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2017-12-09 Sat

#3148. ˤְŪطפδñ̤ϸΤ狼 [linguistics][sobokunagimon][family_tree][comparative_linguistics]

Ϣε ([2017-12-07-1], [2017-12-08-1]) ǡˤְŪطפܤƤ롥ؤ19衤ǰˤƤѸˤƤʪؤ¿ʱƶƤؤ¾ʸŪ껺򸦵椹ʬ٤Ƥ⡤Ȥ櫓ηäȤ롥ºݤˡʪȤϹԤʤƤʡ#1578. ϲȤƤ ([2013-08-22-1])#1579. ָϿʪǤפȡ ([2013-08-23-1])#1118. Schleicher η ([2012-05-19-1])#807. ޤʪޤ ([2011-07-13-1]) ʤɤ򻲾ȡˡ
ʪǤϤʤäơȤɤޤѤɤþΤ򸫶ˤʤФʤʤ㤨СʪˤΤȤǰϡǤϤ줾첿ΤؤθǤϡʪθΤˤʤ館븫ȼˤʤ館븫ξ롥Noonan (52) εѤ褦

Within a biologically inspired framework, there are at least two possible classes of interpretations of genetic relatedness. One could conceive of languages as unitary organisms and consider relatedness in a way analogous to that of individual animals or plants, which can be related via lineages created through sexual or asexual reproduction. Alternatively, one could conceive of a language as a population, either of speakers or of linguistic constructs, or even of a population of speakers each with his/her idiolect and hence his/her own set of linguistic constructs. Population models of this sort might adopt a species analogy for understanding genetic relatedness.


Ǥϸ "unitary organism" ʸΡˤȤߤΩ "population" ʡּפγǰ˶ᤤˤȤߤΩ줬Ҳ𤵤Ƥ롥ԤθϺǶΰԤƤΤ̤ˤԤβ᤬Ƥ롥ԤˤĤơNoonan (52) Ϥä롥

In linguistics, the unitary organism model was the one adopted by historical linguists in the early nineteenth century; this model has survived as the received mode of understanding genetic relations to the present day. Within this model, two languages are said to be genetically related if they descend from a common ancestor. Since it is at least possible that all languages descend from a common ancestor, languages are usually claimed to be related only if their relatedness can be established through the comparative method or some alternative procedure.
   In principle, a unitary organism model could adopt either an asexual (parthenogenetic) or a sexual model for conceptualizing genetic relatedness. The established model, known as the family tree or Stammbaum model, adopted parthenogenetic (asexual) reproduction as the mode for understanding genetic relationships among languages. The expressions mother/ancestor language and daughter language are components of the model and reflect the original analogy, as do the notions of language birth and language death.


"unitary organism" ȤߤΩΤʤˤ⡤"asexual (parthenogenetic) model" "sexual model" 2郎̤ȤΤ⤷ؤθǤϡס̼פΤ褦ʽѸ줬ΩĤ˸ؤǤ "unitary organism model" ΤʤǤ "an asexual (parthenogenetic) model" Ū˼ƤȤȴطΤνѸˤĤƤϡ#2055. 첻פȤƾΡ ([2014-12-12-1]) ⻲Ȥ줿

Noonan, Michael. "Genetic Classification and Language Contact." The Handbook of Language Contact. Ed. Raymond Hickey. 2010. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell, 2013. 48--65.

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