ѲͼԤǤ Bybee (9) ɸˤĤ礭ͿƤ롥
A very general answer is that the words and constructions of our language change as they cycle through our minds and bodies and are passed through usage from one speaker to another.
ѲΡ֤ʤפȤ֤ɤΤ褦ˡפؤ˶ᤤΤǤϤʤȹͤ뤬ˤ褳1ʸ Bybee θѲѤȤߤĤळȤǤ롥ǤСǧδפӻѴפθѲѤǤ롥
³ Bybee ϡѲˤ3Ĥηȼĥ롥Ѥˤꡤ3ιҤ
Because language is an activity that involves both cognitive access (recalling words and constructions from memory) and the motor routines of production (articulation), and because we use the same words and constructions many times over the course of a day, week, or year, these words and constructions are subject to the kinds of processes that repeated actions undergo. (9)
Another pervasive process in the human approach to the world is the formation of patterns from our experience and application of these patterns to new experiences or ideas. (10)
The other major factor in language change is the way words or patterns of language are used in context. Very often the meaning supplied by frequently occurring contexts can lead to change. Words and constructions that are used in certain contexts become associated with those contexts. (10)
1ĤǧΡưס2ĤϹ̣Ǥ (analogy)3ĤϻѴ (usage-based_model) ȸƤ褤
Bybee, Joan. Language Change. Cambridge: CUP, 2015.
ǧθؤθѲ˴ؤǥȤơѴץǥ (usage-based model) ȤΤƤƤ롥ëˤȿ (106, 105) 狼䤹
뤳ȤФˡζȤʤ륹 [A] 顤餫ǰæȤäˡ (B) 롥Ϥᡤ(B) ϥ [A] ˹פʤ(B) ˡ֤夹ˤĤơ(B) [A] ȶˤθΥƥ˼ޤ褦ˤʤ롥ȡ(B) Ǥ餿ʥ [A'] Ф졤ˤä (B) ǧ褦ˤʤäƤΤǤ롥Τ褦ѲΥƥֻѴץǥפ뤤ϡˡץǥ (usage-based model) Ȥ (Langacker 2000) ë106

ޤϽФϡݲǤȤǡʸˡ§ϽФȤӤ롥̾ʸˡ§ŪǤΤФơޤưŪǤꡤǤȤ㤤롥ޤϡæ㤬夹ˤĤơѹƤޤѲβˤơæ㤬夹ٹ礤ˤϸĿͺ뤿ᡤɬŪ˥ΤθĿͺ뤳Ȥˤʤ롥ѲΤ褦˰֤ŤƤȤ館ѴץǥˤƤϡηϤΤΤήưŪʤΤˤߤ
ޤ٤˸ĿͺȤȤϡѲ® (speed_of_change) ľ뤹뤷θλ (frequency) 䶦 (collocation) ȤϢѴץǥϡδطˤܤƤ롥ѲʥߥåʤΤǤϤ뤬줽ΤΤ˥ʥߥåʤΤǤꡤΥʥߥθλѤΤʤˤȤȤƶĴɾǤ
ë سؤӤΥǧθء١ҤĤ˼2006ǯ
ε ([2014-08-11-1]) ǰѤ monitoring ˴ؤ Smith ʸϤǡLyons ȤƤLyons (111) äƤߤȡ첻λФˤĤƤսǡüԤİԤθߤ monitoring ѤȤ뤳ȤפȤݤεˤơfeedback 뤤 monitoring ȤɽƤ롥
In the case of speech, we are not dealing with a system of sound-production and sound-reception in which the 'transmitter' (the speaker) and the 'receiver' (the hearer) are completely separate mechanisms. Every normal speaker of a language is alternately a producer and a receiver. When he is speaking, he is not only producing sound; he is also 'monitoring' what he is saying and modulating his speech, unconsciously correlating his various articulatory movements with what he hears and making continual adjustments (like a thermostat, which controls the source of heat as a result of 'feedback' from the temperature readings). And when he is listening to someone else speaking, he is not merely a passive receiver of sounds emitted by the speaker: he is registering the sounds he hears (interpreting the acoustic 'signal') in the light of his own experience as a speaker, with a 'built-in' set of contextual cues and expectancies.
ѼԤĴŪȲŪȤƤФǤʤ첻λФˤϢưƤ롤Ȥ⤬ǾƤ롥Ϣơ#1656. γФΤγФΤ ([2013-11-08-1]) Ȥ줿
Lyons ϡȤƸ첻λФˤ monitoring κѤĴƤ뤬monitoring κѤϲʳ¾θˤƱͤ˸ȽҤ٤Ƥ롥
It may be pointed out here that the principle of 'feedback' is not restricted to the production and reception of physical distinctions in the substance, or medium, in which language is manifest. It operates also in the determination of phonological and grammatical structure. Intrinsically ambiguous utterances will be interpreted in one way, rather than another, because certain expectancies have been established by the general context in which the utterance is made or by the previous discourse . . . . (111)
monitoring ȴϢƴ (established)ʸ̮ (context)塼 (cue) ȤɤФƤСˤ϶ (collocation) (frequency) ʤɤȤѸ줬ФƤƤ⤪ʤѲδϡUsage-Based Grammar #1406. «ȤʤäƵ®ʸˡѲ ([2013-03-03-1]) Ǥߤ "clusters of bumpy change" ιͤȤطϡüԼΤǤϤʤİԼΤθѲ¿ʹ褦ˤʤäƤmonitoring ȤͤϡˤơüԡİԡפǤ뤳ȤǧƤ륭ɤȤ뤫⤷ʤϢơʹδͿ̣ѲˤĤơ#1873. Stern ˤ̣Ѳ7ʬ ([2014-06-13-1]) ⻲Ȥ줿
Lyons, John. Introduction to Theoretical Linguistics. Cambridge: CUP, 1968.
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