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monitoring - hellogѸ˥֥

ǽ: 2026-08-28 00:27

2018-10-28 Sun

#3471. ɴǯˤѸ [hundred_years_war][reestablishment_of_english][monitoring]

(30) ϡɴǯˤѸβȴϢơ󥰥ɷǥե󥹸ѤػߤƤ˿Ƥ롥

ˤäƤ⤿餵줿ܤ٤ѲˡѸΡפ롥ΥޥϤβ²䵮²ϡե󥹸ѸȤʸˤե󥹸줬ѤƤΦڤ򼺤äƤ⡤ե󥹸Ѥν³Ƥɴǯ˺ݤѸѤؤѶŪžߤ줿ŨθդȤȤˤε㲼򶲤졤ɥɻϷǤΥե󥹸ѤػߤΤǤ롥˱Ѹ줬θդȤ褹뤳Ȥˤʤäδ֡ɽ椫वƤѸϡδֽ֡񤭸աפȤƤϻѤʤäᡤθűѸȤϤʤۤʤäΤˤʤäƤ


ʤۤɡɥ3˻Ť괬ϡ¤ΤȤե󥹸쥷ѤäΤ臘ʼΤȾϱѸ줷Τʤ󥰥ɿͤǤ롥󥰥ɷŨʼθǤե󥹸줬ӸäƤ顤ʼΤλεϾ夬ʤȤơʼ´ΰͤҤȤ˶ϤƤʤм褯襤ʤʤǡʼ´Ȥ줿ѸФơŶפɬפ롥Τ褦ǡɴǯϱѸ¤ʹ׸ʤΤ
ޤؤϡűѸ줫ѸؤθŪѲθˤĤơ֡ؽ񤭸ա٤ȤƤϻѤʤäפȤƤ롥Ūˤ϶ޤογΩʤɤޤᡤۤ˸٤Ȥ⤢뤬ҲŪΩ줫ϡθϳΤѸ줬ϰ̤㤤˲ˡʽ񤭸դӽ졤̤ȤäդĤ뤳ȤˤʤäϱѸ줬񤭸դͭε monitoring ΰϤ줿Ȥ̣Τ褦ʰϤ¸ߤʤäդˤơѸ줬ͻ̵ѰۤѲ郎줿Ȥ̣Τ
ɴǯȱѸδطˤĤƤϡ#131. Ѹ ([2009-09-05-1])#706. 14ѸϽˡ ([2011-04-03-1])#2334. ѸȵIJȯŸ ([2015-09-17-1])#3096. ѸѸϽˡ ([2017-10-18-1]) 򻲾ȡ

ؿ⥤ꥹˡ١Ͻн˼ҡ2002ǯ

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2018-05-23 Wed

#3313. Ѳ®٤ˤĤƺƺƹ [speed_of_change][prescriptivism][causation][sociolinguistics][japanese][link][monitoring]

ε#3312. ˤؤɽء ([2018-05-22-1]) ǡΡִءפǤȤơʸˡøä󤲤Ѳ®٤ͻݤˡͻоݤؤˤѲ˸ꤹʤС̤˻夬ۤ®٤ߤʤȤȤϤ뤫⤷ʤܸˤλ𤫤ާơ¼ (14--15) Τ褦˽Ҥ٤Ƥ롥

̤˶岽οʤҲǤϡ̤ʳŪװʤ¤ꡤѲϡ䤽˶ᤤˤߤɮԤϹͤƤ롥ʤǤϽ񤭸դΡʸΡڤʤǤ뤫Ǥ롥
Ǥ˽Ҥ٤褦ˡäդäִ֤˾äƤޤդȤɤʤʤäդμҲǤϡؤʤɤΰ֤Ǥʤ¤ꡤθդĤʤդ򿶤֤뤳ȤԲǽʤΤǤ롥Фơ񤭸դĹˤ錄äƻ¸롥򿿻³뤳ȤˤäƼʸΤΤΤǤäƤ֤ⷫɮԤʤСäդѲ򤪤ȤɤϤȤƯܼҲǤ⡤϶϶ɤ߽ǽϤڤƤ˰㤤ʤǡ˶ᤤҲδؤˤѲ˳ΤǤ롥٤ʸѲϤ˶ᤤˤƤ⤿Ƥ뤷ޤϤդĤ񤭤Ȥɤʤ顤ϰϰ礭ѰۤȤȤ⡤礤ˤꤦ롥


夬ˤĤơؤˤѲ˳ʤȤϡ֤2ʳ餤ΥåȤ狼䤹Ĥޤꡤ̤˻夬ˤĤƼΨ夬롤Ψ夬ˤĤƸεϰռġεϰռĤˤĤäդѲ롤ȤȤȤʸѤǤ⼨ƤȤꡤɸѼˤĤƤǤ롥ɸѼˤƱΩĤΤϤ狼ʤͻоݤؤǤʤɽؤޤǹȤɤʤΤ⸡ƤƤߤɬפ롥
Ѳ® (speed_of_change) 䵬ϼ (prescriptivism) Ѳ٤餻ȤˤĤƤϡʲޤ¿εǼ夲ƤΤǡȤmonitoring γƵ⻲ȡ

#386. Ѹ˵äƤѲ礭 ([2010-05-18-1])
#430. Ѳ˳װ ([2010-07-01-1])
#622. ѸʸˡѲŪʸŪ ([2011-01-09-1])
#753. ʤθϸŤᤫ ([2011-05-20-1])
#795. 󥿡ͥåȻϸѲβžΨκǤ® ([2011-07-01-1])
#1430. ѸˤѸǻߤޤäƤޤäΤ褦˸ͳ (2) ([2013-03-27-1])
#1874. ٸθݼ ([2014-06-14-1])
#2417. ʸݼƿ ([2015-12-09-1])
#2631. Curzan ۩ָǤꡤϼɤǤס ([2016-07-10-1])
#2641. Ѳ®٤ˤĤƺƹ͡ ([2016-07-20-1])
#2670. 񤭸դݼˤĤơ ([2016-08-18-1])
#2756. ɤ߽ǽϤϸѲ®٤ˤ뤫 ([2016-11-12-1])
#3002. ѸˤѸǻߤޤäƤޤäΤ褦˸ͳ (3) ([2017-07-16-1])

¼ ˡäդܻˡ١ʸۡ2011ǯ

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2016-05-26 Thu

#2586. Ѳˤäʹ䤪Ӵط [phonetics][phonology][language_change][causation][monitoring]

ѲˤäʹˤĤơȤ櫓ԤŪ˽Ż뤹ǯˤĤơ#1070. Jakobson ˤưԲķ6Ĥιǡ ([2012-04-01-1])#1862. Stern ˤ4Ĥεǽ ([2014-06-02-1])#1932. Ѳ monitoring (1) ([2014-08-11-1])#1933. Ѳ monitoring (2) ([2014-08-12-1])#1934. audience design ([2014-08-13-1])#1935. accommodation theory ([2014-08-14-1])ˡ#1936. ʹΤѲ ([2014-08-15-1])#2140. ѲΥ饤ե ([2015-03-07-1])#2150. Ѳˤʹ ([2015-03-17-1]) ʤɤεǾҲ𤷤Ƥ
Samuels (31) ϲѲϤΤʤǡäʹȤδطˤĤơХ󥹤μ줿󼨤Ƥ롥

As regards the current controversy as to whether articulatory or acoustic evidence is to be preferred, the study of change evidently demands both: the production of new variants is mainly articulatory in nature, their spread and imitation mainly acoustic, and both are continually coordinated by the process of monitoring.


äĴ (articulation) ˶ư줿Ѳʹβ (acoustics) ȤƤμƤ̤ƸѼԤδ֤˳ȻβϽĤδƻ뵡ǽ (monitoring) ˤĴ롤Ȥǥ
ε#2585. ѲưΤϷǽ ([2016-05-25-1]) ǡŪʵŪˤʶưȵǽŪʶưδطˤĤ Samuels θҲ𤷤줾ζưϤäʹˤ褽б褦ˤפ롥ѼԤϡ̾ƱäǤʹǤ⤢뤫顤Ŀʹ֤Τߤʤ餺ĿͤˤƤ⡤ξΩ줫δƻ뵡ǽƯƤΤ
ѲˤƤϡ(1) äιư(2) ʹιư(3) ˥󥰡3ǤռƤɬפ롥

Samuels, M. L. Linguistic Evolution with Special Reference to English. London: CUP, 1972.

Referrer (Inside): [2019-11-28-1] [2018-07-27-1]

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2014-08-12 Tue

#1933. Ѳ monitoring (2) [communication][linguistics][language_change][phonetics][speech_perception][causation][speed_of_change][usage-based_model][monitoring]

ε ([2014-08-11-1]) ǰѤ monitoring ˴ؤ Smith ʸϤǡLyons ȤƤLyons (111) äƤߤȡ첻λФˤĤƤսǡüԤİԤθߤ monitoring ѤȤ뤳ȤפȤݤεˤơfeedback 뤤 monitoring ȤɽƤ롥

In the case of speech, we are not dealing with a system of sound-production and sound-reception in which the 'transmitter' (the speaker) and the 'receiver' (the hearer) are completely separate mechanisms. Every normal speaker of a language is alternately a producer and a receiver. When he is speaking, he is not only producing sound; he is also 'monitoring' what he is saying and modulating his speech, unconsciously correlating his various articulatory movements with what he hears and making continual adjustments (like a thermostat, which controls the source of heat as a result of 'feedback' from the temperature readings). And when he is listening to someone else speaking, he is not merely a passive receiver of sounds emitted by the speaker: he is registering the sounds he hears (interpreting the acoustic 'signal') in the light of his own experience as a speaker, with a 'built-in' set of contextual cues and expectancies.


ѼԤĴŪȲŪȤƤФǤʤ첻λФˤϢưƤ롤Ȥ⤬ǾƤ롥Ϣơ#1656. γФΤγФΤ ([2013-11-08-1]) 򻲾Ȥ줿
Lyons ϡȤƸ첻λФˤ monitoring κѤĴƤ뤬monitoring κѤϲʳ¾θˤƱͤ˸ȽҤ٤Ƥ롥

It may be pointed out here that the principle of 'feedback' is not restricted to the production and reception of physical distinctions in the substance, or medium, in which language is manifest. It operates also in the determination of phonological and grammatical structure. Intrinsically ambiguous utterances will be interpreted in one way, rather than another, because certain expectancies have been established by the general context in which the utterance is made or by the previous discourse . . . . (111)


monitoring ȴϢƴ (established)ʸ̮ (context)塼 (cue) ȤɤФƤСˤ϶ (collocation) (frequency) ʤɤȤѸ줬ФƤƤ⤪ʤѲδϡUsage-Based Grammar #1406. «ȤʤäƵ®ʸˡѲ ([2013-03-03-1]) Ǥߤ "clusters of bumpy change" ιͤȤط򺣤ϡüԼΤǤϤʤİԼΤθѲ¿ʹ褦ˤʤäƤmonitoring ȤͤϡˤơüԡİԡפǤ뤳ȤǧƤ륭ɤȤ뤫⤷ʤϢơʹδͿ̣ѲˤĤơ#1873. Stern ˤ̣Ѳ7ʬ ([2014-06-13-1]) ⻲Ȥ줿

Lyons, John. Introduction to Theoretical Linguistics. Cambridge: CUP, 1968.

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2014-08-11 Mon

#1932. Ѳ monitoring (1) [communication][linguistics][language_change][prescriptive_grammar][diachrony][causation][monitoring]

Smith ѲѤɽ魯ΤȤơ#1466. Smith ˤѲ3ʳ3 ([2013-05-02-1]) ȡ#1928. Smith ˤ٥γإǥưŪǥ ([2014-08-07-1]) Ҳ𤷤ϵŪʸѲθǤꡤʹԺߤΰݤͿ뤫⤷ʤSmith θѲϷ褷ƸμҲŪ¦̡üԤİԤȸδطʤˤƤ櫓ǤϤʤSmith (49) ϡѲμȤƤ variation ¸ߡ variation ΤʤθġθȤ԰٤ϡѼԤǤ˼Ƥ monitoring ȤѤȿؤ꤬ȽҤ٤Ƥ롥

Human beings are social creatures, and not simply transmitters (speakers) or receivers (hearers); they are both. When humans speak, they are not only producing sounds and grammar and vocabulary; they are also monitoring what they and others say by listening, and evaluating the communicative efficiency of their speech for the purposes for which it is being used: communicative purposes which are not only to do with the conveying and receiving of information, but also to do with such matters as signalling the social circumstances of the interaction taking place. And what humans hear is constantly being monitored, that is, compared with their earlier experience as speakers and hearers. . . . / This principle of monitoring, or feedback as it is sometimes called (Lyons 1968: 111), is crucial to an understanding of language-change.


üԤϼʬȯդ򤵤뤫˾դʧäƤ뤷İԤȯդ򤹤Τ˾ˤθɸŪηϤ򻲾ȤƤ롥üԤİԤ⡤ȯ줿դƻܤ餻Ƥꡤߤ˥åäƤ롥2ͤθηϤϲʸˡäκˤƼ㴳㤷Ƥߥ˥ȼǤξȹȤ椨ˡߤ礭æ뤳ȤϤʤ2ͤθηϤϾͭƤꡤξΤΤư뤳ȤϤäƤ⡤ξԤȤ˰ưƤΤǤ롥줬Ѳˤˤ monitoring Ȥ
ͤθոΤʤѲ뤳ȤˤĤơ#866. üԤΰռ̻ŪʼϤ뤫 ([2011-09-10-1]) #1890. ФȤȤ˸ոѤ ([2014-06-30-1]) ǹͻƤmonitoring ȤͤϡˤƤƤĿͤƸѤʤǡüԤȤδ֤ monitoring ǽѤ monitoring η̤ȤơηϤξ򾯤İưƤ⤷ʤˤΰư¥Ƥ⤷ʤ
monitoring ϡˤ뵬ϼȤ礤˴ط롥̾üԤİԤ monitoring λϡߤθѡ뤤Ϥ⤦餬°춦ƱΤˤ̤θѤ#1929. ؤΩ줫鵬ϼŪѤɤ٤ ([2014-08-08-1]) Ǽ褦ˡϼŪѤٸ춦ƱΤΤʤ˿ƩȡʸˡΤΤ monitoring λȤʤꤦ롥Ĥޤꡤʬ꤬εϤ餷Ƥ뤫ɤå礦Ȥ̾⤺ä©줷롥ϼŪѤȯãϡmonitoring ȤߤСmonitoring μ̤ŤǤȤ⤤뤫⤷ʤ

Smith, Jeremy J. An Historical Study of English: Function, Form and Change. London: Routledge, 1996.

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