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ؤϳǯشǤ롥ǯ٤ѸˤγμȤλ֤ˡѸˤμȤ̤Ƴؤʹ̣ǡֳؤס˻ΤǤͤΤΤϲäͳ˵ҤƤäʲܤˤȤޤäΤ˲վ롥
űѸ줫ѸʰʹߡˤؤθѲ۾礭ȤΤä
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ꥹʱѸˤݼŪꥫʱѸˤϳŪȤƥ쥪פȿ¿줿Ȥǡ줿
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Ѹäγع¤ܸäγع¤˵Ť줿
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ȤΤ̤ͭŪDzŪǤ뤳Ȥؤ
μҲŪͤήԤϻȤȤѲΤǤȳؤ
üѤθΰĤˡήԤʹɤʥեåˤȤȤؤ
̻ˤȳ̻˾νŤ뼰˷Ҥäơμߤ졤Ѹؽؤΰߤ襤
ˤȸȤ餷碌ȡޤǹͤȤΤʤäȤƤ
ѸˤƱ¹Ū˳ؽƤѸˤȤʬ̥ŪǤ
ʤΡʱѸˤˤжʤΡˡˤ⤹ʤƬ뤳Ȥ狼äʢѸϹˤȤθա
Ѹʸˤ100%뤳ȤԲǽȸꡤ줿ʬˤʤä
ϳ̻ˤ̻ˤξȤ館Ƥ٤ǤȤ狼ä
Ѹ˴طƤ¾θʤ䤽ϰˤˤⶽ̣襤
TOEIC ꤹ뤳ȤѸؽʤΤǤϤʤȤ狼ä
Ѹ줬ɤƤˤʤäΤؤǤϰ٤ⶵäƤʤäΤǡƳؤ֤ȤǤ
Ѹ̤ˤĤƶ̣ͻƤߤ褦ˤʤä
¾ΤɤμȤֱѸΤ⤷פΤ뤳ȤǤ
ѸؼǽϸǻȤΥѥȻפäƤƤȤƴ褦ˤʤä
ȸϤȤɤӤĤȤΤä
ˤͥϤʤѤƤϡޤˤ˱ɤ뤲ƤǤȤȤ狼ä
ϤȤϡ줽ΤΤǤϤʤä͡μҲŪƶϤǤ뤳ȤΤä
üԤΤˤȤΤȤ˵Ť줿
ˤХ뤿ᡤ٤Ϥ뤳ȤȤΤä
Ѹ줬ǤϤʤȤΤä
Ѹ줬ޤäΤϡѸ켫ΤħȤϴطʤޤDZѸäƤ͡ˤӤˤΤǤȤͤ˾
Ѹ줬ޤȤäƤͥȤ⡦äܤФޤȤǤ
˻䤿ƤѸؤǧФꡤְäΤǤ뤫Ȥ뤳ȤǤ
Ѹؤ־ǡ֤ΤפȷĤλλ˼ºݤ˻ȤƤ褭ѸܤƤȻפä
Ѹ¿Ūˡ¿ŪˡƸ褦ˤʤä
ѸФ븫ǤʤΤФ븫Ѥä
ߤʪλѤΤߤ鲿䤹ΤϤȤƤȤȤؤ
¤ȤƳؤȤФơդȵꤲɵ椹Ȥؤ
ѸˤȤ̾ˤȤ줺ˡˤʤɤؤ֤Ȥ̤ȤƱѸˤˤĤƤγؤӤ뤳Ȥˤʤä
ؤ϶ˤϹǤꡤαѸˤǸߤ̩ܤ˴ؤäƤΤꡤؤ̤ˤⶽ̣ĤȤǤ
ѸˤμȤŪʼȤä
ǧƤȤͤơطʤõ뤳ȤΤ⤷狼ä
ѸΤȤɵ濴
ʱѸγڤΤä
¾ʬˤѸˤϤȤˤȤΤϡȶˤʤΤȴ
Ѹñʤ̤ƻȤƤǤϤʤꥹο͡פǤƻͤޤäΤȻפȤǤ褦ˤʤä
ȤȤѲƤѸˤįƤơäȸդˤ褦Ȼפä
αѸˤȤΩ֤ȿǤƤ줿ꥢ¿ǤϹֵô̽˿Ԥȸۤʤ伫Ȥ⤽Τ褦ʥȤؤꡤͦŤ줿ꤹ뤳Ȥ¿®ǯ٤μȤ˸ƥƥޤäƤ롥
αѸˤĤƤϡʲε¾Ǽ夲Ƥ
#177. ENL, ESL, EFL ϰΥꥹȡ ([2009-10-21-1])
#215. ENL, ESL ϰαѸ첽ǯ ([2009-11-28-1])
#273. αѸ ([2010-01-25-1])
#375. ENLESL οΨ ([2010-05-07-1])
#759. 21ιϢͽ¬ ([2011-05-26-1])
#1589. եԥαѸ ([2013-09-02-1])
#1590. ѸνѼ ([2013-09-03-1])
#1593. եԥαѸ (2) ([2013-09-06-1])
Ѹ̤ꤦǡѸüԤ˴ؤפϽפʰ̣ġ͡ʸ뤳ȤǤ뤬Ǥ Gramley (313, 314) "Anglophone South Asian countries" "Anglophone Southeast Asian countries" ɽɥåΤ *
| country | significant UK contact | beginning of colonial status | independence | total population | English speakers | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| percentage | total number | |||||
| Bangladesh | 1690 | 1858 | 1947 | 162,000,000 | --2% | 3,500,000 |
| India | 1600 | 1858 | 1947 | --1.2 billion | > 20% | > 230,000,000 |
| Nepal | none | 25,000,000 | > 25% | 7,000,000 | ||
| Pakistan | 1857 | 1858 | 1947 | 164,000,000 | --11% | 18,000,000 |
| Sri Lanka | 1796 | 1802 | 1948 | 20,000,000 | --10% | 2,000,000 |
| Singapore | 1819 | 1867 | 1965 | 5,000,000 | --80% | --4,000,000 |
| Hong Kong | 1841 | 1842 | 1997 | 6,900,000 | --36% | 2,500,000 |
| Philippines | USA: 1898 | 1898 | 1946 | 97,000,000 | > 50% | 50,000,000 |
| Malaysia | 1786 | 1795 | 1957, 1963 | 27,000,000 | --27% | 7,400,000 |
Ѹθäʬ줫μѸ줫äƤ뤳ȡĤޤŪ (cosmopolitan) Ǥ뤳ȤϡĤȤ˻ŦƤ顤ѸϸŪˤϤϤѸȤϤʤ뤳Ȥ⽽ʬ˲ǽǤ褦˻פ롥ѸϡϤѸäʤǤϽʬ˵ǽʤΤǤϤʤȡ
Algeo and Pyles (293--94) ϡѸˤüѤŬڤڤǡʤ "English remains English" 뤳Ȥȼ˼ĥƤ롥Ḷ́ʸϤʤΤǤΤޤްѤ롥
Enough has been written to indicate the cosmopolitanism of the present English vocabulary. Yet English remains English in every essential respect: the words that all of us use over and over again, the grammatical structures in which we couch our observations upon practically everything under the sun remain as distinctively English as they were in the days of Alfred the Great. What has been acquired from other languages has not always been particularly worth gaining: no one could prove by any set of objective standards that army is a "better" word than dright or here., which it displaced, or that advice is any better than the similarly displaced rede, or that to contend is any better than to flite. Those who think that manual is a better, or more beautiful, or more intellectual word than English handbook are, of course, entitled to their opinion. But such esthetic preferences are purely matters of style and have nothing to do with the subtle patternings that make one language different from another. The words we choose are nonetheless of tremendous interest in themselves, and they throw a good deal of light upon our cultural history.
But with all its manifold new words from other tongues, English could never have become anything but English. And as such it has sent out to the world, among many other things, some of the best books the world has ever known. It is not unlikely, in the light of writings by English speakers in earlier times, that this could have been so even if we had never taken any words from outside the word hoard that has come down to us from those times. It is true that what we have borrowed has brought greater wealth to our word stock, but the true Englishness of our mother tongue has in no way been lessened by such loans, as those who speak and write it lovingly will always keep in mind.
It is highly unlikely that many readers will have noted that the preceding paragraph contains not a single word of foreign origin. It was perhaps not worth the slight effort involved to write it so; it does show, however, that English would not be quite so impoverished as some commentators suppose it would be without its many accretions from other languages.
ѸƱ̤ͤμѸ줫ʤܸθäˤĤƤ⡤ۤƱȤΤǤϤʤ䥫ʸ줬դƤƤ⡤ܸϤ椨ܸƤ櫓ǤϤʤܸǤ뤳ȤϷ褷ƤƤʤΤȡ
ߡܤǤ¸դäȤ֡Ǥ롥ϡ1Ĥˤܤ餷ȯ褦ȤĬήθŪʸȤäƤ褤ˤϡöŪˤ륫ʸؤȿȯѶŪˤХʸȤƤ¸κɾȤ̣礤ޤޤƤޤߥ˥δҲˤơդ礤߳˿ʤȤ¸줫ʤɽɾäƤƤȤ⤤롥ˤ衤ܸˤóؤäʸŪŪʻ롤ޤȤʤȤʤäƤ롥εȤ館ܸΤߤʤ餺ѸθäˤĤƲȤ⤷ΤǤ롥
Ϣơʲε⻲Ȥ줿
#153. Cosmopolitan Vocabulary Asset ([2009-09-27-1])
#334. Ѹäλع¤ ([2010-03-27-1])
#335. ܸäλع¤ ([2010-03-28-1])
#1296. ع¤ɲá ([2012-11-13-1])
#1960. ѸäΥԥߥåɹ¤ ([2014-09-08-1])
#2072. Ѹäλع¤ ([2014-12-29-1])
#756. μѸ ([2011-05-23-1])
#390. Cosmopolitan Vocabulary Asset (2) ([2010-05-22-1])
#2359. Ѹ줬̱ŪʸȸƤФͳ (3) ([2015-10-12-1])
Algeo, John, and Thomas Pyles. The Origins and Development of the English Language. 5th ed. Thomson Wadsworth, 2005.
ܸΡ֥륵ޥפϡե ressentiment μѸǤ롥긵ˤäظѸδμ (2004) ˤСֺߡʰʢΩפäळȡϤͤ٤ԤФ롤ߡﺹ̼Ԥκ̼ԤФ롤ۼԤλۼԤФǰפȤ롥ˡƻη (1887) Ѥθ Max Scheler Max Weber ȯŸǰ
ե ressentiment ˤϡֺߡ庨亨פΤۤˡǤ뤬ִ뤳ȡˡդǰפȤ⤢뤫顤ŤɬͥƥʴΤߤ˷ӤĤ줿櫓ǤϤʤȤˤʤäư ressentir δŪʸֶפǤꡤressentir de l'amitié pour qn. ?ͧФˤʤɡݥƥʶ㤬롥
ΥեñϡѸ resent(ment) б롥ߡԤδŪʸϡԲ˻פʰ롤פۤɤǤꡤ̾ݥƥɽȶ뤳ȤϤʤ츻Ūˤ re- + sentir ʬ졤θϡַ֤롨פǤ뤫顤ͥƥʸؤθϸȯΤϤǤ롥ºݡ17̾ resentment ե줫ѸؼѤƤȤ18--19˻ޤǡݥƥʴȤƤΡִաפθԤʤƤƻդ resenting God's favours ʿβФƴդΰդȡˤˤĤƸäƤȤǤꡤޤ OED Ǥ resentment, n. θ5ѵˤȤ "Grateful appreciation or acknowledgement (of a service, kindness, etc.); a feeling or expression of gratitude. Obs." ǧ롥
䤬ƸͥƥФäƤߤΡʰפθ̾ΤΤȤ夷åץ (533) ϡθΰ̣ΰ (semantic pejoration) ˤĤơֿʹ֤ϰȤ뷹ŪˤĤΤǡִפǤäˡԲ˴פ̣褦ˤʤäפȤƤ롥åץƱͤȤ retaliate Ƥ롥ƥ talis ʻˤޤǤ뤳Ȥ顤ϡֻ褦ʤȤ롤ƱΤ֤פäδȹưʡܤˤܤסˤɽ魯롤֤פؤò
硼 T. åץ ƻ ϻ إåץѸ츻ŵ١罤ۡ2009ǯ
ܤΰޤˤʤ뤬Algeo and Pyles (62--63) οޤȤơĹǤȽĹǤηޤ礭ʸϼ礿ޤʸϲ̤λޤ̾ʸϸ̸ɽ魯ˤĤƤϡ* դƤ롥ޤǤ˵ƤޤˤĤƤϡindo-european family_tree γƵȤ줿
βĹǡϡʲβå

νĹǡϡʲβå

Algeo, John, and Thomas Pyles. The Origins and Development of the English Language. 5th ed. Thomson Wadsworth, 2005.
̺ˤĤơ#2456. ̺Ƚƻ (1) ([2016-01-17-1]) ȡ#2457. ̺Ƚƻ (2) ([2016-01-18-1]) Ǽ夲ϡ̺ȤƤλܤ
椬ʸ˿ʱƶڤܤȯǤ뤳ȤϡܤΰפȤǤ롥ȯϡεҤ˴ŤθˤСǯ105ǯˤˡѤΥܥʤɤѤƻꡤιΤǽȸƤǯȯȸˤСε170ǯˤϤǤ˻椬ƤǤ⡤Ѥϡ浻ѤԤȤƤޤˤ̾Ĥˤͤ *
θ塤1ܤˤ⤿餵줿ȹͤ뤬ܤˤǽϡħˤ굻Ѥ⤿餵줿610ǯʿ18ǯˤΤȤȸ롥浻Ѥ륯ɤͳƥ衼åäΤϡѤǯʾ12ʹߤΤȤǤ롥Ūˤϡ1144ǯˡࡼͤλۤƤڥΥϥФǽƻ椬졤եɥĤؤ̾夷ۤ1274ǯˤ泤ͳǥꥢΥե֥ꥢΤˡ줿 *
(113) ϡ滺ȤˤȯפȤơ(1) 105ǯѤˤȯΤˤϾ嵭̤浻Ѥˡ(2) 1798ǯեͥ륤١ˤ뾶浡ȯ(3) 1844ǯɥĿͥ顼ˤںѥפȯ(4) 1807ǯɥĿͥåҤˤźȯƤ롥
λȤɤ顤̺ȤƤǤϤʤʥܡ롤ʤɡˤۼʥȥåȥڡѡʤɡˤȤƤӤ⤢ꡤμ夫鸽ߤޤ³Ƥ
ˡΤäƤ˰ܤ (3) ϰʲ8Ƥ롥
ʿ顤ڤơŬʶޤäꡤʤꡤ夷ꡤڤʤɤβù䤹
ΤۼΤǡꡤ䤹
̵Ǥꡤdz䤹Ȥ롥
ڤưפʬƤޤ
Ǯˤ롥
¾κʤ¤
ǽʿʪݤǤ롥
ѤϺȤƺѤ䤹
(3) ϡֿʹ֤ȯǺǤۤ¿äΤϻ¾ˤʤפ³ΤƤ뤳ȤŦƤ롥衤̺ϡǴġѥԥ륹СʸۡˡڴʡݴʡХ顼ʳ¿աɡߥޡΥѥߥܿҤաˡ桤Ѥȥޥơ̵ֲ̤ܺμˡѤæڤοˤʤ͡ʤΤѤƤ٤ơ椬͡ʤ줿褯äƤ뤳Ȥϴְ㤤ʤϡ2ǯ̺֡βԤǤȸäƤ褤 *
ѽӡػʸ١1992ǯ
Ѳϸν̿Ȥ⤤ۤŪʤΤǤꡤźȤ줿Ϥʤ줯餤ߤƤʤ⡤θޤ餫ȤƤʤΤԻĤȤԻĤǤ롥⤽⡤ְ̣פȼʤʱˤѲȤΤϤɤȤʤΤạ̈ѲȤΤ䤹Ѳ뤳ȤïȤΤؤκǤ̥ŪǤ롥
ѲθˤĤƤϡŤ͡⤬ƤAlgeo and Pyles (34--35) ȤơĤɽŪʤ Ҳ𤷤褦
ޤ2ĤθABܿAüԤBԴ˽ȤAȯħBػۤȤȤ롥СˡظȯħƳ륱ϡظ첾 (substratum_theory) ȸƤФ롥դˡظȯħظ˻ۤ졤Ū˸Ԥ˲Ѳˤ "superstratum theory" ȸƤФ롥
ʤ٤ߤηֳ֤Ȥʤ褦ĴƯΤǤϤʤȤ "phonological space" ʲ֡ˤδ⤢롥ܸΤ褦첻Ȥ [i, e] 첻Ȥ [u, o, ɑ] 첻ηϤϡ褯ѹդμ줿֤ǤꡤŪѲˤѹդμƤʤ֤ϡѹդܻؤѲ䤹⤷ʤ
Ʊ (assimilation) ۲ (dissimilation)æ (elision) (intrusion)ۤˡ#739. glide, prosthesis, epenthesis, paragoge ([2011-05-06-1]) Ǽ褦ʳƼβظˤϡ "ease of articulation" ĴưפˤȤưŤ褦˻פ롥Ť龧ƤǤϤ뤬⤷줬ѲͣθȤС٤Ƥθ줬Ĵ䤹νؤȵ夷ƤޤȤˤʤäơϡĤꤦ븶1ĤˤʤȤ롥
üԤΰռٴͿβѲ⤢롥#192. etymological respelling (2) ([2009-11-05-1]) Ǹ츻Ūֻ (etymological_respelling) Ȥƿ줿褦ˡcomptroller ֻҲ [mptr] ȯ褦ˤʤäȤˤϰ spelling_pronunciation äȤˤʤ롥ޤ#2174. ָ̱츻Ọ̇̄Ѳ ([2015-04-10-1]) Ǥߤ褦ˡchaise longue chaise lounge Ȥȯ褦ˤʤäΤϡָ̱츻 (folk_etymology) ˤΤǤ롥
ҿȯؤΰռ뤳Ȥˤä꽤 (hypercorrection) ⡤Ѳ1װȹͤ롥talkin' somethin' Τ褦 g æȯ¤ޤפޤꡤ g ͽʤĶǤ g [ɪŋ] ȯ褦ʥǤ롥㤨 chicken Virgin Islands 줾 chicking, Virging Islands ʤɤȯѲ롥Ϣơrajah, cashmere, kosher ʤɤλˡͽʤä /ʒ/ 褦ˤʤä̲ (overgeneralization) ⤢롥
͡ʲ⤬ƤƤñȤDzѲԤȤϤǤʤʣװͿƤ뤳 (multiple causation of language change) Ȥɬפ
Ѳθ˸¤餺Ū˸Ѳθ˴ؤƤϡ#442. Ѳθ([2010-07-13-1]) Ȥ줿
Algeo, John, and Thomas Pyles. The Origins and Development of the English Language. 5th ed. Thomson Wadsworth, 2005.
#2459. ͭȥۥåȥˡ ([2016-01-20-1])#2460. William Dwight Whitney ([2016-01-21-1]) ǡͭˤܤαѸ첽ˤĤƤε夲οͭεŪʱѸ첽˴йͤμͤϾä (1850--88) Ǥ롥
ϾϡͻΤλҤȤޤ졥ʡ͡ȤΤȷıΤ˳ؤӡ˥ꥹαؤˡؤδǽʱѸϤȤܤŪǧΤ뤳ȤܻؤȤȤˡܤˤα˳ؤۤƳ褦ȿϤ˥ꥫϤꡤեǥե٤¤ǵһह롥
Ͼϡ̤ˤϤۤΤƤʤȤܸʸˡˤˤܤ٤ An Elementary Grammar of the Japanese Language ̾Ρܸʸŵ١ˤ1873ǯ路Ƥ롥ͭ餬ܤαѸ첽λꥫȯɽΤФϾϤɥǴԤ뤳ȤˤäƤȿΤ˻Ĺͺơֹʸ粸͡פȸ碌
Ͼ (212--23) ϡνˤơͭξܤαѸ첽ϡ(1) ̵̤ʻ֤䤹Ȥˤʤ롤(2) ֳʺ̱ΰ롤2ˤƿ꤬ꡤΤ櫓ˤϤʤ⤹롥ȤȤϱѸǽ줿ΤˤѤ褦
ѸϸΤʤǤäȤऺΤҤȤĤǤꡤ郎θդȤϤޤäۼΤΤǤ顤̱¿ʬΤΤȤˤϤؤĹ֤פ¿εŤʻ̵֤̤䤵Ǥˤ椤Ƥߤޤȡ¾ιΤ줿㤬¿ĤΤϻ¤ǤƤξϡ줿̡ݱʤˤΤǤäơΤˤǺΤ줿ΤǤϤޤǤ顤䤽¾ν̱ܤǹԤƤΤȤϡ𤬤ޤäۤʤޤȤԤΰϤ˶ƸκѤ;ʤǤ⡤ιɴǯΤȤ졤椨äȤǤѴ뤳ȤϤʤäΤǤΤȤϡ륺ɡåȥɤι̱˸ޤιǤϡߡؤǤꡤŤʻ̵֤̤ˤƤޤǡƤιִμ»ܤϤؤǤ뤳Ȥ狼ˤʤǤ礦
ΤȤǤ͵ι̱ϡϤ̱ؤ«ƤλŻƤޤ顤η̡ԤϸԤ¿λ֤γؽˤƤ뤳ȤǤޤ⤷˼Ҹ٤ƤѸǹԤ뤳ȤˤʤСسϹΤˤ꤫ĤФǤ礦ϡޤε² jus sacrum ʿˡˡComitia ̱ʿ̱ͤΤƱȤʤΤǤη̡سȲسϴʬΥξΤˤ϶̤봶𤬤ʤʤäƤޤޤơ̱ϰΤȤƹư뤳Ȥ˸졤ΤȤϤޤäƤޤǤ礦
νηӤȤơϾ (214) ϼΤ褦Ǹ롥
Ǥˤξˤꡤ椨줹٤ƤΤäƤΤ˭ǴʤΤˤ٤ؤۤΤƤ礭ʴƤޤäۼθΤ̤ΤѤ˾ޤȤͤΤǤޤ
ϾϡʾʤʤΤǤ롥#2458. ܸˡرѸ첽϶̱٤첽Τ ([2016-01-19-1]) Ǽ夲ܤ⡤Ͼθָܤ鸫ƤϤΤΡ (p. 78) ǤꡤָαѸ첽ɤؤȿȤƤ⽽ʬѤܼŪʻŦǤ (p. 79) ȤƤ롥
Ͼ ä Ĺˡܸ֡ʸŵٽʸסϾä1١ȽŹ1987ǯ209--14ǡ
رѸ첽϶̱ܤιϤϤ١ѼҡҽѼҿӡ2015ǯ
³ɸɽˤĤơQuirk et al. (1284--85) ˤιʸ⤵Ƥ롥ʲ˺Ƹ褦
A special case of prepositional apposition is offered by singular count nouns where the of-phrase is subjective . . ., eg:
the fool of a policeman
an angel of a girl
this jewel of an island
This structure consisting of determiner + noun (N2) + of + indefinite article + noun (N1) is not a regular prepositional postmodification, since N1 is notionally the head, as can be seen in the paraphrases:
The policeman is a fool. [note the AmE informal variant some fool policeman]
The girl is an angel.
This island is a jewel.
The whole part N2 + of + a corresponds to an adjective:
the foolish policeman
an angelic girl
this jewel-like island
The natural segmentation is reflected in variant spellings, as in the familiar AmE expression a hell of a guy (nonstandard spelling: a helluva guy).
In this construction, the determiner of N1 must be the indefinite article, but there is no such constraint on the determiner of N2:
''a'' ''a policeman'' ''the'' ''fool of'' *''the policeman'' ''this'' *''policeman'' ''that''
Also, N2 must be singular:
?*those fools of policemen
The possessive determiner actually notionally determines N1, not N2:
her brute of a brother ['Her brother was a brute..']
Both N2 and N1 can be premodified:
a little mothy wisp of a man
this gigantic earthquake of a piece of music
a dreadful ragbag of a British musical
this crescent-shaped jewel of a South Sea island
Ǹ this crescent-shaped jewel of a South Sea island Τ褦ˡN1 N2 ξֽƤ褦Ǥϡ̾Τˤ濴ɤʤΤۣǤ롥ϤŪʼỌ̇̄ŪʽſϰפƤΤݤỌ̇̄бط붦ŪϻĤˤ衤̻ŪˤߤСϸι¤ξΩ⤦Ͽ¤ξΩäƤ뤫Τ褦ǤꡤΩ褫ŪɽȤʤäƤΤ⤷
ʸˡȤƤʬϤǧθؤ佤ؤȤƤϤξʤ̣ʸǤ롥̻ŪɤΤ褦˿ޤƤĴΤȥԥåΤ褦˻פ롥
Quirk, Randolph, Sidney Greenbaum, Geoffrey Leech, and Jan Svartvik. A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language. London: Longman, 1985.
ֻ of ˡ1ĤȤơɸΤ褦㤬롥an angel of a girl ϰ̣Ū "a girl like an angel" ȥѥե졼졤ľȤɽȤʤ롥ʤΤ褦ʰ̣Τ
Ǥ of ˡϹ̣ǡƱʡ (apposition) ȤäƤ褤OED ˤȡof θ23 "Between two nouns which are in virtual apposition" Ȥꡤθβ˺ʬ줿23bˤƤˡƤ롥
b. In the form of, in the guise of.
The leading noun is the latter, to which the preceding noun with of stands as a qualification, equivalent to an adjective; thus 'that fool of a man' = that foolish man, that man who deserves to be called 'fool'; 'that beast of a place' = that beastly place.
Quot. ?c1200 is placed here by Middle Eng. Dict.; however the of-phrase seems to complement the verb and its object . . . rather than the preceding noun only as in later examples.
[?c1200 Ormulum (Burchfield transcript) l. 11695 Þeȝȝ hallȝhenn cristess flæsh off bræd & cristess blod teȝȝ hallȝenn. Off win.
a1375 William of Palerne (1867) 226 (MED), So fair a siȝt of seg ne sawe he neuer are.
. . . .
1992 Vanity Fair (N.Y.) Feb. 144/3 The Schramsberg offers a whirlwind of a mousse, tasting of lemon and yeast.
MED Ƥ㤬ΤǡMED of (prep.) ȤƤߤȡƱͤ "quasi-appositional relationship" ɽ魯ˡȤƸ19b(b) "in the form of (sth. or sb.)" Ȥߤ롥ʬʸ⤢ꤽ15ȾФ "a faire body of a woman" Ȥ餫ʳߤȡ٤ȤѸˤƱˡȯãƤȤϳΤǤ롥
"a faire body of a woman" ϸ֤ΡʻѤΡפǤꡤ of ֤Ω body ΤϤäȤȤ³뤦ˡbody of a βΤȤƸ³̾ woman 褦˴褦ˤʤäƤΤɸ an angel of a girl ǤСϸ־ΡʻѤŷȡפ̣ɽäȻפ뤬angel of a βΤȤƷƻ angelic ۤɤεǽơ³ girl ˤäƤΤȤŪ˺ʬ (reanalysis) 줿
ŪˤСa [X] of a [Y] ι¤ˤơŪˤ [X] äʬϤФ [Y] Ȥʤꡤ"a [X]-like Y" ۤɤ̣褦ˤʤäΤǤ롥Ūʹ¤ϡOED ǤϰʲΤ褦˸23aˤưƤꡤߤޤǤѵȤʤäƤ롥
a. In the person of; in respect of being; to be; for. Obs.
The leading noun is the former, of the qualification of which the phrase introduced by of constitutes a limitation; thus 'he was the greatest traveller of a prince', i.e. the greatest traveller in the person of a prince, or so far as princes are concerned. The sense often merges with that of the partitive genitive. . . . .
c1275 (?a1200) Laȝamon Brut (Calig.) (1963) 3434 Þe hǣhste eorles..curen heom enne king of ane cnihte þe wes kene.
c1300 (?a1200) Laȝamon Brut (Otho) 4980 Hadden hii anne heuedling of on heȝe ibore man.
a1470 Malory Morte Darthur (Winch. Coll.) 119 He was a ryght good knyght of a yonge man.
1697 K. Chetwood Life Virgil in Dryden tr. Virgil Wks. sig. *4v, Cæsar..the greatest Traveller, of a Prince, that had ever been.
1748 Ld. Chesterfield Let. 20 Dec. (1932) (modernized text) IV. 1278 Allowed to be the best scholar of a gentleman in England.
ʬ23aȸ23bˡʸ̮Τ˶̤뤳Ȥ褦˻פ롥ŪʴߤСŪξǧ߽ФƤ褦ˤפ롥̤ȤơƱ˷ƻ콤Ǥ⤢ľȤǤ⤢걣ȤǤ⤢ԻĤɽޤƤ롥صŪ an angelic girl Ȥϥѥե졼ǤΤΡan angel of a girl Ϳ뽤Ṳ̄礭ۤʤ롥
ŪʬϤ㡤ڤؤˤĤƤϡ#2333. a lot of ([2015-09-16-1]) ȡ#2343. 19ˤ a lot of ȯ ([2015-09-26-1]) ȡ
ε#2459. ͭȥۥåȥˡ ([2016-01-20-1]) Ǽ夲ꥫθؼԤǥؤζä William Dwight Whitney (1827--94) ˤĤơҲ𤷤褦
Whitney ϡ襵åȳؼԤǤӸؼԤǤäŪʸؤ̤ǤƤꡤкŪ˺äƤȤˤϱʸˡ䡤եɥĸζʽʤɤǤƤ롥ޤOED ǤޤǤϺαѸ켭ŵǤä The Century Dictionary 6 (1889--91) ԼԤ̳ġ
ػ˾塤Whitney Ǥ褯ΤƤΤϡ̸ؤʬǹ͵椷ؼԤȤƤ˥ꥫڽФ Franz Boaz, Edward Sapir, Leonard Bloomfield ʤɤ̾ʸؼԤ١Whitney ̾ϸߤǤϤۤΩʤθή֤ Whitney Ȥϴְ㤤ʤꥫˤؤĤȤäƤ褤
Whitney θؤȸѤϡβƤǹ⤤ɾƤ㤨С Saussure Whitney ɾƤꡤफ̸ؤƶƤ褦Ǥ뤷Bloomfield ˻äƤ롥
Whitney ϡŪ¸ߤȤơҲŪ٤Ȥơƥߥ˥ƻȤªƤޤSaussure Τ褦ˡμΤϵηϤǤǧƤνؤäԤǤСΤ褦ʸªܿŦǤϤʤWhitney ϤŦƤؼԤΰͤäΤǤ롥
̾ʸؼԤγػ˾ɾ路ࡼʥϡWhitney ƤζؤθȰ֤ŤƤ롥Ȥ櫓ؤоݤꤹȤ夲ˤơࡼʥ (30--31) Whitney ɾƤ롥
ˤܤͤΤϡؤоݤꤹ˺ݤʧäƤθǤ롥बؤμʳؤ俴ؤ䡤ޤʸؤ顤ɤΤ褦ڤΥƤ뤫ȤȤϡޤŦƤϤ˼Τ褦ˤƤ롤ֳΤ˲ưʪνͭƤ륳ߥ˥ʤ䤽μʤͭϰϤˤĤƤθ϶̣⤢껲ͤˤʤסμʤϡ֤ȤФȤϰۤʤʤΤΤ顤Ȥ̾ΤΡġϵ櫓ˤϤʤͳΤϸؼԤܤǤϤʤפΤ֤äܤĴҤˤ⤫餺顤ۥåȥˡȽθؤȤΤ¸ߤ뺹ۤ䤷Ϥ뤳ȤǤ롥ʤˤؤϡޡǯˤޤǤ餺Υߥ˥˲äơñ˳̤˸ФɽФޤǡȤФȤ̾ǸäƤΤǰƬˤϡֿȤ֤ꡤѥȥޥࡤ졤뤤Ͻ줿ʸʬŪʲפȤä¿¿ͤʥߥ˥ʤ뤤ϥߥ˥ηϤФƤΤϤΤʤǸǤȤʬŪʲʳΤΤ٤Ƥऱ롥ϤƤ롤֤äȹ̣ǤʤСοʹ֤ΡϻͤΤͿƤΤ٤ơͤǤȤ館褦ʷˤƤΤϤ٤ƤȤФǤ롤ȸäƤ⤤סΤȤпͤϡդηۤˤäƤˡԸ꤫դʤɤȤϡ֤ɤʳŪʸξϡȤФȤΰ̣äȤܤ٤ʤȤθϳ礵ƤȤ٤٤η̤ޤǴޤ褦ˤʤ꤫ͤʤס֤ȤФˤĤƸȤפϷǤΰȬǯΤȤϡ֤ΰ̣ʬŪʲνȤȤ˸¤
ؤоݤ̩˸ꤹȤޤȤǧŪʤεŤϡ䤨Υڥˡ֤롥ơबΰϢβʳؤऱȤΤ⡤ȤտޤˤΤǤϤʤ뤤ϽʳؤʤˤऱƤΤǤʤդˡϤƤξ硤ʳؤΤߤΰºŤȤޤȤ˶ڤ̤äФˤΤάͤơؤθоݤꤹ뤿ˡबؤλŻǤϤʤȤäƤβह뤿ӤˡϡڤϤ餺錄뤬˺Ū˽פʤȤФˤƤ롥ϡȽΤδפȤȤФ
ĿŪˤϡηϤʤɤޤֽաפϤᡤȤФ˴ؤ¿ؤоݳȤ Whitney ФȿȤ⤢ʻϡؤϹȤФγؤǤ٤ȹͤƤˡˡθפβͤʤࡼʥɾ顤Whitney ˤ Saussure, Bloomfield, Martinet ʤɤθۤ˥ҥȤͿ褯ʬ롥
ǡWhitney üԽĤŪļҲŪʽ껺ȤߤƤȤ˺ƤϤʤʤ餯줿ͭؤϡˤȼҲȤ¦̤ªǤäΤ
ãڸ ԡرѸؿ̾ŵ١ҡ1995ǯ
른塦ࡼʥƣ θء١ҡ2001ǯ
αѸѸ첽ε˯ȤСʸä̳ͭ (1847--89) ̾夬롥1870ǯ塤ܤΤ褦˶岽뤿ˤϱѸǹŤꤷʤФʤʤȿƤפжüʻۤ˻פ뤬ܸ˲ƤŪʳǰɽ魯ä礱ƤȤͫƤΤǤ롥
ϡܤαѸѸ첽Τθ褦ȡƤμͤ˼ꡤѸδʰײȤȤ˻⤤ƲäȲμͤΰͤˡΥꥫزνäǥؤζǤ William Dwight Whitney (1827--94) Ȥ⤷ȤˡWhitney Ͽͦݤ褦ʲ֤Ƥ롥 (71--72) ꡤݤѤ롥
ۥåȥˡϡ褽Τ褦ʤΤä
ơˤ岽ޤäΤʤɡۤȤɤʤ⡤ʰײ줿ѸѤȤΤǤϡѸҲ뤤ʸؤʤɤʸ̤ʤȤƳ«ʤ⤽⡤ѸܤΡֹפȤƺѤСޤդФ줫뤳ȤˤʤäƤޤ֤;͵Τʤ¿ο͡¼Ū˳뤳ȤʤäƤޤη̡Ѹ˳䤯֤Τդˤ뾯ø٤Ƥʸꤹ뤳Ȥˤʤꡤ罰Ȥδ֤礭ʳʺ䤬Ƥޤ
ޤˡۥåȥˡǰΤϡϤǸƥ줫פؤμΡפϤ̤ƥ衼åѤν̱ŪʿؤƻܿͤĤƤޤΤǤϤʤȤȤäΤ
ˡۥåȥˡϼΤ褦˽Ҥ١ܸͭˤ岽Ƥ롥
֤Ȥä̱ηϤäƤƤ⡤¿ι̱˿ʸ⤤Ū٥ˤޤǰ夲ˤĹ֤פǤ礦⤷罰ؤ褦ȤΤǤСȤ̤ƹԤʤФʤޤ
ƥۥåȥˡϡʸΡֿפΤʤˤϡ˭ˤפȤޤޤʤФʤʤ⤤˭ˤʤäֹפܤʸʤʤǤꡤ줬罰ʸŪ˹뤳ȤˤĤʤȤΤǤ롥
ػ˾ϰ̤ Whitney Τ褦ʷܤαѸѸ첽˴ؤäƤȤΤʤä
ʤ϶üʲԤȤߤʤ졤˹ԤˤŻƤޤä
رѸ첽϶̱ܤιϤϤ١ѼҡҽѼҿӡ2015ǯ
#2306. ʰ鹧ˡرѸγǡ٤ȱѸȽ ([2015-08-20-1]) ǾҲ𤷤ҤνǤȤ褽ƱˡܸˡرѸ첽϶̱ܤιϤϤ٤Ȥ⤦1ĤαѸȽνƤϡѸȽΤΤȤܤαѸ첽ؤηپ֤Ƥ롥ʬνҤϳ줺ĩȯŪʥȥԤؤ䶵ؤȪǤϤʤؼԤǤȤǡˤȤäơ줿θƶ¿ä
ܤΥХ벽ȱѸ첽λϡˤɤäƤή˵չԤƤꡤषȤԤϼĥ롥ζϡޤǰǤäƥ줬ͭƤŪŪøͤѸ졤ꥢ졤ڥ졤ե졤ɥĸʤϰ̤뤳Ȥˤäơ͡δ֤ʬ֤ƤʤμԤϤ餻뤳Ȥǽˤ̤͡˭ʾܤ뤳ȤǤ褦ˤʤꡤ̤ȤƳ֤γʺʤä줬岽θưϤȤŪˤϡγؤθ̤礭ä
⤷ǿʹԤƤѸ첽䤬ƴλĤƤΥƥΤ褦ø褦ˤʤСѸʤѸüԤϾؤΥεå졤ҲΤ¦̤פĤޤꡤ¿ο͡β̱Τ褦ϰ̡Ĥޤֶ̱פϰ̤ؤƤȤΤˡܿͤˤȤäơܸȤ졦̤ƾ˥ΤʪۼΤˤϺǤΨ褤ϤǤꡤΤѸ˼äƤޤСǽΨϳʤϤ
Ԥϡܻؤ٤ϱѸ첽ǤϤʤष첽ǤȤžȯۤФƤ롥ǤϡDZѸ䤽¾θˤȯͤϡɤΤ褦˾ò뤳ȤǤκɤˡϡؤǤȤܤμͤä٤ϤȤơ¿βͤθäܸ˿Ʃ뤳Ȥ褦ˡܿͤ⡤䤨֤ʤϤˤäơѸϤȤ볰줿ܸȤΤꤢ碌忴٤Ǥ롤 (see #1630. 졤ʸ졤ץ ([2013-10-13-1]))
Ѹ줬̵ΤǤȤäѸ첽Ȥο̢䤷Ƥ롥ŪǰŪʱѸѤˤϡѸˤؤ֤ΤᤤȹͤƤ롥 (215) μμĥⷹİͤ롥
ѸδΰϡΤܤСꥹƥꥫο̱ϻۤˤˤ롥ޤ塤ꥹ䥢ꥫ̱Ϥݡ쿢̱Ϥˤ¼ŪϤӥͥͭĤᡤάΰüȤƱѸƸŪϰ̤ݤʤ褦ؤƤ̡פǤ⤢롥
رѸ첽϶̱٤ꥭɤäΤǡ˼ƤѸ춵סѸѸ첽롦å塤Х벽˴ѡؼͳʳкѡ¡ܡˡTPPܡ쥹٥롦ʥʥꥺࡤˡ§
رѸ첽϶̱ܤιϤϤ١ѼҡҽѼҿӡ2015ǯ
ε ([2016-01-17-1]) ˰³ɸΥȥԥå
̺ȽƻˤĤơ͡ݥΤˤإߥ˥ȸ٤ѤƤʸϡʡƼϹȸפȤ̾礬Ρˤ (148--50) ˸ĤʲѤ롥
ƼϹȸ
ξˡ
ȤСѥԥ륹ʥץȡˡۡʥץȡˡǴġʥݥߥˡСʥꥷˡСʥݥߥˡƼʥɡˡӤʻߡˡγסʥᥭˡμʥɡˡεꥫˡݡʥݥͥˡåˤʥɡˡܿҤաʥɡˡڡʥǥʥӥˡȥ륳ˡݲʥˡ蠟ġʥץȡ衼åѡˡġġ
Ȥäơ
ɤǺ˽Ĥ뤫ˤäơɮۤʤäƤ롥ڥɮʥѥԥ륹ưʪӡˡŴɮؤ顤ڥġġ
ǺɮѤȡʸѤ롥ȤСͤˤơʸηϤĤꤢ褦ȤƤȤ롥ξ硤ѥԥ륹˰ΥڥǽˤȡǴĤŴɮǽˤȤǤϡʸޤäۤʤäΤˤʤ뤳Ȥưפ˿仡
ɤͤƱܤ̤Ǥ̤ϻƤĤʤΤˤʤλв᤹ȡǺѲꡤɮλĤ⤽αƶ롥ȸʸɮ̤ʸϤΥ줿Τˤʤ롥ƱοʪƱμܤɮԤʸɤǤƱȤ롥
Ǻμ͡饹桤Ƥ桥٤ơ˽פ̤ǺǤ뤳ȤϤޤʤϤʤˡη֤ϽǺɮˤäƷޤ뤳Ȥ¿θȯŸβ⤿ؤפǤǤ٤Ƥľ뤳Ȥ⤢ꤦ롥
ȤС椬ήˤʤäȤ뤤ϱڥλѤäȤͼѤܤǤϤ뤬ʸηϤи櫓ǤϤʤƤʤܤˤϤޤäʸ˸ƤޤۤɡΤѲ뤳Ȥ⤢
פˡʸ¦ΩäƤСɤɤޤǤǺˤʬʤΤϤؤ̯ʤΤǺबޤȯ줿ΤʤΤɤˤĤɤǤޤäѤꤷΤʤΤˤ뤳Ȥ
äĤ̱²¿ޤǻĤääơΤۤνΤȤƤʤäȤïʤä˻Ĥ줿ΤϡʻȤäƤΤޤФȤǺ˹碌ѲΤʤΤǤϤʤŪ˻ȤƤΤϡ䤹Ǻ˽Ƥᡤ٤Ƽ줿ΤǤϤʤȹͤ뤳ȤǤ뤫
ʸˤĤƤιͻ¿롥֤ʤʸʤääꡤƾʰפ˻ĤäƤʤΤˡǤϡϴǺ˹ޤ졤ȵη֤ѤޤǼդΤޤĤäƤʸΤפ䤦Ȥ˹ͰƤ줿ǺǤ졤ɤ줿ǺǤ졤ǺऽΤΤˤĤƤμĤȤϡɬפķ礯٤餶Τȸ
Ϥޤǡ̺ƻѲȯŸϡФиġλΡΤѲˤϤĤʤ뤫⤷ʤʸηϤΤΤѲ櫓ǤϤʤȹͤƤεˤ⤢褦ˡηŪѲηŪѲζܤϡƳƤʤΤ⤷ʤȻפľ
ޤ˸ؤųؤδߤƻνϡˤäʸθ¸ǽȾзޤäƤȤˤȤλŦܼŪǤꡤǼ줿ˤĤƤϡ#1834. ʸǯɽ ([2014-05-05-1]) ȡ#2389. ʸηϤεȯã (1)([2015-11-11-1]) ǰ褦ˡʸϾΤɤޤ줿ʤɤΤϤʤȤǤ롥ҲħŪʪĤİϢʪŪĤȤΤӡɽ롤äҲ¤ʸиϤɤˤ⤢ΤǤ롥ĤμҲŪΡƶɲˤȤ¸ǽΡǴڰʳΤΡˤȻפפȤפ롥
ŻҼҲˤƤ⡤ʤǥ벽ǡˤΤեåԡǥǥ (MO)ǥ (CD, DVD, BD) ʤɤؤѲƤΤˤäƼ̿ǯۤʤȤϡΤ⺣ѤäƤʤȤȤ
른塦 ʸ ƽⶶ ʸˡ١ϸҡ1990ǯ
ȤϡʸȤФʤ뺯פˤꡤȤФɽΤǤ롥ΤˤϡפĤƻɬפȤʤ롥㤨СȻءФءȥڥǥץ쥤ȥܡɤϡ줾̺ȽƻǤ롥źΤ͡ʺƻѤƤ (40--42) Ѥ롥
Ϥθʸǽ̺ȤƻȤ줿ΤΤ褯ΤƤΤˤФǴġڤݤäڴʡݴʡˡ˥ѥԥ륹ʤɤꡤ¾üʤΤȤƵιưʪιݲ硤Ƽ뤤蠟ġʻͳѤڤ蠟ήǤΡˤʤɤä
κǸˡ椬о줷ꥹȵȯ줿ϡ䤬ĹǯŤäȤʽ̺ȤƻȤ褦ˤʤäϤޤǤΤǺʴẢǤϻʸˡŻҵѤȤäƥԥ塼ˤĤʤä֥饦ɤʸɽˡ褯Ȥ褦ˤʤäǤ⡤¿οܿ͡ʸϡҤ俷ʹʤɻξ˰줿ΤǤꡤߤޤŪ˻λ夬³ƤȤ롥
ڴʤΤ褦ʽ̺Ȥ̤ˡǺʸϿ뤿˻Ȥ줿ƻ⡤źޤޤǤäơ¤˥Х饨ƥˤȤǤ롥Ȥиߤλ䤿μϤޤ路Ƥ⡤ڥܡڥɮʤŪˤ褯뤪ʤߤΤΤΤۤˡηθŤޤʸˤɮȤĤ˥ڥʸˤϺӤȤǶǤϤȤȸʤʤäĤƤγعǤϻΰʤɤ˥Ǥ褯Ȥ줿ŴɮȤä˾ΥڥʸƤ
ե٥åȤʸϤ֤벤ƤǤϡץ饤ʸɽǤɬʤǤäϤȤܿͤˤϤʤߤƻäǶǤϤ줫ȯãԥ塼ΥܡɤܤǤ⤭Ūʸ˼ˤʤĤĤ롥
Υԥ塼ʤʤϥץˤȤäƤʸɽᤰäƤϡܤǤϻξޤˤޤӤƤǤϥץ饤ȤäʸϤΤϤƤդ줿٤ǤäơߤΥץ⡤פŪʤ˥ԥ塼ˤԽǽäΤȤ롥ʸƻϤޤǤˤƽ̺ľ˹碌ƼȳȯƤƤꡤԥ塼ˤʸɽ⡤बŤΤ鷫֤Ƥ٤ΰʤȹͤ٤Ǥ
ʸȤפĤֽפˤϡȤ3बǧ롥ϡ(1) ߤĤ롤(2) ʤͭαΤɤ롤(3) ԥ塼ʤɤDz̾˱ǤǤ롥ʤɤ˻ؤʸȤΤϺǤ⸶ŪˡäȻפ뤬ΩŪˤܤߤĤȤǤϡֹߤĤפ֤ȤȤ館ۤˤϡŪǤϤʤʸơʸֲФԵˤʸʤɡΩŪʽ⤢롥(3) Τ褦ŻŪʽ˴ؤơǶǤϥܡɤ˸¤餺ޥۤ䥱ʸפϤΤڤƤޥˤ벻ϤǽȤʤäƤΤǡϿʽƻ뤤ϽˡȸƤǤ٤
ޤǤʤν̺ƻϡβʳصѤȯãȤȤ˰ܤѤäƤΥꥨιϡİФʤ벻ˤӤΤʤΤǤϤʤȻפ롥ˤƤϡŪ˹첻λѡƬαѡū ([2012-10-29-1]) Τ褦 "surrogate" ʤɤͤ뤬ꥨϷ褷ƹʤ
ʸ嵭2016/02/14(Sun) ʸסʸؤΤΤߡ١罤ۡ1977ǯΡְѤʸ (pp. 129--47) ˤơ (132) ֽפȤ̤ưȤưϤΰϢʤֲפȤưˤĤƻŦƤ롥
ůذμŵʸ١Ʋ1998ǯ
ǯ⤳λäƤAmerican Dialect Society ˤ 2015ǯ The Word of the Year 18ȯɽ줿ǯμޤϡsingular "they" Ǥ롥
They was recognized by the society for its emerging use as a pronoun to refer to a known person, often as a conscious choice by a person rejecting the traditional gender binary of he and she.
. . . .
The use of singular they builds on centuries of usage, appearing in the work of writers such as Chaucer, Shakespeare, and Jane Austen. In 2015, singular they was embraced by the Washington Post style guide. Bill Walsh, copy editor for the Post, described it as "the only sensible solution to English's lack of a gender-neutral third-person singular personal pronoun."
While editors have increasingly moved to accepting singular they when used in a generic fashion, voters in the Word of the Year proceedings singled out its newer usage as an identifier for someone who may identify as "non-binary" in gender terms.
"In the past year, new expressions of gender identity have generated a deal of discussion, and singular they has become a particularly significant element of that conversation," Zimmer said. "While many novel gender-neutral pronouns have been proposed, they has the advantage of already being part of the language."
ʤ singular they ȤʤǤʤäεȹ碌 Wordorigins.org: ADS Word of the Year for 2015 εɤǤߤƹäñ̤ʤñΰ̿;̾ȤƤ they ˡϤǯ֤dzΤǧΤƤƤꡤȤ櫓2015ǯħŤˡȤ櫓ǤϤʤ˽Ȥ̤ʬˡΤΤ˵褹륷ܥ (nonbinary identifier) ȤơǯƤ줿ȤƥȤʤɤ transgender ꤬¿夲졤"nonbinary identifier" ȤƤ they λѤΩäȤȤʤsingular they ϡMOST USEFUL ƥǤޤƤ롥ΥɤǤ뤳Ȥäˤ褯狼ޤä
singular_they ˤĤƤϡܥ֥Ǥⲿ٤äƤΤǡʲ˥ĥäƤ
#275. Ѹλ;ñ̾ ([2010-01-27-1])
#1054. singular they ([2012-03-16-1])
#1887. ˤͤݤ4Ĥλ ([2014-06-27-1])
#1920. singular they ޤ뵬ʸˡ (1) ([2014-07-30-1])
#1921. singular they ޤ뵬ʸˡ (2) ([2014-07-31-1])
#1922. singular they ޤ뵬ʸˡ (3) ([2014-08-01-1])
WOY μޤˤĤƤϡwoy ȡ
ʸηϡסֽηϡʽˡˡסɽηϡɽˡˡפȤѸϡԤˤäƻȤۤʤ뤬ϰʲΤ褦˹ܸͤɽǤСǤʿ̾Ҳ̾ȤΩʸηϡפ̤롥줾ʸηϤ˴ؤƤȼΡֽˡפꡤ㤨в̾Ǥϲ̾ǤϾѴλѤϻ˴ؤ뵬Ϥ롥ޤʸηϤλȤʬ겾̾ε§ʤɡʣʸηϤκѤ˴ؤɸŪʷޤꤴȤꡤܸΡɽηϡפȸƤӤ
դꡤäˡʸηϡפȡɽˡפȤѸˤĤơ (pp. 179--82) ̤Ƥ롥ʲϡĤȯǤ롥
ܸʸηϤȤޤɤ⡤ޤʸηϤɽˡȤΤ̤ȻפΤǤ͡ɽˡȤΤϡɤդܸɽ路Ƥ뤫ȤȤǤʸηϤȤΤϡȤв̾ϲ̾ǰĤʸηϤäƤ롥ϴǰĤʸηϤʤƤ롥ϥ̤ΰĤʸηϤäƤ롥Ǥ顤ܤξȡʸηϤѤƤȤħ櫓Ǥ͡κѤƤ뤳Ȥɤͤ뤫ȤȻפޤ
ɽˡǤСȤкβ̾ǤΤɤդ˲ɤ餤ΤȤˤʤäƤơݤʤȤˤʤޤ顤ޤĿŪʰոΤϤäȤऺȻפޤΤǡʸηϤѤƤ뤳Ȥɤͤ뤫ȤȤƼ夲Ȼפޤ
ȡܸɽˤϾʤȤ⻰ĤʸηϤФʤФʤĤȤΤϡȲ̾Ҳ̾ʿ̾Ǥ͡줫餽տ路ƥǤĤʸηϤФʤФʤȤΤϡФôˤʤȤȤϰ櫓ǤơĤǤͤĤǤïǤǤΤȤȤǹͤˤϡǤϤʤȻפΤǤ͡
ʸηϤκѤȤäƤ⡤ɤξ̤ˤɤʸȤŪˤʤ٤˷ޤäƤ롥Ȥд줫餭Τϴǽ줫ŪʸˡŪǤϲ̾ǽƤ餭ѸҲ̾ǽʬΤ褦ʤΤޤäƤơξǺѤƤȤȤˤʤȻפޤ
Ȥд狼ʤв̾ǽƤФ櫓ǡʤȻפޤۤθǤϡ餯Τ褦˺ѤƤȤΤ˾ʤ뤤ϤۤȤɤʤΤǤϤʤɬ⤽ȤϤʤ⤷ޤΤȤϤȤǤޤäȿ줿Ȼפޤ
ʸκѤϤɤ̣뤫ȤޤȡܸȤˡȤ̾ȤȤäˡɤʸȤФŪΰĤȽǤΩäƻȤäƤ櫓ȻפޤǤ⡤ɤδȤȤХ֤ˤϡִפȤ뤤ϡַġפȤϤޤֱ١פȤϰĤȽǤˤäƷƤ櫓ʤǡʸϡʸäƤβͤղòͤȤǤθդɽ뤿ˤʿͤȤäƤ뤦ˡղä줿ͤˤäƤ롥ñ˸դɽƤ롤̣ɽƤȤȯɽƤȤΤʤơˤήǤ˥ץ饹Ƥ̤ʲͤƤ롥ղòͤɤȽǤƤ뤫ȤȤˤʤȻפΤǤ͡
Ǥ顤ΤIJͰʳΤΤϡ̤˸椷ƤɬפȻפޤ
ޤҲ̾뤳Ȥɤ̣ĤȤȤǤ͡ղòͤˤĤƤĴϤޤꤵƤʤȻפΤǤ줫ʣʸηϤλѤǤ㤨ξ硤̤ߤʴȤäƤȻפ櫓Ǥɤ⡤¤Ϥʤơ拼ʸȤɽʻѤƤ롥⤦̤äʳǤϡȤʸȤƤǤ顤ɬʸηϤ٤ƴǤȤϤʤȻפޤ͡
Τ褦ˡȤ櫓ܸɽˡħϡȤФݤˡѤʸηϤ䤽κѤͼ꤬ټŪ˷Ȥˤ롥
Ϣơ#2391. ɽư ([2015-11-13-1])#2392. ˡαѸȴˤˡܸ ([2015-11-14-1])#2409. ʿ̾ʸμͳʣ ([2015-12-01-1]) Ȥ줿
ϻϺ ζͺʸ١Ʋ1995ǯ
[2016-01-11-1]ε³ԡεǤϡѸ <u> ԤȤ <o> ֤뷹ѻ뤳ȤˤĤơ"minim avoidance" ȤɸŪҲ𤷤Ѹֻˤ路 Scragg (44) ϡβ˲ŪǤ롥
Thus <o> replaced <u> in a large number of words with a short vowel, most of which now have RP /ʌ/ (e.g. come, some, Somerset, monk, son, tongue, wonder, honey, worry, above, dove, love), though some preserve the close vowel, RP /ʊ/ (wolf, woman). The use of <o> was valuable in distinguishing the vowel from a neighbouring consonant, particularly <v> (identical with <u> at this time . . .) and <w> (written <uu>, as the name of the letter suggests). The fact that the convention survives also in the neighbourhood of <n> and <m> has led many commentators to suggest that <o> was preferred to <u> to make reading easier, since the characters <u n m> all consisted in bookhand of a series of minims (or straight down-strokes), the series in <un ini iui uu iw im> etc. being in danger of being misdivided and of causing confusion. It is an argument that is hard to accept for the native language, since it is unlikely that English readers of the Middle Ages read letter by letter any more than modern readers do, but it is possible that such an explanation may hold for Latin, where <o> for <u> first appeared. In English, indeed, <o> for <u> also appeared occasionally in words in which there was no danger of minim confusion (cf. Mod. E borough, thorough), and the convention may have been established in part because of an English sound change whereby /ɒ/ became /u/ (now RP /ʌ/), e.g. among, money.
Scragg ϡषѸμ̻ˤ뤳Ѥطʤˤϡƥɤ߽ˤصʤꡤбѸȯѲʤ꤬äΤǤϤʤȤͤScragg ϡp. 44 ǡʬŪˤƱ֤۵ξ ("homographic clash") ŪǤѤäΤǤϤʤȤƤФƤ롥
Though <o> for /ʌ/ is a widespread convention in current English spelling, it should perhaps be observed that a great many words survive with <u>, e.g. hunt, under, humble, thumb. The use of <o>/<u> to avoid homophones becoming homographs as well is also worth noting: some, sum; son, sun; ton, tun. Similarly <u> is perhaps preserved in nut to avoid confusion with not.
Ҥ٤褦ˡѤطʤˤϡʣװƯƤ뤳 (multiple causation) Ȥɬפꤽʤ"homographic clash" βȤܤ¾λˤĤƤϡ#1345. read -- read -- read γѡ ([2013-01-01-1]) ȡ
Scragg, D. G. A History of English Spelling. Manchester: Manchester UP, 1974.
ԥ塼ѤʸɽϡѸǤܸǤ⡤ǤǤ롥ԥ塼ߤۤڤˤϡ椬Ǥϥԥ塼ˤܸɽˤĤơεʤƤεΰϤޤͭΤ褦˻פ롥 (105--07) ϡ1998ǯμȤդƤ롥
ʸϤȤϼʬǽΤǤꡤƤΤǤϤʤȤλ¤ϡФ˺ƤϤʤʤܸɽ˴ؤƺäȤᤵƤΤϡʸʹ֤μγΩʤΤǤäơΤˤʸϤʹ֤μФνפĴɬפ롥
줫ˤऱơܸʿ̾Ҳ̾ʤ뤤ϥ濴ǽȤĥ뤳ȤϤ餯ꤨʤߤǤϻޤδԥ塼ǽǤ⤳줫ܤȯŸˡԥ塼֤뤳Ȥϳμ¤Ǥ롥Ĥޤꤳ줫δϡԥ塼οʲΥƤϡߤ¸ߤĥǤʤΤǤ롥
ˤʤäƤ⡤ǽ줿ʸˤ˻Ȥƻκʤ̤ĤŤϤ餯ˤȶˡʱ¸ߤĤŤˤʤʤȤʸ並𡤤뤤ϥӥͥʸ˽Ҥ仨ʤɤǤܸϡɮʳǥԥ塼Ȥդ礤ΥƤϤꤨʤƤäȤϡԥ塼ФƤܸΤޤܸȤΤǤϤʤܿͼȤܸäƤʤФʤʤȤȤʤΤǤ롥
ΤˤϤɤ餤ΤϷ褷ȤǤϤʤñˡʸϤΤϤۤǤʤ䤿ȤǤꡤԥ塼ǤϤʤΤȤλ¤ƿͤäȼФФΤԥ塼ܸ˴ؤεǽϤޤȤʷǤäơɤɤⵡǽƤ롥ǶǤʸˡŪʲϤǤɸ֤ΤޤǤäơֲ̾ѴפȤǽϡʤΤǤ롥ԥ塼̾˽ФƤʸϤФơʤζ̣⸡Ƥä˰°פ˰Ƥޤȡʹ֤ǤϤʤԥ塼ʸϤǤ롥ɮڥȤäƼʸϤƤˡդǫ˰ĤǤˤƥܡɤȤäƽƤ⡤Ʊ褦˼¸ʤФʤʤΤǤ롥ܸФƿͤδۤɽ뤵Ϥʤ
ϡ#2391. ɽư ([2015-11-13-1]) ǼޤǹͤСɽΡפ꤬ɽʡפ륳ԥ塼ξ̤ˤΤǤꡤԤԤ˽°뤳ȤäƤϤʤʤȤȤǤ롥ߡԥ塼ˤ벾̾Ѵˡåʤɤεǽϼ¤Ǥꡤ䤿äˤʤäƤ뤳ȤϵʤϤʤ⡤ǽŪˤϹԤǤԽԤǤԤǤȤФäƤʤФʤʤȤȤ
Ѹԥ塼ǽȤƱͤǤ롥ڥåʸˡåϤ꤬Ȥ;פʤäȻפȤϤ롥;פʤáȤδФޤǤʤʤȤ顤ΤȤΤȤƤοʹ֤ԥ塼˾üִ֤
ůذμŵʸ١Ʋ1998ǯ
ؤΥߤμȤǡOED Online ˿ƤߤפꤷƹֽԤˤäơŪʻäۤͽʤΤǡʲHTMLǤǺܤƤѤPDFǤɤOED ѤĴʷ̡ˤμؤΥ¿ĥäΤǡͤˤʤС
Ѹֻˤˤơ<u> <o> Ѥ뽬ˤĤƤϡ#223. woman ȯֻ ([2009-12-06-1])#1094. <o> ֻ /u/ 첻ɽ魯 ([2012-04-25-1]) Ǿ줿ɸŪʸˤȡ첻ɽ <u> ϥåΤǤϽ (minim) 2ܤ¤٤ <<ıı>> Τ褦˽줿Ʊ鹽 <m>, <n>, <u>, <v>, <w> ʤɤʸ¤־ˤϡʸɤζ̤ʤ롥Ѥ路뤿ˡѸμ̻첻ɽ <u> <o> ִơ<sume> <some> ء<sun> ©ҡˤ <son> ء<luue> <loue> ؤִ졤줬ɸಽΤȤJespersen (88--89) ΰʲΰѤŵͿƤ롥
In ME texts of a more recent date (Chaucer, etc.) we find o used still more extensively for /u/, namely in the neighbourhood of any of the letters m, n, and u (v, w). The reason is that the strokes of these letters were identical, and that a multiplication of these strokes, especially at a time when no dot or stroke was written over i, rendered the reading extremely ambiguous and difficult (five strokes might be read as uni, nui, uui (uni or wi), iuu (ivu or iw), mii, imi, etc.). This accounts for the present spelling of won, wonder, worry, woman, monk, monkey, sponge, ton, tongue, some, Somerset, honey, cover, above, love (ME loue for luue) and many others.
Carney (148) ˤСߤɸŪֻˤơ츻Ū <u> ԤȤǡ<m> <n> ֤ˤ <o> ȤƸñϳΤ¿ (ex. become, come, comfort, company, compass, somersault; conjure, front, frontier, ironmonger, Monday, money, mongrel, monk, monkey, month, son, sponge, ton, tongue, wonder) ޤѸ <<uu>> ֤줿 <w> θ֤ <u> ĶˤƤ⡤ֻϤҤɤɤߤˤʤ顤Ѹ wolf <uuulf> <uuolf> ֤뤳ȤˤʤäΤΤǤ롥ʤűѸǤ <<uu>> <ƿ> Ѥ줿Τǽ <ƿulf> ֤줿Upward and Davidson (59) ˤ wolf ֻ˴ؤ뤳ϡΤϤäƤ롥
. . . the U [is] replaced by O in ƿulf 'wolf' and by OO in ƿul 'wool', ƿudu 'wood'. The purpose of this change from U to O was not to reflect any change in pronunciation, but to clarify scribal writing in ME . . . . OE, like ModE, used four distinct letters to spell ƿulf 'wolf', but when in ME the letter wyn (ƿ) was replaced by UU (the early form of W), the effect was that such a word would have appeared as uuulf, with U three times in succession. When, furthermore, one takes into account that the 'Gothic' style of scribal writing reduced many non-capital letters more or less to short vertical strokes ('minims'), one can see how difficult the reading of uuulf could be. If, on the other hand, the vowel is respelt O, then the form uuolf is less likely to confuse readers.
Τ褦 <u> <o> ˤִ˴ؤ "minim avoidance" βϤ٤ϤäƤ褦˸뤬ǡ<o> ִ줺Ԥ <u> Τޤ <m> <n> ֤˸ñ¤Ͼʤʤ (ex. drum, jump, lumber, mumble, mumps, munch, mundane, number, pump, slum, sum, thump, trumpet; fun, fund, gun, hundred, hunt, lunch, punch, run, sun) ˡϢ³뤿Ȥͳ˵뤳ȤΤǤʤ <u> <o> ִ⤢ (ex. brother, colour, colander, thorough, borough, other, dozen) äơ"minim avoidance" ϡִΰȤʤäƤǽǧˤ衤줬٤ƤǤϤʤȤդɬפ롥βˤĤƤ "multiple causation" Ȥۤ褤
Ϣơ"minim avoidance" ˤĤƤϡ#2227. ʤ <u> ǽñ줬ʤΤ ([2015-06-02-1])#870. diacritical mark ([2011-09-14-1])#91. ʤ;ñ̾ I ʸǽ ([2009-07-27-1]) ⻲ȡ
Jespersen, Otto. A Modern English Grammar on Historical Principles. Part 1. Sounds and Spellings. 1954. London: Routledge, 2007.
Carney, Edward. A Survey of English Spelling. Abingdon: Routledge, 1994.
Upward, Christopher and George Davidson. The History of English Spelling. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell, 2011.
ε ([2016-01-09-1]) ˰³ơˤĤơμ礿ȡΤ褦ˤʤ롥 (242) οޤȤΤǤꡤγƥפˤĤƤϻ䤬صŬʸƾΤƤä
I. II. Ľ
(a) (b) (c) (d) (a) (b)
Ľ Ľ
ʵ̼ ʵ̼
4 3 2 1 1 2 3 4
1 1 1 1
2 2 2 2
3 3 3 3
4 4 4 4
ȤϡʸʤƤ椯Ǥ롥ѸǤϡ鱦ؤȲǽʤƹԤ褿鲼˹ܤꤷơƤӺ鱦ؤȽʤʡẸˡܸϱѸƱͤ˲Ǥ뤬ŪˤϽĽǤꡤξˤϾ夫鲼ؤʸϢ͡ܤϱ麸ؤŸʡᱦĽˡΤ褦ʻȤƤʸηϤˤĤƤϡνˤ⼫ʤΡɬŪʤΤ˴뤬ŪʽˤʤνľۤŪǤʤȤϡź͡ߤʬ롥
鸫Ƥߤ褦ߤǤ⥢ӥ졤إ֥饤졤ꥢʤɤϱ麸ؤȽʤ뱦ѤƤ롥衼åѤǤ⡤ŤϽꥷƥʸʤɤ˸褦ˡԤƤ⤷Τϵ̼ (boustrophedon) ȸƤФǡϤԤ麸ؽ顤ԤϺ鱦ؤȤ褦˸ߤ˵˽ʤä̼ϥץʸꥷ졤微ξݷʸʤɤ˸졤ĻʤɤɤäݷʸλϡŵŪ˹Ԥθ˱ƺȿžȤħäꥷƥˤ뱦麸ؤžطʤˤϡŤʳε̼ˤơǽǤäȤ¤طƤȻפ롥
ˡĽˤĤơĽʸɽϡޤǤʤǤ롥ܡڹ롤٥ȥʥʤɴ˱ƶ쥢ʸǤ⡤Ū˽ĽδѤƤҤȯ줿ķȤ3ɴǯιùʸǤ⡤Ǥ˽ĽѤƤܤ˴ؤƤϡ1ιξǤ顤ȱξԤǧ롥ʤΤ褦˰ۤʤιܤ꤬ԤƤΤϾܤʬäƤʤ (34ˤˤС֤ƤСùʸǤϹʤɤεϿΤμ˽ʸϤϳ¦¦˹Ԥʤߡդ濴˽ʸϤǤϹԤ¦鳰¦˿ʤǤ褦סùʸȤۤƱζʸǤϱĽѤƤꡤʹߡߤ˻ޤǴʸϱĽܤȤʤäƤ롥νˤĤơ (36) ϼΤ褦˲⤷Ƥ롥
Ԥ麸˿ʤ褦ˤʤäΤϡ餯ݴʡʤäˤڴʡʤäˤΤ褦ζǺʸܤ¤٤ɳ֤ŪʽҤη֤ͳ褹Τλʤ٤ɳ֤硤οʹ֤ʤǽλֱüˤ褦֤Ϥڴʡݴʤ䤬ƻδʪѤäƤ⡤˷ФΤ顤ʸԤⱦ麸˿ʤळȤȤʤä
ȤϤäƤ⡤αƶʸʸʸǡȤϵդκĽѤƤ㤬뤷̾ (49) ˤСˤƤκ֤γؽνʸǤܸǤ⺸Ľ줿
ĽˤĤơȤơؽʸʰԡpp. 37--38ˡ̥եꥫȾͷ٥٥ͤΰѤƥեʥʸȤΤǡǤɤʸʤɤˤ鷺˻ĤäƤȤ꤬ؼФƹǤäΤǤꡤϤʤ⤵ˤʤȡԤѤƺƤӲ夲ƤȤȤ餷ؤι⤵ޤǤ褽¬ǤΤ⤷夫鲼ȤϽϤαƶˤȤäƤۤŪȻפ줿줹ȿ㤬äȤȤǤ롥Ϲ
ǸˡĽȲʻѤǤܸ졤졤ϥʤɤϡźʸηϤǤ뤳Ȥ˿Ƥۤˤ⥨ץʸ׳ʸǤϽIJξνǽäǾѤƤȤǤϡܸΤ褦ʽδϡȸ虜ʤ
ϡΤȤʤ顤ּ˱ä1Ūˤʤʤ (linearity) 줿ƬˤȤäƤ̵Ǥꡤ־Ÿ餳Ǥ롥ϡʸˤפˤפʥȥԥåǤ뤳ȤźƤϢơ#1829. եƥȤ3Ĥεǽ ([2014-04-30-1]) εˤƿ줿ԤλŦοŪǽ⻲ȡ
ůذμŵʸ١Ʋ1998ǯ
̾ زо졽ܸɽζ١ȽŹҴȿӡ2003ǯ
ˤοˤĤơ뤤ϸοȤˤĤơ#270. θοϤʤΤİǤʤ ([2010-01-22-1])#274. üԿ ([2010-01-26-1])#1060. θοȤȡ ([2012-03-22-1])#1949. ²ȤθüԿ ([2014-08-28-1]) ˤƤοȤȤˤϡ̡Ƭ줬ǰƬ֤Ƥ뤬ȤȤǤФɤĤޤꡤʸηϤμˤĤΤϢϡ#1277. ʸ⤿ʤοϡ ([2012-10-25-1]) ǰäƤˤĤƹͤƤߤ
餫ʤȤϡʸηϤοϡʸƬ˸οⰵŪ˾ʤȤȤǤ롥ŪʸοˤĤƤϽ⤢뤬ǹԤƤ˸¤äơȤꤢ7000ꤷ褦ʸηϤοˤĤƤ⡤ͻˤä¿ΤФĤϤ뤬 (7--8) ˤС400य餤ǧȤ롥οϡ˹ԤƤʸηϤμȤ⡤ʸȯ鸽ߤ˻ޤǤθź˹ԤƤʸηϤȲ᤹٤Ǥ롥ĤޤꡤοˤϡǤѤȤʤäץʸܸʸʤɤޤޤ뤷̤ʸ (#2427. ̤ʸ ([2015-12-19-1])) ޤޤ롥
ǤϡʤʸηϤμϸƬμⰵŪ˾ʤΤǤñʤС٤ƤθƬ줬бäƤ櫓ǤϤʤ顤ȤȤˤʤ롥#41. ʸˤ ([2009-06-08-1])#748. äդȽա ([2011-05-15-1]) ʤɤǼ褦ˡȯϸƬȯ⤺ä٤Ƥ롥˾塤Ƭ礯ҲϤʤä礯Ҳ¿¸ߤƤ
ºݡŪ٤ʸäƤʤ顤ʸ⤿ʤäҲ⤢롥ꥫΦ˱ɤϹ٤ʸŸʤȤ⺣ΤȤʸȸƤ٤褦ΤȯƤʤޤ̤ο͡⡤Ĺˤ錄Ѥʤ϶ʸ桼Τ褦ĹԽߤʤ⡤ɽʸ⤿ʤäʰԡp. 8ˡ
бʸηϤ礯ƬüԽĤʤҲɬ̵ʸҲȤϸ¤ʤȤդ⤷μҲ¿ҲǤꡤ2ȤʸηϤĸȤʤθˤɤ߽ƤС餫ͭʸҲǤ (cf. #1494. multilingualism ξ֤Ǥ ([2013-05-30-1])#1608. multilingualism ξ֤Ǥ (2) ([2013-09-21-1]))
⤦1Ĥͳϡϡζۤơ˻ۤơȻ䤹ȤȤ롥ܸʸޥե٥åȡʸʤɤŪʳȻʬۤͤƤߤʬȤꡤμפʸηϤϡ䤹ۤʤرѤ졤ĶŪѤƤĤޤꡤ1ĤʸʣθɽΤѤΤ̤ʤΤǤ롥ƬʸǤϤ뤬ϰؤΤʸŪʿȯǤꡤۤɽפʲͤӤӤΤϰعŤʤϤʤ
ܥ֥ǤϡäդȽդγơˤĤơ#2339. դμΩ˴ؤ Vachek ε (1) ([2015-09-22-1]) βĥäεʤɤǡ͡˵Ƥդ뤤ϽΤ⤦1ĤħȤơΤʸηϤƬζۤŤ䤹ԡ䤹Ȥ뤳ȤǻŦƤ
ůذμŵʸ١Ʋ1998ǯ
ε#2445. ܥˤ̵ռ ([2016-01-06-1]) ǰѤˤ Franz Boaz ˴ؤϤκǸ (p. 98) ˡĹ餯ԻĤ˻פäƤؤθڤä
¿θ줬ñǼƤۤʣǤΤŪʶ̤ƤʤΤϤʤȤʤΤȤƥܥϰѤƤ롥֥ (Viggo Bröndal) ϡŪγѤʣ뤿μʤŪ˹֤Ƥ뷹뤳ȤŦФʬΰĤƤ˴ؤʣǤ¾Ƥ˴ؤƤŪñǤ롥Ρˡ§פˤäơñⴰꤵƤʣϡŪɽäƤ롥
ѸˤǤСϤĤηǸ롥űѸˤơ̾ƻʤˤϡʣñΤۤ¿ʣǤ롥3;̾Ǥ⡤ñǤ hē (he), hēo (she), hit (it) ˱3ΰۤʤ촴̤뤬ʣǤζ̤¤ hīe (they) Τߤȴά롥ưο;θ⡤ñǤϿ;Τˤۤʤ֤Τ̤ʣǤϿ;Τˤ餺1Ĥη֤뤳Ȥ¿ĤޤꡤʸˡƤιΤͭɸʤΤ˴ؤƤϡ餯̣ǽʣǤ뤤ȤơбŪñʤΤޤ롤ȤȤ
ͤƤߤСϸ줬ǽŪηϤǤ뤳ȤȤΤȤ⤷ʤͭɸǤʣηϤϡѼԤôꤹ¸³ΤϤˡ§פϡ١;ѤȤäǽŪʽǰȤط (see #1091. ;١ѡ ([2012-04-22-1]))
äȤ⡤Ρˡ§פϰŪ˴ѻ뷹Ȥ٤ΤǤꡤ̸ŪˤȿϾʤ餺դ̻ŪѲʤ櫓ǤϤʤ
ظؼ?ػˤäŷ͡ۺͤμ?١īǼҡ2010ǯ
Sebeok, Thomas A., ed. Portraits of Linguists. 2 vols. Bloomington, Indiana UP, 1966 ꡤꥫθؼ Franz Boas (1858--1942) ˤĤƾҲ𤷤ʸϤɤǤ롥ǵƤˤ (category) ̵ռ˴ؿä (83--85) Ѥ롥
ܥ Handbook of American Indian Languages 1991ǯˤΤФ餷ˤơΤ褦˽Ҥ٤ƤָؤǻäƤ礤ʤϼΤ褦ʻ¤Ǥ롥ʤꤵƤƤϾ˰ռ줺ƤΤˤƤϡ㳲Ȥʤäꤹ褦Ūʤé뤳Ȥ롥ʤΤ褦̱²ؤǤ˰ŪʤΤǤġ
ʸϤϡܥɽǤ٤ǤơŪôͤΰĤȻ䶦ˤϻפ롥¡θ츽ݤռʤȤΤ˸Ū˼갷͡ˤȤä䤬¿ʤǺޤƤ롥塼 (Ferdinand de Saussure) ˤȤäƤ躤ΧȿǤäΰոǤϡΰˤ뤽줾ξ֤϶ξ֤ʤΤʤʤ顤ĿͤϤۤȤɸˡ§ʤɰռƤʤΤ顥ܥϤޤˤƱȯϤδȤʤǰϸ춦ƱΤ䤨ѤƤ뤬̾綠ιΰռˤϤΤܤäƤʤŪʤϡѤβǤ̵ռʾ֤ˤäƱʵפ褦ˤʤäƤȤܥϡʤޤԥ⤳ǤƱƻɤΤˤΤ褦ΰʷƳˡΤäƤĿͤΰռȤΤ̾ʸˡڤӲηȾͤ뤳ȤϤʤäŪʿΤľҤȤϤʤ̱²δŪʽĿͤռŪ˲ᤷľȡνƤˤΤߤʤ餺ηȤޤˤꡤʣˤꤹ뤳Ȥ롥ܥĴƤ褦˸칽¤ηϡθ䤹ˤʤǤʤǸé뤳Ȥ衤餫ˤʤ롥Ūʸνñ̤ǽݤˡñ̤ĿͤΰռˤΤܤäꤹɬפϤʤνñ̤Ϥߤ˸ΩƤ뤳ȤϤۤȤɤʤäƸˤơĿͤΰռߤ˴ĤʤȤطϡθηĸ̩ǴפƤ롥Ĥޤꤹ٤ƤʬäȷӤĤƤΤʤΤФռ失м夤ۤɡȤʤäƤȤ꼰졤ɸಽ졤롥äơ¿ͤʸ칽¤ޤ졤Ȥ櫓ܥο˷֤ݤĤŪʽŪ¸ߤ롥дطŪǽΤʸˡ䲻ǤɬפǤ롥
¿̱ͤ²˴ؤ븽ݤǡβݤषαѤ϶ˤưŪʿ̵ռŪ˼Τ褦ͳǥܥϼĥƤ롥ָβ̵ռȤޤˤθݤ̱²˴ؤ븽ݤΤΤΩġϷڤᤴȤǤʤǤ롥פ¾μҲŪȿȴϢƹͤΡϰ̤̱²˴ؤ¿ͤʽФŰ줷ƶȤؤΰ̣ϡޤǤ̩ۤ˽Ҥ٤줿ȤϤʤäؤϼҲؤ͡ʬ椹͡ˤͤˤʤȦǤ롥
ǽҤ٤Ƥ뤳Ȥϡν§ƤϡĿ̵ͤռΤˤä夷ƤΤǤȤȤդ˸СŪѻˤꡤߤ봷ФȤǤСι̵ռͤηͤߤȤȤˤʤ롥ιͤ Humboldt Ρѡ (Weltanschauung) ȶƤꡤΥԥᥦդβ (sapir-whorf_hypothesis) (linguistic_relativism) ˤĤʤѤǤ롥
ʤ֤٤ƤʬäȷӤĤƤΡפϡʤ Meillet "système où tout se tient" 줿Τ (see #2245. Meillet "tout se tient" --- ηϤȤƤθ ([2015-06-20-1])#2246. Meillet "tout se tient" --- Ҳˤ ([2015-06-21-1]))
³ (90) ϡ (arbitrariness) ˴ؤܥθˤĤơΤ褦˾Ҳ𤷤Ƥ롥
桹ϰʲΤȤǤΤäƤġθϳ̤ˤƤ줾ŪǤ뤬ۥåȥˡ䥽塼ˤŪϥܥˤäƤƤܼŪ¤뤳Ȥˤʤ롥¡ǡġθ϶֤뤤ϻ֤ˤ¾θλΤŪǤϸäƤ롥̤ȯãǤʸƤ褦ȡ˴ؤƤϡäˤȤäƤɤΤ褦ʶ̤λŪǤϤʤΤ褦ʶ̤λϸĿͤˤƤ̱²ΤˤƤ⤽ȵŤ̤˷졤ưθդˤä夲롥οääդȸ춦ƱΤοưƳΤ褦˸ȿĤΤߤʤ餺͵ڤӲʳŪˤƶڤܤʸˤƤ⤢뤤ȯãΤΤˤƤ⡤٤ƤθʸˡŪϱʵפŪʤΤǡˤ⤫餺٤ƤθƱʸΤʤɬפˤ⡤ޤͤŪ̲줿ˤ⽼ʬŬ롥νϿɽǡˤϴŪǤʤäΤ˲ͤͿΤǤ롥ʸȸäɽˡϤ˽ʤʸˡѲʤ֤³ȤǤ롥
塼ŪǤΤФܥΤŪǤ롥üԤˤȤäơġθ쵭ŪǤⲿǤʤषɬ˴롥ܸüԤˤȤäơ// ȤǽָפȤ국ȷӤĤƤΤϤޤ˼ǤꡤɬפȤľ롥Ϣơ#1108. 쵭̵ͭ ([2012-05-09-1]) Ȥ줿
Τ褦ˡܥϸƤ̵ռȤˤĤƿ˹ͻؼԤȤƵ٤Ǥ롥
ظؼ?ػˤäŷ͡ۺͤμ?١īǼҡ2010ǯ
some-, any-, every-, no- ʤɤ -thing, -one, -body ΤĤʣ̾줬ƻ˽Ȥθ *good something ǤϤʤɸΤ褦 something good Ȥʤ롥Ƿƻ줬֤ΤϤʤѤʵǤϤ뤬ŪŬڤ뤳ȤϰƳ
Ѹˤ̤ơƻθ֤ϡ#1667. եαƶˤƻθֽ (1) ([2013-11-19-1])#1668. եαƶˤƻθֽ (2) ([2013-11-20-1]) ǿ줿褦ˡɬݤǤϤʤäºݡűѸ줫ѸФƶḽѸ˻ޤǡˤϻ礫ʤȤ櫓ѸʹߤɽˤĤƤϡեƥθαƶ˵뤳ȤΤǤ¿OED something, n. (and adj.) and adv. θ 3a ˤСƻ֤νȤƼʸͿƤ롥
1382 Bible (Wycliffite, E.V.) Acts xxiii. 20 Thei ben to sekinge sum thing certeynere [L. aliquid certius].
sum thing certeynere ƥ aliquid certius θޤƤľǤɾ뤳ȤԲǽǤϤʤˤŪǤʤ something good nothing wrong ʤɤФưŪ˸ܿˤŬѤ뤳Ȥ褦˻פ롥
ˡMED som-thing (phr. & n.) įƤߤ褦űѸꡤ -es °ʤȼΤ褦㤬ǧ롥
a1150 (OE) Vsp.D.Hom. (Vsp D.14) 68/35: Synd eac sume steorren leohtbeamede, færlice arisende, & rædlice gewitende, & heo symle sum þing neowes mid heora upspringe gebecnigeð.
c1175 (?OE) Bod.Hom. (Bod 343) 62/31: Cristes wundræ þe he wrohte on þisse life..ȝetacnoden þeah sum þing diȝelices.
neowes diȝelices ϵǽȤƤ̾°ʤ̾ȤϤäƤƻ줫Ū̾Ǥ롥Ǥϡե quelque chose de nouveau Τ褦ʶˤƻθ֤۵롥 sum þing neowes Τ褦ʹ¤ something new ηȯŸ췿ǤäȤϹͤʤ
ҤȤĹθ٤ϡѥԹ (eurhythmy) Ǥ롥 sòme thíng Ȥˤ2Ǥ̾εǽŪˤʤäƤ椯ˤĤ졤ʤʸˡ (grammaticalisation) Ƥ椯ˤĤ졤ǽȤƤʣ̾ sómething ˤꡤsome thing δ֤̤θ줬ä䤬ʤʤꡤƷƻʤɤǽ褦ȻפСʣΤ֤ۤʤʤäǶѥθȡƻ֤ˤ *góod sómething ζȤʤꡤ֤ˤ sòmething góod ζ嶯Ȥʤ롥ѸαΧηϤ˾Ȥ餻Сȼ夬ؤƻ֤θΤۤ
̤ΤȤ(1) եƥ줫αƶ(2) sum þing neowes 췿ȤȯŸ(3) ѥ3ĤλθƤ
Ѹ̾ˤĤƤϡtoponymy γƵǼ夲Ƥˤ֥ɤˤ륱ȸ̾ˤĤơ (pp. 191--209) ˴ŤơɤΥȸ̾ʬۤˤĤƾҲ𤹤롥
5ȾꡤޥΥ͡͡塼ȿͤ꼡ǥ֥ƥ轻ΥȷϽ̱²̤ɤꡤ˥ɤȸƤФΰаޤϡ褯ΤƤ (#33. 塼ȿͤ̾Τˡ ([2009-05-31-1])#389. Angles, Saxons, and Jutes θϤȰܽ ([2010-05-21-1])#1013. ͤϤɤ֥ƥϤä ([2012-02-04-1])#2353. ʤͤϥɤΤ ([2015-10-06-1])) ޤԤαѸ줬ԤΥȸ줫ۤȤΩäüѤԤʤäȤ⡤褯ΤƤ롥Ȥ#1216. űѸΥȼѸ ([2012-08-25-1]) #1736. ꥹ̾ͳ ([2014-01-27-1]) Ǥߤ褦ˡ̾ˤĤƤ㳰Ȥ٤ǤꡤȸǤȤɤ륤̾ϾʤʤȤ櫓ɤβˤĤƤϡ¿ȸϤ̾ͿƤ뤳ȤŪ˻ŦƤ (cf. #1188. ɤβ̾ Thames, Humber, Stour ([2012-07-28-1]))
ޥν̱²꽻ϡλ֤ơɤ줫ؿʹԤȹͤ뤬ϥȸ̾ʬۤȤ褯פ롥ʲϿޡp. 199ˤϡȸϤβ̾ʬۤˤꥤɵڤӥ륺4Ĥΰ˶ʬΤǤ롥Ⱦʬ Area I 顤Ⱦʬޤ Area IIƤϢܤ Area III 顤ǤŪʥ륺䥳뤫ʤ Area IV ޤǡȸϤβ̾ڤ̩̾٤ǻʤ롥

꽻ˤȥȸ̾ǻøϢŤȡΤ褦ˤʤArea I ϡ5--6˥ͤ䥵֥ͤƥ褷ܵϤȤΰǤꡤͽۤ褦ˤˤϳμ¤˥ȸϤȤ̾϶ˤƾʤܤ Area II ؤϡͤ6Ⱦˡͤ7˿ʽФΰǤϡArea I ٤֡Ӥʤɤ̾˥ȸϤ̾¿뤬Ѹ̾ȤӤˤʤʤ餤Ǥ롥ˡ7--8ˤơͤϡ¦ʤ Devonshire, Somerset, Dorset; Worcestershire, Shropshire; Lancashire, Westmoreland, Cumberland ʤɤ Area III ؤŸΰǤϡ֡ӤΤۤ¼졤ŪħŤ˥ȸǤä¿ѻ롥ͤ Area III ؤοʽФϡArea I ٤2ۤɤ٤줿λ֤κȸ̾Ǥǻøκˤ褯Ƥ롥ǸˡCornwall, Wales, Monmouthshire, Herefordshire ʤ Area IV ϡȷ轻̱ǸޤƧߤȤɤޤäΰǤꡤʤ顤ȸ̾Ū¿
Τ褦˷ˤ̾Ǥˤ줤ȿǤƤϾʤʤ⤦1ĤλȤơ#818. ɤ˻ĤťΥɸ̾ ([2011-07-24-1]) Ȥ줿
ظؼ?ػˤäŷ͡ۺͤμ?١īǼҡ2010ǯ
ǼĤˤ "It is . . . that . . . ." ηʬʸ (cleft sentence)붯ĴʸˤˤĤƼ䤬줿ˤĤơʲΤ褦ơ˲
ʬʸʤ붯ĴʸˤȯŸ䡤Ǵ֤ŪפοܤˤĤƤϡʣʷаޤȼ⤬ꡤǤǤޤΤϸűѸ줫餢ꡤˤ it Τߤʤ餺 that 䥼ѤƤޤѸˤʬʸȤݤŪʴˤ餺̻ŪʴʬϤΤǤСthat ϴطǤꡤit ϤԻǤȽҤ٤ƤȻפޤĤޤꡤ"It is father that did it." ȤʸǤС֤٤ȤΤΡǤפȤȤˤʤޤͤǤʤ it ѤΤ̯ʴϤޤ"Who is it?" it ʤɤǤȻפޤʸűѸǤƱǤˡȤ "It is I that am wrong." ˤߤ褦ˡthat ԻʸƬ It ǤϤʤľ I Ǥ뤫Τ褦ʰפ˻ޤʾ塤ޤơβǤ
ˤĤơٹ (245--46) Τ褦Ƥ롥
դѤ줿 It is... μط̾줬ʤǤȤνʸˤư It is I that am wrong. Τ褦ˤФȿ;οǰפ롥ȤС
It is you who make dress pretty, and not dress that makes you pretty.---Eliot
But it's backwaters that make the main stream. ---Galsworthy.
It is not I that bleed---Binyon.
ϺɤʸˡȤǤ⡤餯ȿФΤϤʤǤ that Ի餫 It Ǥ롥ǤϤʤΰˡԤʤ뤫ȤСάIt ʸˡη that ԻǤϤ뤱ɤ⡤ٸԤǾˤϤäƤߤСϷ褷Ƽ˴ޤޤư⤷Ͼ֤ʤɤμ礿ΤΤǤϤʤʤ It is I that am wrong. ȸȤԤǾˤ¤ I am wrong. ˤۤʤʤǤ롥
ٹ p. 246 ǡե "Nous, nous n'avons pas dit cela." "Ce n'est pas nous qui avons dit cela." 2ĤζĴηˤƤ⡤嵭ƱȤȤƤ롥Ϣơ#1252. Bailey and Maroldt ˤ֥եαƶܡס ([2012-09-30-1]) ȡ
βκǸ˽Ҥ٤ȤϡˤβŪפͼѲƤȤȤǤ롥̤δߤС衤ŪʷȤƽȯΤĴȤŪŪôʤȤȯãη̤ȤơŪפͼѲˤ餵줿ΤȲǤ뤫⤷ʤٹμĥʸˤƷ֤СüԤƬˤ did it ʤ٤ˤΤ餫 father ˤȤǰ뤷wrong ʴְäƤˤΤ餫 I ȤǰϤǤ롥椨ˡδǰ¨Ūפ褦ˤʤäΤơѸޤǤˡΰפͼŪʷΤΤŪʵǽ̤¤ȤƳΩƤΤǤ롥
ٹ ﵭرʸˡ3ǡʸƲ1926ǯ
Ѹˤơ-ly ʤΤñ flat_adverb ȷƻζ̤֡졦̣ΤˤƤ⡤ĤˤˤĤơ#981. ȷƻζ ([2012-01-03-1])#995. The rose smells sweet. The rose smells sweetly. ([2012-01-17-1])#1354. ƻܿ ([2013-01-10-1]) εʤɤǼ夲üŪˤСThe sun shines bright. Ȥʸˤơbright ʤΤηƻʤΤȤǤ롥
¤ϡѸɤݤˤƱ꤬롥ϡѸˤƻζ -e ξüˤĤƸ椷ƤȡäǺޤܤƤ줬ǤϤʤƻǤ뤳ȤǧǽƸ -e ˤĤ櫓ŪˤϤƱȤʤäƸʬĤʤ̣δŪȽǤʤȤ롥ȡäФ路ˤ⤫餺㤯㤯֤ʻ줫פȤ٥ŽäƤꤹȤˤʤΤ
Chaucer ηƻޤ椷Ƥ Burnley ʸɤǡǺߤ1ͤΤΤǤʤȤΤꡤȤBurnley (172) ⡤ޤäƱͤäƤ롥
Chaucer's grammar requires that adverbs be marked either by -ly or final -e, so that in some contexts this latter type may be indistinguishable from adjectives. In my analysis I have taken both the following to be adverbs, but there is room for disagreement on this point, and these are not the only cases of their kind:
That Phebus which that shoon so cleer and brighte (3.11)
In motlee, and hye on hors he sat. (1.273)
This uncertain boundary between adverbs and adjectives is inevitably responsible for some uncertainty in statistics, but it must be accepted as a feature of the structure of Chaucer's language and not a weakness of analysis. In the following, for example, the form of the word hye suggests an adverbial, but the sense and syntax both imply an adjectival use:
He pleyeth Herodes vpon a scaffold hye (1.3378)
It is probable, however, that this usage is actually adverbial. The adjectival form in the next example also seems to occur in a syntax which requires that it be understood adverbially:
Yclothed was she fressh for to deuyse. (1.1050)
ʸǤŪʰ֤ŪͳʤᡤȽǤ뤿θʤ龯ʤʤ롥षξŪѤ뤳ȼΤܻؤƤΤǤϤʤȴꤿʤۤɤˤϡѸˤĤʤξʻ֤롥
Burnley, J. D. "Inflection in Chaucer's Adjectives." Neuphilologische Mitteilungen 83 (1982): 169--77.
ǯޤ2016ǯ hellog ³ޤǯΰȯܤϡˤ#183. flower flour ([2009-10-27-1]) Ǽ夲ǤϤޤ
2Ĥñϡε褦ˡȤ1ĤθΤʤ2Ĥΰۤʤä餯Υ줹Ƥޤäˡ¿ȤƤǤϤʤƱ۵Ȥǧ褦ˤʤꡤʤȤֻ϶̤Τդ路ȴ褦ˤʤäΤѸˤ֤ʬ뷹Ƥ
ơθ줬ֲ֡פΰ̣ǥե줫Ѥ줿Τ13ƬΤȤǤ롥MED flour (n.(1)) ˤС"c1230(?a1200) *Ancr. (Corp-C 402) 92a: & te treou .. bringeð forð misliche flures .. uertuz beoð .. swote i godes nease, smeallinde flures." Ǥ롥Ϣ־ʴʡʴΤʤκǤΡֲڡסˡפΰ̣Ǥ13ȾФˤϱѸǽ㤬Ƥ롥MED flour (n.(2)) ˤС" a1325(c1250) Gen. & Ex. (Corp-C 444) 1013: Kalues fleis and flures bred..hem ðo sondes bed." ȤʤäƤ롥ФֻʸֻФ狼褦ˡϤθˤƤ <flour> <flur> ̤ä
θ塤ѸǤξδطƤȤʤꡤֲ֡פ־ʴפʬơѸΥޥʡʰֻǤä <flower> Ѥ褦ˤʤäֻʬϰճ٤18ΤȤäθ19ޤǤϡ־ʴפ <flower> ֤ʤɤκѤߤ줿֤ʬ뤫ݤϡĿͤˤäƤۤʤäƤ褦ǡShakespeare Cruden Concordance to the Bible (1738) ǤϸߤΤ褦ʶ̤դƤJohnson μǤϡޤ flower Ȥ1ĤθФΤȤξƤ롥OED flour, n. θ츻Ǥ "Johnson 1755 does not separate the words, nor does he recognize the spelling flour." ȽҤ٤Ƥ뤬Horobin (150) ŦƤ褦 Johnson μ biscotin ΤʤǤ "A confection made of flour, sugar, marmalade, eggs. Etc." Τ褦 <flour> ѤƤ롥֤ʬ夹ˤϡ٤λ֤äȤȤɸֻ塤ˡγΩϡ⿴ʤʲǤ롥
Horobin, Simon. Does Spelling Matter? Oxford: OUP, 2013.
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