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轵2ˤ錄äͧˤơ˾ȱѸפȡֱѸΥڥԻġפꤹֱεޤʳơ [2018-10-29-1], [2018-10-30-1] ȡˡ2֤ˤ錄ݤȤơֿʱѸθƤפǤƤޤŪɤΤ餤ã줿ϿʤȤǤä줿¿ȿؤޤä줿γؤӤФߤȵۼ褦Ȥռι⤵ˤϡݤޤ
ֱ塤ֱФƼΤ褦ʥȤޤ
ռäƤѸФơäȰä٤礨褦ˤʤꤽ
ޤǤܤˡ֤ʤѸϡʤΤפȻפäƤ䤬ɹ
αѸ⡤Ūʻ𤬤äƤˤʤäƤʤʬä
ѸˡեƥĤ褦ʻ夬äʤơ
Ѹ϶ǷäɤֱѸˡפϤ⤷ʤȻפä
֤ʥȤԤäƤޤפȤȤȻפäƤޤܤǤϡݡǡˡ֥ȤƤαѸפȤªʤǡֶܤȤƤαѸסŪʪȤƤαѸפȤϥޥΥƥǤ礦طʤΤ뤳ȤDZѸؽΥ١ޤäꡤŪɷ㤵뤳ȤΤǤСĹܤǸƱѸؽΤΤķ֤äƤϤǤʤơ⤽ؤȤĹܤǤߤʤȽǤʤʪǤˡѸˤϡޤˡֵޤвפƤʬȿƤޤ
ѸˤϡʸˡֻʤɤˤĤƤΡֱѸѤʵפƤߥǤФǤʤ䤿21κ˱Ѹ˸äƤ٤Ȥ˻ͿƤޥʽԤȤơ¤ʻ¤ȲǤäƤʬǧƤޤΤ褦ǧΤȡ⸦桦ưԤʤäƤޤ
ͧγΥʥꥢˤĤƴտޤ
ε#3472. ֱͧ (1) --- ˾ȱѸס ([2018-10-29-1]) ³1028ͧǹԤʤäֱֱѸΥڥԻġפΥ饤ɤåפƤޤ
1. ֱѸΥڥԻġ
2. Ϥ
3. ʲñΥڥβԵ§ס
4. 夲
5. I. 515̤ through --- ѸΥڥ
6. 515̤ throughפ
7. 1. Υޥڥ
8. ΥޥѸޤǤά
9. 515̤ through
10. through ֤10
11. Ѥʵ
12. 6ñǤߤѸڥ
13. <i> <u> <e>
14. busy, bury, merry, etc.
15. 14ȾʹߤΥɥθ
16. Ѥʵ
17. ֥˸פ¾
18. Chaucer, The Canterbury Tales Ƭ
19. 7ܤμܴ
20. 2. ڥ͡ʲ
21. եΥڥ
22. η
23. 2Ż <sh>
24. ¾β
25. 3. ڥκɸಽ
26. 515̤ throughפΤޤȤ
27. II. doubt <b> --- ѸΥڥ
28. doubt <b>פ
29. 1. 츻Ūڥ (etymological spelling)
30. debt ξ
31. 츻Ūڥ
32. island ϡ츻Ūץڥ
33. 2. ʥڥɸಽ
34. ϥڥɸಽ¥
35. 3. Ѹμˤߤ륹ڥ
36. Robert Cawdrey's A Table Alphabeticall (1603)
37. Samuel Johnson's Dictionary of the English Language (1755)
38. doubt <b>פΤޤȤ
39.
40. ʸ
ȡ#3464. ͧǹֱ餷ޤ --- ˾ȱѸפȡֱѸΥڥԻġס ([2018-10-21-1]) ǰ⤷ͧǤιֱ餬λޤüԤΤߤʤƲⱿĴطԤ˸鿽夲ޤƲޤơȤƤڤǤ
1Ĥιֱ˾ȱѸפǤϡ֥ꥹȶȱѸס֥ΥޥȱѸס֥ꥫΩȱѸפ3ܤֱѸϡä͡ȤμҲˤäƷƤŪʻʪǤפȤĥޤٷƤ180ʬˤ錄ĹǤǮʹƤޤ̻Ūʻߤ뤳ȤǡѸ줬ΩŪΩ夬ꡤޤǤȤϰۤʤäˤʤäΤǤϤʤȻפޤ
ιֱѤ饤ɤʲ˥ڡȤ˵Ƥޤ
1. ˾ȱѸ
2. Ϥ
3. Ѹˤ̥
4. 夲
5. I. ꥹȶȱѸ
6. ֥ꥹȶȱѸפ
7. ֥ƥؤΥꥹȶ
8. 1. ޥե٥åȤƳ
9. 롼ʸȤϡ
10. 롼ʸε
11. Τ줶뿿¡¸ǸŤαʸϥ롼ʸǽƤ
12. űѸ쥢ե٥åȤ27ʸ
13. 2. ƥαѸäؤαƶ
14. ƥ줫μѸμ
15. 轡ѸܸͿŪƶ
16. 3. γ
17. ƻαѸǤΡּεפƬ
18. ͳ褹ɽ
19. ֥ꥹȶȱѸפΤޤȤ
20. II. ΥޥȱѸ
21. ֥ΥޥȱѸפ
22. 1. ΥޥȤϡ
23. Υޥͤε
24. Υޥͤήȥɤθ
25. 2. ѸؤθŪƶϡ
26. äؤαƶ
27. ѸäˤեѸΰ֤Ť
28. ؤαƶ
29. ֻؤαƶ
30. 3. ѸؤμҲŪƶϡ
31. ġرѸˡ p. 74
32. ֥ΥޥȱѸפΤޤȤ
33. III. ꥫΩȱѸ
34. ֥ꥫΩȱѸפ
35. 1. ꥫѸħ
36. ֻȯ (spelling pronunciation)
37. ꥫֻ
38. ꥫѸμҲŪħ
39. 2. ꥫΩʤ뤤ϡ֥ꥫ̿ "American Revolution"
40. ꥫѸλʬ
41. ΩȥꥫѸ
42. 3. Υֻ֥
43. ֥Ͽ (1)
44. ֥Ͽ (2)
45. ֻ֥פư
46. ֥ꥫΩȱѸפΤޤȤ
47.
48. ʸ
(30) ϡɴǯˤѸβȴϢơɷǥեѤػߤƤ˿Ƥ롥
ˤäƤ⤿餵줿ܤ٤ѲˡѸΡפ롥ΥޥϤβ²䵮²ϡեѸȤʸˤե줬ѤƤΦڤäƤ⡤եѤν³Ƥɴǯ˺ݤѸѤؤѶŪžߤ줿ŨθդȤȤˤε㲼졤ɥɻϷǤΥեѤػߤΤǤ롥˱Ѹ줬θդȤ褹뤳Ȥˤʤäδ֡ɽ椫वƤѸϡδֽ֡աפȤƤϻѤʤäᡤθűѸȤϤʤۤʤäΤˤʤäƤ
ʤۤɡɥ3˻Ť괬ϡ¤ΤȤե쥷ѤäΤ臘ʼΤȾϱѸ줷ΤʤɿͤǤ롥ɷŨʼθǤե줬ӸäƤ顤ʼΤλεϾ夬ʤȤơʼ´ΰͤҤȤ˶ϤƤʤм褯襤ʤʤǡʼ´Ȥ줿ѸФơŶפɬפ롥Τ褦ǡɴǯϱѸ¤ʹʤΤ
ޤؤϡűѸ줫ѸؤθŪѲθˤĤơ֡ؽա٤ȤƤϻѤʤäפȤƤ롥Ūˤ϶ޤογΩʤɤޤᡤۤ˸٤Ȥ⤢뤬ҲŪΩ줫ϡθϳΤѸ줬ϰ̤㤤˲ˡʽդӽ졤̤ȤäդĤ뤳ȤˤʤäϱѸ줬դͭε monitoring ΰϤ줿Ȥ̣Τ褦ʰϤ¸ߤʤäդˤơѸ줬ͻ̵ѰۤѲ郎줿Ȥ̣Τ
ɴǯȱѸδطˤĤƤϡ#131. Ѹ ([2009-09-05-1])#706. 14ѸϽˡ ([2011-04-03-1])#2334. ѸȵIJȯŸ ([2015-09-17-1])#3096. ѸѸϽˡ ([2017-10-18-1]) ȡ
ؿ⥤ꥹˡ١Ͻн˼ҡ2002ǯ
(245--46) ϡܸˤˤʹȾˤ̤ͥᤰ褤ָפȤʤ顤̤˸ξԤˤäƺΤʤΤˤĤƤ롥
ޤˡξԤϡñʸλѿʤɤˤäƤޤΤǤϤʤȤȤǤ롥ҤȤˤθϼԤθ줬¿ν̱ξ˷פȤä礬롥
ޤεϡŪˡʤˤ줽켫Τι¤ˤäƤޤΤǤʤ
ȤС첻ο¿餱Ȥ̾ȿ̤뤫龡ġȤäΤǤϤʤθ줬쵡ǽ˴ؤơҲŬǤƤ뤫ɤȤäϤ롥ˤҤĤƤСʣʼҲбǤ뤫ȤäȤɽʸΤμ䡤ʪؤθǽǤ뤫ȤäƤʤɤ롥ˡ쥳ߥ˥¾Υߥ˥ͥȡɤۤڤΥƤ뤫Ȥäʤɤ⤢뤫⤷ʤΤȤϡ餯ȤФʸΤγΩȡΥδطˤ롥
ñʤѿκϸξԤθˤʤʤȤ⤷¿ԤλѸ줬μҲʣбơǤ˽Ҥ٤쵡ǽᡤ夵¿οͤӤȤΤ߹ǤϤȤäΤƤȤȤȷӤĤ褦ˤʤСϡƤȸǤФơ¯Ūʾϡ쵡ǽ̤ǡˤĤ礬¿˻פ롥ޤλѿ¿θҲηкŪŪʸṲ̄ͥ˷ӤĤơΰҿȤäΤطʤˤʤ뤳ȤϤꤦ롥ΤȤ褤ɤˤͤˤäƤ⡤ȤؤθɬפȤʤäƤ롥
ϿŤʵŸƤ롥üԿ칽¤ΤΤľܤ˸ξ˹ȤȤϤʤ餬μҲŪʵǽ˺ѤꡤѤ줿ꤹСθ¤ˤƴŪ˹뤳ȤϤꤦȤǤ롥ɤΤȤҲŪǤߤƽƾԤؤιˤĤȤȤʤΤǡüԿ칽¤ΡľŪʡ٤ϤۤܥȹͤƤ褤ΤѸŪ첽פͤǡȤƤפǤ롥
Ѹ첽θäƤϡϢȤơ#1072. ѸϸȤäˤƤ櫓ǤϤʤ ([2012-04-03-1])#1082. ʤѸȤʤä (1) ([2012-04-13-1])#1083. ʤѸȤʤä (2) ([2012-04-14-1])#1607. Ѹ춵Ū¦̡ ([2013-09-20-1])#1788. Ķ̱²νиȳ˴Ϳװ ([2014-03-20-1])#2487. νȤϡμҲŪϤΤȤǤ ([2016-02-17-1])#2673. ָˤѸνο͡ˤȤäƤͭˤס ([2016-08-21-1])#2935. ַкѡ줬ڤ뻰Ĥǡס ([2017-05-10-1]) ȡ
ΤȤ褤ס Ƶԡˡܸˡ١罤۽Ź1977ǯ243--86ǡ
cosmos ϡȤηϤȤƤΡֱפ̣Ǥ롥ꥷɽ魯 kósmos ͳ褷켫Τϰĸθ캬 *kes- Ťˤ̤ΤǤϤʤȤ롥ֱפθϡPythagoras ɤůؼԤΤȤߤʤƤȤˤ롥
ѸǤϰʲΤ褦12Ⱦ Ormulum ˺Ǥᤤñȯ㤬ߤ롥Orm ֻȽǤȡcosmōs Τ褦2첻Ĺ첻äȻפ롥
?c1200 Orm.(Jun 1) 17559: Werelld iss nemmnedd Cossmos, Swa summ þe Grickess kiþenn.
?c1200 Orm.(Jun 1) 17592: Tohh is þeȝȝre baþre shrud þurrh Cossmos wel bitacnedd.
Ormulum ʹߡñϤФ餯Ѥ줺17ȾФˤʤäƤ褦䤯Ƥ롥϶ѸκƼѤȤߤʤƤ褤ʪΡ֥⥹פθϡäͥ̾դ줿Τǡ1813ǯ˽ФƤ롥
ϢȤơcosmopolitan, cosmopolite ԡˤ롥ꥷ cosmo- ʱ衤+ politēs ʻ̱ˤͳ褷Ф17ȾܳŪʻѤ19ȾФǤ롥촶ˤĤƤϡ#3308. Cosmopolitan Vocabulary ȤɽˤĤơ ([2018-05-18-1]) Ǽ夲ΤǻȤ줿
ơcosmetic ʲѡơˤϢǤ롥ꥷηƻ kosmēticós äˤե cosmétique ͳ17˱ѸäΤǤ롥1605ǯ Bacon ǡƽѡפθѤ줿ֲѡפθȤƤ1650ǯΤΤǽǤ롥
cosmetic ϡߤαñȤƤϡֲѤΡƤΡפ˲ä֤٤ΡפȤͥƥʴްդѤ뤳Ȥ⤢ֵ״ĤޤȤͤβѤȤäüܻؤΤäΤѤꤹȡϤꥮꥷеǤ chaos ʺ١̵(< Gk kháos "gulf, abyss, chaos") ȤʤäƤޤΤդǤ
; (person) ˤĤơ#3463. ;ΤȤϲ ([2018-10-20-1]) ǻ丫Ҥ٤ҴŪ˸ˤ;ΤͤƤäơޤϸѸ켭ŵ person Ƥߤ褦ʲCrystal (358--59) εҤꡥ
person (n.) (per, PER) A category used in grammatical description to indicate the number and nature of the participants in a situation. The contrasts are deictic, i.e. refer directly to features of the situation of utterance. Distinctions of person are usually marked in the verb and/or in the associated pronouns (personal pronouns). Usually a three-way contrast is found: first person, in which speakers refer to themselves, or to a group usually including themselves (e.g. I, we); second person, in which speakers typically refer to the person they are addressing (e.g. you); and third person, in which other people, animals, things, etc are referred to (e.g. he, she, it, they). Other formal distinctions may be made in languages, such as 'inclusive' v. 'exclusive' we (e.g. speaker, hearer and others v. speaker and others, but no hearer); formal (or 'honorific') v. informal (or 'intimate'), e.g. French vous v. tu; male v. female; definite v. indefinite (cf. one in English); and so on. There are also several stylistically restricted uses, as in the 'royal' and authorial uses of we. Other word-classes than personal pronouns may show person distinction, as with the reflexive and possessive pronouns in English (myself, etc., my, etc.). Verb constructions which lack person contrast, usually appearing in the third person, are called impersonal. An obviative contrast may also be recognized.
ʤۤɡ˿;ΤȤäƤθ٤Ϥ褦̣Ūʴο;Τª⤢СʸŪȤƤο;Τ⤢롥
Ǹ˿Ƥ obviative Ȥ3;Τȶ̤Ūʿ;ΤȯۤϤ⤷С4;ΡפǤ롥Crystal (338) ƱѸ켭ŵꡤʹƤߤ褦
obviative (adj./n.) A term used in linguistics to refer to a fourth-person form used in some languages (e.g. some North American Indian languages). The obviative form ('the obviative') of a pronoun, verb, etc. usually contrasts with the third person, in that it is used to refer to an entity distinct from that already referred to by the third-person form --- the general sense of 'someone/something else'.
֥ס֥ޥס֤ʳפȤ3ʬ˽ obviative 3;ΤǤˤϰ㤤ʤ4;ΡפȤŬڤʸƾΤ⤷ʤ4;ΡפȤȯۤϡ;ΤȤեѤʤĤθˤƤϡˤǤ˸ڤƤ뤫ݤȤäδޤǤθĤġɤޤǤեˤʤꤦʸˡƤǤ뤳ȤƤ롥
Crystal, David, ed. A Dictionary of Linguistics and Phonetics. 6th ed. Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2008. 295--96.
ѸˡѸʸؤ˷ȤԤˤȤäơɸܼŪꡤäȤлǤ⤢롥ˤĤơ (31) űѸȤδطǥݥȤΤ褯ޤȤƤ롥
OEȤݤˡοȤ̤ʤ˸ؤǰѤƤǡʸˤ¿ϼܸ桤ʤܤ鹻ԽФƳȤʤä (edition) ʤϡä˺ǶϤǤ˴ŤŻҥѥ˴ŤȤ¿ʸظ¿ʲäơ˸ظ椬ΩäƤ뤳Ȥ˺ƤϤʤʤƱˡ (editor) βꥸʥܤĤ뤳Ȥ⤢ꤦΤǤ롥ĤκʤˤĤʣμܤäơۤʤܤ˴ŤʣǤԤƤ뤳Ȥ⤢ΤǡդʤФʤʤƱ褦ˡǤڤܤ狼䤹ꡤ硦ʸζ̤ punctuation ΤʴOEܤˤϤʤԤζڤꡤʸñ̤ζڤʤɤԤȽǤǤʤƤꡤȽǤФǤϤʤȤȤ˺ƤϤʤʤǤϿꤷʤιܤ˴Ťƺ줿Żҥѥο⤵ȤʤʤȤ⡤˸ؤǻѤǡ˴ؤƤϡŵϼܤȤȤˤʤ뤬ܡˤ뤳ȤԲķǤ롥
ǽҤ٤Ƥ뤳ȤϡűѸΤߤʤ餺Ѹˤ⡤Ƥ٤϶ѸʹߤθˤƤϤޤ롥ʸؤˤ־ڵפʵ˽פǤ롥
Ϣơ#681. ܤǤʤܤȤ٤6Ĥͳ ([2011-03-09-1]) #682. եߥǤʤܤȤ٤5Ĥͳ ([2011-03-10-1])#2514. Chaucer Gawain ͤФ븽幻ԤΥΰ㤤 ([2016-03-15-1])#1052. Ѹ˸оݤȤʤ (2) ([2012-03-14-1])#2546. ƥȤιȼޡ ([2016-04-16-1])
2ϡѸ˳ѡ ԡˡ˸ءīоȸإȯŸԡ3īҽŹ2018ǯ22--46ǡ
첻ŪħȤƲѤƤȤѸˤ֤ȡΤ褦ʷѻ롥űѸǤϼȤƲ̤κĹûˤѤ졤ѸʹߤǤϼȤƲκʶĥдˡˤѤ褦ˤʤäȤѲ (67) ϡˤĤƼΤ褦˽Ҥ٤Ƥ롥
θϱѸΥꥺ¤˵Τȹͤ롥ĤޤꡤꥺפȤѸϡƱӤۤƱ٤Ĺˤɬפ뤿ᡤĹꥺĴȤƽפ̤Τ첻ŪħϲʶĥдˡˤĹϥꥺĴΤȲ᤹뤳ȤǤ롥
Ѹˤˤơ̤κȲκϡۤʤŪѤ褦ѲƤȤǤ롥ʲ˴ѡΧ˴ѤǤꡤŪ (typology) Ω줫鸡ڲǽʲǤ⤢롥ޤդߤСꥺǤϤʤʤ뤤ϥ⡼ꥺפȤܸΤ褦ʸǤϡΤ褦ʲ̤ȲȯŸ˴ؤ뷹ϤۤɸФʤȤȤͽ¬롥Ѹβ˵Ҥ˱ƶڤܤǤ뤳ȤϤѸζŪʲεҤȯɽʤɤˤϢǡɷŪʵϢơ#3387. ʤѸ첻ˤˤ첻Ѳ¿Τ ([2018-08-05-1]) ⻲ȡ
3ϡѲ ԡˡ˸ءīоȸإȯŸԡ3īҽŹ2018ǯ47--70ǡ
ǥȤϡˡ٤줿եǽˤäůؤǤȤȤϡ̿Ūʰ̣ġʲ (pp. 61--62)
ůؼԤĹëҤϡǥȤζůؤλĤפůؤ褦ˤʤäȤΰյˤĤơƧ߹ŦĤԤäƤ롥
ĤϡǥȤůؼԤԤäƥ䥮ꥷ줫פؤȤϡñ˳θä䳵ǰϤʸ̮˰ܤؤǤϤʤȤȤǤ롥ȤȤϡθȤδ֤̩ʳǰͤ碌Ԥ졤Ȥ⸷Ụ̄ˤ餵Ǥ롥ĹëϡθʸϡʸȤθŪзԤȤˤʤꡤΤʤǼǧᡤƤȻŦ롥ޤˤ̤θä䳵ǰޤȤʤꡤʸ̮졤ȯŸ¿ͲƤΤǤ롥
Ѹ춵¾ؤ֤ȤܼŪʰյˤĤơΤ褦ʸϤ饤ԥ졼ȸΥեȤΤϡפȤդϢۤ뤫⤷ʤ䤫ʲͤʤɤǤϤʤ㤷Ū襤ξʤΤǤϡɤΤ餤̯ʤꤢ碌Ƥ뤫פʤΤǤꡤĤҤȤĤñ֤˷ŪзȤ٤襤ʤΤǤ롥
ΤȤϡ伫Ȥ2017ǯ Simon Horobin Does Spelling Matter? إڥαѸˡ٤ȤФȤˡȤˤߤδѸ֤ưפ֤ʤΤ֤ʤФʤȤȤ˴³ǰ괶ϡ¤˶줷ȤΤϸܿǤ롥ܿ (contact) ˴ؿļԤȤơۤɤθǤ롥
رѸ첽϶̱ܤιϤϤ١ѼҡҽѼҿӡ2015ǯ
ֱΤΤ餻Ǥ轵1027ڡˤ28ˤˡ2֤ˤ錄äͧˤɸαǤä뤳ȤˤʤäƤޤϡŷɡǤʲΤ褦ƤäͽǤ
1ܡ˾ȱѸס2018ǯ1027ڡ13:30--17:00
ꥹؤΥꥹȶ衤οΥޥ¡ѡסͥƹΩ̿ʤɤ郎ѸȤ˵ڤܤʱƶˤޤ
2ܡֱѸΥڥԻġס2018ǯ102810:00--12:00
ʤ knight doubt Ȥڥˤȯʤ kghb Τ褦ʸΤʤ color colourcenter centre Τ褦פȤפإڥΤʤɸġñΥڥΡ֤ʤפޤ
ξȤˡ֤äפäƤƤΤǡä볧Ȥ٤ꤷʤڤȻפޤƲڤߤǤ
ѸؽƤȡֿ;Ρ (person) ȤѸ˽в̾ǤС1;Τ I, we2;Τ you3;Τ he, she, it, they ȤȤˤʤäƤ롥䤿ϡ;Τζ̤θϲʤΤⶵ餺ˡޤ嵭Τ褦ʶ̤ޤ롥
ֿ;ΡפȤϲʤΤϡ줬ŵŪˤäƤ1ĤѤ̾դΤˤʤΥΤθΥեǤ롥ֿ;ΡפȤ1ĤʸˡƥǤꡤʸˡƥȤϤθ춦ƱΤζͭ1ĤΥեƥˤʤ (cf. #1449. ˤơס ([2013-04-15-1])#2853. ˤȿʹ֤ʬե ([2017-02-17-1])) ;ΤϤ٤Ƥθ˴ͿŪʤ櫓ǤϤʤޤޱѸޤˤƽŻ뤵륫ƥǤˤʤ
⤽ֿ;ΡפʤɤȤġѸ줬褯ʤѸǤñ person ȤäƤʤΤ顤֤ҤȡפȤƤƤ褤Τ⤷ʤֿ;ΡפȤϡ֤ҤȡפȤۤɤλפ碌֤ʳǰǤʤפڤäñ㲽Сñ˿ݤ֥ס֥ޥס֤ʳפ3ԤʬȤѤˤۤʤʤΤĤޤꡤɬװʾ˿̣ɤ߹ǤϤʤդʹ֤ˤȤäƺǤפʤΤϡä른֥פȡäǤ륢ʥפȡ֤ʳΰڹڤ¸ߡפȤ3ʬǤȤͤϡ̣ǼǤʬǤ롥餯Ǥץߥƥ֤ʶʬϡ֥פ֤¾ΰڹڡפ2ʬˤʤΤưʪȤϰۤʤ٤ʥߥ˥ǽϤȯŸʹּҲˤȤäƤΥץߥƥ֤ȤϡΡ֥ס֥ޥס֤¾ΰڹڡפ3ʬǤȤСʤΤ⤷ʤȤפ (cf. #1070. Jakobson ˤưԲķ6Ĥιǡ ([2012-04-01-1])#2309. ưο;θε ([2015-08-23-1]))
ܸǤϡƻο;¤ȸƤФ븽ݤ⤢ˤϤ뤬;ΤΥƥ¸ߴȤäƤ褤ʤɤˤƤä3ʬΩƤޤС줬1ĤѤȤƱƶϤĤȤȤǤ롥֥ס֥ޥס֤¾ΰڹڡפȤϡߥ˥λͿԤλ餹ФΤޤ٤ΥȤʤäƤꡤζʬ˴ŤƸηϤΩäƤȤСΤŬäƤ롥줾ο;ΤȤΩĤȤˡҸθϢưѲȤΤϡѤƳǧŪʤʤΤȹͤСʤۤɤǼǤ롥
Τ褦˵Ƥȡˤ֥ס֥ޥס֤¾ΰڹڡפ3ʬˤפƤ뤬Ͽʹ֤ˤȤäɬܤζʬǤϤʤ3ʬνϡֿ;ΡץƥΤˤ⤿ʤܸüԤˤȤäƤʬतΤΤǤϤ뤬ʤФʤǸȤΩ٤ΤΤǤꡤл뤹ͳϤʤ²ǤϤ줬ޤ˸߲ȤΤȤʤΤ줾θϡ륫ƥŪɽꡤդɽʤäꤹΤǤꡤǤϼͳ¸ߤʤΤǤ롥
ɤ14ȾФ˴5Ĥμ̡߰פ1̤ˤĤơ#3446. 5Ĥμ̤߰ɮƬ duke ([2018-10-03-1]) ǾҲ𤷤̤߰2̤ marquess /ˈmɑːkwəs/ ʸߡˤǤ롥ñȤƤϡƥ marchio ̤ꡤϥեˤơ²פȤιӡն marchˤǹᴱ˵ġˤȤäնȤϹǽӤǤꡤͭǽʻᴱ֤ȤǤ롥նפļˤε²ʤɤǤϤʤĥκŤε²äΤǤ롥marquess Ȥϡ̤ duke ̤˼ʿʬäȤߤƤ褤ɤǤνƤμߤ1385ǯǤꡤñȤƤνФ¿夹ˤ14Τ褦
ꥹʳǤ marquis /ˈmɑːkwəs, mɑːˈkiː/ȤֻȯѤ롥ʤߤ˸ͤϥꥹǤ marchioness /mˈɑːʃənəs/, ꥹʳǤ marquise /mɑːˈkwiːz/ Ǥ롥ǰΤ˽Ҥ٤Ƥmarquess -ess ȴְ㤨ƤϤʤ
˵ֻȯζ̤ˤ˴Ť̯ʴब褦ǡ1905ǯ NED ʸ OEDˤˤϼΤ褦ʵҤäȤ
N.E.D. (1905) notes s.v. 'The prevailing spelling in literary use appears to be marquis. Some newspapers, however, use marquess, and several English nobles bearing the title always write it in this way.' The official spelling used in the Roll of the House of Lords is marquess, which is the usual spelling for the title in the British and Irish peerage; marquis is reserved for the foreign title (in Scotland, however, marquis is sometimes preferred for pre-Union creations, apparently in memory of the 'Auld Alliance' with France). The spelling marquess is sometimes extended to non-French foreign titles.
ץ饤ɡݴطֻȯδطʤɤνװ̣줿ǡָߡפη֤ޤäƤȤΤ⤷
ε#3460. ֥ Earl Grey ([2018-10-17-1]) ǡꥹͳ褹ʤȤ˹̾ˤĤƿ줿Ʊꥹͳ褹롤⤦1ĤɽҲ𤷤褦ꥹǷٴΤȤ¯ bobby ȸƤ֤ϼԷٻ˿Ϥꡦ̳äǤ Sir Robert Peel (1788--1850) ΰΡBobby ͳ褹Ȥ롥

Peel ϡ19ȾȾˤ錄äƥꥹνäǤ롥ζӤȤƤϡMetropolitan Police Act 1828ǯ̲ᤵ1829ǯԷٻ֤Ȥ롥θ塤bobby ٴΰդ¯ȤʤäƤäĺˡΤˤϤ狼ʤOED ν1844ǯΤΤǤ롥
1844 Sessions' Paper June 341 I heard her say..'a bobby'..it was a signal to let them know a policeman was coming.
Էٻ֤Ʊ1829ǯˤϡ֥ȥå̲ˡơפΩƤꡤӿȯƤ롥Peel άǤϤʤȤפ˹ͤʤǤϡ夲 Earl Grey ƱäˡPeel ϤȤϼ絮²κ֤ǤäֹʪˡפڤȤǤ1845ǯΥɤΥ㥬ˡʪˡѻߤƧڤǤơǯѻߤ¸19פ뤲ä
ʤƱ¯ΡַٴפȤƼ¤ peeler Ȥñ⤢ΤդäƤ
̤ˤ Earl Grey ȤСι֥ɤ۵뤫⤷ʤTwinings ˤƱ̾ʤ뤬ȤȤ Jackson's Ǥ롥ΰ٥륬å (bergamot) ǹŤʤΤ̣Τ롥̾ͳϡФ 2nd Earl Grey Charles Grey (1764--1845) 鵢ǤȤ˻äΥ֥ˡˤȤ뤬οΤۤɤ꤫ǤϤʤ Earl Grey's mixture ȤƸϡGrey ˴ʤäƤǯФä1884ǯΤȤʤΤOED ˤݡ Early Grey: The results of the OED Appeal on Earl Grey tea Ǥϡι֥ɤ̾ͳˤĤͤùҤΤɬɡ

Earl Grey ϡ1830--34ǯ˼̳ۥåȤǤ롥Eton Cambridge ǶŵŪʵ²ǡ22ФΤȤ˹İȤʤꡤ㤤Ȥ⤭̾ήƤGrey George IV ޥ饤Υ蘆褦Ȳݤ˲ޤФ³Ȥ顤θⲦ˷³ꤷ⼫ͳȡĬήˤäơŪˤĹ餯뤳ȤˤʤäGeorge IV 1830ǯ˴ʤȡGrey εˬ줿¨̤ William IV Grey θŤοͧäۥåᤷȤʤä Grey Ǥ1830--34ǯˤϡäˡ¸٤ʤ1831ǯGrey ˡƤϵ²ݷ褵Ƥޤä̱˽ưȯ1832ǯƤˡƤIJˤ졤;ޤФʤ̤Ȥ̲ᤷˤ the First Reform Bill Ǥ롥ˤäǯ10ݥɰʾβȲŹޡ̳ʤɤͭԤڲȿͤˤͿ뤳ȤˤʤꡤͭԤοϥꥹΤ50ͤ81ͤˤޤä˥åȥɤǤ4500ͤ55000ͤؤȵȤ
19罰̱ΩԤȹ˭ʥߥ륯ƥȤδ֤ˡºݤΤȤɤΤ褦ʴطΤ¤ΤꤿȤǤ롥
ɸϡ#3095. Your Grace, Your Highness, Your Majesty ([2017-10-17-1]) Ǽ夲Ǥ롥ѸΥȥԥåʤΤǡEEBO (Early English Books Online) ĴΤˤդ路ȻפEarly English Books Online corpus ΥեѤƸƤߤ
ˤ "your|his|her majesty|majestie|highness|grace" Ϥ̤ȤƽϤ줿ǡˤĤơͭ̾μֻϰ勞˰ĤġGRACE ϡHighness ϡMajesty Ϥ3ĤǤмºݤλؼоݤ礫ݤ饤ǧɬפΤϤޤǷΤ뤿ƤĴʤΤǡ餺
| 1470s | 1480s | 1490s | 1500s | 1510s | 1520s | 1530s | 1540s | 1550s | 1560s | 1570s | 1580s | 1590s | 1600s | 1610s | 1620s | 1630s | 1640s | 1650s | 1660s | 1670s | 1680s | 1690s | Total | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| GRACE | 65 | 133 | 145 | 92 | 69 | 130 | 319 | 622 | 544 | 773 | 1169 | 2124 | 1174 | 1682 | 1664 | 1483 | 1790 | 2088 | 3222 | 2296 | 3200 | 4092 | 3216 | 32092 |
| HIGHNESS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 6 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 7 | 31 | 0 | 38 | 1922 | 1252 | 1328 | 2727 | 1360 | 8671 |
| MAJESTY | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 18 | 21 | 88 | 142 | 592 | 1856 | 7919 | 7753 | 6102 | 5463 | 12735 | 9012 | 51701 |
| Total | 65 | 133 | 145 | 92 | 69 | 130 | 319 | 622 | 544 | 773 | 1175 | 2142 | 1195 | 1770 | 1813 | 2106 | 3646 | 10045 | 12897 | 9650 | 9991 | 19554 | 13588 | 92464 |
Ѹˤˤɸಽ (standardisation) ȤС1Ū˽դɸಽǰƬ֤Ƥ褦˻פ롥ܥ֥Ǥ⡤դɸಽˤĤƤ͡˾Ҳ𤷤ƤäդɸಽˤĤƤϰä#3356. ɸȯ18Ⱦ ([2018-07-05-1]) Ǥȯɸಽ夲ƤꡤäդɸಽΰϤΤΡäաפȡȯפȤƱǤϤʤäդˤϡȯʳʸˡäʤɤ¾¦̤⤢롥
äդɸಽˤĤơϲۤΡɸѸγΩ (93) ˵Ƥ복פѤ롥
դɸѸϴ15ȾޤǤˡɥ濴˷졤θ嶵ڤˤȤʤäƵ®˹ޤäȹͤƤ뤬äդɸϤޤκˤϤʤEModE ˤʤäƳΩ16ˤʤäƵ濴˾ή顤ʸ͡ǻȤ줿äդɸȤƳΩϥɥdz۳θդǤ뤫鳬ǤäơƱɥǤ⡤سθդɸȤʪǡ˥åˡ (Cockney) Ȥȯãޤʸˡ⼭ʤΤȤǡɸϡ줫ߤȯʸˡξ̤˷礱̣ǼͳʱѸǤ⤢äΤ褦ʱѸξطʤо줷ΤޤǤʤʸػ˾κȥԥ (William Shakespeare, 1564--1616) Ǥ롥ͤαѸϡάͶ¤ǡѸ2ĤθȸƤФƤ롥
ݥȤϡäդɸಽդɸಽ1ۤ٤ƻϤޤäȤǤ롥ޤδפȤʤäѼ郎ɥλ۳θäȤפǤ롥ɸಽκǽˤϡѼȤưͤǤϤʤ٤ѰۤƤִˤפΤäȤäƤ褤ʤȤ⸽ɸѸθ˸ФȤǤ롥䤿γؤǤֱѲáפϡ500ǯΥɥξήΤ٤˵ĤȤȤǤ롥
ϲ ͭ ԡ λҡ ¹̾ ԡرѸˡ١罤۽Ź1995ǯ
λˤĤơ(language_death) γƵˤƤ椬ˤŪʾˤʣ뤬ǧΤƤȤϤʤ1011ȯԤKODOMOʹˡ꤬夲ƤΤǡƤñ˾Ҳ𤷤
졦λϥͥĴǧԤʤäƤ뤬2009ǯˤС̸ϡ־ǤδˤƿפȤƤ롥ߡ̳ƻ13ͤۤɥ̤ο͡餷ƤȤ뤬̸ή礦äΤ10ͰʲȤ롥
ޤ־Ǥδפˤ졦ȤƤϡȬŻ졤Ϳ졤졤Ƭʤˤߡ˸졤졤ܸŸ졤Ȭ줬Ƥ롥ǯNHKϥɥޡɤ٤Ǥϡα̤ǡդ˻뤬դ줿Ȥˤʤä¾̺ҤϤν־ǤδפȤʸģʤɤĴ¸ʤƤ롥
ܤܤȡ졦λϤ˿Ǥ롥ͥˤ7000ۤɤΤʤǡ2500θ줬ǤδˤȤͳȤƤϡҳʶ衤̱ϲԻؤοͤΰưʤɤ졤ưפǤϤʤ100ǯ֤400θ줬Ǥ˾ǤȤ졤ν礵롥
ϢơȤ櫓#276. ˤǴδ٥ ([2010-01-28-1])#277. ʤξǤˤΤ ([2010-01-29-1])#280. Τ˴Ϣ륵ȡ ([2010-02-01-1])#1786. 츢ȸλࡤλ ([2014-03-18-1]) Ȥ줿
ε#3455. ʤˤ˽Τ --- 3ĤΩ ([2018-10-12-1]) ǰ͵ Wardhaugh ϡˤϡҲĿͤǧȤ٥Ǥͳ褹ΤȹͤƤ롥ĤޤּҲʸǧפΰ̴طѤƤΤǤꡤεդǤϤʤȤΩơΤ褦ʺۤϡ˸¤餺Ҳпϰʤɤ˴Ť¾μҲŪѥˤߤΤǤꡤ夲ơä˽Ż뤹뤳ȤǤΤȵ褷Ƥ롥εʹƤߤ褦
[W]e must be prepared to acknowledge the limits of proposals that seek to eliminate 'sexist' language without first changing the underlying relationship between men and women. Many of the suggestions for avoiding sexist language are admirable, but some, as Lakoff points out with regard to changing history to herstory, are absurd. Many changes can be made quite easily; early humans (from early man); salesperson (from salesman); ordinary people (from the common man); and women (from the fair sex). However, other aspects of language may be more resistant to change, e.g., the he-she distinction. Languages themselves may not be sexist. Men and women use language to achieve certain purposes, and so long as differences in gender are equated with differences in access to power and influence in society, we may expect linguistic differences too. For both men and women, power and influence are also associated with education, social class, regional origin, and so on, and there is no question in these cases that there are related linguistic differences. Gender is still another fact that relates to the variation that is apparently inherent in language. While we may deplore that this is so, variation itself may be inevitable. Moreover, we may not be able to pick and choose which aspects of variation we can eliminate and which we can encourage, much as we might like to do so. (350)
ҲŪ˽ȤΤϡ䤹ʿǤʤ̤Ǥꡤ줬ˤȿǤƤȤȤ館ΤȡWardhaugh ϹͤƤ롥ˡ丫ȤƼΤ褦˽Ҥ٤ʤ˴ؤϤĤƤ롥
My own view is that men's and women's speech differ because boys and girls are brought up differently and men and women often fill different roles in society. Moreover, most men and women know this and behave accordingly. If such is the case, we might expect changes that make a language less sexist to result from child-rearing practices and role differentiations which are less sexist. Men and women alike would benefit from the greater freedom of choice that would result. However, it may be utopian to believe that language use will ever become 'neutral'. Humans use everything around them --- and language is just a thing in that sense --- to create differences among themselves. (354)
Wardhaugh, Ronald. An Introduction to Sociolinguistics. 6th ed. Malden: Blackwell, 2010.
ɸϼҲؤκǽ1ĤǤꡤܥ֥Ǥ#1361. ʤˤ˽Τ --- ([2013-01-17-1])#1362. ʤˤ˽Τ --- ֡ ([2013-01-18-1])#1363. ʤˤ˽Τ --- ݼ ([2013-01-19-1]) Ϥ gender_difference ¿εˤƤ͡ʵꡤ趷褷ƤʬȤäƤ褤Ҳؤֶʽ路Ƥ Wardhaugh (346--47) ϡ礭3ĤΩ줬ȽҤ٤Ƥ롥
(1) ˽ʪŪʺۤˤʱƶڤܤƤ
The first claim is that men and women are biologically different and that this difference has serious consequences for gender. Women are somehow predisposed psychologically to be involved with one another and to be mutually supportive and non-competitive. On the other hand, men are innately predisposed to independence and to vertical rather than horizontal relationships. (346)
ΩϤ̣ǥåꤷƤ벾ȤϤ뤬ڵ˳ƥ쥪פǧˤʤȤȽ뤳ȤդäƤ
(2) ˽θ캹ϡϤξ岼ط˴ŤƤ
The second claim is that social organization is best perceived as some kind of hierarchical set of power relationships. Moreover, such organization by power may appear to be entirely normal, justified both genetically and evolutionarily, and therefore natural and possibly even preordained. Language behavior reflects male dominance. Men use what power they have to dominate each other and, of course, women, and, if women are to succeed in such a system, they must learn to dominate others too, women included. (346)
(3) ˽θ캹ϡơۤʤĶǸƤ̤Ǥ
The third claim . . . is that men and women are social beings who have learned to use language in different ways. Language behavior is largely learned behavior. Men learn to talk like men and women learn to talk like women because society subjects them to different life experiences. This is often referred to as the difference (sometimes also deficit) view as opposed to the dominance view . . . . (347)
˹褦ˡ줾Ω̯ʥ˥奢ΰ㤤롥(1) (3) ˤơʪŪ (sex) ҲŪ (gender) Ż뤹ΩؤڤؤäƤɤܤʤΤϤ褯ʬʤ(3) Τˤϡ˽ϤޤäüʺǤϤʤ麹̱²̱ʤɤ¾ζ̤ƱͤˡʹּҲˤƶˤƤդ줿1ĤμҲŪʺۤˤʤȤ⤢롥ˤС줽ΤΤ "sexist" ǤϤʤñ˴Ť variationist ǤˤʤȤȤˤʤ롥Wardhaugh ϡɤ餳ΩäƤ褦
Wardhaugh, Ronald. An Introduction to Sociolinguistics. 6th ed. Malden: Blackwell, 2010.
ε#3453. Υޥɤ̾Ϳƶ ([2018-10-10-1]) ˰³̾ꡥޥ֥ƥˤϡʤߤ줿ԻԤˤϥƥ̾դƤɽ#3440. λĤ -chester, -caster, -cester ̾Ȥʬۡ ([2018-09-27-1]) Ǥߤ褦ˡ-chester ޤԻ̾ä櫓Ǥ롥5Υơ¸Υƥ̾¿ΤƵ졤ޤǻĤʤäϤʤ
ǥȥå (82--83) ϡͤȥͤǤϡ֥ƥˤäƤŪۤʤäƤܤƤ롥
ƥ̾ϡѸ줬ήƤϰǤϱѸοƩˤäƾǤޤǤޤǽҤ٤ƤȤդäơƥ̾Ĥʤä⤦ҤȤĤνפʸϡͤϥͤȤϤʤۤʤäʸäƤȤȤǤ롥ͤϡサ뤿ԻԤ褿ΤǤϤʤ̤ϤƤΤǤ롥ͤϼʬκä̾ɬפȤͤκä֤ԻԤϥͤˤΩʤäκ֤ϡű饢ͤ˻֤ˡ褿ڿͤάå줿ͤλ˹ʤä֤줿Ǥ롥ԻԤƱͤ˺֤Ѥ졤̾ޤǤ˺줿
㤨СDee ΤۤȤΥ Deva ϡޥ֥ƥĹˤ錄äƷĤƤƤ֤äإǯ嵭٤ǤϡҤΥפȸڤƤ롥ޤΰ仺ϡ֤Ȥ̾ΤƵ줿ΤǤ롥
ǥC. S.J. åȡˡ աʴˡʡ ˡرѸˤǤ狼륤ꥹ̾١Ѹҡ2005ǯ
ǥȥå (168--69) ϡΥޥ (norman_conquest) ̾ʻˡˤ˵ڤܤѥȤˤĤƼΤ褦˽Ҥ٤Ƥ롥
Ѹˤߤ͡ؤʬ®줿ȤǤäΤᡤѸΤμʤǤϤʤʤꡤɤǤ̤ջ̥֡ޥޡãζѰμʤǤϤʤʤäƤޤäޤȤϰäơʸؤΤθǤʤʤäη̡ɤʸˤǤ©ŤƤ롤ȤƼϤ˳Ȼ뷹ͳơޤDZѸ¸ߤƤݼŪϤǤƤääơѸ˭ȯã̾礭ʱƶͿ̾ΩˤǤϤʤФƤ̾ѾΤ礭ʱƶڤܤ
ϤʤۤɤȻפäɸ줬¸ߤˤƤϡ̸ä˴ؤơѤɸפȳϤǹԤʤΡפꤦ롥̾äˤϡ̾ɸפȡפȤ̤Ϥʤ̾ϹȤʤΤǡǽŪˤɸŪǤʤФʤʤŪˤɸŪȤΤѤɬפϤʤϡ̣̾ƤɬפϤʤξȤƤФ褤ȤŪü碌Ƥ뤳ȤȴطƤʤˤĤƤϡ#2212. ͭ̾ϥ˥եʤ˥եǤ ([2015-05-18-1])#2397. ͭ̾ȿ̾̾ ([2015-11-19-1]) ȡˡ
Ѹʬ̾δط褯ɽƤ1Ĥhill mill 첻ѰۤǤ롥#1812. 6ñѰۤǸѸ ([2014-04-13-1]) Ǥߤ褦ˡ첻Ǥ e ȤơǤ u ȤơʳǤ i ȤƼ¸롥줾ʬۤˤĤơǥåɤȥå (216--17) ˼Τ褦˵Ҥ롥
e ѤƤϰʼ˥ȡˤϥإ륹ƥå (Helsted)ॺҥWormshill, 1232ǯεϿǤ Wodnesell, ̣Ϥ餯 Woden's Hill ֥ɥε֡סˡߥȥ (Milton, ٥ζtun by a mill ʴζĮפΰ̣ǡ1242ǯεϿǤ Meletonˡ
u ѤƤϰ褫ϥåեɥ㡼Υڥϥ (Penkhull, ֥ȥο̾ Pencet ˱Ѹ hill դäƤˡ㡼ΥåRudge, ridge ֻסˡ㡼Υϥȥ (Hulton, tun on a hill ֵ֤ξˤĮסˡåեɥ㡼Υߥȥ (Milton) ϰ 1227ǯˤ Mulneton ä
i ѤƤϰ褫¿ꡤǽκˤФ u Ѥ졤εϥȡߥåɥɵڤ i ̸ĤȯŸ̤롥
̾ءءѲθϡȤ˼Ȥƿʤ٤֤Ǥ롥
ǥC. S.J. åȡˡ աʴˡʡ ˡرѸˤǤ狼륤ꥹ̾١Ѹҡ2005ǯ
ѸŪӤȤդ˴ؤξϰճ礭ۤʤ롥ܸΤۤͰŪʴͿäȤħ롥ֽաפǤ뤫顤Ūˤäơäաפ٤аռŪǤꡤäƿͰŪʴͿߤΤʤΤθƤܸˤΤۤѸˤͿٹ礤Ȥ櫓ʹߡĤޤḽˤηǡ¤Ǥ롥ϡܸ˳ѡפǡ2˿Ƥ롥
θȾˤϡޤɮ٤롥¤ڤˤäʸȤȤ뤵줿ȤǤ롥θռˤ֤ȤФʸפȤ⤤٤θʸפδϡάܸˤˤƺǤͥ줿פȤ褦ˤäƿʸɽ뤳ȤȤʤä(14)
2ʹߡܤ礭ƤŪװˤäƼҲŪѳפԤǤ롥ˤäܸ礭ѲޤǹԤƤŪ̾岾̾ؤѹ줿ΤǤ롥ϤιǤ롥ܸ˾塤ϤιŪװˤäƤʤ줿ȤΰյϤ礭Ȥ虜ʤפȤ礭ϤäʤСϼưʤΤǤ롥Ūʶ˴Ťꤵ줿δθ岾̾λܹԤϡܸ˾夭礭ʽȤܤ (14--15)
ѸˤˤơΤ褦ʸΤ䥹ڥιû֤ȤϡΥޥˤ뵬ŪդδȤŪʷСۤȤɤʤȤäƤ褤դˤơּΤѲפȤΤϸ̩ˤ̷⤷ǤϤ뤬ܸˤ٤бѸˤǤѲϡּΡפäȤϤײȤǰѸϡƱѸˤܸˤΤۤˤդ路
ˡ1ϡܸ˳ѡ ԡˡ˸ءīоȸإȯŸԡ3īҽŹ2018ǯ1--21ǡ
106ڡˤθˡرˤƹϢȥץȤΰĤȤƱѸˤˤĤƹֱ餹뵡ޤĹϤطȤ櫓ιֱΤääƤ줿Ĥƻγߤ°Ѹˤ칶ƤѸʤλ﨑δˡ괶פޤ꤬Ȥޤͽ1֤ĶᤷƤιֱǮ˼˼Ķᤷʤ˰ʤƤ줿ر̤Τߤʤ˴äޤǤڤdzؤФƤäΤϡ伫ȤäȻפޤ *
ֱѸ --- Ѹθ180ѤسθפȤ緶ʥȥǤäΤǤǤ͡ʡѤʵפӽФޤĤĤġϢ뵭ؤΥĥäƤޤ
ʤե٥åȤ26ʸʤΡ (cf. #3049. ѸǤ⥢ե٥åȤϤޤ26ʸǤϤʤä ([2017-09-01-1]))
ե٥åȤγʸ̾ϤɤäƷޤäƤΡ (cf. #1831. ե٥åȤλҲʸ̾Ρ ([2014-05-02-1]))
ʤ A ϡ֥פǤϤʤ֥פȯΡ (cf. #205. 첻 ([2009-11-18-1]))
ʤ name, take ʤɤΥڥˤɤޤʤ e Ρ (cf. #1289. magic <e> ([2012-11-06-1]))
ʤ첻θ r ϥꥫѸǤ϶Τ˥ꥹѸǤȯʤΡ (cf. #452. ɱѸνˤ r ([2010-07-23-1]#453. ꥫѸνˤ r ([2010-07-24-1]))
ʤ s Ȥ̤ th ȯΡ (cf. #842. th-sound Ϥޤȯ ([2011-08-17-1]))
Ѹ˵äƤȯѲϡ (cf. #860. ѸѲѰۤΰ ([2011-09-04-1]))
ʤΤȯ狼Ρ (cf. #437. ˤƸŲꤹ뤫 ([2010-07-08-1]))
ʤ go ϡgo -- went -- gone ȤѤʤΡ (cf. #43. ʤ go β went ˤʤ뤫 ([2009-06-10-1])#1482. ʤ go β went ˤʤ뤫 (2) ([2013-05-18-1]))
ʤ bad ϡbad -- worse -- worst ȤѲʤΡ (cf. #1580. 佼ˡθ³Ȳǽ ([2013-08-24-1])
-ly ȤϤä (cf. #40. -ly ([2009-06-07-1]))
ʤ -ing ˤϸʬư̾2ĤˡΡ (cf. #2421. ʬư̾ζƯŪȯã ([2015-12-13-1]))
ѸؽԤΤߤʤΤ褦ʡѤʵפڤˤƤ
إ2 (Henry II; 1133--89ǯ1154--89ǯ) ϡPlantagenet īγġɲˤơ12ȾФ衼åѤǡи塼 (the Angevin Empire) ΡֹפǤ롥塹ηѾϤ˲äꥨΡȤη뺧ˤäƳϡ䳰ˤäڤޤᡤꥹޤϰ뤳ȤˤʤäŪˤϡϿޡʷ͡p. 73Ρ֥塼פˤμȤꡤϰϤϥåȥɹԥ̮͡˵ڤǤꡤϤȤƤйեͥĶƤ

إ2ϡǼܳŪƳˡνٲסȽ٤γȽԤ䶵ø¡ͳԻԤǧĤʤɿζӤĤ٥ʶ٥åȤȤΩꡤŪʳĥȤ¦̤Ϥ뤬ѲɾƤ褤Ѹˤδ餤СɲǤʤ顤եͤǤ뤳ȤĥեDz̤Ȥܤ (47) ۩
إϡ֥ɲǤϤä褷ƥɿͤβǤϤʤäפȤɾƤ롥ץ˥åȲȤϡȤηȤ֥岦ȡפȤƤФ뤬ξϡޤο͡ĤޤեͤDz̤ե饤륵ޤǤθդȤʤ⡤˥ɤθդʤäϤ⤷ʤäΥɤˤν¤⡤˰ޤǤΦˤ˾ãΤμʤǤäȤ븫⤢롥बûޥ (Curtmantle)פΥ˥åͥǸƤФ줿Τ⡤ޤǤĹ֤Ȥϰۤʤ롤塦ΥޥȤȤˤ롥
μΡ֥ե֤פϡΥޥȤȥץͥåȲȤˤƤʤλ¤äإ2ϡθѤ©ҤΥ㡼1٤СΥޥǥȥɤˤƤǤϤȤ (cf. #3447. Richard I Υںߴ֤6ۤɡ ([2018-10-04-1])) ϽǤϤʤեåȥηڤפǤ롥
رѹá16ǡ罤ۡ2000ǯ
Fisher and Allen θ֤ˤ "A Chaucer Chronology" Ƹ롥Chaucer ǺǤ˻äˡϺưȯƤȤȤ狼롥1380ǯ?1390ǯ夬The Canterbury Tales μɮޤࡤǤΤΤäǤ롥
| 1327 | Edward III crowned, age 14. | ||
| 1328 | Edward marries Philippa of Hainault; Sir Paon de Roet in her entourage. | ||
| 1330 | Birth of Edward, the Black Prince. | ||
| 1331 | England at war with Scotland; France intervenes on behalf of Scotland. | ||
| 1338 | Unsuccessful invasion of northern France (beginning of Hundred Years' War); John Chaucer (Geoffrey's father) in the King's company. | ||
| 1340 | (?)Birth of Geoffrey Chaucer. Birth of John of Gaunt. Edward III takes title "King of France" | ||
| 1346 | Battle of Crécy | ||
| 1348 | Black Death | ||
| 1356 | Battle of Poitiers; high point of England's success in the wars with France. | ||
| 1357 | First record of Chaucer: in household of Countess of Ulster, wife of Prince Lionel. Philippa Pan' also in household. | ||
| 1359 | May: (?) Chaucer at wedding of John of Gaunt and Blanche of Lancaster. Gaunt becomes Duke of Lancaster. After November 3: Chaucer in French war in Prince Lionel's company. | ||
| 1360 | Chaucer captured and ransomed by the King. | ||
| 1361 | Black Prince marries Joan of Kent. (?) Chaucer at Inns of Chancery. | Prier a Nostre Dame; Romaunt of the Rose; early Complaints (--1367) | |
| 1363 | Death of Countess of Ulster. (?) Philippa Pan' enters service of Queen Philippa. (?) Chaucer at Inns of Court. | ||
| 1366 | February 22--May 24: safe conduct for Chaucer to travel in Spain. Philippa Chaucer (so designated) granted royal annuity of 10 marks. | ||
| 1367 | Geoffrey Chaucer granted royal annuity of of 20 marks. Chaucer enters the King's service. | ||
| 1368 | Death of Blanche, Duchess of Lancaster. French war active. Chaucer on mission in France. | Book of the Duchess (--1369) | |
| 1369 | Chaucer with Gaunt in raid on Picardy. Death of Queen Philippa. (?) Philippa Chaucer enters Gaunt's household. | ||
| 1370 | June 20--September 29: Chaucer on mission in France, (?) with Gaunt in Aquitaine. | ||
| 1371 | Gaunt marries Princess Costanza of Castile. | ||
| 1372 | Katherine Swynford, sister of Philippa Chaucer, bears first son by Gaunt. August 30: Gaunt grants Philippa Chaucer annuity of ?10. December 1: Chaucer leaves for Genoa, visits Florence. (Boccaccio in Florence; Petrarch in Padua.) | Parliament of Fowls; St. Cecilia; Monk's tragedies; Anelida (--1377) | |
| 1373 | May 23: Chaucer returns to London. (?) Birth of Thomas Chaucer. July 13: Gaunt goes to French wars. | ||
| 1374 | April 10: Gaunt returns from French wars. April 23: Chaucer receives a royal grant of a pitcher of wine daily. May 10: Chaucer leases Aldgate house and sets up housekeeping. June 8: Chaucer made controller of customs. June 13: Geoffrey and Philippa receive ?10 annuity from Gaunt. | ||
| 1376 | Death of Black Prince. Chaucer on mission to Calais. | ||
| 1377 | February 17, April 30: Chaucer on missions in France concerning peace treaty and marriage of Richard. June 22: death of Edward III and accession of his grandson, Richard II, age 10. Government controlled by Gaunt. | ||
| 1378 | January 16--March 9: Chaucer in France concerning marriage of Richard to French king's daughter Marie. April 18: daily pitcher of wine replaced by annuity of 20 marks. May 28--September 19: Chaucer in Lombardy to treat with Barnado Visconti (Gower given Chaucer's power of attorney). | House of Fame; Boece; Boethian balades; Palamon and Arcite (--1381) | |
| 1380 | May 1: Chaucer released from suit for "raptus" of Cecily Champain. (?) Birth of Lewis Chaucer. | ||
| 1381 | Peasants' Revolt. June 19: deed of Geoffrey Chaucer, son of John Chaucer, vintner of London, quitclaiming his father's house. | ||
| 1382 | Richard II marries Anne of Bohemia. | Troylus and Criseyde; Legend of Good Women (--1386) | |
| 1383 | Chaucer obtains first loan against his annuity. | ||
| 1385 | October 12: Chaucer appointed justice of the peace in Kent. Political struggle between Gaunt and his brother, Thomas of Woodstock. September: death of Joan of Kent. | ||
| 1386 | Justice of peace reaffirmed. February 19: Philippa admitted to fraternity of Lincoln Cathedral. August: Chaucer elected member of parliament from Kent. October 5: Aldgate house rented to Richard Forester. October 15: Scrope-Grosvenor trial. December 4: Adam Yardley appointed controller of customs. | Canterbury Prologue; early Tales (Knight, Part VII) (--1387) | |
| 1387 | June 18: last payment of annuity of Philippa Chaucer. | ||
| 1388 | May 1: Chaucer surrenders his royal annuities to John Scalby of Lincolnshire. | Fabliaux (Miller, Reeve) (--1389) | |
| 1389 | King Richard assumes power. Chaucer appointed clerk of the King's works (more than ?30 a year). | ||
| 1390 | Commissions to repair St. George's Chapel, Windsor; to oversee repairs on the lower Thames sewers and conduits; to build bleachers for jousts at Smithfield, etc. The three robberies. Chaucer appointed subforester of North Petherton, Somerset. | Marriage group (Wife of Bath, Friar, Summoner, Merchant, Clerk, Franklin); Astrolabe; Equatorie (--1394) | |
| 1391 | June 17: another clerk of the works appointed. | ||
| 1393 | Chaucer granted a gift of ?10 from Richard for services rendered "in this year now present." | ||
| 1394 | Death of Queen Anne. Chaucer granted a new annuity of ?20. | ||
| 1395 | Richard marries Isabella of France. Thomas Chaucer marries heiress Maud Burghersh. | ||
| 1396 | John of Gaunt marries Katherine Swynford. | Balades to Scogan, Bukton (--1399) | |
| 1398 | Chaucer borrows against his annuity; action for debt against Chaucer; letters of protection from the King. | ||
| 1399 | Deposition of Richard II. Election of Henry IV. Death of John of Gaunt. October 13: on his coronation day, Henry doubles Chaucer's annuity. December 24: Chaucer signs 53-year lease for tenement in the garden of the Lady Chapel, Westminster Abbey. | ||
| 1400 | September 29: last record of Chaucer: quittance given by him for a tun of wine received. October 25: date of Chaucer's death on tombstone in Westminster Abbey (erected in 1556) |
ֽפ autumn fall Ȥ˴ϢơޤǤ#1221. ˡ ([2012-08-30-1]) #2925. autumn vs fall, zed vs zee ([2017-04-30-1]) εǡäˡ#2916. Ϣ4֥ꥹѸ autumn ȥꥫѸ fall --- ʣŪͤΤס ([2017-04-21-1]) ĥä֥ꥹѸ autumn ȥꥫѸ fall --- ʣŪͤΤǾܤ夲Ƥ
Dictionary by Merriam-Webster θˡڡ Is It 'Autumn' or 'Fall'? ȤĤǡֽפ̣ fall ϡξǤ Johnson A Dictionary of the English Language (1755) ޤǷǺܤƤʤäȽҤ٤ƤΤǡ® Johnson äƤߤ̾ fall 13ˤä
13. Autumn; the fall of the leaf; the time when the leaves drop from the trees.
What crowds of patients the town-doctor kills,
Or how last fall he rais'd the weekly bills. Dryden's Juven.
13Ȥ֤Ť餷ơֽפΰ̣Ǥ fall ϥꥹѸǤϤޤǥޥʡʡֽäȿ¬Ǥ롥ȾˤϡꥫѸǤ fall Ǥ̤Ρֽפɽ魯ˤʤäƤȤJohn Pickering A Vocabulary, or Collection of Words Which Have Been Supposed to Be Peculiar to the United States of America (1816) ˸뼡εҤΤʾ嵭θˡڡ¹ˡ
A friend has pointed out to me the following remark on this word: "In North America the season in which this [the fall of the leaf] takes place, derives its name from that circumstance, and instead of autumn is universally called the fall."
㲦 Henry II Υ塼Ѥҿ (Coeur de Lion or Lion-Heart) Richard I (1157--99߰ 1189--99) ϡ֤ˤϿ͵ι⤤奤ɲ1ͤǤ롥3˻äƥ륵ܻؤ路ƥǥȤʿ֤⡤ϩκȤᤨ졤ʿˤ褦䤯Ƶ״ʥꥢ͡δؿΤ
ɤԤȤƤϡˤҤɤפǤ롥߰10ǯۤɤδ֤ΤۤȤɤʤɤΤΦ䤷Ƥꡤɤؤˬ2Τߡںߴ֤Ϥ鷺6ȤǤ롥ʤ顤#1204. 12ΥɲΡֱѸϡס ([2012-08-13-1]) ǽҤ٤褦ˡѸˤϰڴؿʤäʤߤˡޥ٥ꥢ˻äƤϡ٤⥤ɤϤƧǤʤȤ顤˾
ˤѤΤ˼ڶϹ˴٤ä Richard I ϡǼݤ뤿˹ (Great Seal) βȤä٤ʤʤȤ䲦μپϡʤ̵ˤʤ롥ι뤳ȤˤäơޤǤȯԤƤ̵ˤ롤ĤޤڶȿΤˤȤǤ롥⤷ΤϡްƤβλǤ롥ιƤݤˤϡΩ夬ä饤餯ʤʬ碌ƥ饤2Ƭ礦ްƤäȻפ롥Ȥινݤˤϡ⤭ѤΥ饤3ƬƤ롥οްƤϡ˥ɲȤ˼ѤƤϤοްƤǤꡤºݤ˸ߤǤѤƤcf. #433. Law French ȱѹϡ ([2010-07-04-1])ˡ
βˤĤơ (67--68) ϼΤ褦˽Ҥ٤Ƥ롥
衼åѤϤϡ˻äΤδ֤ǡϤϤɥĵΤΤΤˡƹεΤ۾ʤۤɴؿơ줬ȤۤɤˡƹؤϤڤ˹丫ǤϤ뤬㡼ɰκǽζ̼˸ݤΥǥϡ褷ƥޡȤʤΤȤϻפʤ㡼ɤϤܤˤ¾οʤϥǥ˻ɷ㤵ơܤΥˤߤ褦ʽݤѤΤǤϤʤ
βϡй Richard I κŪԤħǤȤä櫓줬ꥹˤޤǰѤƤȤΤʤȤǤ롥ʤԤϤβˤ Dieu et mon droit ʿȤ郎ˤȤեΥåȡϡRichard I ǤͺӤͳ褹ȤRichard I ϡꥹϻˤˤƤʱƶϤؤäȤ
ѸˤδϡRichard I ۤɤޤǤ˥̵뤷ƤȤ¤ܤϱѸФ̵ؿȤȤǤ⤢äθŪ̵ؿˤꡤѸ⳰Ĥ뤳ȤʤͳãˡΤޤޤѲѰۤΤĤġ˭ʸؤĹƤäΤǤ롥
رѹá16ǡ罤ۡ2000ǯ
ꥹμ̤߰Ȥơˤ5ĤΤƤ롥duke ʸߡ, marquess ʸߡ, earl ߡ, viscount ʻҼߡ, baron ˼ߡˤǤ롥14ȾФޤǤϡIJ˻ä¯ϡ绨Ĥ earl baron ʬव٤äλ5Ĥμ̤߰夷Ƥ߰̾Ϥ줾ȼͳ˹ήƽƥåȤȤª褦ˤʤä
ɮƬ duke ʸߡˤܤ褦θϡƥ dux, duc- ʷλƳԡˤ˵ġбư ducere ƳˤǤ롥dux ϥե duc ФơѸ duk, duc ʤɤȤäƤϡ־ηסֻƳԡפۤɤΰ̣Ǥꡤ̤߰ɮƬȤƤΡָߡפΰդѤΤ14ȾΤȤǤ롥
dux ϥγ˹ĤĹؤäθ塤եʤɤǺǾ̤ξιȤʤäΥޥʹߤΥɲϥΥޥǥߤǤ⤢äˡȤƱդڡͿΤ褷Ȥ̤߰μߤäƤ14ˤʤȤؤ褦ˤʤäɤǺǽˡָߡפϰ̤Ϳ줿Τ Edward III λҤ Edward ʸ˹ "Black Prince" ȸƤФˤǤꡤ1337ǯ Duke of Cornwall ˽줿θ塤錄ˤ̤߰Ϳ졤Duke of Clarence, Duke of Lancaster, Duke of York, Duke of Gloucester ʤɤ
duchess ʸ͡ˤƱ˱ѸäƤƤꡤduchy ʸΡˤ⤷Ǥ롥2Ҳ /ʧ/ ˻ƤΤϥեǤȯȿǤΤǤ롥Ԥϡ16--19ˤȯ˰ dutchess ֻѤ뤳Ȥ¿ä
ε#3444. ѸˤϡѸλ̵餷ǤȤ١ ([2018-10-01-1]) ƤϡΤޤܸˤˤƤϤޤ뤷ˤ¾¿θ̸ˤˤƤϤޤܸˤˤĤơ (4) ϼΤ褦˽Ҥ٤Ƥ롥
ʸˤߤܸ줬ɤΤ褦ܸȿǤƤΤΤȤܸˤͤݤ˺ǤפʤȤǤ롥ʸϹ˸夫鸽ޤǻĤäƤΤΡˤϤ줾λʸȿǤƤդŪȤθդôȤĤǤ뤳ȤαդʤФʤʤ
ŪȤΤϡɻˤäƤθաʿ»ʹǯϵθաͻȾʹߤˤäƤϹ͡θդȤ褦ˡʸ濴Ϥ¨ưưƤ뤳ȤǤ롥äơˤȤʤСήϰϢ³礯ˡϢʤȤȤήˤΤϤʤʤǤ롥
դô˴ؤƤ?ʿ»ˤϵ²ηθաһˤΤθաĮˤϾĮͤθաͻˤϲĮͤθդä뤳ȤȤʤꡤҤȸȤäƤ⤽¤ŪʤΤǤϤʤΤǤ롥
λФĹݤ줿ԤԸդϡϤθդˤä礭ѹ뤳ȤϤʤäΤ¤Ǥ롥ȤϤλܸˤҤ˽פǤ롥
ѸˤǤǯǤ The Stories of English Alternative Histories of English ʤɤνѼˤҤ褦ˤʤäƤŪ˱ѸˤȤСפ˵ҤԤȤ礭ѤäƤʤѸˤˤƤפ϶ŪˤŪˤϢ³礤ƤȤȤϸ¤ǤꡤõƤɬפ
ơ̸ˤϻ̵餷ǤȤ٤ʤΤǤ롥
ˡ1ϡܸ˳ѡ ԡˡ˸ءīоȸإȯŸԡ3īҽŹ2018ǯ1--21ǡ
Ѹ˸ˤơФиᤴ뤬ƴŪʻ¤Ȥơ¸ʸΥ꤬롥ˤäʸ̤礭ʺȤ¤
κȤäƤ⡤켫Τˤ͡ʥפ롥ˤäơʸƤۤʤ⤢СΩäꤿγʤɡҲŪ°ۤʤ⤢롥ˤäơΤȯŸƤʸϤΥäƤɽμˤ⡤ˤäư㤤ߤ롥
¸ʸθ줬ˤä¿¿ͤǤȤȤϡθˤ̤ƤΡ¬פȤȤǤ롥ϰ˸ꤷƹͤƤ⡤礿ʤפϡűѸǤϥȥǤꡤѸǤ¸ߤѸʹߤϥɥǤ롥Ĥޤꡤ1ĤΩӤưӤѸˤȤϤǤʤ
头Ȥ˽դôѤäƤǤϤΤΤϡۤԤ䲦²˸¤Ƥϡ깭¯ο͡ˤΤˬ褦ˤʤꡤḽˤƤ϶ȯŸȤȤ˽դϽ̱˳ƤäդôȤ¦̤ˤƤ⡤¬αѸˤȤ
ǤϡΤ褦˻ȤֱѸˡפȤϲؤΤֱѸפΤΤƱ褦ˡֱѸˡפ⡤ʤ١եʤΤȻפѸˤϡñʤѸȤ˴ؤ¤λŪʵҤǤϤʤϸߤ˷ӤĤˤ̵Τ̵٤θɤΤؤȲȤӤĤİ٤ʤΤǤϤʤݥȤϤ˷֤櫓ǤϤʤȤȤˤϡ˸뤿ιפۤ˸ȤȤϡ餯¤β˿ȿǤƤϤȤ˾ʤ顥
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