ư take ¿ (polysemy) ˤĤƹͤƤ롥ɤǶʬΤϰ̣θŵŪȤϤɤΤ褦ڤƤ⡤take Τ褦ʴܸϡ¿ȸ虜ʤ
긵α¼ǤߤƤߤȡؿ缭ŵ6ǤǤϡ¾ưܤ38θΩƤƤ롥Ƹˤϲ̶ʬ⤢롥ʬǤϡäȺ٤ʤƤʤѱѸ켭ǤΰϤȤСOALD8 42롥ŪʼƤߤȡJohnson μ1755ǯˤ113ۤɡOED 2Ǥǰȡư take ι17 pp. 557--72 ˤ錄ꡤ47ۤɤʬ̤롥Ǥ94ڡäƤԴѤǤ롥ˤϡΤۤ take Ѥư䥤ǥʤɡεܤ˭٤
ưˤĤƤꤷ櫓ǤϤʤOED Ǥߤ¤ꡤtake ϱѸΰưΤʤǤⷲȴƵҤ¿θ¤ˤơҤȤޤ¿ŪȤäƤƴְ㤤ʤбܸΡ֤ȤפͤƤ⡤ϽʬǼǤ
Ԥ OED Online take ١Τ OED 2ǤεҤƤȻפΤϡƱܤƬ˶ᤤȤǡ¿12ʬȤƴʷ˼ƤƤȤOED Online ⡤ǥץ쥤Ǹ٥ȥ饤ƤΤǡƱͤξΤѶŪ˼˹ԤʤФʤʤ
Ǥ褫2Ǥꡤtake θʬ
General arrangement of senses: I. To touch. II. To seize, grip, catch. III. Ordinary current sense, i. with material obj.; ii. with non-material obj. IV. To choose, take for a purpose, into use. V. To derive, obtain from a source. VI. To receive, accept, admit, contain. VII. To apprehend mentally, comprehend. VIII. To undertake, perform, make. IX. To convey, conduct, deliver, apply or betake oneself, go. X. Idiomatic uses with special obj. XI. Intransitive uses with preposition. XII. Adverbial combinations = compound verbs. XIII. Idiomatic phrases, and Phrase-key.
¿äȤʤΤȤ
ε#6062. Take an umbrella with you. with you ϤʤɬפʤΤ --- mond ȿ ([2025-12-01-1]) ȡΩ mond Ǥβơ with you ˤĤơ˹ͻƤߤ롥
βǤϡֻ with you ¿ take θꤹôäƤȲ⤷ֻ¸ߤˤꡤ take ñʤּפǤϤʤֻäƤפ̣뤳Ȥꤹ롥ʸ̮ˤäƤƱͤϲ̤ΤľܸŪ˲̤ΤǤСϤ˾ޤȤե졼ΰ̣ϡǤΰ̣ñǷޤȤ⡤ߤζ (collocation) 켫Τˤäޤ롤ȹͤ롥ϡ¤ŪˤǧθŪˤǧƤª
ơwith you ϡҤΰ̣굡ǽ˿ԤȿȤƲƹͤƤߤȡ¾ˤ⤢ꤽǤ롥1ĹͤΤϡִֶطǽפȤǤ̾դ٤ǽTake an umbrella with me. 㡤ʤֻܿ;̾ʺƵŪˡפȼ¾ʸͤƤߤ褦ʸ Quirk et al. Ȥ hellog #2322. I have no money with me. me ([2015-09-05-1]) ƷǤ롥
(1) He looked about him.
(2) She pushed the cart in front of her.
(3) She liked having her grandchildren around her.
(4) They carried some food with them.
(5) Have you any money on you?
(6) We have the whole day before us.
(7) She had her fiancé beside her.
ĤǤϡưΰ̣ꤹ뵡ǽȯưƤȲǤ뤬¿ǺΩĤΤϡŪλؼоݳơŪʶִطĴƤ뤳Ȥ(6) ˤĤƤϡαѤǻִطˤƱʸѤƤȲ롥(1) ξǤСִط above him Ǥ behind him Ǥʤ about him ʤΤȤ˶ᤤĴε̣롥
ϢƤιʸħŪϡֻζֻ줽ΤΤ;̾ˤʤȤĤޤꡤɽФƤʤ¾ֻȤ椬ռƤ롤ȹͤΤǤϤʤΤȤϡ"Pat felt a sinking sensation inside (her)." Τ褦˿;̾줬ɽФ餷ʤ뤳Ȥ⵿롥
Take an umbrella with you. with you ȡΰ̣굡ǽβˤСּפǤʤּäơ˷ӤƤפȤعʤޤȤΤݥȤäϹ̣ưΥڥȤ˴ؤ뺹߽ۤФȤǤƤִطҵǽȤ̵طǤϤʤषʪŪưΥڥȤϡִط̩ܤʴطˤϤǡξǽΩ̡εǽȤϡϢ³Τª褤Τ⤷ʤ
Quirk, Randolph, Sidney Greenbaum, Geoffrey Leech, and Jan Svartvik. A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language. London: Longman, 1985.
˰³Ƥꡥ轵ζˡ䤬μͭץåȥե mond ƤXʵ Twitter˾Ƕä٤ȿƤǤޤդXΥץå327mond ǤΡ֤͡פ800ǤֱѸ˴ؤѤʵפؤδؿι⤵Ƽ´Ƥޤ
ȤʤäƤΤϡ줿Τ褦ʼǤ
˱ѸȤ椦䤵ޤTake an umbrella with you. with you äƲɬפʤǤ׳ΤˡTake an umbrella. Ǥ̤Τǡwith NP ̤ˤʤʤȻפäƤޤޤ
¤˱ԤǤΤ Take an umbrella. Ǥʸֻ̮äƤʤפΰ̣ȤʤΤǡŪˤ̤Ǥ礦 take ˤϡֻäƤפȤΤ˺ܤäƤ櫓Ǥ顥Ǥϡʤ虜虜 with you Ȥʰ츫ȾĹʡֻźΤʱѸȤΤǤ礦
βγ˿ϡ¿βáפˤޤư take ϱѸǤؤ¿Ǥꡤܵϡ֡ʼˡ˼ (= grab/grasp/seize) ۤɤǤʸ̮ʤ硤ϰ Take an umbrella. ñˡֻ˼ʤפȤᤵΤǤ with you ź뤳ȤǡַȹԡפȤڥŪʰ̣뤳Ȥˤʤꡤֻ̣äƤפ˸ꤵΤǤ I have money. ֤⤬פ I have money on me. ֤⤬פΰ㤤ˤ̤롤Ѹζ̣ᥫ˥Ǥ
βեեåAIˤȤƤޤȤƤߤޤŪȡwith you ΰ̣굡ǽ褯ʬȻפޤ

mond ԤǤϡθŪᥫ˥ˤĤơPass me the salt. ܸư~ƤפȤӤʤ顤ܤ⤷Ƥޤ
with you ˤĤƤϡ̣굡ǽȤڤ⤷ޤۤ˥ڥȡִطҵǽȤǤΤǤϤʤȹͤƤޤϤޤ̤εˤҲ𤷤Ȼפޤ
Ѥʵ䤬˱ѸܼͤƤ뤫ҰʲΥ mond ǤΥꥸʥɤǡѸΡ֤ʤפꤷƤС
Take an umbrella with you. with you äƲɬפʤǤ
29ڡˤī㡼ɶǤιֺ¤Ǥϡtake Ȥñܤζä٤ȯãɤͽǤ롥ñϡѸäΤʤǤǤ¿ŪñΤҤȤĤǤ롥ΰ̣ιȡťΥɸ줫μѸǤȤ¤ˡƶäʤ
OED 2ǡʺΡˤĴ٤ȡư take ιܤ17 pp. 557--72 롥 OED ξʸޤǡ47ۤɤʬ̤Ǥ롥ܸǤϰ̤ˡּפ뤳Ȥ¿ΡּפȤưǰޤˤŪŪǤ뤬椨ˡ̵ΰ̣ŪȯŸ䶦ɽƤޤˡѸäΤʤǤͭ "big word"ȸäƺ٤ʤ
¿ŪưˤɤȡޤˤΤѶŪʹưȤƤΡּפȤ̣ϤŪȤơפȤäŪʴޤߤĸơΤּפȤϡּʬΤΤˤפȡʤֽͭפȤ̣ŸƤ롥ˡΤͤŪˤȤäơ֤äƤסïϢƹԤפؤȯŸ롥
ΡѶŪ˼ˤפȤƤȡष̣ȿФؤȸʤּסְפȤäŪöŪʰ̣ޤƤΤ
˶̣Τϡ̣ʸˡ (grammaticalisation) ؤȿʤॱǤ롥㤨Сtake a walk take a bath Τ褦ˡñưԤȤ do ˶ᤤưŪӤӻϤΤǤϡּפּפȤäŪʰ̣ϤϤ䴶줺ʸˡŪʵǽ̤ƻȤѤƤˤʤθݤϡưθỤ̄ƤƤ롥
ޤtake θŪͤƤΤϡư (phrasal_verb) ߽ФΤȤƤǤ롥take away, take in, take off, take out ʤɡ˾ (particle) ȼȤǡ¤ʤɽ߽ФƤ롥1ĤҤȤĤΩ̣ĤᡤѸؽԤˤȤäƤʰŵܤȤʤ뤬˭ѸȤɽϤ٤Ƥ롥
äơtake effect, take place, take part in Τ褦̾ȷӤĤƥǥ (idiom) ˡ⡤ѸǤ¿¸ߤ롥طʤˤϡѸ˥եбư prendre Ȥñ줬ɤΤ褦ŪȤΤȤʸˡŪŪʾѸ줬ѶŪ˻ȤƤˤؤäƤȹͤƤ롥
¿ŪǡۤɤޤǤ˱ѸθηϤ˿ߡˤʤƤư take ¤ϱѸǤϤʤȤǤä٤¤űѸΡּפ̣ư niman Ȥ¸ߤˤ⤫餺űѸʹߤ take ťΥɸ줫ѤƤΤǤ롥ʤťΥɸ줫μѸ줬ŪưषѸΤʤǺǤ¿ŪǶϤ "big word" ϰ̤˻äΤ
θݤϡñ˸äμˤȤɤޤ餺ܿΥᥫ˥ʣԻĤ䤿˶Ƥ롥ˤĤơīֺ¤ǹͻƤ
khelfʷѸ˥եˤꤹ https://voicy.jp/channel/1950] Ρνɾץ4ƤǤ khelf ǡرؤǶܤȤƤ[[ྰ|https://note.com/rui_hel/n/n4b3c4fa34656">heldioˡľˡءұʸˡӤȤФμº2ѥȱʸˡ١ʸҡ2017ǯҲ𤷤Ƥ餤ޤ
वˤСܽϥѥؤȤƤǤʤαѤޤǤ줿Ū1ȤΤȤǤѥ (corpus) ȤϲȤŪʲ⤫ϤޤꡤºݤθǤɤΤ褦˥ѥѤΤǫƤޤ
äˡޤǴŪª줬ä collocation ʸȸδŪʷӤĤˤŪʼˡѤƵҴŪʬϤˡҲ𤵤ƤϡȤƤͭפǤޤ絬ϤʥѥѤݤ䡤ʬǥǡˡʤɡθľ̤ǤˤۤꤵƤϡȤˤȤ٤Ǥ礦ѥȤäܳŪ˸츦˼ȤߤȹͤƤ並ԤˤȤäợȤʤ1Ǥ
ϿüԤ khelf Сˤɽ̵İޤϡŪΩ줫ܽγ˿⤷Ƥ줿व˴դޤΡνɾפϺī heldio ۿ#1592. νɾ by khelf ྰ --- ľˡإѥȱʸˡ١ʸҡ2017ǯˡǤİޤ

ľءұʸˡӤȤФμº2ѥȱʸˡ١ҡ2017ǯ
Voicy heldio #1139. ǥȥǥಽ --- ¼Ȥ with ϽؤϤޤԤƬˤޤ⤽ǥ (idiom) ȤϲʤΤǤ礦
嵭ۿǤ⻲Ȥ (33--34) ˤȡǥϼ̤Ǥ
ǥȤƤϡ̣塤δ˾Ȥ餷碌ơΤ褦ħ碌Τȸ롧
(i) ̣ŪƩ뤤 (non-compositionality)ǥΰ̣Ϥʬ¤ФƤʤ褯ΤƤȤơ
kick the bucket = die
롥
(ii) ѷʤʤChafe (1968) θ 'transformational deficiency' Ǥ롥Υǥϡֻ̡פȤ̣ǤϼưԲĤǤ롧
*The bucket was kicked by Sam.
(iii) ǥʬθŪѤϤǤʤʤָŪ̵פǤ롥
have a crush on *have a smash on
Numberg et al. (1994) ϥǥỤ̄ʬʬۤƤʤǥ㡧saw logs = snoreˤ 'idiomatic phrase'ƥǥỤ̄ʬʬۤƤ륤ǥ㡧spill the beans = divulge the information) 'idiomatic combination' ȸƤӡʬƤ롥
ɽǥफɤȤΤϡ嵭ξ狼ͽۤ褦˼ưŪˡ뤤ϥƥꥫ˷ޤ褦ʪǤϤޤǥ (idiomaticity) ȤϢ³ΤγǰǰƬ֤ɬפꤽǤ
¼䡡ʸˡȥǥಽ١ҤĤ˼2014ǯ
Chafe, Wallace. "Idiomaticity as an Anomaly in the Chomskyan Paradigm." Foundations of Language 4 (1968): 107--27.
Numberg, Geoffrey, Ivan A. Sag and Thomas Wasow. "Idioms." Language 70 (1994): 481--538.
Ѳ (language_change) δŪʸưϤ1ĤǤ (analogy) ˴ؤܳŪʸFertig Analogy and Morphological Change ˤĤƤεǼ夲Ƥ
Fertig Ȥcontamination ʺˤȸƤФ륿פѤˤĤƹͤƤߤֺפȤμդθݤΤʬ뤫ɤˤĤƤϵꡤ#5419. blending contamination ([2024-02-27-1]) ǤϢ夲ҤȤޤ contamination ̤ǤΤΤʤ2ĤΥפȤƳsyntagmatic contamination paradigmatic contamination Ǥ롥ȤȤ Fertig δϢսѤ (64)
Paul's initial conception of contamination (1886) involved influence attributable exclusively to paradigmatic (semantic) relations between forms, but he later (1920) recognized that lexical contamination often involves items that are not only semantically related but also frequently occur in close proximity in utterances. The importance of these syntagmatic relationships is emphasized in almost all modern accounts of contamination (Campbell 2004: 118--20 being the only exception that I am aware of). The most frequently cited examples involve adjacent numerals, which often influence each other's phonetic make-up: English eleven < Proto-Gmc. *ainlif under the influence of ten; Latin novem 'nine' instead of expected *noven under the influence of decem 'ten'; Greek dialectal hoktō 'eight' under the influence of hepta 'seven' (Osthoff 1878b; Trask 1996: 111--12; Hock and Joseph 2009: 163). Similar effects are attested in a number of languages among days of the week and months of the year, e.g. post-classical Latin Octember < Octōber under the influence of November and December.
Such contamination attributable to syntagmatic proximity of the affecting and affected items is often characterized as distant assimilation. Some scholars characterize contamination as a kind of assimilation even when it is purely paradigmatically motivated. Anttila calls it 'assimilation . . . toward another word in the semantic field' (1989: 76). Andersen (1980: 16--17) explicitly distinguishes such 'paradigmatic assimilation' from the more familiar 'syntagmatic assimilation'. As an unambiguous example of the latter, he mentions the influence of one word on another within a formulaic expression, such as French au fur et à mesure 'as, in due course' < Old French au feur et mesure (Wackernagel 1926: 49--50). Contamination involving antonyms, such as Late Latin sinexter < sinister 'left' under the influence of dexter 'right' or Vulgar Latin grevis < gravis 'heavy' under the influence of levis 'light', could be both paradigmatically and syntagmatically motivated since antonyms frequently co-occur in close proximity within an utterance, especially in questions: Is that thing heavy or light? Should I turn right or left? Wundt's view of paradigm leveling as a type of assimilation should also be mentioned in this context (Paul 1920: 116n 1).
syntagmatic contamination paradigmatic contamination 2̤ƤȤϡŪˤϽפºŪˤξԤϸߤ˾Ƥꡤʬ̤ΤǤϤʤȻפ롥paradigmatic ʴطˤ2Ԥ syntagmatic ˤ and ʤɤ³ǷФ뤳Ȥ¿դ syntagmatic ˶䤹2Ԥ paradigmatic ˤ̣Ū˶Ǥ˷ӤĤƤΤ̤
ġλ㤬줫Υפ contamination Ǥ뤳ȤǤΤɤ뤤ϤǤȤƤ⡤ȽǤƤ褤ϲȤ꤬ĤäƤ褦˻פ롥
Fertig, David. Analogy and Morphological Change. Edinburgh: Edinburgh UP, 2013.
ε#5045. deafening silence ּĤ褦ۡס ([2023-02-18-1]) Ǽ夲ɽˤĤơBNCweb ˤʸФƤߤĤƤߤ褦
All that remained on the barren expanse was a deafening silence.
But the countryside! Absolute deafening silence. Not a tractor in sight. No buzzing saw mills, no electric milking machines humming away. Just horses and ploughs and, for want of a better word, peasants.
now there is almost a deafening silence, broken only by the odd apologetic cough as the minutes tick towards 8.30.
In the deafening silence inside the gallery she could hear her heart thumping madly against her ribs.
It was a relief when a couple of minutes later, amidst the deafening silence that had descended on the room, Mrs Aitken poked her head round the door. 'Dinner will be served whenever you're ready.'
Ƶˡ (oxymoron) ζɽ˴ؿʲĤơsilence Ȥ̾ϤۤˤɤΤ褦ʷƻǽ뤳Ȥ¿Τ䤤ͯƤ϶ (collocation) ˴ؤŪतεǡѼкѤäԤ BNCweb Ĵ٤Ƥߤ뤳Ȥˤ롥"_AJ* {silence/N}" ȸ Frequency breakdown εǽѤ50̤ޤǤ٥ФƤߤ
| No. | Lexical items | No. of occurrences |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | long silence | 145 |
| 2 | stunned silence | 53 |
| 3 | complete silence | 44 |
| 4 | total silence | 43 |
| 5 | tense silence | 37 |
| 6 | awkward silence | 31 |
| 7 | brief silence | 28 |
| 8 | short silence | 27 |
| 9 | sudden silence | 23 |
| 10 | absolute silence | 22 |
| 11 | deafening silence | 22 |
| 12 | embarrassed silence | 22 |
| 13 | uncomfortable silence | 22 |
| 14 | shocked silence | 16 |
| 15 | stony silence | 15 |
| 16 | dead silence | 14 |
| 17 | deep silence | 13 |
| 18 | Eerie silence | 13 |
| 19 | heavy silence | 13 |
| 20 | small silence | 12 |
| 21 | thoughtful silence | 12 |
| 22 | uneasy silence | 12 |
| 23 | utter silence | 12 |
| 24 | ensuing silence | 11 |
| 25 | sullen silence | 11 |
| 26 | momentary silence | 10 |
| 27 | fraught silence | 9 |
| 28 | ominous silence | 9 |
| 29 | terrible silence | 9 |
| 30 | brooding silence | 8 |
| 31 | companionable silence | 8 |
| 32 | sponsored silence | 8 |
| 33 | virtual silence | 8 |
| 34 | dignified silence | 7 |
| 35 | horrified silence | 7 |
| 36 | Hushed Silence | 7 |
| 37 | lengthy silence | 7 |
| 38 | long silences | 7 |
| 39 | longer silence | 7 |
| 40 | strained silence | 7 |
| 41 | uncanny silence | 7 |
| 42 | awful silence | 6 |
| 43 | cold silence | 6 |
| 44 | comparative silence | 6 |
| 45 | continuing silence | 6 |
| 46 | embarrassing silence | 6 |
| 47 | gloomy silence | 6 |
| 48 | great silence | 6 |
| 49 | strange silence | 6 |
| 50 | angry silence | 5 |
Voicy ֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio)ˤơ#624. ۡפθء#627. ۡפ̱²ء2ˤ錄ä (silence) ˤĤƸŪ˹ͤƤߤޤ
hellog ȤƤϡεطޤޤȤɤߤɤ
#1911. ([2014-07-21-1])
#1910. ٻߡ ([2014-07-20-1])
#1633. ٤̱ۤ²ء ([2013-10-16-1])
#1644. ٤̱ۤ² (2) ([2013-10-27-1])
#1646. ȯù٤ʸ ([2013-10-29-1])
heldio ΥˡꥹʡͭפʥȤ¿Ϥޤʤ꤬Ȥޤˡ䤫ΥȥХåΤʤ deafening silence ּĤ褦ۡפȤɤʹФΤäѸɽ˿ޤƵˡ (oxymoron) 1ĤǤѸǤϤ褯ΤƤΤ1ĤΤ褦Ǥ
ܤΤʤäΤĴ٤ƤߤޤOED ˤȡdeafening, adj. θ1b˼Τ褦˵Ƥޤ1968ǯ˽Фοɽ (collocation) Τ褦Ǥ
b. deafening silence n. a silence heavy with significance; spec. a conspicuous failure to respond to or comment on a matter.
1968 Sci. News 93 328/3 (heading) Deafening silence; deadly words.
1976 Survey Spring 195 The so-called mass media made public only these voices of support. There was a deafening silence about protests and about critical voices.
1985 Times 28 Aug. 5/1 Conservative and Labour MPs have complained of a 'deafening silence' over the affair.
ʸ䤷̤ȡdeafening silence 㡼ʥꥺѸȤƻϤޤäȤäƤ褵Ǥ
Ϣ۵ silent majority ϽФ1786ǯǤϤŪʸ̮ѤƤޤ
1786 J. Andrews Hist. War with Amer. III. xxxii. 39 Neither the speech nor the motion produced any reply..and the motion [was] rejected by a silent majority of two hundred and fifty-nine.
ǶǤΥȤ湳ĥǥ˿ȤǤsilence ۡˤθȶӤĤƤȤΤ˼ŪǤ͡ơδ deafening silence ȤɽɾȡŪץץޤ
oxymoron ˤĤƤϡheldio #392. "familiar stranger" Ƶˡ (oxymoron)⤼Ҥİ
Voicy ֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio)ˤơ#624. ۡפθء#627. ۡפ̱²ء2ˤ錄ä (silence) ˤĤƸŪ˹ͤƤߤޤ
hellog ȤƤϡεطޤޤȤɤߤɤ
#1911. ([2014-07-21-1])
#1910. ٻߡ ([2014-07-20-1])
#1633. ٤̱ۤ²ء ([2013-10-16-1])
#1644. ٤̱ۤ² (2) ([2013-10-27-1])
#1646. ȯù٤ʸ ([2013-10-29-1])
heldio ΥˡꥹʡͭפʥȤ¿Ϥޤʤ꤬Ȥޤˡ䤫ΥȥХåΤʤ deafening silence ּĤ褦ۡפȤɤʹФΤäѸɽ˿ޤƵˡ (oxymoron) 1ĤǤѸǤϤ褯ΤƤΤ1ĤΤ褦Ǥ
ܤΤʤäΤĴ٤ƤߤޤOED ˤȡdeafening, adj. θ1b˼Τ褦˵Ƥޤ1968ǯ˽Фοɽ (collocation) Τ褦Ǥ
b. deafening silence n. a silence heavy with significance; spec. a conspicuous failure to respond to or comment on a matter.
1968 Sci. News 93 328/3 (heading) Deafening silence; deadly words.
1976 Survey Spring 195 The so-called mass media made public only these voices of support. There was a deafening silence about protests and about critical voices.
1985 Times 28 Aug. 5/1 Conservative and Labour MPs have complained of a 'deafening silence' over the affair.
ʸ䤷̤ȡdeafening silence 㡼ʥꥺѸȤƻϤޤäȤäƤ褵Ǥ
Ϣ۵ silent majority ϽФ1786ǯǤϤŪʸ̮ѤƤޤ
1786 J. Andrews Hist. War with Amer. III. xxxii. 39 Neither the speech nor the motion produced any reply..and the motion [was] rejected by a silent majority of two hundred and fifty-nine.
ǶǤΥȤ湳ĥǥ˿ȤǤsilence ۡˤθȶӤĤƤȤΤ˼ŪǤ͡ơδ deafening silence ȤɽɾȡŪץץޤ
oxymoron ˤĤƤϡheldio #392. "familiar stranger" Ƶˡ (oxymoron)⤼Ҥİ
ε#4911. ̣Ĵˤ뾺ʤȹ߳ʡ ([2022-10-07-1]) ˰³ʸ̮Ϳ̣Ĵ (semantic modulation) ˤĤơ
̣Ĵˤϡ (promotion) ߳ (demotion) ȻƤϤ뤬̼Υפ롥"highlighting" "backgrounding" ȸΤ̡줾ʲסطʲפƤCruse (53) 㤬ʬ䤹
Another effect of contextual modulation on the sense of a lexical unit involves the relative highlighting or backgrounding of semantic traits. Different sorts of trait can be affected in this way. Two examples will suffice. First, some part of an object (or process, etc.) may be thrown into relief relative to other parts. For instance, The car needs servicing and The car needs washing highlight different parts of the car. (This is not to say that car refers to something different in each of these sentences --- in both cases is is the whole car which is referred to.) Second, it is commonly the case that what is highlighted or backgrounded is an attribute, or range of attributes, of the entity referred to. For instance, We can't afford that car highlights the price of the car, Our car crushed Arthur's foot its weight. It is in respect of 'contextually modulated sense' that a lexical unit may be justifiably said to have a different meaning in every distinct context in which it occurs.
ʸ̮˱Ʊ car Ȥ˰̣ĴƯ̯Ƥ櫓ʲʤطʲˤϡؼоݤΡʬפ°פܤǡȥ˥ߡ (metonymy) ȴط
Cruse, D. A. Lexical Semantics. Cambridge: CUP, 1986.
ΰ̣ʸ̮ˤäĴ븽ݤϡ̣Ĵ (semantic modulation) ȸƤФ롥̣ĴܼȤϢ³ŪήưŪǡ̯ʤΤǤ롥̣Ĵμ1Ĥ˾ (promotion) ȹ߳ (demotion) 롥ʸ̮ˤꤢΰ̣ħ "canonical" ˤʤä硤ΰ̣ħϾʤ줿Ȥ롥ȿФˡ̣ħʤʤä硤Ϲ߳ʤ줿Ȥ롥Cruse (52) 褦
(1) A nurse attended us.
(2) A pregnant nurse attended us.
(1) nurse ˤϡ¿ξֽפȤ̣ħޤޤƤͽ롥餯Ǥꤽ餯ǤϤʤۤɤͽǤ롥
(2) nurse ˤäƤϡֽפȤ̣ħ "canonical" Ǥ롤Ĥޤ᤹ɬܤΰ̣ħǤ롥ʸ̮ʤ뤤 pregnant ȤζˤˤäợħֽפñˤꤽȤϰ̤顤ǤʤФʤʤȤϰ̤˾ʤȤȤդˤСפȤ̣ħϡˤäƤϤȤϰ̤顤ФˤʤȤϰ̤˹߳ʤ뤳Ȥˤʤ롥
⤦1С
(3) Arthur poured the butter into a dish.
Ȥʸˤơbutter ɬŪˡֱפȤ̣ħӤӤ롥̾ butter αϡˤäƤϤ٤ΰ̣ħˤʤʸ̮ʤ뤤 poured ȤζˤˤäƤϡǤʤФʤʤȤϰ̤˾ʤƤΤǤ롥
Cruse, D. A. Lexical Semantics. Cambridge: CUP, 1986.
ֱѸƳ2021꺣Ҳ𤹤륳ƥĤϡɽ줿֤ǰ֡פΤïǤǥˡDz Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs ʡɱ١ˤ "Magic mirror on the wall, who is the fairest one of all?" ѤƤƻ fair ΰ̣Ѳ˾ƤѸƳƥĤȤʤäƤޤ
פȤФޤ beautiful פ⤫ӤޤʤǤ fair ʤΤǤ礦ޤƥĤǤ⤵Ƥ̤ fair ˤϡֿΡפȤ⤢ޤΤǡSnow White ȤΤ褤Ȥޤˡbeautiful ƻѤƤΤòƤ봶ΤФfair ˤϡָʡʿʡפθޤƻŪʴްդޤ (cf. fair trading, fair share, fair play) ɱƤΤˤԤäȤ櫓Ǥ
fair ϸűѸѤƤѸǡŤ˭ʶޤbeautiful ϡ14˸ťե̾ beute Ѥˡ15˱Ѹ¦ -ful ղäƺäѸǤեѸΤˤϡȾץեѸˤŪˤäΩŪ̵ƩζĤȤ¿ΤǤbeautiful ˤĤƤгΤ fair ٤ƻŪŪʿߤϴޤʥƥѸ attractive ȹ碌 fair -- beautiful -- attractive 31 (triset) ȳơλѰ (register) ˤĤƤϡ#334. Ѹäλع¤ ([2010-03-27-1])
fair beautiful Τ褦ΰ̣ˡΰ㤤ˤĤƾܤΤꤿˤϡ䥳ѥʸäįᡤɤΤ褦ʸȶ (collocation) Ƥ뤫ѻ뤳Ȥᤷޤ1줫ʤ륤ꥹѸ쥳ѥ BNCweb ξζɽĴ٤ƤߤޤǤϿʪƻѤƤ붦˸¤äƾҲ𤷤ޤfair ȥåȤߤ䤹Τ hair lady Ǥbeautiful ȥåȤȤƤ woman, girl, young, hair, face, eyes, looks ʤɤäƤޤʤ fair lady ФơޤƻѤɤɽ魯Ȥò beautiful woman/girl ȤΩ¤⤫Ӿ夬äƤޤɱˤϤϤ fair դ路ΤǤ礦͡
fair ˸ȸηӤĤϡcandid Ȥƻˤ⸫ޤcandid ˡΨľʡפ̣ޤʤָʿʡפθޤŤϡפθ⤢ޤȤȤθ츻ϥƥ candidus ǡޤˡפ̣ޤǮƵƤפǡcandle ʥˤȤ캬ͭƤޤޤcandidate ʸԡˤϡޤǸԤȡ뽬路äȤͳ褷ޤʤߤܸǤַסֹס֥ʡ̵ˡפʤɤȸδطָޤ͡
ѸˤּʤΡפʪԤ
ͤʤ
ɥԡʥåġ
ͥޥᡤ
ʪԤβ̼¡ڡƦʤɤɽ魯ʪ̾ñ֤not worth a ˸³ȡ?ۤɤβͤʤʤפ̣봷Ѷ (idiom) Ȥʤ롥not worth a fig/pea/peanut/leek/bean/straw ǡ
ʤɤϡơ٤ƻݤʪǤϤʤȤ櫓ΤĤޤߤɤǤϤʤʥϤ褷ƤˤɾȤѸʸˤƤϤɤڻ뤵¸ߤΤ褦
ܸǤϡ㤨СƦפƬȤơƦŵסƦפʤɤѤ뤬ʪŪ˾Ȥ졤ڻΥΥơϴʤޤܸΡŮԤΤϤפȤϡϤ˴٤äƤͤϥΤ褦ˤʤʤΤˤߤΤȤǡ츫ȡ֥ʤפΩθϼ¤ϱѸ A drowning man will catch at a straw. ľˤܸȯθǤϤʤդδФϡѸǤʤۤʤ餷
ѸΤΤ褦ʡֲͤʤΡפɽ魯δѶϡʸŪסfigurative negation˸ƤФȤֱѸƳ2021ΰĤȤƺåפ줿ˤ륳ƥȿʪؤȤǤ롥ʸŪɽˤ͡ʡּʤʪ̾ѤƤ褦ǡ礤˽ФƤʪȤƤ cress ʥ饷ʡˤ sloe ʥܥˤʤɤޤޤ졤褯ʬʤꥹȤȤʤäƤ롥
ƱƥˤȡΤ褦ɽѸ³ޤ줿ȤʪΤߤʤ餺ưʪʤɤ礤˽Ф줿Ȥ顤̾ΰƤߤСѸʸˤƲڻ뤵ƤѤǤǤ롥ؤƶ٤ॳƥġ
Ⱥε#4292. Trier Ρְ̣ξפθػ˾ΰյ (1) ([2021-01-27-1]) ȡ#4293. Trier Ρְ̣ξפθػ˾ΰյ (2) ([2021-01-28-1]) ǤϡTrier Ρְ̣ξ (semantic_field) γػŪطʤߤϡTrier ƱˤʤۤʤΡְ̣ξפ Porzig ܤƤߤȤʸϺƱ Öhman Ǥ롥
Trier Ρְ̣ξפ paradigmatic ʻΤΤǤΤФPorzig Ρְ̣ξפ syntagmatic Ǥ롥νѸǤиζ (collocation)뤤϶¤ȯۤ˶ᤤޤTrier ϡְ̣ξפΤ̾Ż뤹뤬Porzig ưƻʤɤνҸŪʸäŻ뤹롥
The field concept of Porzig is of quite a different type than Trier's. Porzig finds certain "essential semantic relationships" between verbs and nouns or between adjectives and nouns. 'To go' presupposes 'the feet', 'to grasp' presupposes 'the hand', and 'blond' (in German and English) presupposes 'the hair'. These relationships form the basic articulations of the meaning system and therefore Porzig calls them "elementary semantic fields" (elementare Bedeutungsfelder). The nucleus of such a semantic field can only consist of a verb or an adjective, because these classes of words have a predicative function and are therefore less ambiguous than nouns. One can grasp with the hand only, but one can do many things with the hand. (129)
ξԤΤ⤦1Ĥ礭ʰ㤤ϡTrier Ρְ̣ξפǽŪˤϰ̣äΤʤ繽¤ȤƤΤФơPorzig ΤϴŪǶŪʾ˼礿ؿȤԤˤϸǧΰ̣Ụ̄ⴶ롥
Trier protests against Porzig's use of the term "field" in this new sense. Trier based his theory on the entire vocabulary, dividing it into large field units, and subdividing these until he reached the smallest entities---single words. Porzig's field, on the other hand, is conceived as primitive concrete situations linguistically designated. By means of it the speech community succeeds in grasping higher and more abstract spheres.
ߤθؤǤְ̣ξפγǰѸϡʤˤΤȤѤƤ褦˸롥δˤطʤΤ˳ػˤ֤äƤߤ뤳Ȥפȡ
Öhman, Suzanne. "Theories of 'the Linguistic Field'." Word 9 (1953): 123--34.
ԻĤ˻פäƤɽ롥enough ȤܶѤɽʤΤŵŪ -ly enough ֤졤ʸƬ֤뤤ȤΤߤΤᤤBNCweb Ƥߤ褦ζϥåΤˤƤˡʤˤ "*ly_{ADV} enough" Ϥ
Oddly enough, many parliaments expect to modify government plans, which takes time.
Her large grin and knotted black curls were, strangely enough, more memorable.
I had a dream last night funnily enough about Leeds (I dont normally --- honest!).
Interestingly enough, even hens and rats have been found to consume more calories when they are offered a varied diet than when they are fed `the same old thing' all the time.
Naturally enough, those who commit crimes will tend to conceal their actions and protect themselves.
줾̯ʤȤˡסִ̯ʤȤˡסֳΤʤȤˡסֶ̣ȤˡסΤȤˡפ̣롤ʸǤ롥ʸǤ뤫顤ŪˤʸƬ˸줿ꡤŪѤ줿ꤹ뤳ȤԻĤǤϤʤͤΤϡenough Ǥ롥ʤֽʬˡפźƤΤenough ά줿Ȥǡ֤ƤñΤǤʸȤƱ褦˵ǽΤñΤǤϤ䤷졤ĴȤʤʤ enough ź뤳Ȥǥꥺɤ٤θ (eurhythmy) Ϥꤽ
enough ֤뤳Ȥ¿μȤƤϡҥåȿ¿20Ĥ oddly, quickly, strangely, funnily, interestingly, early, easily, naturally, curiously, clearly, appropriately, only, seriously, barely, ironically, nearly, surprisingly, badly, reasonably, hardly Ȥʤ롥quickly, early, easily ʤɤϡܤˡȤƤǤϤʤʤĤޤֽʬפʤɤ̾ˡˤˤä٤⤯ʤäƤˤʤܤˡǸǤŵŪ10٤Сoddly, strangely, funnily, interestingly, naturally, curiously, appropriately, ironically, surprisingly, reasonably Ȥʤ롥
ˡʬۤդȡդˤäդˤ⸽Ƥꡤǥˤ㤤ϤʤȤäƤ褤ʤ 18 wpm ١ˡѼԤ˽庹ǤߤƤ⡤äΩäʬ۾ħϤϤʤƥȥפȤƤ Fiction and verse Ū˹⤤ (27.01 wpm) ΩäƤ櫓Ǥʤ¿ΰۤʤ쥸ѤƤΤ֤Ǥ롥
enough ΰ̣Ω enough ϰ̣ŪˤϤʤΤȸ虜ʤºݡإ˥缭ŵ٤ˤС enough ˤϡֽʬˡפΰ̣Ϥۤɤɤʤݡڤ롥ޤOED enough, adj., pron., and n., and adv. C. adv. 2 ˤ "With the idea of satisfying a requirement reduced or absent." ȤꡤΤˡֽʬʡפΤˤĤơֲפʤäƤޤäΩƤƤ롥β̶ʬ (b) ȤͿƤΤޤ˺ˤƤˡǡΤ褦롥
(b) With a sentence adverb, as in aptly enough.
See also funnily enough at FUNNILY adv. 2, oddly enough at ODDLY adv. 5b.
1704 W. Nicolson Diary 22 Nov. in London Diaries (1985) 231 The Text of the Book (whimsically enough) in Vermilion-Letters, instead of an Italic Character.
1783 Ld. Hailes Disquis. Antiq. Christian Church ii. 15 Which, aptly enough, might be denominated the journals of the senate.
1912 E. V. Baxter & L. J. Rintoul Rep. Sc. Ornithol. 3 Curiously enough, both the Common Nightingale .. and the Northern Nightingale .. were added in spring to the Scottish list.
2015 H. Scales Spirals in Time ix. 249 A mollusc named, appropriately enough, the Windowpane Oyster.
ˡǤν㤬1704ǯȤʤäƤΤǡϤФűѸ geōg ˤΤܤŻȤϤ̤֤ɽϡʤʤ餷
ε ([2020-10-29-1]) ˰³ѥѸ⤹롥
concordance ȤϡȤȤϡѸפۤɤ̣ܤ˽ФƤñ11ļФƥե٥åȽ˥ꥹȲΤǤ롥ܤ㤨 the Ȥñ줬и˶Ūˤɤ˽иʬ褦ʺˤʤäƤ뤳Ȥ⤢ꡤʸظ츦ǤߤΥġäΥChaucer Υʤɤ褯ΤƤ롥
ŻҥѥڤƤϡconcordance ȤѸ̤ΰ̣ǤѤ褦ˤʤäŻҥѥDz餫θʤɽʤηˤƸȡξˤäޤʸѥΤ졤äȲ̾롥Τη concordance ȤȤˤʤ롥ơʸޤġιԤΤȤ concordance line ȸƤ֡ȤƤСñ Google 1ҥåȤȤ硤1Τ concordance ȤȤˤʤꡤ11郎 concordance line ȤȤˤʤ롥
ƤΥѥǤϡܤƤˤɤΤ褦ʸ줬Ƥ뤫ΤꤿȤ¿Τǡܤ concordance line ˰֤褦ɽԹ礬褤ʸ̮ (context) 碌ƤηǧǤ뤳Ȥ顤ɽˡϥѥǤϤΥǥեȤȤäƤ褯KWIC (= Key Word in Context) Ȥ̾ĤƤ롥
εǼ夲BNCweb "{love/V}" ȤƸƤߤȡ14,195Ԥ concordance lines 롥Ƭ10Ԥۤɤ KWIC ɽȡΤ褦ˤʤ롥ɤߤ䤹ʬϤ䤹ɽˡǤ뤳Ȥ狼

Τ褦ŻҥѥǤϡ concordance ưפ롥 concordance ФץबظưƤƤ뤪ǤꡤΤ褦ʥץ䥢ץꥱ concordancer ȸƤǤ롥
ѺʸΤȤСؿԱ³缭ŵ١ʸҡˤʤɤѤƤ (125) ǾҲ𤵤Ƥ륪饤ġ Just The Word ʤɤ餷ȤŬʸ "combinations" Υܥȡʸѥ̤٤ι⤤ collocation ɽȤʪˡŬ collocation åȡʸ KWIC ǤĤȤ顤Ԥ
Just The Word Τ⤦1ĤʻȤӤϡŬڤʱѸɽĤ褦ȤݤΤǤ롥־̤פбѸɽΤꤿȤˡȾȾʤ⡤ޤ "say joke" Ϥ "alternatives from thesaurus" åƤߤ롥 "say joke" ϰȤ֤ɽ뤬β "tell joke" ɤȤФɽΤåСϤ KWIC "tell a joke" "tell jokes" ʤɤʸ¿롥
ˤСظ˹ƤΤ BNC Τ褦ơΡɤפ T-score οͤ˰¸ƤȤʡ#1283. ηˡ ([2012-10-31-1])ˡ
ѥѤ䵻Ѥ̤ޤDZѤƤΤȶäФǤ롥
ã顡رñؽβʳء١ҡ2019ǯ
2।ǥȤƤФѸ word pair 뤤 binomial ˤĤơܥ֥Ǥ#820. ʩƱ ([2011-07-26-1])#1443. ˡΧѸˤƱ ([2013-04-09-1])#2157. word pair μȸ̡ ([2015-03-24-1]) ϤᡤĤεˤƤ
θˡϡäѸʹߡեƥ줫μѸ줬ƤȤˡˤ֤뽬ܸѸƱ褦ˡ졤ä˴줫μѤƤаޤΤǡŪ˻褦ʾä˰㤤ʤˤĤơƣ (10 fn.) ˴Ϣڤä
Cf. "The inaudible and noiseless foot of Time" (Shakespeare: All's Well That Ends Well, V. iii. 41)
"The dark backward and abysm of Time" (Shakespeare: The Tempest, I. ii. 50)
Ρ郎γؼԤֻСפƬˤ
شȷڽʽ
֥ȤϤ餮ʤ륷祭ΤߤϡƥȤۤӤʤ륷奯¥Τ褭हפȡʸʤɤߡפΤ˻Ƥ롥
ʸɤߤȤϡƱδȷ2ɤळȤǡϵ (饦) Τۤߡס (å) Τ꤮ꤹס˧ʥեݥ˥ȥХפʤɤ롥ʸɤͳ褹ɤǡʿ»ήԤμ¤˻ǯ֤λʸʸ٤ɤȤˤȤ櫓Ѥ줿Τǡ̾롥ѸˤȼѸΥڥˤϡԤΰ̣뤿Ԥ֤ȤưŤФФäʸɤߤǤƱͤˡ̤ˤߤ䤹뤿¸ηɤźȤȯãΤȻפ롥ޤˤƤʩñڥϡܸȯۤǤȡֲʣɡפȤ٤Τä櫓ξˤΤ褦Τ뤳Ȥϡޤ굤ŤƤʤȤ˭٤ʸüѤˤǤȤͤС٤ɬŪȤäƤ褤Τ⤷ʤʡܸظŵ p. 117 ⻲ȡˡ
ܸǤ "binomial" ˤĤƤϡ#1616. ʸ礹ߡ2 ([2013-09-29-1]) ǿ줿֥֡¸Ͽ͡ס֥եɥȡǼš͡ס֥롼ס̺͡פʤɤɽ⡤ΰȤʤ
ƣ ͦرʸػ˳١ҡ1963ǯ
ܸظŵ١ ʸۤ ԡ2007ǯ
伫ʬѤ n-gram Ȥʬϼˡ롥ѥؤǤ⤹ǤˤߤγǰǤꡤɽ (collocation) θʤɤǤΤ褦Ѥ褦ˤʤäΥѥΥեˤƤѤƤꡤ#607. Google Books Ngram Viewer ([2010-12-25-1]) Ǥ̾˴ޤޤƤۤɤܥ֥Ǥ COCA (Corpus of Contemporary American English) N-gram ǡ١Ѥơ#956. COCA N-Gram Search ([2011-12-09-1]) ƤʤαѤϡ#953. ƬƧ2।ǥ ([2011-12-06-1])#954. ӱƧ2।ǥ ([2011-12-07-1])#955. ʸϤ碌2।ǥ ([2011-12-08-1]) ȡˡBNC ǤϡExplore Words and Phrases from the BNC ѤǤ롥
ԥ塼ѤʬϼˡȤʹ뤬n-gram ιͤϻäñǤ롥ʸ٥ 2-gram (bigram) ͤƤߤ褦ĹαñȤ pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis (#63. پɤϱѸǺǤŤµ ([2009-06-30-1])) ˤȤ롥ޤƬ2ʸ1Ȥ pn Фˡ2ʸܤ˿ʤƱ褦 ne Ф3ʸܤ˿ʤ eu 4ʸܤ˿ʤ um 롥Ʊ褦ˡ1ʸıˤ餷ʤ顤Ǹ is ޤ2ʸ1ȤȽäƤ44Ȥ2ʸȤˤʤ롥ȤΤʤǡic co ȤȤ߹碌ϳơ3ꡤos, si, no, on Ȥ߹碌ϳơ2졤ʳȤ߹碌Ϥ1٤Ǥ롥äơñˤƺǹ٤2ʸ1Ȥ ic co Ȥʤ롥
n-gram ñ̤ϡΤ褦ʸǤɬפϤʤǤǤ褤礭ñ̤ǤǤǤ褯礭ʶʤɤΤ礭ñ̤Ǥ褤Ѹ쥳ѥؤǤϡȤñ̤ǹͤΤ̤Martin Luther King, Jr. I Have a Dream αΥƥȤǸñ̤ 4-gram ȡǤ¿4Ȥ߹碌ϡͽ̤ "I have a dream" 8"will be able to" Ʊ8롥"Let freedom ring from" 7Ȥ褯롤ʬϤǽȤʤ롥Ǥ4ȤפꤷΤ 4-gram ȸƤФ뤬ܤ뤤Ĥʸθ뤫ˤ 1-gram (unigram), 2-gram (bigram), 3-gram (trigram) 5-gram ʾͤ뤳ȤǤ1-gram ξ硤ꥹȤϡ¾ƸɽǤˡ
祳ѥ줿 2-gram 3-gram ΰϡ켫ΤɽθʤɤǤϴܥǡȤʤ뤿ᡤ־Ǥ⤤ȸƤ롥ܸǤN-gram ѥ - ܸ쥦֥ѥ 2010뤷ѸǤ COCA n-gram ǡ١ 롥ޤBigram Plus Ǥϡ˱Ѹ쥳ѥޤƼѸ쥳ѥ N-Gram Search Ԥʤ뵡ǽƤ롥ۤˤǤդΥƥȤ䥳ѥоݤ n-gram ƼΥġ䥽եȤ⡤־ǽ
n-gram ʬϤθʬؤαϰϤϹʲʸˤϲȤͽ¬ǽȤطᡤˤ벻ǧʬϡȽꡤưڥåõΡʸѥǥåκʤɤ˳Ѥ롥ɽθǤϡܤˤԲķμʤȤʤäƤ롥n-gram ϤäѤȤɽ̲줿ƥȤоݤȤؤˤ빽¤ˤޤä뤳ȤʤᡤʸˡΤ褦ʸ̤Ƚ褦ܤϡn-gram in Wikipedia ȡ
n-gram ϹǡޤޤȤƻꤽ˱ѸƥȤˤ⡤ѤƤ
ʸ嵭2015/09/12(Sat) Sketch Engine N-grams ⻲ȡ
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