hellogѸ˥֥     ChangeLog ǿ     ƥǿ     ڡ 1 2 / page 2 (2)

collocation - hellogѸ˥֥

ǽ: 2026-07-15 01:27

2015-02-05 Thu

#2110. ѲˤλѴץǥ [cognitive_linguistics][usage-based_model][language_change][frequency][collocation][speed_of_change]

ǧθؤθѲ˴ؤǥȤơѴץǥ (usage-based model) ȤΤƤƤ롥ëˤȿ޲ (106, 105) 狼䤹

뤳ȤФˡζȤʤ륹 [A] 顤餫ǰæȤäˡ (B) 롥Ϥᡤ(B) ϥ [A] ˹פʤ(B) ˡ֤夹ˤĤơ(B) [A] ȶˤθΥƥ˼ޤ褦ˤʤ롥ȡ(B) Ǥ餿ʥ [A'] Ф졤ˤä (B) ǧ褦ˤʤäƤΤǤ롥Τ褦ѲΥƥ򡤡ֻѴץǥפ뤤ϡˡץǥ (usage-based model) Ȥ (Langacker 2000) ë106


Language Change in Usage-Based Model

ޤϽФϡݲǤȤǡʸˡ§ϽФȤӤ롥̾ʸˡ§ŪǤΤФơޤưŪǤꡤǤȤ㤤롥ޤϡæ㤬夹ˤĤơѹƤޤѲβˤơæ㤬夹ٹ礤ˤϸĿͺ뤿ᡤɬŪ˥޼ΤθĿͺ뤳Ȥˤʤ롥Ѳ򤳤Τ褦˰֤ŤƤȤ館ѴץǥˤƤϡηϤΤΤήưŪʤΤˤߤ
ޤ٤˸ĿͺȤȤϡѲ® (speed_of_change) ľ뤹뤷θλ (frequency) 䶦 (collocation) ȤϢѴץǥϡδطˤܤƤ롥ѲʥߥåʤΤǤϤ뤬줽ΤΤ˥ʥߥåʤΤǤꡤΥʥߥθλѤΤʤˤȤȤƶĴɾǤ

ë سؤӤΥǧθء١ҤĤ˼2006ǯ

[ | ѥڡ ]

2014-02-17 Mon

#1757. synaesthesia ȥޥɻ (1) [synaesthesia][semantic_change][collocation][rhetoric][literature]

synaesthesiaˤϡ¿ο͡δؿĤ롥ؤΥߤǤ⡤ǯΤ褦´ֳ롥⤽ synaesthesia ȤϲޤϡBussmann θѸ켭ŵѤ褦

synesthesia [Grk synaísthēsis 'joint perception']
The association of stimuli or the sense (smell, sight, hearing, taste, and touch). The stimulation of one of these senses simultaneously triggers the stimulation of one of the other senses, resulting in phenomena such as hearing colors or seeing sounds. In language, synesthesia is reflected in expressions in which one element is used in a metaphorical sense. Thus, a voice can be 'soft' (sense of touch), 'warm' (sensation of heat), or 'dark' (sense of sight).


Ĥޤꡤ봶Фɽ魯Τˡ̤δФ°ɽѤƤ뤳ȤǤ롥̸Ū˹ѻ븽ݤǤꡤε#1756. ̣Ѳˡ§餷Ρ ([2014-02-16-1]) ήǤС̣˴ؤ뷹Ȥˡ§ȸƤ֤٤Τ˶ᤤܸǤ⡤ֽ餫סʿФȻСˡִŤס̣Ф̳СˡֲסʻФİСˤʤ¿롥
ѸǤ嵭ΰŪΤۤʸŪʸ줫 "I see a voice: now will I to the chink, To spy an I can hear my Thisby's face" (Sh., Mids. N. D. 5:1:194--95), "As they smelt music" (Sh., Tempest 4:1:178), "eyes which mutter thickly" (E. E. Cummings), "And taste the music of that vision pale" (Keats) ʤɤɽǤ⸫Ĥ롥
ʸػŪˤСͽۤ뤳Ȥsynaesthesia ϥޥɤλͤˡǤ롥ޥɤνи synaesthesia ϡ̵ǤϤʤɤӤĤƤ롥Ullmann (272--73) ϡ18ȾμҲˤʸػˤŸˡѸˤܳŪʶɽѤεߤƤ롥

In the latter half of the eighteenth century, a number of contributory factors prepared the ground for the romantic vogue of synaesthesia: occult influences (Swedenborg), theories about language origin (Herder), efforts to delimit the various arts (Lessing, Erasmus Darwin), Rousseau's use of sense-metaphors, and various other currents of pre-romantic literature.
   All these threads were gathered up by the Romantic Movement. There were also some factors peculiar to that generation: the cult of exoticism and the use of drugs like hashish and opium; the part played by certain synaesthetic temperaments, such as E. T. A. Hoffmann; the tightening of social contacts between writers, artists and musicians; and in a more general way, the new code of aesthetics, with its search for novel and imaginative effects, expressiveness, and evocatory power. For the first time in the history of literature synaesthetic metaphor became a fully-fledged poetic device, and its stylistic potentialities were widely exploited. The most frequent settings in which it automatically presented itself were descriptive passages with strong suggestive power, where synaesthesia, like Leibniz's monads, provided several angles from which the same sensation could be viewed; situations where the organic unity of perceptual states had to be stressed; and last but not least, vague, dreamy, or even uncanny and hallucinatory moods where the semi-pathological implications of intersensorial transfer found a congenial expression. So strong was the interest in these 'correspondences', 'harmonies', and 'transpositions', that entire poems were devoted to synaesthetic themes. (273)


ΰѤϡ̣εҤǤȤȤʸػ˾ɾȤʤäƤꡤ¤˶̣Ullmann 夲ȷˤϡByron, Keats, William Morris, Wilde, Dowson, Phillips, Lord Alfred Douglas, Arthur Symons; Longfellow; Leconte de Lisle, Théphile Gautier; and the Hungarian romantic poet Vörösmarty ʤɤ
Ǥϡޥɤλͤ϶ŪˤɤΤ褦ʼ synaesthesia ɽѤΤˤĤƤϡεǡ

Bussmann, Hadumod. Routledge Dictionary of Language and Linguistics. Trans. and ed. Gregory Trauth and Kerstin Kazzizi. London: Routledge, 1996.
Ullmann, Stephen. The Principles of Semantics. 2nd ed. Glasgow: Jackson, 1957.

Referrer (Inside): [2014-02-19-1] [2014-02-18-1]

[ | ѥڡ ]

2012-10-31 Wed

#1283. η׻ˡ [corpus][statistics][bnc][collocation][lltest]

[2010-03-04-1]ε#311. girl Ȥ褯 collocate ƻϲפǡȸζ (collocation) ¬׻ˡ (association measure) ˤϤĤμब뤳Ȥ򸫤ѥؤǤϡLog-Likelihood Test Ȥˤ׻ˡŪ褯ȤƤ뤬줾η׻ˡˤħΤǡʤ٤ʣˡΤ褤[2010-03-04-1]ƤȽʣʬ⤢뤬BNCweb ǼƤ7η׻ˡγơˤĤ Hoffmann et al. (149--58) 򻲾Ȥʤ顤ħѤΥҥȤ򼨤
Ƽη׻ˡϡ(a) (frequency of co-occurrence)(b) ͭ (significance of co-occurrence)(c) եȡ (effect-size) 1ġ뤤ʣȤ߹碌˴ŤƤ롥(b) ϡŪͭդǤȤγο٤ɽ魯ɸǤꡤζɽ魯ΤǤϤʤȤդɬפ롥(c) ϡѻ٤ȴ٤Ȥ׻δܤȤɸǤ롥

(1) Rank by frequency
ѻ붦٤ΤΤѤ롤ǤñľŪʼ١¾η׻ˡΤ褦ʣ׽ϤۤɤƤ餺ɸȤƤϺǤƤǽɵʤɤ̤뤳Ȥ¿̾ζʬϤˤѤʤ

(2) Log-likelihood
ͭѤ롥BNCweb ΥǥեȤη׻ˡǡѥǹѤƤ롥ǽɵʤɤζˤƹ٤θȤζ䡤դ˶ˤ٤θ1, 2ʤɡˤȤζϤ롥٤ι⤤Ȥ߹碌˹ͿȤħꡤˤդפ롥

(3) Mutual information (MI)
եȡѤ롥ˤ褯ѤƤ׻ˡѤäƤ¿դפ롥ǽɵʤɤȤΤդ줿ŪӽƤϤ褤ȿ̡٤ζɽؤФ꤬㤷Фαƶ򸺤뤿ˡBNCweb Ǥ "Freq(node, collocate) at least" 10ʾꤹ뤳Ȥ侩롥ˤꡤ"conspicuous and intuitively appealing collocations involving words of intermediate frequency" (Hoffmann et al. 154) ⤭ĦȤʤ롥

(4) T-score
٤ȶͭθ׻ˡ٤1ʲ٤εʶɽˤĤƤ Rank by frequency Ȼ褦ʿ񤤤򤷡٤ι⤤ɽˤĤƤ϶ͭȿǤ񤤤򤹤롥ޤѻ٤٤ɬ⤯ʤ롥Log-likelihood ̤Ȥʤ뤳Ȥ¿٤ؤΥХϰضʤ롥ΡɤΤΤ1000礭ˡ̤ȯ뤳Ȥ롥

(5) Z-score
ͭȥեȡθ׻ˡ٤ζɽˤϥեȡŻ뤹뤬٤ζɽˤϤޤǥեȡ˴꤫ʤLog-likelihood MI ξħ褦ʡХ󥹤μ줿ɸǤ롥MI Ʊͤˡ٤ζɽؤΥХߤΤǡ"Freq(node, collocate) at least" 5٤ꤹΤ褤Ȥ롥

(6) MI3
٤ȥեȡθ׻ˡMI ΤɽؤнŤ٤Ƥ롥ٶɽˤϥեȡٶɽˤ϶٤Ū褯ȿǤ롥POS ˤȤȤѤȸŪʣ줫ʤѸʤɤμФ˰Ϥȯ롥ΤȤƤϹٶɽؤΥХŪʶʬϤˤϸʤ

(7) Dice coefficient
MI3 Ʊͤˡ٤ȥեȡθ׻ˡMI3Ȱۤʤꡤٶɽˤ϶٤ٶɽˤϥեȡ褯ȿǤ졤ξԤڤؤޤʤΤħŪǤ롥ڤؤϡΡɤΤΤ٤ɽ٤10ܤۤɤǵȤ롥иŪˡZ-score Ȼ褦ʷ̤뤬Z-score ۤ٤˴ŤХʤ

ʾΤ褦¿ढäܰܤꤹ뤬Hoffmann et al. θˤСñη׻ˡȤƤ Log-likelihood MI ǡη׻ˡȤƤ Z-score Dice ȤΤȤǤ롥
͡ʷ׻ˡˤĤƤϡAssociation measures 򻲾ȡ

Hoffmann, Sebastian, Stefan Evert, Nicholas Smith, David Lee, and Ylva Berglund Prytz. Corpus Linguistics with BNCweb : A Practical Guide. Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang, 2008.

Referrer (Inside): [2019-07-10-1]

[ | ѥڡ ]

2012-05-06 Sun

#1105. ηƤȤƤ grey eyes (2) [romance][adjective][collocation][bnc][corpus]

ε[2012-05-05-1]˰³ grey eyes ꡥϡѸޥ󥹤 grey eyes ˤĤƹͤζɽϸˤ³Ƥ롥BNCWeb ǡ"(grey|gray) {eye/N}" ȤƸȡ287㤬ҥåȤgrey eyes ̤ηƻԤƤߤȡclear, dark, deep, pale Ū¿beautiful bright 鷺ʤ餢ä
Τ褦㤫ȽǤȡgrey Τϵ̵ͭɽ魯̣ôƤʤ褦˻פ롥⤷ôƤȤСष pale ΡΤʤפȤ˰󤻤ѱѼdzǧ¤ꡤѸ grey ΰŪʸ촶ϡܸΤȤ褯ơnegative ϷǯµͫݵŷΥ᡼äơѸ grey eyes ϡnegative ʥ˥奢󥹤ä˴ްդʤɤߤȤʤС˿ȤƤΡֳפ뤤ϡĤߤΤ֤󺮤äפɽ魯Τȹͤ롥뤤ϡgrey eyes ϡ̣ޤäɽȤѤƤˤʤȤǽ⤢뤫⤷ʤ
ȡޤޤѸŵṲ̄ȤƤ grey eyes 狼ʤ⤷MED Silverstein Ҥ٤Ƥ̤ꡤѸ grey ɽ路ΤȤСѸεΤʤ grey 180٤ΰ̣ѲФȤˤʤ롥
gradation ΤǤꡤĤʤäƤϰϤ̣ꤷ뤳Ȥϡʤʤ񤷤ѸΤߤʤ餺ܸˤƤ⡤̸Ǥ롥
ʤŵṲ̄򼨤ƤBrewer (258) ϡMatthew of Vandôme ˤ Helen of Troy ̤ʲ̤ꡤ1ĤηǤȤƤ롥

. . . her hair is golden, forehead white as paper, eyebrows black and thin. The space between the eyes (in contrast to the Greek ideal) is white and clear, a 'milky way'; the face is a shining star; the eyes are like stars. She has a little smile, a nose neither too big nor too small. Her face is rosy, her colouring white and red, like rose and snow. Teeth are like ivory, lips are small, slightly swelling, honeyed. Her mouth smells like a rose, her neck is smooth, shoulders radiant, well-spaced (dispatiati), breasts small, and figure incomparable.


ʽǤ礦ҲäƤߤ

Silverstein, Theodore, ed. Sir Gawain and the Green Knight. Chicago: U of Chicago P, 1983.
Brewer, D. S. "The Ideal of Feminine Beauty in Medieval Literature, Especially 'Harley Lyrics', Chaucer, and Some Elizabethans." The Modern Language Review 50 (1955): 257--69.

[ | ѥڡ ]

2012-01-08 Sun

#986. COCA "WORD AND PHRASE . INFO" [coca][corpus][dictionary][synonym][collocation][semantic_prosody][intensifier][web_service]

COCA ( Corpus of Contemporary American English ) 򱿱Ĥ Mark Davies ᤬ǯˡCOCA١Ǹ˴ؤǤ륵ӥ WORD AND PHRASE . INFO lemma ٤Ǿ60,000˸¤ˤϤȡ뤴Ȥ٤䤽Υ󥳡󥹡饤ϤȤꡤWordNet ˴Ť췲ޤǤ̾˸롥ۤȤɤιܤåǽǡʤ뵡ǽؤȥǤ롥󥿡եľŪǻȤ䤹
츦 collocation ˤΩĻͤˤʤäΤǤϤʤ㤨Сsemantic_prosody 򰷤ä[2011-03-12-1]ε#684. semantic prosody ʸˡƥ꡼פǡո utterly, absolutely, perfectly, totally, completely, entirely, thoroughly ˤĤƤθҲ𤷤WORD AND PHRASE . INFO utterly ϤС췲ɥ˰롥ȤϡƸ򥯥åƤ椯ǡ٤ collocation ξܺ٤롥Τ褦ĤΤ˸̤ȯ

utterly by WORD AND PHRASE . INFO

Referrer (Inside): [2012-03-03-1]

[ | ѥڡ ]

2011-12-09 Fri

#956. COCA N-Gram Search [cgi][web_service][coca][corpus][collocation][n-gram]

##953,954,955 εǡǶ줿 COCA ( Corpus of Contemporary American English ) n-gram ǡ١ѤƤߤCOCA ˸ 2-grams, 3-grams, 4-grams, 5-grams ˤĤơ줾100ɽ󤷤ǡ١ǡ긵ˤƤС׼ COCA Υ󥿡եǤϸˤɽθǽȤʤ롥
n-gram Υǡ١ϡᥬХȤ̤ΥƥȥեǡľܸˤϽŤǡSQLite ǡ١ؤȳǼSQL ʸˤ븡ǽȤʤ褦˸ץȤʲϡ̤κǽ10ԤϤ CGI Ǥ롥

    


ʲˡơ֥̾ n-gram "n" ͤ˱ơ"two", "three", "four", "five" Ȥʤߤˡ1-grams Υǡ١ʻ¾塤COCA 3ʾ帽٤Ĥꥹȡˤտ路Ƥꡤơ֥̾ "one" Ȥƥǽˤեɤϡơ֥˶̤ "freq" ١ˤƤƤۤ"n" ͤ˱ơ"word1" "word5" ޤǤθ (case-sensitive) ȡ"pos1" "pos5" ޤǤ COCA θɸꤵƤ롥select ʸΤͭʲˡŵŪʸȤƺܤƤ

# 1-grams ǡֻٽ˼Фʤcase-sensitive ʤΤǺƽפɬס
select * from one where pos1 like "i%" order by freq desc;

# 2-grams ǡϥ󥵥ʤΤٽ˼Ф
select * from two where word1 = "handsome" and pos1 = "jj" and pos2 like "nn_" order by freq desc;

# 2-grams ǡ"absolutely (adj.)" ǶĴƻٽ˼Ф[2011-03-12-1]ε#684. semantic prosody ʸˡƥ꡼פ򻲾ȡ
select * from two where word1 = "absolutely" and pos2 = "jj" order by freq desc;

# 3-grams ǡ٤ as ... as ɽФ
select * from three where word1 = "as" and word3 = "as" order by freq desc;

# 4-grams ǡ٤ from ... to ... ɽФ
select * from four where word1 = "from" and pos1 = "ii" and word3 = "to" and pos3 = "ii" order by freq desc;

# 5-grams ǡõ롨 "die of" "die from" ɤѻ
select * from five where word1 in ("die", "dies", "died", "dying") and pos1 like "vv%" and word2 in ("of", "from") and pos2 like "i%" order by word3;


n-gram ǡ١¤˻ȤʤˤϡΤ褦ˤ줿̤Ȥˤ˾ʤꡤʣθ̤դ碌ʤɤιפɬפ

[ | ѥڡ ]

2011-12-08 Thu

#955. ʸϤ碌2।ǥ [binomial][rhyme][corpus][coca][collocation][euphony][n-gram][suffix][proverb]

[2011-12-06-1], [2011-12-07-1]εǡCOCA ( Corpus of Contemporary American English ) 3-gram ǡ١ФѸˤƬƧ2।ǥ (binomial) ȵӱƧ2।ǥ򸫤ƤʬϤʤǡξꥹȤΤʤǽʣ2।ǥब줿ΤǡФƤߤ줾ƬȵӱξͤʤʸϤ碌ȤƤζɽǤ롥ʸ̤᤿ƥȥե50ɽ󤲤褦

Saturday and Sunday, personal and professional, himself or herself, quantity and quality, morbidity and mortality, quantitative and qualitative, security and stability, best and brightest, latitude and longitude, sixteenth and seventeenth, whenever and wherever, sensitivity and specificity, watching and waiting, majority and minority, basketball and baseball, fight or flight, ranting and raving, forties and fifties, cooperation and coordination, nature and nurture, pushing and pulling, tossing and turning, twisting and turning, grandchildren and great-grandchildren, skiers and snowboarders, communication and collaboration, cooking and cleaning, psychiatrists and psychologists, biggest and best, development and deployment, slipping and sliding, communication and cooperation, Dungeons and Dragons, heterosexual and homosexual, healthier and happier, grandmother and grandfather, stopping and starting, sixteen or seventeen, hooting and hollering, competence and confidence, stalactites and stalagmites, waxing and waning, positive and productive, reading and rereading, patience and perseverance, bedroom and bathroom, consultation and collaboration, going and getting, grandfather and grandmother, protection and promotion


¿ϡƬȵӱϤȤƶ˰פȹͤϡ촴ɤ˸츻ŪʴϢ뤬椨ƬƧǤΤǤꡤƱѤƤ뤬椨˵ӱƧǤΤȲ᤹٤
ñʤϤͷӤȤʤ졥嵭ϡỌ̇̄Ĵ¤򤤤䤪ʤ2δ֤˰ɬƤӵΤ褦ʡ٤˽ŪɽȤfight or flight, nature and nurture, competence and confidence, positive and productive ʤɤϡñʤ٤ζɽǤȤʾˡŪȤ虜ŪǤ餢롥

Referrer (Inside): [2018-08-22-1] [2015-09-07-1]

[ | ѥڡ ]

2011-12-07 Wed

#954. ӱƧ2।ǥ [binomial][rhyme][corpus][coca][collocation][euphony][n-gram][suffix][compound]

ε#953. ƬƧ2।ǥ ([2011-12-06-1]) ˰³ϡӱƧ٤ binomial COCA ( Corpus of Contemporary American English ) n-gram ǡ١ˤ꽦ФƱͤˡ3-gram Ѥ"A and/but/or B" ηζɽǡ A B ӱƧǤ褦̤Ǽ᤿ƥȥե
̤įƤƺʤ鵤դȤʤΤӱƬ٤ƥѥ󤬸Ĥ䤹ä˸ʤΤϡӱ¿촴θ˰¸ƤȤϡ˰¸Ƥ뤳Ȥ-ing, -ed, -ly, -al, -y, -ion, -er ʤɤζƤ롥

positive and negative, national and international, internal and external, Friday and Saturday, teaching and learning, gifted and talented, elementary and secondary, hunting and fishing, personal and professional, presence or absence, reliability and validity, coming and going, winners and losers, physical and psychological, formal and informal, directly and indirectly, advantages and disadvantages, rising and falling, physically and mentally, buyers and sellers


ޤͤƤߤС⤢ʤȤʤΤʣ2ǤƱǤѤ뤳Ȥˤ걤ƧǤ¿ self-rhyme ǤϤ롥

Friday and Saturday, children and grandchildren, Saturday and Sunday, hardware and software, himself or herself, formal and informal, parents and grandparents, direct and indirect, buyers and sellers, mother and grandmother, father and grandfather, Afghanistan and Pakistan, anything and everything, football and basketball, indoor and outdoor, direct or indirect, servicemen and women, likes and dislikes, urban and suburban, indoor and outdoor


¿Ѥޤ right-headed ʣ򹥤ѸˤƤϡӱѤ2।ǥηưפǤꡤˤǤ뤳ȤϡǤդ鸫С촴θƬѤƬ2।ǥηϡŪ񤷤ȤȤˤʤΤ⤷ʤ

Referrer (Inside): [2015-09-07-1] [2011-12-08-1]

[ | ѥڡ ]

2011-12-06 Tue

#953. ƬƧ2।ǥ [binomial][alliteration][corpus][coca][collocation][euphony][n-gram]

[2011-07-26-1]ε#820. ʩƱפǡ2।ǥ (binomial idiom) Ҳ𤷤and, but, or ʤɤ³ǷФ2फʤɽϸѸǤ⸲ߤǤꡤ褯ΤˤϡϤΤ褤 (euphony) ¿ѸˤƸϤɤȤС[2011-11-26-1]ε#943. ƬˤפǼ夲Ƭ (alliteration) ŵ1ĤȤƵ󤲤롥
Ȥǡ1122ˡ絬ϥ饤󡦥ѥ COCA ( Corpus of Contemporary American English ) ʤɤΤ륳ѥؼ Mark Davies COCA ˴Ť n-gram ̵Ǹ2, 3, 4, 5줫ʤ롤줾100ζɽ (collocation) ٿȤȤ󤷤ǡ١ǡɤƥե饤Ǽͳ˽Ǥ롥

Visit N-GRAMS: from the COCA and COHA corpora of American English. For downloading, directly visit Free lists.
Also visit Word frequency lists and dictionary: from the Corpus of Contemporary American English for other COCA-derived n-grams and frequency lists.

ǡCOCA n-gram 鸽Ѹ2।ǥ˸ƬõƽФƤߤ褦ȻפΩä3-gram ǡ١Ѥ"A and/but/or B" ηζɽõäüԤΰռƤʤȤǤ⡤ƬɽΤʤѤƤϤȤͽۤΤȤǤθäºݤ¿򽦤ФȤǤ̤Υƥȥե2θƬλҲפƤΤФʤΤǡ줬ɽ魯ҲפƤȤϸ¤餺դɬפǤ롥Ǥ⡤ŪƬ򽦤ФȤǤ
̤̾ˤϡhis or her, four or five, six or seven, this or that, Saturday and Sunday ʤɡʤۤɤȤϻפ碌뤬ۤɶ̣ʤ㤬ʤʤǥŪʤΤ⤦Τ褦ʶɽ⼡ȵ󤬤ꡤι夬ä­

public and private, rules and regulations, pots and pans, command and control, flora and fauna, free and fair, death and destruction, go and get, safety and security, signs and symptoms, fame and fortune, families and friends, fresh or frozen, peace and prosperity, past and present, quantity and quality, morbidity and mortality, slowly but surely, professional and personal, name and number, facts and figures, pencil and paper, state and society, small but significant, clear and convincing


n-gram ˤĤƤϡ[2010-12-25-1]ε#607. Google Books Ngram Viewerפ⻲ȡ

[ | ѥڡ ]

2011-03-03 Thu

#675. collocation, colligation, semantic preference, semantic prosody [semantics][corpus][collocation][semantic_prosody]

ε[2011-03-02-1]Ǽꤢ semantic prosody ˴Ϣꡥȸζطˤ4Ĥμब̤롥ʲMcEnery et al. (84--85, 149--52) 򻲾Ȥơ٤㤤Τ⤤Τؤ¤١줾γפ򵭤

(1) collocation: ùܤȸùܤȤδط
(2) colligation: ùܤʸˡƥ꡼Ȥδط
(3) semantic preference: ùܤȡ̣Ū˴Ϣ췲Ȥδط
(4) semantic prosody: Ụ߽̄Фùܤζط

(1) collocation ñ˸ȸ줬ȤطؤŪˤŪʳǰȹͤƤ롥ɤ٤٤äƶ "collocate" ƤȸʤȤǤΤ˴ؤơԤΤŪʴϰۤʤ see [2010-03-23-1], [2010-03-04-1] ) ̾ϡQŪˡֹ١פǤ collocation ȸƤǤ褦
(2) ̾ house ȺǤ٤Ƕ the a ʤɤδ줬뤬 collocation 򸦵椹Ǥޤ̣ͭǤʤ̾ǤдȶΤϼǤꡤhouse ˸ꤵ줿äǤϤʤcollocation ̣ͭʽѸȤݤĤˤϡhouse ȴΤ褦ʡʸˡƥ꡼δطɽ魯Ѹ줬ɬפȤʤ롥줬 colligation Ǥ롥
(3) semantic preference ϡ̣Ūͭ롤٤Ƕν˴ؤطǤ롥㤨Сlarge Ͽ̡Ϥɽ魯췲 ( ex. number(s), scale, part, quantities, amount(s) ) ȶutterly ħηǡ֤Ѳɽ魯췲 ( ex. helpless, useless, unable, forgotten; changed, different ) ȶ롥large utterly ϶ΰ̣ϰϤǤ롥
(4) semantic prosody Ϻε[2011-03-02-1]ǵ̤ǡ٤ɾȤäŪʰ̣߽ФطؤüԤΰռ˾ʤ줿ްդǤ뤳Ȥ¿semantic preference üʸȸ뤳ȤǤζܤɬΤǤϤʤ
μζǤ졤˴ؤܺ٤ʸŻҥѥǰ٤¿ʸ򽸤褦ˤʤäȤˤȯŸƤsemantic prosody θϡ̣ȯŸ˹׸뤳ȤϤޤǤʤ֤ζ̤餫ˤΤΩĤȤޤΤǸض伭ؤʬˤ׸뤳Ȥˤʤޤμθϸ̣ȶӤĤ븦ǤϤ뤬 utterly ȤδϢǼħηǡ֤ѲפȤ̣δͿͤȡpolarity modality Ȥäʸˡƥ꡼ȤδϢ⼨졤Ȥ⸫ơ֤뤳Ȥˤΰ̣夷Ƥ椯Ȥ˾ƤС̻Ūʸоݤˤʤ롥
semantic prosody ϡΤ褦˹ϤʱѤԤǤǤ롥McEnery et al. (84) ˺Ƕθν郎ΤǡͤޤǤ˰ʲƤ

Hunston, S. Corpora in Applied Linguistics. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 2002.
Louw, B. "Irony in the Text or Insincerity in the Writer? The Diagnostic Potential of Semantic Prosodies." Text and Technology: In Honour of John Sinclair. Eds. M. Baker, G. Francis and E. Tognini-Bonelli. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 1993. 157--76.
Louw, B. 2000. "Contextual Prosodic Theory: Bringing Semantic Prosodies to Life." Words in Context: A Tribute to John Sinclair on his Retirement. Eds. C. Heffer, H. Sauntson and G. Fox. Birmingham: U of Birmingham, 2000.
Partington, A. Patterns and Meanings. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 1998.
Partington, A. "'Utterly content in each other's company': Semantic Prosody and Semantic Preference." International Journal of Corpus Linguistics 9.1 (2004): 131--56.
Schmitt, N. and R. Carter "Formulaic Sequences in Action: An Introduction." Formulaic Sequences. Ed. N. Schmitt. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 2004. 1--22.
Stubbs, M. "Collocations and Semantic Profiles: On the Cause of the Trouble with Quantitative Methods." Function of Language 2.1 (1995): 1--33.
Stubbs, M. "Texts, Corpora, and Problems of Interpretation: A Response to Widdowson." Applied Linguistics 22.2 (2001): 149--72.


McEnery, Tony, Richard Xiao, and Yukio Tono. Corpus-Based Language Studies: An Advanced Resource Book. London: Routledge, 2006.

[ | ѥڡ ]

2011-03-02 Wed

#674. semantic prosody [semantics][corpus][collocation][semantic_prosody][terminology]

semantic prosody ϡǯΥѥؤζδˤä߽Ф줿ǰǤꡤȤƤܤ褦ˤʤäƤƱѥؤˤäܤ򽸤褦ˤʤä collocation Ȥ⿼ϢƤ롥Louw (57) ˤСsemantic prosody "a form of meaning which is established through the proximity of a consistent series of collocates" Ǥ롥⤦ʬ䤹Ȥ Crystal Ѥ褦

A term sometimes used in corpus-based lexicology to describe a word which typically co-occurs with other words that belong to a particular semantic set. For example, utterly co-occurs regularly with words of negative evaluation (e.g. utterly appalling). (428)


Ȥ utterly appalling 󤲤Ƥ褦ˡutterly ȤդϾˡŪɽ魯Ĵ롥¾ˡhappen set in ȤʶưԲʽɽ魯̾ȶ뤳Ȥ¿semantic prosody Ȥϡˤäƶ뤳Τ褦ʡְ̣βפΤȤؤμ礿뵡ǽüԤ٤ɾɽ魯ȤǤ롥¿Ūɾ˴ؤΤǤꡤŪɾϾʤʸԤȤƤϡŪʶ utterly ФƹŪʶ perfectly 󤲤褦ˡsemantic prosody collocation ȶӤĤƤ뤳ȤϡMcEnery et al. (83) ε󤲤Ƥ personal price 㤫餫Ǥ롥personal price ñȤǤϤɾΩŪ̾Ūʰ̣βȼ
ζˤä semantic prosody 줬ʬ夷Ƥȡζΰդ˰æ뤳Ȥˤä桼⥢ʤɤüʸ̤ɽ魯ȤǤ褦ˤʤ롥㤨СCobuild written corpus ˼Τ褦ʸ롥

Their relationship in fact was so complete that they were utterly content in each other's company.


semantic prosody ˴ؤ򤱤뤳ȤΤǤʤϡȸζˤäƤʤβʼŪʲˤΤ뤤Ū˳ƤΤȤǤ롥utterly ϤʤŪʲӤӤΤ䤤ФơŪʸȶ뤳Ȥ¿ä utterly ΤβӤӤ褦ˤʤäȤ뤫⤷ʤ⤽Ūʸȶ뤳Ȥ¿äΤϤʤʤΤ utterly ΤŪŪʲӤӤƤǤϤʤޤ˷ܤ褫褫˴٤äƤޤΤ褦ʾξȤơ(1) ŪŪ (2) ŪʸȤˤʶȤ2Ĥװߤ˺Ѥ̤ȤäȤⲺ򤫤⤷ʤŪǶᡤ -ish ŪʴްդγˤĤŪʸԤʤäˤȤäƤϡǺޤǤ롥McEnery et al. (84) ⤳˿Ƥ롥

It might be argued that the negative (or less frequently positive) prosody that belongs to an item is the result of the interplay between the item and its typical collocates. On the one hand, the item does not appear to have an affective meaning until it is in the context of its typical collocates. On the other hand, if a word has typical collocates with an affective meaning, it may take on that affective meaning even when used with atypical collocates. As the Chinese saying goes, 'he who stays near vermilion gets stained red, and he who stays near ink gets stained black' --- one takes on the colour of one's company --- the consequence of a word frequently keeping 'bad company' is that the use of the word alone may become enough to indicate something unfavourable . . . .


Crystal, David, ed. A Dictionary of Linguistics and Phonetics. 6th ed. Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2008. 295--96.
Louw, B. 2000. "Contextual Prosodic Theory: Bringing Semantic Prosodies to Life." Words in Context: A Tribute to John Sinclair on his Retirement. Eds. C. Heffer, H. Sauntson and G. Fox. Birmingham: U of Birmingham, 2000.
McEnery, Tony, Richard Xiao, and Yukio Tono. Corpus-Based Language Studies: An Advanced Resource Book. London: Routledge, 2006.

[ | ѥڡ ]

2011-02-24 Thu

#668. Chaucer knight Ȥεӱ [chaucer][bnc][collocation][kyng_alisaunder]

Chaucer 桤knight Ȥ90ʾ塤ӱս˸Ƥ롥бӱĴ١˥ɥǽ񤫤줿2ĤΥޥ Kyng Alisaunder Arthur and Merlin ǤƱͤĴ٤Ƥߤȡˤ⤷¤⤫Ӿ夬롥
Chaucer knight ȵӱƧȤ5ʾ帽Τˡmight (32), wight (22), night (9), right (8), bright (5) 롥Kyng Alisaunder ǤϹ٤ΤΤˤ wiȝth, fiȝth, riȝth / miȝth ꡤƱ Arthur and Merlin Ǥ ''fiȝt, riȝt, riȝth 롥ӱʬۤޤȤ᤿ΤʲοޤǤBurnley, p. 130 οޤȤ˺ˡ

Chaucer's Rhymes with

Chaucer εӱϡ٤ΤΤ濴ȤȾ¾2ĤΥޥ󥹺ʤȽʣƤꡤΤȤѸޥ󥹤ŪʵӱѤǤȲǤ롥ǡChaucer ΤߤѤƤӱ⤤Ĥǧ졤ͤεӱι롥
ӤˤäƤʤ˶̣¤롥¾Υޥ2ʡҤƤѸޥΤȤơǤ٤⤤ӱȤߤʤƤ褤Ȼפ fight Chaucer ˤϰ٤⸽ʤΤǤ롥knight fight ϱǤꡤcollocation ٹ礤⤤ȤϼǤ뤫顤Chaucer ˤԺߤԼȤפ롥Burnley (131) ϡӱȤƤ fight ԺߤϡChaucer 򤷤ȤδϢ⤢뤫⤷ʤ餯 Chaucer "a hackneyed rhyme" ֻȤŤ줿ӱפȤߤʤưռŪ򤱤Ȥ

Although he [Chaucer] was often content to employ familiar and traditional rhymes, there is also evidence of resourcefulness in seeking unusual rhymes, as well as of avoiding rhymes which might have proved unacceptable to his audience. (Burnley 131)


ͤѤӱǤϤʤѤʤäӱŦ뤳ȤǡλͤħθФ٤⤭Ħˤʤꤦ빥Ǥ롥ԺߤʤΤѤʤäΤΤˤϡ¾ӤʤФʤʤоݤܼΤˤϡ줬֤ƤĶ򹭤Ϥɬפ롥ʸؤο򸫤褦ʰŪǤ롥
ʤߤˡknight fight collocation ϶ä˰㤤ʤȽҤ٤ǤäǤ롥Ѹˤξ collocation BNCweb Ĵ٤ȤۤɸǤϤʤ̾ knight 5 fight ٤ϥѥ10󤭤Ǥ롥[2010-03-23-1]εǿ줿 MI T-score ͤ򸫤ȡ줾 3.5415, 2.8907 Ǥꡤcollocation ǧƤ褤ǤϤ롥

Burnley, David. The Language of Chaucer. Basingstoke: Macmillan Education, 1983. 13--15.

[ | ѥڡ ]

2010-03-23 Tue

#330. Cobuild Concordance and Collocations Sampler [corpus][bnc][cobuild][collocation]

ܥ֥Ǥϡ饤ѤǤ븽ѸΥѥȤơؤ˻Ȥ BNC ( The British National Corpus )ܳŪ˻Ȥ BNCWeb̵ϿˤҲ𤷤ƤBNC Ϥ̾ǡꥹѸΥѥǡۤ1975ǯʹߤαѸ줬1줪Ƥ롥Τ9Ͻ񤭸ա1äդȤǤ롥ߥ饤ѤǤεϤαѸ쥳ѥǤ롥
ϤǤСä礭ʱѸ쥳ѥ¸ߤ롥˳³˥ѥ The Bank of English ǤꡤεϤ55000ˤޤã롥BNC ȰۤʤꡤꥹѸǤʤꥫѸޤ᤿¾Ѽ⥫СƤ롥
Τΰ5600줬 Cobuild Concordance and Collocations Sampler Ȥƥ饤̵ǸƤ롥󥳡󥹡饤40ԤޤǡΥ󥭥󥰤100̤ޤǤϤʤ֥ǥǡפǤϤ뤬˴ñʥ꤬ǤʤɡڤŪǤнʬ˻Ȥͤͭ Collins WordbanksOnline ⤢ˡ
ΥȤƤϡT-score MI ( Mutual Information ) ٤롥[2010-03-04-1]Ǥ⿨줿줾Υħñ˽Ҥ٤롥

MI (mutual information): 2줬Ị̇Ū˾Ƥ뷹롥Ѷ硤Ȥ虜ʣ졤Ѹʤäθ󤷤˹⤤ͤͿ롥ѥΥ˰¸ʤ3ʾͤä collocate ƤȤߤʤȤ롥᡼ȤƤϡϢۥŪʸȸδط餫ˤʤȹͤȤ褤 ( = lexical collocation )ٸ줬Ĵ뷹ꡤäǤ⤷̤ˤʤ뤳Ȥ롥

T-score: collocation ٤ΤΤλɸȤ⡤ߤ˴Ϣȸڤο٤λɸѥΥƤƤ롥̾ϡ2ʾͤǤ collocation ŪͭդȤߤʤ롥2ζ٤˾Ƥ뤿ᡤɤˤֻ졤Ѳ졤;̾졤ʤɤʸˡ¤θΤۤȤŤƤޤäȡޤʸʤɤ줬̤˥󥯥󤹤롥᡼ȤƤϡʸ䵡ǽϢ餫ˤʤȹͤȤ褤 ( = grammatical collocation )

󥳡󥹤䥳νϤϡѸθؽΤǤʤѤȯۥġ롤ϢۥġȤƤȤ롥㤨Сoctopus Υ MI ͤФƤߤȡ̤ squid, dried, october ʤɤ롥̣襤

ˡܲ עؼѥء١͸ˡ1998ǯ113--15ǡ

Referrer (Inside): [2011-03-03-1] [2011-02-24-1]

[ | ѥڡ ]

2010-03-04 Thu

#311. girl Ȥ褯 collocate ƻϲ [corpus][collocation][bnc]

ѥȤä collocation ¿ʬǤϹԤäȤʤäΤǡMcEnery et al. (56--57, 210--20) 򻲹ͤˤĤġ餪ķǤ collocation ΤƤߤä collocation ˤ͡׻ɸħդƤߤ
ϡgirl Ȥ褯 collocate ƻϲסѤ륳ѥ BNCWeb girl κ¦3ޤǤ˸ƻ򸡺оݤȤcollocation ζ٤򼨤͡ʻɸФơɸȤ˾20ĤޤǤηƻˤΤɽǤ롥

Rankraw frequencyobserved/expectedt-scorez-scorelog-likelihoodMIMI3
1little15-year-oldlittlelittlelittle15-year-oldlittle
2young16-year-oldyoungyoungyoung16-year-oldyoung
3thatdark-hairedgood15-year-oldgooddark-hairedgood
4this13-year-oldthatdark-hairedclever13-year-oldclever
5goodnine-year-oldthis16-year-oldpoornine-year-oldpretty
6one14-year-oldoldcleverpretty14-year-oldthat
7oldfour-year-oldpoorprettyoldfour-year-old15-year-old
8otheryear-oldotherteenagethatyear-olddark-haired
9poorcleverclever13-year-oldbeautifulcleverpoor
10cleverteenageonenine-year-oldlovelyteenage16-year-old
11beautifulblondeprettyfour-year-oldgoldenblondethis
12prettyprettybeautifulheadniceprettyold
13smallheadnice14-year-old15-year-oldheadbeautiful
14anylittlelovelypoorteenagelittleteenage
15niceweebigblondedark-hairedweelovely
16bigeldestsmallgoodheadeldesthead
17anotherbravegoldengolden16-year-oldbravegolden
18lovelygoldentallbeautifultallgoldennice
19newsillydearlovelythissillytall
20goldenyoungteenageyear-olddearyoungblonde


ƻɸɤʲ˥⡥

raw frequency: ѥ١׷׻äΥ١Ȥʤͤǡ켫Τ collocation ζٷ¬ˤϤۤȤΩʤ
observed/expected: collocate Ƥǽɤ֤äƤ뤫collocation λɸȤƤƤ
t-score: ȤɸѥΥƤƤ롥̾ϡ2ʾͤǤ collocation ŪͭդȤߤʤ롥collocation ٤ΤΤλɸȤ⡤ߤ˴Ϣȸڤο٤λɸʸ嵭2010/03/21(Sun)2ζ٤˾Ƥ뤿ᡤɤˤֻ졤Ѳ졤;̾졤ʤɤʸˡ¤θΤۤȤŤƤޤäȡޤʸʤɤ줬̤˥󥯥󤹤롥Ĥޤꡤʸ䵡ǽϢ [ grammatical collocation ] ˴Ϳ롥
z-score: ξ줽줾Υѥ٤򴪰Ƥǡ collocation ͤɤ⤤٤ǸƤ뤫򼨤ȤƤɸǡʬۤʤȤΩäƤꡤ¿ξɬŬڤǤʤѥ礫뤤ϡʤƤؿʤĶٸоݤˤΤǤʤ¤ꡤ꤬롥ٸ줬Ĵ뷹롥
log-likelihood (LL test): ǡʬۤȤʤѥΥǤͭٸˤٸˤͭ͡
MI (mutual information): LL ۤŪ˸ʤǤϤʤz-score LL ػɸȤƹȤƤ롥3ʾͤä collocate ƤȤߤʤȤ롥ͤФȡषξ줬ȿ礦Ȥ̣ˤʤ롥ѥΥ˰¸ʤz-score Ʊͤٸ줬Ĵ뷹롥unique collocation ΤʤɼŪӤˤΩĻɸѸ춵ѤˤԸʸ嵭2010/03/21(Sun)2줬Ị̇Ū˾Ƥ뷹롥Ѷ硤Ȥ虜ʣ졤Ѹʤäθ󤷤˹⤤ͤͿ롥
MI3: MI ٸĴʷɸΰġѸ춵Ѥ˸Ƥ롥ƱͤμݤλɸȤơlog-log test ȤΤ⤢롥

ľʤȤɤɤ߲򤱤ФΤ褯狼ʤʤޤʤΤǡˡlittle, young, good, clever ʤɤλɸǤ󥯤ι⤤ΤϤꡤ餫˶ collocation ȤߤʤƤ褤ۤˤϡ z-score MI 15-year-old ʤɤαƶ㤷ȿǤƤΤФơ log-likelihood Ѥߤ MI3 ͤ -year-old Ū褯ϤƤ뤳Ȥ狼롥ΤȤ顤-year-old girl Ȥ褯 collocate 뤳ȤϳΤʤ⡤Ĥλɸ褦ʺǾ̤Υ󥯤ǤȤΤϸ᤮ǤȤǤ롥MIͤξ̤ˤϤŪȻפƻޤޤƤꡤ㴳ΤͤȤȤȩǴ뤳ȤǤͤβɤϤʤʤ񤷤

McEnery, Tony, Richard Xiao, and Yukio Tono. Corpus-Based Language Studies: An Advanced Resource Book. London: Routledge, 2006.

[ | ѥڡ ]

Powered by WinChalow1.0rc4 based on chalow