hellogѸ˥֥     ChangeLog ǿ    

synaesthesia - hellogѸ˥֥

ǽ: 2026-08-29 20:50

2017-12-24 Sun

#3163. metonymy metaphor Τɤ餬Ū [metonymy][metaphor][cognitive_linguistics][synaesthesia]

¤ؤΥȤơsyntagm paradigm Ω롥ΩϡؤǧθؤǤȤ metonymy metaphor Ωˤʤ館뤳ȤǤ롥Niemier (196) ϡˤ metonymy metaphor ʤ顤Τ褦˽Ҥ٤Ƥ롥

. . . metaphors represent the paradigmatic pole because they replace an expression by another expression, and metonymies represent the syntagmatic pole which in a given syntagm, for example the regalia of a monarch, selects an outstanding element, such as the crown, which then evokes the whole syntagm.


ȤǡNiemeier ǧθؤδ顤metonymy Τۤ metaphor ŪǤȹͤƤ롥ξԤδطˤ͡ʵ뤬1ĤΩȤƷİͤ롥Niemeier ˤСmetaphor metonymy Ϣ³ΤȤǤȤmetaphor metonymy ϢǤˤ衤ϢλȽΥΥۤɡξüɤδط metonymy ŪȤ metaphor Ū򤵤ۤȤʤäƤ롥ĤޤꡤȤƤ metonymy ʤϢˤδطȤ٤ʤΤľŪˤϤषӤ metaphor ȤȤ館뤳ȤΤۤ¿ȤȤǤ롥Τ褦 metonymy Ǥ⤢ʤ metaphor Ǥ⤢褦˸Τ "metaphtonomy" ȾΤ롥
ȤơI am boiling with anger. 󤲤褦ɽϡ츫ȿȿʹ֤Ȥ2ĤΥɥᥤ֤ metaphor Τ褦ˤפ뤬桹ܤäƤȤŪ˴ѤΩĤ褦ǮФ϶ݤȤ٤ΤǤꡤΰ̣ǤϤष metonymy Ȥ롥ɽ metonymic ȯŸ I blew up my top. ܤ꿴ƬȯˤȤɽˤʤС metaphoric ˴ȯŸνʳ metonymy ϢȤǤ뤫⤷ʤ򼨤 metaphor ˸ȤNiemeier (210) ۩

. . . the broader and the more general the perspective gets, the less metonymies and the more metaphors seem to be involved (and vice versa), although the metonymic basis seems to be kept intact for the metaphors as well.


. . . I want to propose a functional view of metaphor and metonymy instead of regarding them as fixed concepts. The fact whether the metonymic basis of a metaphor is obvious to a language user or not determines this language user's notion of whether s/he is using or perceiving a metaphor or a metonymy. Scanning the different steps in the development of a metaphorical construction may reveal that all the single steps involve metonymy and that therefore the whole expression may be considered to be a metonymy, but summarizing the development of such an expression by focusing only on the starting-point and the output may lead us to conciser it to be a metaphor.


Niemeyer (210) ϡ metonymy metaphor ٤Ǥ뤳ȡ metonymy ΤۤŪǧΥץǤǽ뤳Ȥ򼨺Ƥ롥

. . . metaphors may indeed have a metonymic basis . . . .


metaphor metonymy ϡǧΰ̣Ǥ⤽¾͡ΰˤƤפʳǰǤꡤ֤̾뤬δطɤȤ館٤񤷤Ǥ롥

Niemeier, Susanne. "Straight from the Heart --- Metonymic and Metaphorical Explorations." Metaphor and Metonymy at the Crossroads: A Cognitive Perspective. Ed. Antonio Barcelona. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 2000.

[ | ѥڡ ]

2016-04-23 Sat

#2553. ¤Ū᥿եŪ᥿եΰ㤤 (2) [conceptual_metaphor][metaphor][metonymy][synaesthesia][cognitive_linguistics][terminology]

ε ([2016-04-22-1]) ³¤Ū᥿եϤɥᥤι¤Ṳ̄Υɥᥤ˰ܤΤ򤷤Ƥ褤Ū᥿եñ (similarity) ˴Ťɥᥤ󤫤ɥᥤؤΰžȤªƤ褤㤨С

MORE IS UP
HEALTH IS UP
CONTROL or POWER IS UP


ȤϢŪ᥿եϡߤˡ־ʲˡפ˴ؤ˴ŤΩäƤȤϡ¿ȡסַ򹯤Ǥ뤳ȡסֻۡϤäƤ뤳ȡפʪŪŪʡ־פȶ뤳ȤˤΩäƤȹͤ뤳ȤǤʤȤ (contiguity) Ȥ뤫顤ɤΤȤŪ᥿եϡ֥᥿ե (metaphor) Ȥʤ⡤¤ϡ֥ȥ˥ߡ (metonymy) ʤΤǤϤʤȤ䤬勞2Ĥνˡϡ#2496. metaphor metonymy ([2016-02-26-1]) #2406. metonymy ([2015-11-28-1]) Dz⤷̤ꡤФ֤Ƥ#2196. ޥåȤγˤ metaphor metonymy Ʊ ([2015-05-02-1]) Ǥ⸫褦ˡΩǤϤʤͻ¤뤳Ȥ롥δ鳵ǰ֥᥿ե (conceptual_metaphor) ë (79) 򻲾ȤƲŤȡʲΤ褦ˤʤ롥

ǰ᥿եϡ2Ĥΰۤʤ복ǰ A, B δ֤򡤡פޤϡֶפˤä "A is B" ȷӤĤ
ŪʳǰŪʳǰħŤ򤹤Ϥ餭


ǰ᥿եȤϡ˴Ťȥ˥ߡޤ߹ǤΤȤǤΤǰ֥᥿եפεȤƻϤޤäˤ⤫餺֥ȥ˥ߡפͿƤ뤢ꡤξԤδطϰ̤˸ۤФΤǤϤʤ䤦ΤȤȤ館ۤ褤Τ⤷ʤ
ʤΤ褦2Ĥγǰ䶦ˤäƷӤĤ뤳Ȥ᥿ե (metaphorical mapping) ȸƤ֡ɽ (synaesthesia) ʤɤϡѤ᥿եŬѤǤ롥

ë سؤӤΥǧθء١ҤĤ˼2006ǯ

[ | ѥڡ ]

2015-04-23 Thu

#2187. ΰ̣᥿եǤ [metaphor][synaesthesia][semantic_change][semantics][etymology][rhetoric][unidirectionality][terminology]

դΤ (figure of speech) ΤʤǤ⡤ԤȤΤ (metaphor) Ǥ롥ưʪǤʤΤ˰ػҤΡ֤פȤȤǤʤΤ˿͵μؤơ֥פȤȤʤƤߤ櫓ǤϤʤΤˡִŤȤȤȤѤƤ롥ɽޤ˸ŤƾȤʤäȤˤϡȤκѤۤȤɴʤʤꡤ᥿ե (dead metaphor) ȸƤФ롥ܸˤѸˤ᥿եդƤꡤΰ̣᥿եǤȤޤǸʤۤɤ
metaphor ˤƤϡӤδȤʤ source ӤŬѤ target 2ĤɬפǤ롥ػҤΰǤСsource Ͽʹ֤ưʪεӤǤꡤtarget ϰػҤλ٤ʬǤ롥ʪΤΡȶΤΤǤǡsource target 2Ĥΰۤʤɥᥤ (domain) °Ȥ롥2Ĥϸߤ˴طΤʤΩɥᥤ֤פʤΤβˤäΤ٤ΤΡפȤ塤ǽζ̹ˤꡤξɥᥤ֤˶ͤ롥Τ褦ˡmetaphor ˤɬ餫 (similarity) 롥
#2102. Ѹˤˤ̣γȽ̾ ([2015-01-28-1]) 򤿤󶡤Ƥ줿 Williams ϡmetaphor ˭٤ͿƤƤ (184--85) ʲθäϡ츫Ȥ metaphor ȰռʤΤФθŪȯŸޤǤ롥줾ˤĤơ source Dz target ʤΤ2ĤΥɥᥤϤ줾첿ϤȤʤäƤ붦̹ϲõäƤ餤᥿ե˶ᤤΡ˺ƤȤܤΤˤĤƤϡθȤθ줾첿ˤĤƥҥȤͿƤʤä f. ȤΤϸɽ魯ˤΤǡȤʤθ줿

1. abstract (f. draw away from)
2. advert (f. turn to)
3. affirm (f. make firm)
4. analysis (f. separate into parts)
5. animal (You animal!)
6. bright (a bright idea)
7. bitter (sharp to the taste: He is a bitter person)
8. brow (the brow of a hill)
9. bewitch (a bewitching aroma)
10. bat (You old bat!)
11. bread (I have no bread to spend)
12. blast (We had a blast at the party)
13. blow up (He blew up in anger)
14. cold (She was cold to me)
15. cool (Cool it,man)
16. conceive (f. to catch)
17. conclude (f. to enclose)
18. concrete (f. to grow together)
19. connect (f. to tie together)
20. cut (She cut me dead)
21. crane (the derrick that resembles the bird)
22. compose (f. to put together)
23. comprehend (f. seize)
24. cat (She's a cat)
25. dig (I dig that idea)
26. deep (deep thoughts)
27. dark (I'm in the dark on that)
28. define (f. place limits on)
29. depend (f. hang from)
30. dog (You dog!)
31. dirty (a dirty mind)
32. dough (money)
33. drip (He's a drip)
34. drag (This class is a drag)
35. eye (the eye of a hurricane)
36. exist (f. stand out)
37. explain (f. make flat)
38. enthrall (f. to make a slave of)
39. foot (foot of a mountain)
40. fuzzy (I'm fuzzy headed)
41. finger (a finger of land)
42. fascinate (f. enchant by witchcraft)
43. flat (a flat note)
44. get (I don't get it)
45. grasp (I grasped the concept)
46. guts (He has a lot of guts)
47. groove (I'm in the groove)
48. gas (It was a gasser)
49. grab (How does the idea grab you?)
50. high (He got high on dope)
51. hang (He's always hung up)
52. heavy (I had a heavy time)
53. hot (a hot idea)
54. heart (the heart of the problem)
55. head (head of the line)
56. hands (hands of the clock)
57. home (drive the point home)
58. jazz (f. sexual activity)
59. jive (I don't dig this jive)
60. intelligent (f. bring together)
61. keen (f. intelligent)
62. load (a load off my mind)
63. long (a long lime)
64. loud (a loud color)
65. lip (lip of the glass)
66. lamb (She's a lamb)
67. mouth (mouth of a cave)
68. mouse (You're a mouse)
69. milk (He milked the job dry)
70. pagan (f. civilian, in distinction to Christians, who called themselves soldiers of Christ)
71. pig (You pig)
72. quiet (a quiet color)
73. rip-off (It was a big rip-off)
74. rough (a rough voice)
75. ribs (the ribs of a ship)
76. report (f. to carry back)
77. result (f. to spring back)
78. shallow (shallow ideas)
79. soft (a soft wind)
80. sharp (a sharp dresser)
81. smooth (a smooth operator)
82. solve (f. to break up)
83. spirit (f. breath)
84. snake (You snake!)
85. straight (He's a straight guy)
86. square (He's a square)
87. split (Let's split)
88. turn on (He turns me on)
89. trip (It was a bad (drug) trip)
90. thick (a voice thick with anger)
91. thin (a thin sound)
92. tongue (a tongue of land)
93. translate (f. carry across)
94. warm (a warm color)
95. wrestle (I wrestled with the problem)
96. wild (a wild idea)


ƥͳθ줬¿ޤޤƤ뤬̤¿ǤʤƥѸϡαѸǤϡʸŵƥˤƤ˸ȤѤ⡤ŪȯŸѤ뤳ȤΤۤ¿Τ̤ưʪɽ魯Ȥ source Ȥʤ뤳Ȥ¿ (synaesthesia) λ¿ޤŪʸ¯Ūʶ⾯ʤʤ
Τ褦ȤˤϤħ졤̸Ūˤ⹭ѻ뤳Ȥ顤̣ѲΰŪ뤳ȤǽȤʤ롥ˤĤƤϡ#1759. synaesthesia ([2014-02-19-1])#1955. ̣ѲΰŪ ([2014-09-03-1])#2101. Williams ΰ̣Ѳ ([2015-01-27-1]) ʤɤε򻲾ȡ

Williams, Joseph M. Origins of the English Language: A Social and Linguistic History. New York: Free P, 1975.

[ | ѥڡ ]

2015-01-27 Tue

#2101. Williams ΰ̣Ѳ [semantic_change][semantics][causation][unidirectionality][synaesthesia][register]

Williams αѸˤɤǤợѲΰܳŪǤ7Ϥ8Ϥ̣ѲƤƤˡѸ˳ΤʤǤŪ褯ޤȤޤäƤ褦˴ʲĤȤ
Williams (170) ϰ̣Ѳζ̤ "reasons", "mechanism", "consequences" 3ʬƹͤ褦ȤƤ롥ƶˤꡤ̣Ѳʬ˴ؤƤĤƤƬꥢˤʤä褦˻פȤΤϡʬǤϤζ̤ޤŪ˶̤Ƥʤäܥ֥Ǥ̣ѲʤθˤʬˤĤơ#473. ̣ѲŵŪʥѥ ([2010-08-13-1])#1109. ̣Ѳθʬ ([2012-05-10-1])#1873. Stern ˤ̣Ѳ7ʬ ([2014-06-13-1])#1953. Stern ˤ̣Ѳ7ʬ (2) ([2014-09-01-1])#1973. Meillet ΰ̣Ѳ3Ĥθ ([2014-09-21-1])#2060. ̣Ѹ콸ˤߤ̣Ѳʬ ([2014-12-17-1]) Ǽ夲ƤޤŪʬȤΤϤʤȤäƤ褤ʬˡϡԤοȤäƤǤϤʤۤɤStern ֤ⷫƤ褦ˡ2Ĥΰ̣ѲưŤƱפäȤƤۤʤ륿פ˵뤹뤳ȤϤ뤷դ˵ΥפƱǤäƤ⡤ͳΥפϰۤʤȤ褦ʰ̣Ѳ⤢롥ޤۤʤʣװ߹äơ1Ĥΰ̣ѲȯȤȤ⤴̤ˤߤ롥⤽̣ѲʬȤäƤ⡤̣ѲΤɤζ̤ܤʬह뤫Ȥͤ⤢ꡤǤϤʤäΤWilliams ä˲ȤҤ٤Ƥ櫓ǤϤʤΤ"reasons", "mechanism", "consequences" 3̤̤ƤɾǤ롥
ޤWilliams ϰ̣Ѳˡ§ (semantic laws) 1䤤Ƥ (207--10) ˤĤƤϡ#1756. ̣Ѳˡ§餷Ρ ([2014-02-16-1])#1759. synaesthesia ([2014-02-19-1])#1955. ̣ѲΰŪ ([2014-09-03-1]) εʤɤǿƤWilliams (207) ⡤̣Ѳˡ§ȤϤ鷺ȤⷹȤƻŦǤ뤳ȤȤơŪ̵ʹܤ򤤤Ĥ󤲤Ƥ롥

1. Words for abstractions will generally develop out of words for physical experience: comprehend, grasp, explain, and so on.
2. Words originally indicating neutral condition tend to polarize: doom, frame, predicament, luck, merit.
3. Words originally indicating strong emotional response tend to weaken as they are used to exaggerate: awful, terrific, tremendous.
4. Insulting words tend to come from names of animals or lower classes: rat, dog, villain, cad
5. Metaphors will be drawn from those aspects of experience most relevant to us: eye of a needle, finger of land; or most intense in our experience: turn on, spaced out, freaked out, for example.


Williams (208) ϡ궯Ϥʰ̣Ѳˡ§Ȥơ#1756. ̣Ѳˡ§餷Ρ ([2014-02-16-1]) ǿ줿Ѹ®ע֤ˡפΰ̣Ѳ夲Ƥ뤬ϡ־ˡ§פǤϤʤֲˤĤƤθꤵ줿̲פǤɾƤ롥⤦ˡ§̾ͤΤȤƤϡBasic Color Terms ˤߤ̸Ūȡ餬󾧤붦 (synaesthesia) 󤲤ƤʸԤˤĤƤϡ#1759. synaesthesia ([2014-02-19-1]) 򻲾ȡˡWilliams ˤСְ̣Ѳˡ§פˤʤΤϡ"universals of change which, because they are so regular and so general, reflect internal influences either peculiar to the particular language or to human language and cognition in general" (208) Ǥ褦
Williams ϡ̣ѲȴϢ slang, argot, cant, jargon ȤäѰΡ㤤׸ˤܤƤꡤ "A Social and Linguistic History" ˤդ路ҲŪʴƶäƤ롥

Stern, Gustaf. Meaning and Change of Meaning. Bloomington: Indiana UP, 1931.
Williams, Joseph M. Origins of the English Language: A Social and Linguistic History. New York: Free P, 1975.
Williams, Joseph M. "Synaesthetic Adjectives: A Possible Law of Semantic Change." Language 52 (1976): 461--78.

[ | ѥڡ ]

2014-09-03 Wed

#1955. ̣ѲΰŪ [semantic_change][semantics][synaesthesia][rhetoric][grammaticalisation][prediction_of_language_change][speed_of_change][function_of_language][subjectification]

ΰ̣Ѳͽ¬ԲǽǤ뤳Ȥϡ¾θѲƱͤǤ롥Ǥ˵ạ̈Ѳ򸦵椹뤳ȤϽפ狼뤳Ȥϰ̣ѲΰŪʷǤꡤΰ̣Ѳͽ¬ۤɤηϤϤʤ#1756. ̣Ѳˡ§餷Ρ ([2014-02-16-1]) ǡˡ§פ̾ͤ뤫⤷ʤ̣Ѳ򸫤⤷줬¤ȤƤ㳰㳰ȤۤȤɤϡ#473. ̣ѲŵŪʥѥ ([2010-08-13-1]) #1109. ̣Ѳθʬ ([2012-05-10-1])#1873. Stern ˤ̣Ѳ7ʬ ([2014-06-13-1])#1953. Stern ˤ̣Ѳ7ʬ (2) ([2014-09-01-1]) Ǽ褦ʰ̣ѲΰŪʷǤ롥
Brinton and Arnovick (87) ϡΤ褦ʷŦƤ롥

᤯롥Τ˼ؤϿɤĤʤȤ⤢롥ex. desultory (slow, aimlessly, despondently), peruse (to skim or read casually)
Ūʰ̣Ūʰ̣ءex. understand
ΩŪʰ̣ΩŪʰ̣ءex. esteem (cf. #1099. Ҥηƻɾηƻ ([2012-04-30-1])#1100. Farsi ηƻʬ̻Ūʰ̣礤 ([2012-05-01-1])#1400. relational adjective qualitative adjective ؤΰ̣Ѳθưϡ ([2013-02-25-1]))
Ūʰ̣ޤ뷹ex. awful
Ūʸưʪ䲼ο͡ɽ魯ɽ顥ex. rat, villain
ŪɽŪʷи˴Ťex. mouth of a river
ʸˡ (grammaticalisation) ΰ
Ե§Ѳϡ쳰Ūװˤ餵䤹̾ˤȤ櫓Ǥ

⤦1ġ̣ѲΰŪʷȤϡ켫ΤüȸƤ֤٤ˤựѲ餫ηǤȤˤȤȤƤ褤¤ǻȤ Brinton and Arnovick ⡤"Of all the components of language, lexical meaning is most susceptible to change. Semantics is not rule-governed in the same way that grammar is because the connection between sound and meaning is arbitrary and conventional." (76) ȽҤ٤Ƥ롥ޤ̣ѲˤĤơ (106) ϰʲΤ褦˽Ҥ٤Ƥ롥

Ȥ졦¯Ǥϰ̣ѲȯǤ롥٤ȡʸˡѲϤʤޤǡ餯ΤǤȵŤΤϤ鷺ѲϡܸΡ֤ȴȤСפΤ褦ˡ⤦Ť䤹Ǥ̣Ѳ˭٤٤ΩʤǤϡʤ̣Ѳ (semantic change) Ϥۤˤ˵Τϡ餯̣Ѳǥ (discourse) ˤŪĤߤľΤǤ롥


Ǹʸơ (130) ϡְ̣ãθưǤǥˤ륳ߥ˥ưŪľܷӤĤƤ뤫ǤפȷƤ롥

Brinton, Laurel J. and Leslie K. Arnovick. The English Language: A Linguistic History. Oxford: OUP, 2006.
ְ̣Ѳסذ̣١ԡˡˡīҽŹ2012ǯ106--33ǡ

[ | ѥڡ ]

2014-07-28 Mon

#1918. sharp flat [adjective][adverb][antonymy][synaesthesia][semantic_change]

sharp flat ʹСڤˤȾ⤤ŵʢˤȾ㤤ѵʢˤפ⤫֡ڤǤϸߤȿոȤ⤤ط⤷Ȥ˱ѸǤϡ֤äꡤΤˡפȤ̣ͭƤ롥ܸǤ flat ϡ10åեåȤפʤɤȤ򤹤뤬ѸǤ sharp ֤äꡤΤˡפ̣ȤѤ롥ʲˡξ򤳤ΰ̣ǤȤѤʸ󤲤褦

We're meeting at one thirty sharp.
Please be here at seven o'clock sharp.
She planned to unlock the store at 8.00 sharp this morning.
He ran 100 yards in 10 seconds flat!
You're sitting behind an engine that'll move you from 0 to 60mph in six seconds flat.
I fell asleep in five seconds flat!

sharp ϻɽ魯Τˡflat ϻַ¬ѤȤ㤤Ϥ뤬֤äꡤΤˡפȤ̣ΰפ϶̣ϤɤΤ褦ͳˤΤ
sharp ϡֱԤפθ顤֡ʻ֤ˡ˸ʤʡפͳơ֤äꡤΤˡפؤỌ̇̄Ѳpunctual ʻָΡˤθ촴ƥ punctumʤԤڤ point Ǥ뤳ȤӤ줿
flat ϸʿפ餯̤ˤ֤꤭פͳơ֤äꡤΤˡפؤỌ̇̄ѲΤǤϤʤȹͤ롤顤äѤ¬Ѥͳ狼롥
Ĥޤꡤ֤äꡤΤˡפθγ˴ؤƤϡsharp flat δ֤ˤľܤˤܤˤطʤȹͤƤ褤줾ȼΥ롼ȤФơޤ޻褦ʸȯãȹͤ롥
ѸȤƤξΩϡޤ̤äǤ롥sharp ϡιù⤵αԤȤƤȤ館 (synaesthesia) λʪǤꡤ֡ʥˤĤơȾ⤤פθޤ줿Ф flat ϡShakespeare The Two Gentlemen of Verona (1. 2. 90) ˤƽФ֤ĤפθѤ줿 sharp ("No, madam, 'tis too sharp.") ؤŪȤơʿޤʡĤޤʤפ̣ȿոȤ flat ("Nay, you are too flat.") Ѥ줿Ȥͳ褹롥γݤ礤ȿմطεҤȤƤѤ졤Ⱦ⤤פsharp ȤǡȾ㤤פ flat ޤ줿Τ褦˴ŪǤϤ뤬flat ΤۤⶦФʤ̤ȤƤοȤȤˤʤ̤θ򤹤С"correlative analogy" (Stern 218--20) ˤȿոηȤ롥

Stern, Gustaf. Meaning and Change of Meaning. Bloomington: Indiana UP, 1931.

Referrer (Inside): [2020-07-07-1]

[ | ѥڡ ]

2014-02-19 Wed

#1759. synaesthesia [synaesthesia][semantic_change][semantics]

2֤ε ([2014-02-17-1], [2014-02-18-1]) ǡ18Ⱦ19ˤƤΥޥɤ synaesthesia ɽδطˤĤƸƤŪ뤤ϰ̣ŪˤСsynaesthesia ɽΤĺ̥Ϥϡ̴ֲФ̴Фؤΰ̣žѡפȤ뤤ϡؿӤɽǤСˡ§ˤ롥
ˤĤƤβ򡤱Ѹζɽˤä̤˼¾ڤͤΤWilliams Ǥ롥Williams ϡ100Ķ봶Фɽ魯ѸηƻˤĤơϢνǯ OED MED dzΤʤ顤̣žѤ̻Ū餫ˤˡѸ˸¤äƤСñ˲̤̤ؤžѤȤҤ٤ǤϤʤδд֤ǤžѤΩĤȤ餫ˤWilliams (463) ηǤ롥

THE MAJOR GENERALIZATION is this: if a lexeme metaphorically transfers from its earliest sensory meaning to another sensory modality, it will transfer according to the schedule shown in Figure 1.

Williams's Directionality of Synaesthesia


ŪʴɽС"Sensory words in English have systematically transferred from the physiologically least differentiating, most evolutionary primitive sensory modalities to the most differentiating, most advanced, but not vice versa." (Williams 464--65) Ȥʤ롥Williams (464) ꡤŪʷƻ󤲤롥

TOUCH TO TASTE: aspre, bitter, bland, cloying, coarse, cold, cool, dry, hard, harsh, keen, mild, piquant, poignant, sharp, smooth.
TOUCH TO COLOR: dull, light, warm.
TOUCH TO SOUND: grave, heavy, rough, smart, soft.
TASTE TO SMELL: acrid, sour, sweet.
TASTE TO SOUND: brisk, dulcet.
DIMENSION TO COLOR: full.
DIMENSION TO SOUND: acute, big, deep, empty, even, fat, flat, high, hollow, level, little, low, shallow, thick.
COLOR TO SOUND: bright, brilliant, clear, dark, dim, faint, light, vivid.
SOUND TO COLOR: quiet, strident.


Ullmann ΥޥɻͤĴˤ⸫줿褦ˡ㳰ʤ櫓ǤϤʤWilliams (464) ϡʲ㳰ꥹȤ󤲤Ƥ롥

TOUCH TO DIMENSION: crisp.
TOUCH TO SMELL: hot, pungent.
TASTE TO TOUCH: eager, tart.
TASTE TO COLOR: austere, mellow.
DIMENSION TO TASTE: thin.
DIMENSION TO TOUCH: small.
SOUND TO TASTE: loud.
SOUND TO TOUCH: shrill.


Williams ϡβ˱褦ɽϡˤ뤬Τ83--99%ǤȽҤ٤Ƥ롥ޤǹ⤤ΨǤСʤȤⷹȤϸƤ٤뤷ˤϰˡ§˶ᤤΤȤߤʤƤ⺹٤ʤ
Williams (470--72) ϡβڤ¾ˤƤϤޤϤȸǤꡤºݤܸζɽˤĤơع٤ܸüԥեޥȤѤơƱ91%ȤΨ󤲤ʤǧƤ롥
ΰ̣žѤβ⤬̣1Ĥϡ̳ (smell) ɤͤޤǤȤȤ̳ФžѤϤʤȤȤˤʤ뤬ϰˤܸˤ뤳ȤǤ롥ޤtouch -> taste -> smell ˤĤƤСꥹȥƥ쥹̣ (taste) üʿ (touch) ǤȹͤȤȶ礤̣ (taste) ̳ (smell) ȶᤤԤԤѸߤФƤȲ᤹뤳ȤǤ뤫⤷ʤ (Williams 472) ŪʶɽȡʲؤȤʿܤʤ顤Williams (473) ϤҤ٤Ƥ롥

Though I do not suggest that Fig. 1 represents more than chronological sequence, the 'dead-end' appearance of the olfactory sense is a striking visual metaphor for the evolutionary history of man's sensory development.


ʸκǸǡWilliams (473--74) ϡְ̣ˡ§ס[2014-02-16-1]ε#1756. ̣Ѳˡ§餷Ρפ򻲾ȡˤؤμƤ롥

. . . what is offered here constitutes not only a description of a rule-governed semantic change through the last 1200 years of English---a regularity that qualifies for lawhood, as the term LAW has ordinarily been used in historical linguistics---but also as a testable hypothesis in regard to past or future changes in any language.


Williams, Joseph M. "Synaethetic Adjectives: A Possible Law of Semantic Change." Language 52 (1976): 461--78.

[ | ѥڡ ]

2014-02-18 Tue

#1758. synaesthesia ȥޥɻ (2) [synaesthesia][semantic_change][semantics][rhetoric][literature]

ε#1757. synaesthesia ȥޥɻ (1) ([2014-02-17-1]) ˰³ɽȥޥɻͤˤĤơ
Ullmann (281) ˡ2ͤΥޥɻ Keats Gautier κʤ򥳡ѥȤ synaesthesia Ĵ̤ǺܤƤ롥ɽˤơ6ĤδФΤ줫餤ؤΰ̣žѤ줾첿㤢뤫򽸷פΤǤ롥ɽθϡǽ Keats ɽǤСTouch -> Sound žѤ39㤢Ȥɤߤˤʤ롥

KeatsTouchHeatTasteScentSoundSightTotal
Touch-1-2391456
Heat2--151119
Taste11-1171636
Scent2-1-2510
Sound-----1212
Sight621-31-40
Total114249458173
GautierTouchHeatTasteScentSoundSightTotal
Touch-5-57055135
Heat----41115
Taste---411722
Scent----516
Sound21-1-1317
Sight3--134-38
Total56-1112487233


¿Τ餬Ȥϸɽκ夫鱦˰гα˿ޤäƤȤȤ狼Ȥ櫓 Touch -> Sound Touch -> Sight ¿ϡɽ߽Ф̣žѤϡȤƲ̴Ф̴Ф뤳Ȥ¿Ȥ򼨤ŪˤϺǹ⼡δФ Sound ǤϤʤ Sight ȹͤΤǡTouch -> Sound Τۤ¿Τϡηȿ褦ˤߤ뤬Ullmann (283) ϤͳˤĤưʲΤ褦˽Ҥ٤Ƥ롥

Visual terminology is incomparably richer than its auditional counterpart, and has also far more similes and images at its command. Of the two sensory domains at the top end of the scale, sound stands more in need of external support than light, form, or colour; hence the greater frequency of the intrusion of outside elements into the description of acoustic phenomena.


ˡUllmann (282) ϡ¾κȤޤ᤿ʲĴ̤󼨤Ƥ롥̴Ф̴ФؤžѤ Upwardεդ Downward ȤҤη䶯Ƥ롥

AuthorUpwardDownwardTotal
Byron17533208
Keats12647173
Morris27923302
Wilde33777414
'Decadents'33575410
Longfellow7826104
Leconte de Lisle14322165
Gautier19241233
Total1,6653442,009


synaesthesia θŪϡ Ullmann (266--89) ĴȤƳФ줿ȤʤäơԤδؿ򽸤褦ˤʤä̴Ф̴Фؤΰ̣žѤȤϡ̻Ūˤ̸Ū˳ƤϤޤȤ졤Ρְ̣Ѳˡ§ס[2014-02-16-1]ε#1756. ̣Ѳˡ§餷Ρפ򻲾ȡˤʤΤȤܤƤ롥ءǧβʳءءʲʤɤΩ줫θȹ碌ơغŪ˰٤ΰȤ褦
Ϣơ򿧤Ȥǧ뤳ȤΤǤǽϤüԤ˴ؤ븦ȤơJakobson, R., G. A. Reichard, and E. Werth ʸ󤲤Ƥ

Ullmann, Stephen. The Principles of Semantics. 2nd ed. Glasgow: Jackson, 1957.
Jakobson, R., G. A. Reichard, and E. Werth. "Language and Synaesthesia." Word 5 (1949): 224--33.

Referrer (Inside): [2014-02-19-1]

[ | ѥڡ ]

2014-02-17 Mon

#1757. synaesthesia ȥޥɻ (1) [synaesthesia][semantic_change][collocation][rhetoric][literature]

synaesthesiaˤϡ¿ο͡δؿĤ롥ؤΥߤǤ⡤ǯΤ褦´ֳ롥⤽ synaesthesia ȤϲޤϡBussmann θѸ켭ŵѤ褦

synesthesia [Grk synaísthēsis 'joint perception']
The association of stimuli or the sense (smell, sight, hearing, taste, and touch). The stimulation of one of these senses simultaneously triggers the stimulation of one of the other senses, resulting in phenomena such as hearing colors or seeing sounds. In language, synesthesia is reflected in expressions in which one element is used in a metaphorical sense. Thus, a voice can be 'soft' (sense of touch), 'warm' (sensation of heat), or 'dark' (sense of sight).


Ĥޤꡤ봶Фɽ魯Τˡ̤δФ°ɽѤƤ뤳ȤǤ롥̸Ū˹ѻ븽ݤǤꡤε#1756. ̣Ѳˡ§餷Ρ ([2014-02-16-1]) ήǤС̣˴ؤ뷹Ȥˡ§ȸƤ֤٤Τ˶ᤤܸǤ⡤ֽ餫סʿФȻСˡִŤס̣Ф̳СˡֲסʻФİСˤʤ¿롥
ѸǤ嵭ΰŪΤۤʸŪʸ줫 "I see a voice: now will I to the chink, To spy an I can hear my Thisby's face" (Sh., Mids. N. D. 5:1:194--95), "As they smelt music" (Sh., Tempest 4:1:178), "eyes which mutter thickly" (E. E. Cummings), "And taste the music of that vision pale" (Keats) ʤɤɽǤ⸫Ĥ롥
ʸػŪˤСͽۤ뤳Ȥsynaesthesia ϥޥɤλͤˡǤ롥ޥɤνи synaesthesia ϡ̵ǤϤʤɤӤĤƤ롥Ullmann (272--73) ϡ18ȾμҲˤʸػˤŸˡѸˤܳŪʶɽѤεߤƤ롥

In the latter half of the eighteenth century, a number of contributory factors prepared the ground for the romantic vogue of synaesthesia: occult influences (Swedenborg), theories about language origin (Herder), efforts to delimit the various arts (Lessing, Erasmus Darwin), Rousseau's use of sense-metaphors, and various other currents of pre-romantic literature.
   All these threads were gathered up by the Romantic Movement. There were also some factors peculiar to that generation: the cult of exoticism and the use of drugs like hashish and opium; the part played by certain synaesthetic temperaments, such as E. T. A. Hoffmann; the tightening of social contacts between writers, artists and musicians; and in a more general way, the new code of aesthetics, with its search for novel and imaginative effects, expressiveness, and evocatory power. For the first time in the history of literature synaesthetic metaphor became a fully-fledged poetic device, and its stylistic potentialities were widely exploited. The most frequent settings in which it automatically presented itself were descriptive passages with strong suggestive power, where synaesthesia, like Leibniz's monads, provided several angles from which the same sensation could be viewed; situations where the organic unity of perceptual states had to be stressed; and last but not least, vague, dreamy, or even uncanny and hallucinatory moods where the semi-pathological implications of intersensorial transfer found a congenial expression. So strong was the interest in these 'correspondences', 'harmonies', and 'transpositions', that entire poems were devoted to synaesthetic themes. (273)


ΰѤϡ̣εҤǤȤȤʸػ˾ɾȤʤäƤꡤ¤˶̣Ullmann 夲ȷˤϡByron, Keats, William Morris, Wilde, Dowson, Phillips, Lord Alfred Douglas, Arthur Symons; Longfellow; Leconte de Lisle, Théphile Gautier; and the Hungarian romantic poet Vörösmarty ʤɤ
Ǥϡޥɤλͤ϶ŪˤɤΤ褦ʼ synaesthesia ɽѤΤˤĤƤϡεǡ

Bussmann, Hadumod. Routledge Dictionary of Language and Linguistics. Trans. and ed. Gregory Trauth and Kerstin Kazzizi. London: Routledge, 1996.
Ullmann, Stephen. The Principles of Semantics. 2nd ed. Glasgow: Jackson, 1957.

Referrer (Inside): [2014-02-19-1] [2014-02-18-1]

[ | ѥڡ ]

Powered by WinChalow1.0rc4 based on chalow