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¤ؤΥȤơsyntagm paradigm Ω롥ΩϡؤǧθؤǤȤ metonymy metaphor Ωˤʤ館뤳ȤǤ롥Niemier (196) ϡˤ metonymy metaphor ʤ顤Τ褦˽Ҥ٤Ƥ롥
. . . metaphors represent the paradigmatic pole because they replace an expression by another expression, and metonymies represent the syntagmatic pole which in a given syntagm, for example the regalia of a monarch, selects an outstanding element, such as the crown, which then evokes the whole syntagm.
ȤǡNiemeier ǧθؤδ顤metonymy Τۤ metaphor ŪǤȹͤƤ롥ξԤδطˤ͡ʵ뤬1ĤΩȤƷİͤ롥Niemeier ˤСmetaphor metonymy Ϣ³ΤȤǤȤmetaphor metonymy ϢǤˤ衤ϢλȽΥΥۤɡξüɤδط metonymy ŪȤ metaphor ŪۤȤʤäƤ롥ĤޤꡤȤƤ metonymy ʤϢˤδطȤ٤ʤΤľŪˤϤषӤ metaphor ȤȤ館뤳ȤΤۤ¿ȤȤǤ롥Τ褦 metonymy Ǥ⤢ʤ metaphor Ǥ⤢褦˸Τ "metaphtonomy" ȾΤ롥
ȤơI am boiling with anger. 褦ɽϡ츫ȿȿʹ֤Ȥ2ĤΥɥᥤ֤ metaphor Τ褦ˤפ뤬桹ܤäƤȤŪ˴ѤΩĤ褦ǮФ϶ݤȤ٤ΤǤꡤΰ̣ǤϤष metonymy Ȥ롥ɽ metonymic ȯŸ I blew up my top. ܤ꿴ƬȯˤȤɽˤʤС metaphoric ˴ȯŸνʳ metonymy ϢȤǤ뤫⤷ʤ metaphor ˸ȤNiemeier (210) ۩
. . . the broader and the more general the perspective gets, the less metonymies and the more metaphors seem to be involved (and vice versa), although the metonymic basis seems to be kept intact for the metaphors as well.
. . . I want to propose a functional view of metaphor and metonymy instead of regarding them as fixed concepts. The fact whether the metonymic basis of a metaphor is obvious to a language user or not determines this language user's notion of whether s/he is using or perceiving a metaphor or a metonymy. Scanning the different steps in the development of a metaphorical construction may reveal that all the single steps involve metonymy and that therefore the whole expression may be considered to be a metonymy, but summarizing the development of such an expression by focusing only on the starting-point and the output may lead us to conciser it to be a metaphor.
Niemeyer (210) ϡ metonymy metaphor ٤Ǥ뤳ȡ metonymy ΤۤŪǧΥץǤǽ뤳ȤƤ롥
. . . metaphors may indeed have a metonymic basis . . . .
metaphor metonymy ϡǧΰ̣Ǥ⤽¾͡ΰˤƤפʳǰǤꡤ֤̾뤬δطɤȤ館٤Ǥ롥
Niemeier, Susanne. "Straight from the Heart --- Metonymic and Metaphorical Explorations." Metaphor and Metonymy at the Crossroads: A Cognitive Perspective. Ed. Antonio Barcelona. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 2000.
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