., Jr. "Complex Systems in the History of American English." Chapter 4 of Developments in English: Expanding Electronic Evidence. Ed. Irma Taavitsainen, Merja Kytö, Claudia Claridge, and Jeremy Smith. Cambridge, 2015. 251--64.

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2017-11-20 Mon

#3129. ܸ෿ (4) [word_order][syntax][typology][world_languages][map][geography][linguistic_area]

ε#3128. ܸ෿ (3) ([2017-11-19-1]) ơS, V, O ˴ؤƴܸ򼨤ŪʬۤˤĤƹͤƤߤϡ"Order of Subject, Object and Verb" by Matthew S. Dryer 2 "Geographical distribution of the dominant-order types" ǰƤΤǡʲʬȤ롥ε ([2017-11-19-1]) Ͽޤ碌ƻȤ줿
Ǥ¿ SOV ˤФäƤ뤬Ȥ櫓˸Ǥ롥˥塼˥ȥꥢ̥ꥫΦˤ⹭ʬۤƤ롥2ܤ¿ SVO ϡϥ麽Υեꥫ񤫤ˤƤϰ衤ƥ衼åѤ泤ն˹ߤ롥3ܤ VSO ʬۤФäƤ뤬쥢եꥫ̥եꥫ衼åѤΥȷϽ졤ݥͥˤϤ٤ν椬ߤ롥
Ʊˤϡ˾͡ʳǤδܸեåȤˤޤȤ᤿̣桼饷ΦϿޤǺܤƤʰʲ˼ˡ

Map of Word Order Typology Diachronic

衼åѤ泤նǤϸߤǤ SVO ¿ŤǹͤȤष SOV ͥäȤ狼ʥƥ䥨ȥꥢʤɡˡޤߤȰۤʤꡤϽνޤϰˤơĤ VSO ߤ줿ŦƤܸŪʬۤȤΤϡ֤ΤʤѤΤΤ褦δܸѲˤĤƤϡ#3127. ĸ줫鸽Ѹؤδܸοܡ ([2017-11-18-1]) 򻲾ȡ

[ | ѥڡ ]

2017-11-19 Sun

#3128. ܸ෿ (3) [word_order][syntax][typology][world_languages][map][linguistic_area]

#137. θδܸ ([2009-09-11-1])#3124. ܸ෿ (1) ([2017-11-15-1])#3125. ܸ෿ (2) ([2017-11-16-1]) ³ơS, V, O δܸꡥ
#2786. 칽¤Ͽ --- WALS Online ([2016-12-12-1]) ǾҲ𤷤 The World Atlas of Language Structures (WALS Online) ˡS, V, O θˤĤƤŪʲ⤬롥"Order of Subject, Object and Verb" by Matthew S. Dryer ꤹ뤽βˤȡϡʤʸ (rigid order) ĸȽʸ (flexible order) ĸ礭2ʬ롥ԤˤĤƤϡʸĤȤϤ٤ŪΩȤܸ (dominant order) ȤߤʤΤľ¿ޤ3ǤΤ V ΰ֤ˤĤƤŪS O Ū֤ϷޤäƤȤ褦ʡȾפȸƤ֤٤򼨤Τ⤢롥餫ʴܸ򼨤ʤ¸ߤ뤳Ȥϻ¤Ǥ㤨С̥ȥꥢ Gunwinyguanˡˡɥĸ䥪Τ褦˼Ǥ SVO °Ǥ SOV §줬Ū˴ŪϼǤʤܸդʤ褦ʥ⤢롥
嵭Τ褦˴ܸ෿ʣǤꡤܸη˴ؤ꤬͡뤬绨ĤʬषϿ޾˥ץåȤΤ Feature 81A: Order of Subject, Object and Verb Ǥʰʲ˺ƷǡˡɽǤ롥

Map of Word Order Typology

SOV564
SVO488
VSO95
VOS25
OVS11
OSV4
No dominant order189


"No dominant order" ϡ˽Ҥ٤褦˴ܸ礬դޤʤδ󤻽ʤΤǿȤƤ¿ʤäƤ롥ǡΨȤƹͤСȥåפ SOV 47.56%2̤ SVO 41.08%3̤ VSO 8.00% Ȥʤꡤ3ĤΤߤ95.64%򥫥С롥Ϥܸ췿 SOV Ϻ¿ʤΤǤ롥

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2017-11-18 Sat

#3127. ĸ줫鸽Ѹؤδܸο [word_order][syntax][typology][indo-european][germanic]

ε#3126. ̾෿ ([2017-11-17-1]) ǡĸδܸ礬 SOV äǽ˸ڤˤĤƤǮϤΤΡLass (218) ƱΤäƤ롥Lass ϡĸΤߤʤ餺ޥĸˤƤ⡤SOV δܸ礬¸³ƤȹͤƤ롥

It seems likely that PIE was basically SOV, though the daughter languages show a wide variety of orders, including SVO and VSO (the later (sic) particularly in Celtic). PGmc is usually taken as continuing this order, though there is of course considerable debate. As I remarked earlier, we can't reconstruct syntax by strict comparative method the way we do phonology or morphology; but in the case of Old English we do have at least fragments of an ancestor: the NWGmc runic corpus (third to seventh centuries AD). This corpus is small and often obscure; there are not that many inscriptions, and some are damaged, partly illegible, or uninterpretable. But it is a precious resource: it brings us as close as we can get to the foundations of Germanic, and contains the earliest pieces of Germanic syntax we have. (The oldest inscriptions predate the Gothic text corpus by some three centuries.) It is, despite its small size, rich enough to suggest reasonable ancestors for some major OE construction types, and gives us some material for constructing a syntactic history of the murky period between the two traditions. (218)


Lass Ϥθ "NWGmc runic corpus" S, V, O ͡ʸȤ߹碌ǼƤNWGmc ǤϡSOV Ȥʤ⡤¾夢Ȥ߹碌褦
Lass ϼˡ8κǽθűѸƥȤĴNWGmc Ʊͤˤۤܤ礬뤳Ȥǧ롥ʳˤܤ٤ϡ礿礬 SOV SVO ؤȰܹԤƤ˸Ƥ뤳Ȥä˼ˤƤηǤ롥°ˤƤ SOV 褯ݤƤ롥μȽ°κϡΥɥĸ䥪θ絬§ʤȤ뤬Ȥ PGmc λ夫Ѥ줿ħǤϤʤȯãǤȤߤʤ٤Ǥ롥ˤ衤9ȾޤǤˤϸűѸμδܸ SOV SVO ؤɤڤäƤ (Lass 224)
PIE NWGmc ˻ꡤOE Ф ModE ˻ޤǤΡS, V, O θˤĤơޤ󤷤Ƥ

PIE -- NWGmcᡦ°Ȥ˴ܸ SOV¾θ⤢
C8 OEδܸ SOV SVO ؽ˰ܹԤ¾θ⤢
C9 OEδܸ SOV SVO ذܹԤ°δܸϤޤ SOV¾θ⤢
Late OE°Ǥܸ SVO ذܹԤ¾θ⤢
MEᡦ°Ȥ˴ܸ SVO ذܹԤ¾θϾʤʤäƤ
ModEᡦ°Ȥ˴ܸ SVO ش˰ܹԤ¾θϻ¾ʤʤä


Lass, Roger. Old English: A Historical Linguistic Companion. Cambridge: CUP, 1994.

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2017-11-17 Fri

#3126. ̾෿ [word_order][syntax][typology][onomastics][personal_name][patronymy][indo-european]

#3124. ܸ෿ (1) ([2017-11-15-1]) ȡ#3125. ܸ෿ (2) ([2017-11-16-1]) Ǹ෿Ҳ𤷤꡼¾ (23) Ͽ̾ˤ̾θˤĤƤ෿δް (typological implication) ȻŦƤ롥
SOV δܸ򼨤ܸīǤϡְܿס֥ࡦ󥦥פʤɡ鷺Ȥ줿̾פο̾Ȥʤ롥񤭤ˤĤƤʿŪǤꡤְܼפΤ褦ˡܸ񤭡פȤʤ롥Τ褦ˡ෿δްդǧ뤳ȤǤ
(patronymy) ˤƤ⡤ηߤȤåȥɸ졤ɸ졤إ֥饤ʤɤ VSO ܸȤ뤬ΤˤƤϡֻҶ¹פɽ魯ʰʲֻǼˤ̾ΤΤԤ롥줾 MacAlister, O'Hara, Ben-Gurion ǡǤ롥
Ǥ SOV θ줬äƤ뤬ǤΤϵդθȤʤ롥˥ Khachaturian 䥰른 Basilashvili ǡǤ롥
¤ϡ¿Τ˴ؤƥθƱ򼨤 Gruberovàɸ Sigurðsdottirǥ AnderssonƱѸ Browning ʤɤȤʤ롥ΤȤϡĸδܸ礬Ĥ SOV ǤäȤ򼨺ƤΤ⤷ʤ
෿ϤޤǷȤ館ΤǤꡤɬ򶯤ĥΤǤϤʤ̾η¾θηشط򼨤ΤǤС̾츻ʤɤˤ⿷ʸƤ뤳Ȥˤʤ
Ϣơ#2366. ʤѸ̾νϡ̾פʤΤ ([2015-10-19-1]) ⻲ȡ

Сʡɡ꡼ƥ󡦥ޥ塼ޥꥢݥ󥹥 ԡ ˼ ؿʸ޴ա١νӡ2005ǯ

Referrer (Inside): [2017-11-18-1]

[ | ѥڡ ]

2017-11-16 Thu

#3125. ܸ෿ (2) [word_order][syntax][typology][adjective][demonstrative][numeral][world_languages]

ε ([2017-11-15-1]) ǡܸ෿ˤĤ Greenberg θŵŪ˿줿Greenberg 30θоݤˡθӤη̡ܸ֡Τ褦ˡSOVθǤиֻIJǽ⤤פʤɤ෿δް (typological implication) ¿ǧ뤳Ȥ餫ˤGreenberg (107--08) ΤޤȤ᤿ɽʲ˵󤲤롥

LanguageVSOPrNANDN Num
BasqueIII-xx-
BerberIxxx-
BurmeseIII-x1--2
BurushaskiIII----
ChibchaIII-x-x
FinnishII----
FulaniIIxxxx
GreekIIx---
GuaraniI-x-0
HebrewIxxx-
HindiIII----
ItalianIIxx3--
KannadaIII----
JapaneseIII----2
LoritjaIII-xxx
MalayIIxxx-2
MaoriIxx--
MasaiIxx-x
MayaIIx---2
NorwegianIIx---
NubianIII-x-x
QuechuaIII----
SerbianIIx---
SonghaiII-xxx
SwahiliIIxxxx
ThaiIIxxx-2
TurkishIII----
WelshIxx3x-
YorubaIIxxxx
ZapotecIxxx-


1ܤ S, V, O 3Ǥ˴ؤǤꡤI VSO, II SVO, III SOV ɽ魯
2ܤֻ (Pr) Ĥ뤤ϸֻ (-) Ĥɽ魯
3ܤϡܷ̾ƻפθ (NA) ַƻ̾פθ (-) ɽ魯
4ܤϡܻ̾ؼפθ (ND) ֻؼ̾פθ (-) ɽ魯
5ܤϡ̾ܿפθ (N Num) ֿ̾פθ (-) ɽ魯

ֹդ줿ˤĤƤϡΤΤ˸ʸѤ褦 (108)

1. Participle of adjective-verb, however, precedes and is probably as common as adjective following.
2. Numeral classifiers following numerals in each case. The construction numeral + classifier precedes in Burmese and Maya, follows in Japanese and Thai, and either precedes or follows in Malay.
3. In Welsh and Italian a small number of adjectives usually precede.


ΤȤơ5θΤ˼夫شط뤳Ȥ򸫤Ƽ뤳ȤǤ롥оݤȤʤä30ĤˤʤȤϤۤʤϰ褫θ줬򤵤Ƥꡤʤ˿ꤹ뤳ȤΤǤĴ̤ȤƼƤ롥
Ϣơ#2786. 칽¤Ͽ --- WALS Online ([2016-12-12-1]) ǾҲ𤷤 The World Atlas of Language Structures (WALS Online) ⻲ȡ

Greenberg, Joseph P. "Some Universals of Grammar with Particular Reference to the Order of Meaningful Elements." Chapter 5 of Universals of Language. Ed. Joseph P. Greenberg. 2nd ed. Cambridge, Mass.: M.I.T. P, 1966. 73--113.

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2017-11-15 Wed

#3124. ܸ෿ (1) [word_order][syntax][typology][indo-european][world_languages]

ɸϡ#137. θδܸ ([2009-09-11-1]) ǿ줿ƹͤƤߤβ̤礭ϸˤäưۤʤȤϤȤʤޤäѤʤ¸ߤʤȤϡãηкѤȤߤɬŪʸ֤Ǥ롥
Greenberg ϸȴϢƸ෿ (word order typology) 󵯤ˤȡθʿʸˤ졤Ū졤ưθϡŪ (1) SVO, (2) SOV, (3) VSO, (4) VOS, (5) OSV, (6) OVS 6बǽǤ롥ʣθ⾯ʤʤ¿θˤŪͥʸϷޤäƤ롥ĤޤܸȤΤ¸ߤ롥ܸĸΤۤȤɤ줬ŪԤѥ󡤤ʤ (1), (2), (3) Τ줫롥ۤ (4) θϤٳǧ뤬(5), (6) ˾ʤȤʬäƤ롥
꡼¾ (19) ꡤ줾δܸ򼨤󤲤褦

ܸ
(1) SVOѸ졤եɸ졤졤ҥ
(2) SOVҥǥ졿ɥ졤ȥ륳졤ܸ졤ī
(3) VSOŵָ졤륺졤⥢
(4) VOSޥ졤ĥĥꥫΥޥ
(5) OSVХɸ̥θˡ
(6) OVSҥ奫ʸʥ֥饸Υָ


줬ŪԤ3Ĥ (1), (2), (3) ˴ؤƤСư V ΰ֤˴ؤ (2) SOV (3) VSO жˤˤꡤ(1) SVO ϤŪʰ֤Ťˤ롥ºݡ¾μθˤĤƤ⡤(2) (3) θȿиħ򼨤(1) ŪǤȤ顤෿δް (typological implication) ȤȤˤʤ롥
Ѹ衼åѤμפʸϤŵꥷŵƥǤ VO ܤȤ뤿ᡤĸǤ VO 򼨤Ƥ줽ҥåȸξڵˤСȤȤ OV äǽ⤤ȤСѸ SVO ĹˤβѲƤȤȤˤʤ
Ϣơ#2786. 칽¤Ͽ --- WALS Online ([2016-12-12-1]) ǾҲ𤷤 The World Atlas of Language Structures (WALS Online) ⻲ȡ

꡼Сʡɡƥ󡦥ޥ塼ޥꥢݥ󥹥 ԡ ˼ ؿʸ޴ա١νӡ2005ǯ
Greenberg, Joseph P. "Some Universals of Grammar with Particular Reference to the Order of Meaningful Elements." Chapter 5 of Universals of Language. Ed. Joseph P. Greenberg. 2nd ed. Cambridge, Mass.: M.I.T. P, 1966. 73--113.

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2017-11-14 Tue

#3123. ȥե饯 [chaos_theory][variation][lexical_diffusion][complex_system]

#3111. ȸѲ (1) ([2017-11-02-1]) εǡζϤʰۤʤ꤬˿ʺۤ⤿餷뤳Ȥ򡤴ñʿʥƥåˤˤ꼨Τ褦ʥϡݡޤοؼ Benoît Mandelbrot (1924--2010) ˤؤȷӤĤ졤Ūʿ޷֥ե饯 (fractal) ȴϢŤ褦ˤʤä
󤬤ͤ˼̤ƤͻҤŪɽС1ؤ٤ƤޤäƤ޷򥢥ȥ饯Ȥȥ饯ˤϡΤ褦ˤñʤΤ⤢뤬⤦ʣʤΤȤĤؤη򼨤Τ⤢롥Ǥϼ̤Ƥ椯褬1ǤϤʤ롼׾ǤϤΤΡޤʬ˵§ŪȸƤӤ륢ȥ饯Ǥ롥1Ǥ롼׾Ǥʤʣʿ޷ȥ饯Ȥʤ륱롥줬ޤ˥μȥ饯ǤꡤܼƤʤȤ顤ȥ󥸡ȥ饯ȸƤФεǼġȥ饯1ˡΤ褦ʥȥ饯̤δŪʱ黻äʤȡʣŪʿ޷Ĥޤե饯ȤʤΤ롥κǤͭ̾㤬֥ޥǥ֥ (Mandelbrot set) Ǥ롥η "gingerbread man" ȤƤФ롥ʲ򥯥åơ˳礷ƤGIF˥᡼ɤ

Mandelbrot Set

ο޷Τʬ礷ƤȡȤο޷ʿ޷ȸ롥κƵʱ³ƤΤǤ롥
Ѳݤ1ȤСбؿ޷Ǥե饯ȤμȤħϡѲΤʤ¦̤ɽ路ƤȹͤΤ
ե饯μϡȤ櫓ձˤƤߤ롥㤨СѲˤ variation ˴ؤơ¦̡ǻ褦ʤȤƤ롤Ȥ褦ʤȤͤ褦óȻSʣΤ꾮SäƤȤ¤⡤ե饯ŪǤ롥
ȥե饯Ի׵ĤʴطˤĤƤϡ奢 (268--301) ɤߤ䤹

奢ȡˡ ס¼ ˡˡإŪʣϤβʳؤء١ȼҡ1998ǯ

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2017-11-13 Mon

#3122. ηϤϡ֥ձפˤ [chaos_theory][language_change][invisible_hand][complex_system]

إŪ٤ԥ奢 (481--82) ˤȡˤĤƶ̣ȤϡȤζܤ˶ᤤ֥ձפˤơʤ̲äƤȤȤǤ롥

ʣϥγǰξۤΤǤ롥ºݡʣˤ뤵ĤޤȤܸ졽뤤ϤΤˤϴѶ硽ϡ֥ΤդձˡפȤǤ롥ȵ§ࡤ֤ǤǤ׻ųݤαΤ褦ˡĤΥƥñʻǤդޤݤ򼨤ƥϤäȤäʣʻǤդޤζüȤơʬҤΤȤƤΥʱư롥֤ˤ륷ƥϡäȶ̣ΤդޤʣǤϤ뤬ѥż褦ʤդޤ򼨤ʣǤϤ뤬ȿ줿ƥϡޤȥδ֤ܾ֤ˤ褦˸ơ줳֥ձפʤΤǤ롥ǼΤϡˤ뤤ϳؽˤäƥƥबζ˹ԤĤȤȤǤ롥ޤñʥƥϡŪĶΤʤǤĤʤʤʤ顤ʣ̯ʥƥϤε§򿩤ʪˤ뤳ȤˤäñʥƥФȴ뤫Ǥ롥ʤ⤷⤢븽͢Ҥμ֤轵θ˶Ԥ餪ꡤΤƱ롼Ȥ̤ä͢Ȥ顤ϤȤñ˸⶯å餺뤳ȤǤˤޤäʥƥޤĤʤʤʤ餽ƥϡΤʥҡȤʡˤȤϲʤ뤲ʤǤ롥ʤ⤷⸽֤͢ޤäʥ롼ȤȤȤ顤Ԥ夹ޤǤ˻֤ޤˤꤹ夹ˤλŻ̤βҤåƤޤˤ顤ĤȤǤϡΤȤƤι¤򼺤äƤʤʤ٤ˤǤ뤫ʣΤפˤʤΤǤ롥ʲ륷ƥϡձˤȤɤޤ褦ƤΤǤ롥


ηϤ⡤ĶѲ˽ŬηϤǤ롥Ѱۤܿϡ֥ձפȤȤ館뤳ȤǤޤˤǺǤ⤪⤷ݤ깭Ƥ롥ϡĤƤñ㤹ʣ⤷ʤ1ĤΥƥʤΤǤ롥
Ϣơ#3111. ȸѲ (1) ([2017-11-02-1])#3112. ȸѲ (2) ([2017-11-03-1]) ⻲ȡ

奢ȡˡ ס¼ ˡˡإŪʣϤβʳؤء١ȼҡ1998ǯ

[ | ѥڡ ]

2017-11-12 Sun

#3121. ְѤȯȱѸפΤޤȤ [slide][printing][history][link][hel_education][emode][reformation][caxton][latin][standardisation][spelling][orthography][asacul]

ѸˤˤѤȯΰյˤĤơ饤 (HTML) ˤޤȤƤߤޤɤϰʲ̤Ǥ

1. ƥ٥륯ˤѤΡֲɡסʡȯפǤϤʤ
2. ѤϡפͻӤǶȤƤαѸƬ岡
3. ѤϡֻɸಽˤαƶͿ

ܺ٤ϳơΥڡܥ֥εƼؤΥ󥯤˭٤ĥäƤޤ

1. ѤȯȱѸ
2.
3. (1) ѤΡȯ
4. ѡʤˡˤ
5. Ϣǯɽ
6. Johannes Gutenberg (1400?--68)
7. William Caxton (1422?--91)
8. (2) ȤƤαѸ
9. פȰѤͻ
10. ռβ
11. (3) ֻɸಽؤι׸
12. ְѤƳֻɸಽʤؤε
13. ֻɸಽϤޤǴ˿ʹԤ
14. ޤȤ
15. ʸ
16. : Prologue to Eneydos (#337)

¾Ρ֤ޤȤ᥹饤ɡפȤơ#3058. ֱѸˤˤ¤ΰյפΤޤȤ᥹饤ɡ ([2017-09-10-1])#3068. ֽפȱѸˡפΤޤȤ᥹饤ɡ ([2017-09-20-1])#3089. ֥ꥫΩȱѸפΤޤȤ᥹饤ɡ ([2017-10-11-1])#3102. ֥ꥹȶȱѸפΤޤȤ᥹饤ɡ ([2017-10-24-1])#3107. ֥ΥޥȱѸפΤޤȤ᥹饤ɡ ([2017-10-29-1]) ɤ

Referrer (Inside): [2022-07-19-1] [2017-12-17-1]

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2017-11-11 Sat

#3120. ²˱Ѹΰʪ뤳Ȥˤ Caxton [caxton][printing][standardisation]

Ѹ˾塤William Caxton (1422?--91) ϱѸưդʪȤƹΤƤ롥Caxton ϡ1476ǯ˥ȥߥ󥹥˰򹽤ܳŪ˰Ȥ򳫻ϤεȲȤȤƺǤʤȤϡïФơǽ񤫤줿ɤΤ褦ʽʪ뤫Τˤ뤳ȤǤ롥Caxton ϲ²͵ʾͤŪʤꡤ餬ɤߤäƤޥ󥹤ʪѸǡ˰뤳Ȥ˷᤿
Ūιʤξ˾Ȥ餻Х֥Τ褦ʤΤäKnowles (60--61) Τ褦˽Ҥ٤Ƥ롥

William Caxton was a businessman who operated for a long time from Bruges, in modern Belgium. At that time the Low countries were ruled by Burgundy, and Caxton's Burgundian contacts put him in a good position to exploit the aristocratic book market. When he transferred his printing press to England, he set it up in Westminster, which was not only close to the Chancery, but also the ideal place for him to contact his aristocratic customers. With the benefit of hindsight we know he was successful. But in the 1470s it must have been far from obvious that publishing in the vernacular was going to succeed at all. Publishing in Latin for an international readership might have looked more promising, but Caxton's competitors in this area failed . . . . Nor was the aristocratic market promising, for England was at the time embroiled in the internal dynastic struggles known as the Wars of the Roses. The fall of an aristocratic patron could have serious consequences for a businessman who was dependent on him to determine what was fashionable, and thus for the credibility of his literary publications.
   Aristocratic taste determined what Caxton decided to publish. He published the works of Chaucer, Gower and Lydgate rather than Langland and the northern poets . . . . In 1485 he published Malory's Le Morte d'Arthur. Some 28 of his 106 publications were translations from other languages . . . . However, taste determined not only what to publish, but the kind of English used. Caxton praises English influenced by French and denigrates native English. In his preface to the second edition (1484) of The Canterbury tales . . . he praises Chaucer, the 'laureate poete' who had 'enbelysshyd, ornated and made faire our Englisshe' which before was 'rude speche and incongrue'.


ºݡCaxton ܤĤ󥰥ɤǤαѸȤȤϡѸɼؤεϤäȤ顤θ⥤ꥢɥĤե󥹤ۤȯŸ뤳ȤϤʤäΰѤˤ⤢Ȥꡤ衼åѻԾƤˤƥΰΤۤͭ˾ä⤷ʤCaxton ϤФʤäΤǤ롥̤Ȥơ16ˤƥ󥰥ɤǽǤ줿ʪΤѸʳθΤΤϤ鷺1ۤɤäȤʥڥƥ꡼p. 206--08ˡ¯ΰŰǡ󥰥ɤ¾٤ðۤäȤõƤ
Caxton θΥ󥰥ɤΰȤιѸɸಽΤʤˤ᤿ʪäȤϴְ㤤ʤΰ̣DZѸ˾פʿʪǤϤ뤬طʤˤ Caxton εȲȤȤƤҤȺͳФؤäƤΤǤ롥
Caxton αѸ˾ɾˤĤƤϡ#241. Caxton αѸ1475ǯ ([2009-12-24-1])#297. ѤƳϱѸɸಽʤݤ ([2010-02-18-1])#871. Ѥȯˤֻθ경˷ӤĤʤäͳ ([2011-09-15-1])#1312. Ѥȯˤֻθ경˷ӤĤʤäͳ (2) ([2012-11-29-1])#1385. Caxton ֻɸಽ˹׸ʤäȹͤ뺬 ([2013-02-10-1]) 򻲾ȡ

Knowles, Gerry. A Cultural History of the English Language. London: Arnold, 1997.
ڥƥ꡼ɥ롼ˡ ʡˡذȤ̿ͥ󥹤ܤ١ҡ2015ǯ

Referrer (Inside): [2022-07-19-1] [2017-12-01-1]

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2017-11-10 Fri

#3119. סвηҳ٤ [printing][history][reformation][age_of_discovery]

16Ƭ˰Ѥ̤ʸŪϷפꤷʤإ˥åˡ (431) ϡɸˤ褦ˡסвηҳ٤ѤȤƤΰѤܤƤ롥

ѤڤˤȤʤѥեåˤȤɤޤ餺׼Ԥˤ⡤ƥǤϤʤ줬Ȥ褦ˤʤä륿ξ硤1518?21ǯ4ǯ֤˥ɥĸ56%ä22?26ǯ5ǯ֤ˤ87%ؤȵƤ롥
ǿӤȡɥĸγϤ줾74%93%ˤʤꡤɥĸǤμפޤޤޤäƤȤ狼롥٤ͤȼԤ⡤狼䤹ɥĸˤǤʤȤ餫Ǥ롥Ȥ˥륿ɥĸϡɥĸߤȤˤʤäȤ롥
ϡλ礦ۤȤƤзˤ⹥ԹäĤˡŵꤷ줬ɤϤǤ򤵤졤Ʊκ۷褬뤳Ȥϡۤͭˤ뤿礫ȤǤʤäǤ롥
ưѤҳưˤΤäϤ˹ꡤۤμʤʸãΤѤ褦ˤʤäܤˤ1590ǯŷȼäƵ񤷤仡ե˥㡼Τˤäư졤۶ưϤȯˤ饭ꥷǤȤΰʪϡܸɤߤ̣ϤƤ롥


Ȥι˴ŤˤĤơѤ3ˤ褦ˡֻۤͭˤ뤿˷礫ȤǤʤäפȤϽפ#2858. 1492ǯڥαɸ ([2017-02-22-1]) Ǥ⿨줿褦ˡȡˤˤȤäơָפäΤǤ롥Ѥ佡ʤɤʸ̤ϤвȤä̤ˤȵڸ̤⤿餷ȤǤʤ
Ϣơ#2927. סѡѸϰ̤θ ([2017-05-02-1])#2937. סѡѸϰ̤θ (2) ([2017-05-12-1])#3066. פȼΨ ([2017-09-18-1])#3100. 󥰥ɽפˤѸϰ̤θ¦̡ ([2017-10-22-1]) 򻲾ȡ

ɰ졤¼󡤷ź ʸ ԡˡإ˥åˡ١̼ҡ1994ǯ

[ | ѥڡ ]

2017-11-09 Thu

#3118. ̵ʸҲ˽ [writing][history][anthropology][literacy]

إ˥åˡ (246--47) ˡ̵ʸʸʸʸפꤹ붽̣बäʸؤǤϰ̤ˡҲʸҲ̵ʸҲʬह뤳ȤԤʤƤ뤬ʬñˤΤǤϤʤȤ⤦1ĤμȤơˤɬפȤפݤ˽Ҥΰջ֤ĤݤȤѥ᡼ΤǤϤʤȡʲp. 247Ĺ˰Ѥ롥

ˤȤδϢǤСʸϿ˻ȤƤƽפʤΤΤǤʸѤϰϤ餤äƤ⡤ʸϿΤäƤٹ礤餤äƤ⡤ʸϿΤߤˤäõǤˤϸ¤Ƥ롥͸ųؤ̱²̸ʸΥޥޡͳءʪʸ̾ϤȤƬʤɤӤ̱²ʪŪˤʤɤʸˤȤŤ椬롥ʸȯ뤤ϺΤơʸˤäƵϿ뤳ȤɬפȤ뤤Ϥΰջ֤äҲȡǤʤäҲȤϡˤˤƤɤΤ褦ʰ㤤򼨤ͤʤФʤʤ
ʸѤƵϿ԰٤ϡľܤηи򤳤ȤФʸȤưռꤷơΤλջ֤ĤȤ̣롥ʸϿƬϤʹ֤ˤä夫ؼĤƤۤʤΤϡ򳰺߲ꤹ԰٤ˤƤǤȤ롥ʸΤʤǤ̤ΰ̣äƤΤϡȤƹ٤ʬᲽ줿å֤뤹פȤǤ뤫Ǥ롥
ʸˡ֤뤹׼Ҳ񤬡ήΤʤѲߡѲ⤿餹ΤѤƤȤջ֤äƤΤˤŪҲ񡤤Ĥޤ꽸ŪʻŤ󤸤ҲϡäΤʤߤߡѲ˾뷹ĤȤ롥Τ褦ŪҲϡܤϤᤤʸҲΤʤǤ̵ŪؤȤƤҤ¸ߤƤꡤޤ̱¯ؼԤθоݤȤʤäƤ
衤¿˳ؼԤʸϿˤȯӤ碌եꥫ˥ʤʸϿޤʤäҲˤΤʤ׼ҲȤߤʤƤΤ⡤иռоݲջ֤˰ռȯߤΤ褦ʸϡޤǤϤ뤬ޤ˰ŪǤ롥ʸϿΤʤҲǤ⡤ļҲΤ褦ˡƬݤˤ벦īˤʤɤ˸ǤҲϡʤˡˤɬפȤ׼ҲǤ롥ơΤ褦ʸϼԤߤȤδطDzռƹ󤹤ɬפΤҲǤϡդԤݤȤФǤijڻդˤäơʸϿ٤Ĺ˸Ρ֥ƥȡפ졤Ƥ
Τ褦ʲȤζĥäɬפȤʤҲ񡤤ĤޤǮӥեꥫΥԥߡʥ֥ƥʤɡˤ̤Υ⡼ʥ̥åȤʤɡˤΤ褦ˡʿʾĤǼġνͷưŪĤǤҲϡ̵ʸҲΤʤǤޤˤɬפȤʤä׼ҲȤȤǤ롥
Τ褦ˤߤƤȡʸҲ̵ʸҲȤ̤ŪʤΤǤϤʤȤ狼롥ʸҲΤʤˤ̵ʸŪؤΤƱˡ̵ʸҲˤˤɬפȤפȤ¤ǡʸҲȶ̤ʬΤ顥Τ褦ĤءʤʬϡȤȤˡ٤Ƥʸ¦˵ۼƤΤ˾ޤȤϤʤʹ֤ΤǡˤȤΤĤʤǤнռѲळȤָ롤ʸȯʬȡֺޤǤäƤȡפΤ꤫˰ꤷͤ򸫤̵ʸ˺ʬȤϡ䤦طǿμҲ򤫤ŤäƤ줫⤫ŤäƤ


ǽҤ٤Ƥ롤ʸҲ̵ʸҲζ̤ȡ˽Ҥΰջ̵֤ͭȤ̤򤫤碌ȡΤ褦ʿ޼ˤʤ

 ˤɬפȤ׼ҲˤɬפȤʤ׼Ҳ
ʸҲ(1) ΡʸҲ(2) ˤ򵭤ʤʸҲ
̵ʸҲ(3) ƬΤߤļҲ(4) Ρ̵ʸҲ


θˤСʸҲ (1) Ʊ뤵졤̵ʸҲ (4) Ʊ뤵ƤʸҲǤäƤˤ򵭤ʤ (2) Τ褦ʥ⤢뤷̵ʸҲǤäƤˤ (3) Τ褦ʥ⤢롥ڤ1䤹ȤˤäơñʬˡɾǤ褦ˤʤ
̵ʸȴϢơ#748. äդȽ񤭸ա ([2011-05-15-1])#1277. ʸ⤿ʤοϡ ([2012-10-25-1])#2618. ʸ⤿ʤοϡ (2) ([2016-06-27-1])#2447. οʸηϤο ([2016-01-08-1])#1685. ƬΤĵϤȰҿ ([2013-12-07-1]) 򻲾ȡ

ɰ졤¼󡤷ź ʸ ԡˡإ˥åˡ١̼ҡ1994ǯ

[ | ѥڡ ]

2017-11-08 Wed

#3117. EEBO corpus ꡼ [eebo][corpus][web_service][site]

ܥ֥Ǥⲿ٤ѤƤƥȡǡ١ EEBO (Early English Books Online) BYU Mark Davies ˤꥳѥ졤10˥饤Ǹ줿Early English Books Online corpus ꥢǤ롥
ñˤΥѥҲ𤹤ȡޤϤȤƤ "755 million words in more than 25,000 texts from the 1470s to the 1690s" ޤࡤ祳ѥǤ뤳Ȥ狼롥ȤƤϽѸޤޤ륫СƤ롥BYUϤ¾ΥѥƱͤˡФ첽ʤƤꡤʻ쥿̣ͿƤ롥󥳡󥹡饤ФꡤɽʬϤ뤳ȤϤȤꡤ10ǯȤ˸٤ưŪ˥ղʤɡ͡ʵǽäƤ롥
10ǯΤޤȤޤꤴȤΥƥȿξϡΥڡΥե᡼󤫤ưפ뤬41ƥդʿѸäɽ򼨤

Decade#words#texts#words/#texts
1470s712,130 18 39,562.8
1480s3,706,937 43 86,207.8
1490s1,992,503 49 40,663.3
1500s1,288,091 45 28,624.2
1510s946,117 35 27,031.9
1520s3,042,934 73 41,684.0
1530s7,099,997 181 39,226.5
1540s8,709,681 239 36,442.2
1550s7,219,423 283 25,510.3
1560s16,084,901 361 44,556.5
1570s26,927,229 442 60,921.3
1580s31,955,245 558 57,267.5
1590s24,105,385 723 33,340.8
1600s40,031,223 898 44,578.2
1610s42,901,535 894 47,988.3
1620s38,550,967 994 38,783.7
1630s42,826,013 1,036 41,337.9
1640s47,129,000 3,805 12,386.1
1650s99,452,875 2,416 41,164.3
1660s63,491,742 2,481 25,591.2
1670s74,600,805 2,421 30,814.0
1680s92,583,947 3,977 23,279.8
1690s79,719,722 2,999 26,582.1
TOTAL755,078,402 24,971 30,238.2


֤ˤ10ǯ֤ͤɴʬΨǥղƤߤ֤ñ忧ϥƥȿ˴ŤͤǤ롥1617ˤƥ֥ѥ礭ʤäƤΤʬ뤬ñ1650ǯ1680ǯ塤ƥȿ1640ǯ1680ǯ夬ΩäƤ뤳Ȥ򵤤αƤ

% of Words and Texts for Each Decade in EEBO Corpus

Referrer (Inside): [2020-05-16-1] [2018-09-18-1]

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2017-11-07 Tue

#3116. ʪҤءѥԥ륹 [history][writing][medium]

3--4񵭤ˤˤƽ2Ĥλ郎äʪ (scroll) äƺ (codex) ѥԥ륹 (papyrus) ä (parchment) 줿ȤǤ롥̺ȤλȤˤƷŪѲ⤿餵줿ޤִʪҡפνˤĤơذȤ̿٤ԥڥƥ꡼ (19--20) ϼΤ褦˽Ҥ٤Ƥ롥

ʪҤؤѤäƤ椯ץʳŪʤΤäѲ⤿餷ѥȤ䡤ΰѤȯ˾Ȥ̤ۤ礭ʤΤǤäҤ͵ΤϡäǤ롥΢̤ˤ񤭹뤫顤ʪʤ»ˤ⤷Ĥս꤬äƤ⡤ñ˥ڡκؤǤޤ¢Ѥ߾夲뤫ê¤٤뤫ݴɤǤΤǡɤδ˸ʬĤΤ褦˺Ҿܤϡʪ٤ȡϤ뤫˿޽ۡʼˤǤμ¢ȴưפäΤǤ롥˺Ҥϡɮ̤ΤʬǤդˤޤޤʥƥȤ򹥤ߤν֤ǰˤޤȤ뤳Ȥ⡤ñˤФФˤ֤ؤ뤳ȤǤפ˽ѵ٤ǤΤǤ롥
ҤϼŪǤäФǤϤʤʪ⡤Ϥ뤫줿Ūץǽäʤˤꡤ¿ͤɤǤʪȡǽ餫ɤäɤǤ椯ۤʤҤʤѤѤȤ᤯äƽɤߤǤ롥ɼԤϥƥȤΤս꤫̤βսؤȡ˾ޤޤ˰ưƤ椱뤫顤׺ŸǤ롥ҤϡʪФǤʤŪʼʤ󶡤ΤǤ롥


³ơ֥ѥԥ륹פˤĤƤڤƤ (20--21)

ҷܤͳˤϡǤ䤹ѥԥ륹ؤơΤ뵭ϿΤѤȤ⤢äѥԥ륹ˡ椬Ѥ褦ˤʤäά
Ϥޤ٤⤯ѵˤͥƤᡤʬ̤¿ƥȤ䡤˭ܤʸϤѤ뤳ȤǤ


Τ褦ʵŪ׿ˤꡤ񤯤ȡɤळȤΰյѤäƤäޤʸ񤬵˸ߤޤ¸³뤳Ȥˤʤäޤˡˤǽʤ餷᤿׿äȤ褦
̺ˤĤƤϡ#2456. ̺Ƚƻ (1) ([2016-01-17-1]) ȡ#2457. ̺Ƚƻ (2) ([2016-01-18-1]) #2465. ̺ȤƤλˤ ([2016-01-26-1])#2931. ϸŤӽΤǤϤʤ䤹 ([2017-05-06-1])#2933. ǯɽ ([2017-05-08-1]) ⻲Ȥ줿

ڥƥ꡼ɥ롼ˡ ʡˡذȤ̿ͥ󥹤ܤ١ҡ2015ǯ

Referrer (Inside): [2020-11-16-1]

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2017-11-06 Mon

#3115. God Ĺ첻ȯ [pronunciation][meosl][vowel][pun]

ŪˡGod ȯϸޤǤޤû첻򼨤ƤѸǤϡꥹȯ [gɒd] ФơꥫȯǤ [gɑːd] 򼨤ԤŪǶĹ첻η̤ǤꡤŪû첻ǤäȤ¤򤯤ĤΤǤϤʤ¤ΤȤ God Ĺ첻 [goːd] Τ褦ȯ⡤ŪˤϹԤʤƤ褦űѸѸǤϡֿɤΡפȤȯۤ顤̾ God ȡŪĹ첻ķƻ good Ȥʤ館ꡤˤäƤƱ뤹ϸ (pun) ФйԤʤ줿ȤͷӤΰĶȵۤɤˡξ줬Ĺ첻ȯʸ̤ͻ礷Ƥޤä㤬롥
OED ˤϡGod Ĺ첻򼨺ֻʦ·ˤȤơʲ󤷤Ƥ롥

β. OE (rare) ME-15 good, eME ȝode, ME goed, ME goid, ME gooddes (plural), ME guodes (genitive, perhaps transmission error), ME-16 gode, lME goodyse (genitive), lME goyd; U.S. regional 18- gord; Sc. pre-17 goid, pre-17 19- gode, 18- goad.


OED Ǥϡ˸츻˼Τ褦˽Ҥ٤Ƥ롥פˡGod Ĺ첻ȯϡгʷˤƤѸ쳫Ĺ (Middle English Open Syllable Lengthening; meosl) η̤ȤƵ§Ū줿ΤǤȤ

In Old English the word is often collocated with the formally identical but etymologically unrelated word gōd GOOD adj., GOOD n., and the two words are not always easy to distinguish (compare discussion at GOOD adj., n., adv., and int.). Rare occurrences of the form good in Old English (see β. forms) may result from confusion of this kind. The association of the two words continues in later English, sometimes leading to the deliberate euphemistic substitution of forms of GOOD n. for GOD n. (frequently in oaths); such substitution is found in several modern regional varieties, especially in Scots (compare GOOD n. 3).

It is nevertheless likely that the majority of Middle English (and later) β. forms show a genuine lengthening of the stem vowel, probably arising originally from open syllable lengthening in oblique (disyllabic) forms; pronunciations reflecting the lengthened form gode are attested in modern English regional and nonstandard use, e.g. J. Wright Eng. Dial. Gram. (1905) 464/1 records the pronunciation /ɡo:d/ from east Devon. (The suggestion made in N.E.D. (1900) that the motivation for lengthening may perhaps have been expressive, i.e. 'from a desire to utter the name of God more deliberately than the short vowel naturally allows', is unlikely.) A later (early modern English) lengthening is shown by GAWD n. The modern Scots forms goad, gode at β. forms probably represent the half-close realization of short typical of many varieties of Scots.


MED God, god ˤ⡤"in ME , inflected forms with long vowel are attested in rime." Ȥ롥Ĺ첻 God μгʷ˸ꤵ줿Ϥ줬̵ God ˤȵڤȻפ㤬ѸǸ롥
Dobson (Vol. 2, 53 n3) ⡤ѸΥ󥰥䥹åȥɤǡGod Ĺ첻μ¸äȤˤĤƿƤ롥

The long close [o:] and the diphthong [uə] which occur in Scottish and Northern dialects in blot, cot, God, cock, cog, frost, sop, &c. (and in Devon in God) may develop by ModE lengthening of ME , but in many cases are probably due to a ME variant in ǭ developed by lengthening in the open syllable of the oblique forms.


God Ĺ첻ȯϡޥʡꥢȤȤƤŪ˳μ¤¸ߤΤǤ롥

Dobson, E. J. English Pronunciation 1500--1700. 1st ed. 2 vols. Oxford: Clarendon, 1957.

[ | ѥڡ ]

2017-11-05 Sun

#3114. ʸŪͥŪͥü [sociolinguistics][contact][borrowing]

ε#3113. 󥰥ͤ˥󥰥ɤ᤯Τ ([2017-11-04-1]) ǡܿɤμҲŪʴط򵭽Ҥˡʸʬƹͤȸڤ®Ѹ˾μפʸܿƤϤƤߤȡ褽Τ褦ʿ޼롥

ŪͥʸŪƱ󡡡ʸŪͥʸŪͥ


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ޤ5ȾФαѸȥȸδطǤСѸϥȸФŪʷŪˤˤ̤ͥΩäƤεǤ⿨줿褦ˡʸŪˤɬ̤ͥΩäƤ櫓ǤϤʤθܿˤĤƤϡޤǡŪͥפδطˤȤɤޤäƤȤߤʤȤǤ롥
ˡűѸ줫αѸȸťΥɸδطˤĤƤСξüԽĤʸŪˤŪˤ⤪褽ƱǤꡤ줫äƤȤ櫓ǤϤʤΤ˸ܿطʤˤϥ󥰤ηŪäϴطȤΤǤϤʤä
³ơѸαѸȥե󥹸ܿˤĤƤСΥޥˤΤŪŪͥطʤȤơθ塤ʸŪͥδط뤳Ȥˤʤä
ǸˡѸαѸȥƥ졦ꥷܿ˴ؤƤϡŪʴޤߤϤʤȤäƤ褯ͿΤϤäѤʸˤƤǤ롥
Τ褦˸ƤȡѸϤˤΤʤǡʸ͡Ȥ߹碌ǡܿȴطƤȤ狼롥̣ǡ˭٤ʸܿΥѥƤȤ⤤롥
ΥѥȸüѤȤشطˤĤƲŦǤ뤳ȤȤСʸͿƤܿʸťΥɸ졤ե󥹸졤ƥ졦ꥷˤˤƤϱѸ˴ؤƸüѤƤ뤬ΤߤͿƤܿʥȸˤǤϡ̤αѸΤߤʤ餺̤ΥȸˤƤ⡤ۤȤɸüѤƤʤΤǤϤʤȤȤͥط켫Τ⡤ʸΤμǤͥطȤʤäƤΤˤꡤüѤ¿ɤηޤȤȤ⤷ʤ

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2017-11-04 Sat

#3113. 󥰥ͤ˥󥰥ɤ᤯Τ [anglo-saxon][celtic][history][sociolinguistics][toponymy]

ɸϡǯΥ֥ƥθˤˤŪȤʤäƤǤ롥Ū˵ҤˤС󥰥ͤ5ȾФ˥󥰥ɤά̱Υ֥ȥͤ䤷ˤ뤫֥ƥμɤ뤫Х󥰥ͤŷŪʰäȤǯϤνФƽŪʸƤꡤŷŪʰפǤϤʤäȤʹ뵡
¤ϥ󥰥ͤˤ⤦䤫ʰܽäΤǤϤʤȤˤĤƤϡȸ1ͼԤǤ븶 (219) ⡤󥰥ɤι͸ųؤ̾ؤʤɤ̤򻲾ȤʤɤơʲΤ褦˻ٻƤ롥

衤󥰥ͤοϡŪû֤Ǥ絬ϤȿŪܽȹͤƤ¤ϤǤϤʤʤĹˤ錄롤ΩξĤˤä?ϻʯ˴ؤ͸ųĴǤΤϡĤˤפʥ޳ƻ褤ΡάŪϤǤŪ꽻ϤηǤꡤĤDz˱äΦؤιǤ롥̾ؤθ̤Ǥ⡤ȤС֥ϥƥ󥬥ʥإƥ󥰥ˡפϡͤƤ褦ˡ֥ϥȤΰ²¹פǤϤʤ֥ϥȤ˽͡פǤꡤ֥쥢ǥ󥬥ʥǥ󥰡ˡפ֥쥢˽͡פǤ롥Ĥޤꡤ󥰥νħŪʡ֥󥬥פ̾ϡ²Ĥͳ褹ΤǤϤʤĤˤȤŤƤΤǤ롥
ܽŤȤˤδŪȤʤ뤬ޤ٤ȥ󥰥ʸŪҤϷ褷ƹ⤯ϤʤääƥͤʸθαѸ줬֥ƥλŪȤʤäƤȤˤĤƤϡҤɹŪȤС۴طݥȤˤʤ롥Ĥޤꡤͤ۸򰮤뤳ȤǡʸŪˤƸƤȤˤʤΤǤ롥Ϥθ˻ʪǤǧ롥


ǡʸŪҡפȡֻ۴طפȤۤʤҲŪѥ᡼ȹͤƤܤͤ롥ˤƶŪˤСʸŪҡפȤϵѡкѡ䡤ʤɤ˴ؤҿؤֻ۴طפȤ䷳ʤɤˤͥؤȤߤʤʸϡȤ˼ҲŪʥѥ᡼ǤϤ뤬ʬƹͤ뤳ȤǸƤ뤳Ȥ⤢ꤽ
󥰥Υ֥ƥοˤĤƤϡ#33. 塼ȿͤ̾Τˡ ([2009-05-31-1])#389. Angles, Saxons, and Jutes θϤȰܽ ([2010-05-21-1])#1013. 󥰥ͤϤɤ֥ƥϤä ([2012-02-04-1])#2353. ʤ󥰥ͤϥ󥰥ɤ򤫤᤯Τ ([2015-10-06-1])#2443. 󥰥ɤˤ륱ȸ̾ʬۡ ([2016-01-04-1])#2493. 󥰥ͤϲäơͤϰ󤻤줿 ([2016-02-23-1])#2900. 449ǯ󥰥ͤˤ֥ƥ翯ά ([2017-04-05-1])#3094. 449ǯˤ⥲ޥͤϥ󥰥ɤ¸ߤ ([2017-10-16-1]) 򻲾ȡ

إȤο̮١̼ҡ2007ǯ

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2017-11-03 Fri

#3112. ȸѲ (2) [chaos_theory][language_change][teleology][invisible_hand][complex_system]

ε ([2017-11-02-1]) ˰³ƤꡥȸѲܤѸ˸Ԥ Smith 롥Smith (194) ϡѲˤĤƼΤ褦˽Ҥ٤Ƥ롥

Change . . . is the result of the complex interaction of extralinguistic and intralinguistic developments, and any resulting change itself interacts with further developments to produce yet more change. The conception is therefore a dynamic one . . . .


Smith (195) ϡΤ褦˽Ҥ٤ǡΤ褦¿ͤ¦̤ĸѲ֥פ븽ݤȤ󼨤Ƥ롥

   Such a multifarious conception of language change . . . seems to correspond to the most recent paradigm in both the natural and human sciences: 'chaos-theory'. Chaos-theory is really about order, about the way in which order results from complex interaction. The best-known popular example of this process --- the butterfly stamping in the forest causing a storm a thousand miles away --- is really about how a tiny innovation can make a difference, by interacting with other innovations to produce a snowball effect. If language is a metastable system deployed by interacting innovative and conservative language-users, it does not, in a chaotic world, require or imply some divine plan or overall grand design. Rather, living languages are the result of what Dawkins has called a 'blind watchmaker' effect, whereby order comes out of chaos.
   Such an approach is hardly revolutionary, and . . . no claims of special newness are made here.


Smith ϡѲ򡤸˴ͿǤ "complex interaction" ΤޤΤȤƤȤ館Ƥ롥Smith θѲѤˤĤƤϡ#1123. Ѳθ˸ء ([2012-05-24-1])#1466. Smith ˤѲ3ʳ3 ([2013-05-02-1])#1928. Smith ˤ٥γإǥưŪǥ ([2014-08-07-1]) 򻲾ȡΰѤˤ⤢ "blind watchmaker" ȤȴϢơteleology invisible_hand εɤ

Smith, Jeremy J. An Historical Study of English: Function, Form and Change. London: Routledge, 1996.

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2017-11-02 Thu

#3111. ȸѲ (1) [chaos_theory][language_change][complex_system]

1960ǯꡤ (chaos_theory) ϡֻפα״Ѥ뼫ʳؤΥѥȤƼƤΤߤʤ餺Ҳʳؤ¾ΰؤѤƤϡݳءʪءŷʸءؤ˻ϤޤꡤʪءкѳءҲؤˤޤǿ򹭤Ƥ롥㤨Сݸݡήϳءءʪθο®١Ωο񤤡ʲ֤βʤʤɤȤ졤ۤˤϼŪʤȤCGˤѤƤ롥
ϡ̾Ȥ΢ʢˡ¤˴ؤǤ롥츫ͽ¬Ǥʤݤˤ⡤ηȼĥ롥ޤϡ郎Ϥ˰ۤʤǤ⡤θο񤤤˿ʱƶڤܤŦ롥κǤͭ̾㤬Хե饤 (butterfly effect) إ޴աѥǡ (351) ˤСХե饤̤Ȥϡ

ϤμħǤֽ礭פɽ뤿ˡɥɡĤͰƤѸ졥ѹȤ鷺ǤäƤ⡤ݤ٤֤ⷫ뤦ˡ礭ʺƤޤȤ򼨤ĤϡijʥХե饤ˤ֥饸DZФȡƥεפɽΥǡ줿ǥȥġȥ饯ɤϡˤijη򤷤Ƥ롥ŪʸݤοʹԤ򼨤ΥǥǤϡʹžƱפ2٤̤ʤ


Lorenz' Attractor

"Lorenz' attractor" ȸƤФijʤȤ뤳3ΥդϡŷεפɽƤ롥κɸȤϤǤۤʤȡƻ礭æۤʤ뱩ΰʳơ䤫ŷȹӤ줿ŷɽ魯ˤص夹Ȥ
ζϤʰۤʤ꤬˿ʺۤ⤿餹ݤ򡤿ؤδñdzΤ뤳ȤǤ롥A ʤǤ A = 2 ȤˤȤx0 01δ֤ȤΤȤʤǤ x0 = 0.9 ȤˡΤȤx1 Ax0(1 - x0) Сx1 = 2 * 0.9 * (1 - 0.9) = 0.18 Ȥʤ롥Ʊͤˡx2 = Ax1(1 - x1) = 2 * 0.18 * (1 - 0.18) = 0.2952 ȤΥ򷫤֤ơx0 xn ޤǤο롥̤ϡ0.09, 0.18, 0.2952, 0.4161, 0.4859, 0.4996, 0.5000, 0.5000, ... Ȥʤꡤ0.5000ǰꤹ롥A ͤ23ޤ礭Ƥ⡤ޤǤΥΤΡǽŪˤϰꤹ롥ϡҤ¿𤵤Ƥ⡤ǽŪˤɤ줬ꤷƤ뤳Ȥˤʤ館롥
ȤA 3Ķȡ2ĤοԤ褹ط˻ʤͽǤʤ񤤤򼨤褦ˤʤ롥ơA 3.57٤ˤʤȡĤޤǤäƤ򼨤ʤ֡ʤξ֤˵뤹롥㤨СA 3.7Ȥͤ x0 0.9 ֤ȡϤ˰ۤʤ 0.9000009 ֤οƥդץåȤȡʲΤ褦˶̣̤롥

Horizon of Predictability

35ޤǤ2ĤΥդϻ¾ŤʤäƤ뤬ʹ40뤯餤ޤǤˤΰŪʬ򼨤褦ˤʤꡤθϸߤ̵طΥŪ褹롥٤ƤϡͤζϤʺͳ褹ΤѤСν郎ۤܰפƤȤƤ⡤1Ĥξˤ0.000009ۤɤκСˤɤ뱿̿ŷϤۤɤޤǰ㤨Τ˽ʬǤȤȤˤʤ롥
ϡִĶפͿ뤢ȤʬŬѤ뤳Ȥ餫ˤʤäƤƤ롥ȤѲִĶפΤʤǺѤƤΤǤ뤫顤̵ǤϤʤ㤨СرѸΡ֤ʤפ롡ϤƤαѸˡΡ3.5.2 -e οΰȡפǼȤꡤѸˤˤ޸μ岽ȤĴζϤѲȤʤäơѸȤؤ줿㤬ΥХե饤̤б⡤ְưפʤΤǤ롥
εǤ⡤³򰷤

ǥࡦϡȡƽˡ ̡ʴˡإ޴աѥǡ١Ͻн˼ҡ2014ǯ
δ졡رѸΡ֤ʤפϤƤαѸˡ١ҡ2016ǯ

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2017-11-01 Wed

#3110. 붵ո [japanese][pidgin][code-switching][bilingualism][sociolinguistics][variety]

ꥫͤǥ̤붵դ㤤2ǯ֤ۤɶ彣ȲںߤƤȤѤƤȤ붵ոפ "Senkyoshigo" ˴ؤʸɤൡ񤬤äSenkyoshigo 붵֤ΤǾѤդǤꡤܸͳƸ¿Ѥħ롥Senkyoshigo ȤäʸɮԤ Smout ϡ餽δ̯ʸդ˶ä䤬Ƥä괷ƤޤɸѸäΤ񤷤ʤäƤޤäȤ㤨СΤ褦1򸫤Ƥߤ褦ʸ fud ϡ֤Ϥסdish-chan Ȥϡ֤פȤȤǡֻפؤ褦

Hey dode, okinasai! It's time I got a start on asagohan so we can have some oishii muffins before benkyokai. You're dish-chan this week, so you go take the first fud. Come on in and I'll show you how to tsukeru the mono.


(1) ܸ lexifier ȤԥΤ褦Ǥ⤢ꡤ(2) ξΥХ󥬥ˤ code-switching Τ褦Ǥ⤢ꡤ(3) ͷӿǺ夲ͷΤ褦Ǥ⤢롥ºݡ붵ոפ3Τ줫ŪΤ˶ʬ뤳ȤϤǤˤʤʼҲ˸ŪˤϤ֤˰֤Ȥۤʤ̯ʸѼ뤤ϸѤǤ롥
ʸǤϤŪʰ֤ŤƤΤǽŪˤϼΤ褦˽Ҥ٤롥

   Senkyoshigo is clearly a phenomenon that cannot be adequately categorized within current linguistic terms. In terms of its origin and its similarity to varieties that have been previously classified as pidgins, it is a pidgin. In terms of the rule that govern its interface with Japanese and English, it is bilingual code-switching. In terms of its rather ordinary English grammar, its lack of speakers who rely on it as a sole means of communication, and the playful exuberance with which it is used, it is is (sic) a recreational language. In the final analysis, the most important factors that determine the label one affixs (sic) to this variety will probably be social and political. Those who think the phenomenon is significant and interesting will tend not to equate it with a child's language game but will see in it examples of other linguistic processes at work. They may classify it as a near-pidgin which has not stabilized because it remains in the presence of its lexifier language and because its most proficient speakers use it for only two years of their lives. Alternately, they may classify it as early bilingualism that would stabilize and regularize in a society that allowed continuing roles to emerge for each variety. For those who do not particularly value the language or find it interesting, it will probably seem to be a recreational language which in some minds ought to be suppressed but in most deserves only to be ignored.
   No matter how we label it, this missionary English of Japan is an unusual language phenomenon.


ѸܸȤ2Ĥθζ֤ˤäơ붵ȤŪΤ2ǯۤɤؤ³ȤतޤʼҲŪĶĸ춦ƱΡޤ˼Ҳؤ¸Ǥ롥Τ̾Ѽ4λȤơܸθѤѸѼȸ뤳ȤǤ
ϢƼѤ code-switching κۤäƤϡ#1661. Ѥ code-switching ζ֡ ([2013-11-13-1])#1985. Ѥܿˤ봳Ĥζ֡ ([2014-10-03-1])#2009. ؤˤܿ2 ([2014-10-27-1]) 򻲾ȡܤˤԥˤĤƤϡ#2596. ־޸ȤСפ ([2016-06-05-1]) ɤ
ʤߤˡʸؤĹˡֵʬžˡפȤҲ𤤤ΤǤĹ꤬Ȥޤޤ˵ʬžˡ

Smout, Kary D. "Senkyoshigo: A Missionary English of Japan." American Speech 63.2 (1988): 137--49.

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