hellogѸ˥֥     ChangeLog ǿ     ƥǿ     1 2 ڡ / page 1 (2)

flat_adverb - hellogѸ˥֥

ǽ: 2026-07-15 01:27

2026-03-21 Sat

#6172. ƻӵ -er ñΥ [adjective][adverb][comparison][oe][germanic][suffix][ablative][flat_adverb][-ly]

ȡ#6170. ƻӵ -er ȺǾ -est εơ ([2026-03-19-1]) ȡ#6171. ƻӵ -er ε1Ĥ⤷ʤ */-o:z-/ ϸŤåʸޤ ([2026-03-20-1]) ȤƼ夲Ƥ꤫顤ƻ˰Ƥߤ
Lass (§8.4.2; p. 207) ʤǡűѸǺǤŵŪä -e űѸηƻӵ -ra ǤȵˤȤǽ˹ԤäȤʤ֤ϡεˤ̤ꡤޥĸ o-stem åʸȤȤǤ롥åʸˤ첻ΰۤʤ2Ĥη֤ꤷƤ롥

The most widespread OE formation is in {-e}, probably from the e-grade of the ablative, corresponding to L {-ē} < */-e:-d/: L facillim-ē 'easily', whose ablative origin is clear in OL facilum-ēd. So OE wīd 'wide', adv wīd-e, gelīc 'similar', adv ge-līc-e, etc.


³ñ -ly γơεˤڤǤ궽̣ΤǡѤ롥

Since {-e} was typically added to adverbialize the extremely common adjectives in -līc, the complex {-līce} was reinterpreted during OE times as an adverbial ending in itself, and there were thus a number of doublets off the same base: from heard 'hard' the adverbs heard-e, heard-līc-e, from hwæt 'brave' hwæt-e, hwæt-līc-e. (Our ModE adverbial {-ly} is of course the descendant of {-līce}.


ñ -ly ˴ؤϡflat_adverb γƵ򻲾ȡ

Lass, Roger. Old English: A Historical Linguistic Companion. Cambridge: CUP, 1994.

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2020-12-28 Mon

#4263. XXX Made Easy Ȥȥ (1) [syntax][adjective][construction][flat_adverb][passive][participle]

˥δ֤夬äҲ𤷤Time The Best Inventions of 2020 ˡϳĴ Chef iQ Smart Cooker Ȥʤ夲ƤȤΥڡǥե㡼Ƥ뤬ϤΥȥ "Meals Made Easy" Ǥ롥ϤɤΤ褦ʹʸǤꡤɤΤ褦ʰ̣ʤΤ
֡Τ͡˵ʤ졤Ѥ⤷äʤȤǤϤ졤ΤʤϪǵȤΤϡȤƤθ餷
Ǥϡˡä礤η̡Ф줿ո͡äִñ˺줿פȤ̣ easy ϼ¤ñ (flat_adverb) ʤΤǤʤȤ򤬽Ф줿 make μȹʸǤ easy ϤޤǷƻȤѤƤִñˤ줿פۤɤǤȤ⤢äΤȤơֳڤӡפۤɤΥ˥奢󥹤ȤȤϳ狼äƤ뤱ɤ⡤ʸˡŪǼΤ񤷤ȤäȤǵǤߤȤʤä
餤Сϻ make μȹʸǤ롥ʸˡǤ5ʸ SVOC ١ȤʤäƤ롥(This cooker) makes meals easy. ۤɤǰƬˤȤ褤Ȥˤ "Meals are made easy (by this cooker)." Ȥʤ롥ȥȤΤ̾ˤ٤meals Ȥ "Meals Made Easy" Ȥ櫓
ǤϤäỌ̇̄ʬʤȤгΤˤmake ϡ?פθǤϤʤޤǻΡ?ĤˤפθѤƤ뤳Ȥˤʤ뤫make meals ֿפʤäʬ䤹ʤ collocation ⤢ޤʤ褦ˡǤϤʤ make meals easy = cause meals to be easy ȤطĤޤֿñˤפȤȤʤΤǤ롥̤θ򤹤 meals = easy Ȥطˤʤ롥ֿסִñפȤΤϤɤȤֿѰաסִñפȤΤǤСȤƤ褯ʬ롥ϰäʤ
¤ XXX Made Easy ȤɽϡʤɤΥȥ˾Ѥ귿Ǥ롥ܸǤСء١ïǤ狼١ñ٤ȤäȤXXX ˤϡ롤̣ܡܤʤ͡ʸ礬롥BNCweb ˤ "made easy" ñ㸡Ǥ⡤̤ᤤΤԲʤΤޤǡȵ󤬤äƤ롥

Harvesting and storing made easy
MIDDLE EAST DISTRIBUTION MADE EASY
Suicide made easy
FLOOR TILING MADE EASY
COSMETICS MADE EASY
Sheep counting made easy
Financial Analysis Made Easy
Mechanics Made Easy

ºݤ˽ǤƤܤΥȥǤСܥӥΤ Word Power Made Easy ⤢СMath Made Easy ʤɤγزʤΤ֤Japanese cookbook for beginners: 100 Classic and Modern Recipes Made Easy Τ褦Τ¿AUSTRALIAN COOKBOOK: BOOK1, FOR BEGINNERS MADE EASY STEP BY STEP դϹʸ䤹ΤǤϤʤXXX Made Simple XXX Simplified õиĤ롥
XXX ϡֺ (make) оݤǤɬפϤޤäʤष餫ΰ̣ǽ٤оݤǤвǤ褤ȤȤǡ"Meals Made Easy" ֤עֳڤӡפۤɤȤʤ櫓Ǥ롥

Referrer (Inside): [2020-12-29-1]

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2018-05-29 Tue

#3319. Handsome is as handsome does [proverb][flat_adverb][relative_pronoun]

θϡΩɤʹԤοͤסָܤ꿴פۤɤ̣Ƥ롤Ūˤ Handsome is he who does handsomely ۤɤ˲ᤵ롥handsome ϡ̤ˤϸܤɽ魯ƻȤȤ館Ƥ뤬ˤϵƻŪ鵷ŤĤޤ̤Ƥä1ܤ handsome ϳ̤2ܤϿ̤̣ΤȤƲǤ롥ʤ2ܤ does ˤñǤ롥ꥫѸǤ Pretty is as pretty does ȤѰ۷褯ˤ롥
ŤϤФ as ǤϤʤ that ѤƤ that he who ۤɤԻߤδط̾Ǥ롥that ΤˡϡѸǤ̤ˤߤ (cf. MED that (rel. pron.) 3a; Mustanoja 190) as ˤƱˡäɤϳǧǤƤʤʤȤ OED MED ˤϸȤƵ󤲤Ƥʤΰ̣ǤϤޤʤΤ̤ that Ʊͤ˲ᤷƤۤʤ
The Oxford Dictionary of Proverbs (6th ed.) ꡤθʤȤѰ۷ˤŪƤߤ褦

c 1580 A. MUNDAY View of sundry Examples in J. P. Collier John A Kent (1851) 78 As the ancient adage is, goodly is he that goodly dooth.
1659 N. R. Proverbs 49 He is handsome that handsome doth.
1766 GOLDSMITH Vicar of Wakefield i. They are as heaven made them, handsome enough if they be good enough; for handsome is that handsome does.
1845 Spirit of Times 23 Aug. 297 Handsome is as handsome does.
1873 C. M. YONGE Pillars of House II. xvii. 'Don't you think her much better looking than Alda?' 'If handsome is that handsome does.'
1979 A. WILLIAMSON Funeral March for Siegfried xxiv. 'But he's such a handsome, chivalrous, man.' Handsome is as handsome does, thought York grimly.

ˤ褯̤ꡤ夬֤ trochee ΥꥺबϤ褤

Mustanoja, T. F. A Middle English Syntax. Helsinki: Société Néophilologique, 1960.
Speake, Jennifer, ed. The Oxford Dictionary of Proverbs. 6th ed. Oxford: OUP, 2015.

Referrer (Inside): [2018-08-22-1] [2018-05-30-1]

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2016-08-19 Fri

#2671. Ѹˤ flat adverb λ [adverb][flat_adverb][dialect][pidgin][creole][estuary_english][ame]

ѸˤƻƱ flat_adverb ñˤλѤˤĤơ#982. ꥫѸθѽФ flat adverb ([2012-01-04-1])#983. flat adverb μ ([2012-01-05-1])#993. flat adverb ˤĤƤ줳 ([2012-01-15-1])#996. flat adverb ΤӤӤʡ ([2012-01-18-1])#997. real bad ȡ֤Фס ([2012-01-19-1]) ʤɤǿƤȤƥꥫѸθ졦¯϶ɽȤѤ뷹ȽҤ٤
ɸѸǤ flat adverb ϤۤΩʤȤ뤬ɸѸγܤСλѤ20ȾˤƤ⹭𤵤Ƥ (Tagliamonte 73--74) ФСɸŪסָŪסֶܤΤʤס罰ŪפʤɤΥ졼٥뤬Ž뤬DZΧԹǡֻŪפˤѤ롥˥ԥ졤쥪졤ꥫѸä Appalachian and Ozark EnglishˤǤʹ뤷Tristan da Cunha Channel Islands αѸʤνѼdzǧƤ롥ꥹǤ⡤ʲ˸褦˽Ǥ̤˻ѤƤ뤷Estuary English ǤŵŪʹ롥Ĥޤꡤ¿αѸѼ flat adverb ѤƤΤΤ٤Ƥ1ĤṲ̄ȤϸڤʤŪ flat adverb η³Ȥ륱ϾʤʤȻפ롥
Tagliamonte ϡ"Roots Archive" ȸƤФ륤ꥹˤåѥˤꡤCumnock (south-west Scotland), Cullybackey (Northern Ireland), Maryport (Cumbria) 3Ǥ flat adverb λΨĴflat adverb ٤ȡб -ly ٤Ȥ碌100%761ˤȤȤԤΨϡCumnock 49%Cullybackey 47%Maryport 18%ä (Tagliamonte 77) ˤä flat adverb λΨ˥ХĥϤ뤷ޤ켫Τۤʤ褦ˤƤ褷٤㤯ʤȡޤ flat adverb ϶ŪŪʰ̣Ѥ뤳Ȥ¿ȤʬäȤʺǸˤĤƤϡ#1174. Ѹñ -ly Υڥ ([2012-07-14-1]) 򻲾ȡˡΤ褦ɸѼܤСflat adverb ϸߤߤȤäƤ褵
flat adverb ˤˤĤƤϡ˥󥯤ĥäΤۤ#984. flat adverb ϥƥϤηƻ줬ƻ򳫤 ([2012-01-06-1])#998. Ѹ flat adverb -ly adverb ([2012-01-20-1])#1172. ѸΥƥñ ([2012-07-12-1])#1190. Ѹˤȯã ([2012-07-30-1]) ʤɤ⻲ȡ

Tagliamonte, Sali A. Roots of English: Exploring the History of Dialects. Cambridge: CUP, 2013.

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2016-01-02 Sat

#2441. ȷƻζ (2) --- ѸǤ⺤ [adverb][adjective][ilame][flat_adverb][inflection][final_e][syntax][chaucer]

Ѹˤơ-ly ʤΤñ flat_adverb ȷƻζ̤֡졦̣ΤˤƤ⡤ĤˤˤĤơ#981. ȷƻζ ([2012-01-03-1])#995. The rose smells sweet. The rose smells sweetly. ([2012-01-17-1])#1354. ƻܿ ([2013-01-10-1]) εʤɤǼ夲üŪˤСThe sun shines bright. Ȥʸˤơbright ʤΤηƻʤΤȤǤ롥
¤ϡѸɤݤˤƱ꤬롥ϡѸˤƻζ޸ -e ξüˤĤƸ椷ƤȡäǺޤܤƤ줬ǤϤʤƻǤ뤳ȤǧǽƸ -e ˤĤ櫓ŪˤϤƱȤʤäƸʬĤʤ̣δŪȽǤʤȤ롥ȡäФ路ˤ⤫餺㤯㤯֤ʻ줫פȤ٥ŽäƤꤹȤˤʤΤ
Chaucer ηƻޤ򸦵椷Ƥ Burnley ʸɤǡǺߤ1ͤΤΤǤʤȤΤꡤȤBurnley (172) ⡤ޤäƱͤäƤ롥

Chaucer's grammar requires that adverbs be marked either by -ly or final -e, so that in some contexts this latter type may be indistinguishable from adjectives. In my analysis I have taken both the following to be adverbs, but there is room for disagreement on this point, and these are not the only cases of their kind:

   That Phebus which that shoon so cleer and brighte (3.11)
   In motlee, and hye on hors he sat. (1.273)

This uncertain boundary between adverbs and adjectives is inevitably responsible for some uncertainty in statistics, but it must be accepted as a feature of the structure of Chaucer's language and not a weakness of analysis. In the following, for example, the form of the word hye suggests an adverbial, but the sense and syntax both imply an adjectival use:

   He pleyeth Herodes vpon a scaffold hye (1.3378)

It is probable, however, that this usage is actually adverbial. The adjectival form in the next example also seems to occur in a syntax which requires that it be understood adverbially:

   Yclothed was she fressh for to deuyse. (1.1050)


ʸǤŪʰ֤ŪͳʤᡤȽǤ뤿θʤ龯ʤʤ롥षξŪѤ뤳ȼΤܻؤƤΤǤϤʤȴꤿʤۤɤˤϡѸˤĤʤξʻ֤񤷤롥

Burnley, J. D. "Inflection in Chaucer's Adjectives." Neuphilologische Mitteilungen 83 (1982): 169--77.

Referrer (Inside): [2022-07-25-1]

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2013-01-10 Thu

#1354. ƻܿ [adverb][adjective][flat_adverb][syntax]

ƻƱ졤 flat_adverb ˤĤƤϡܥ֥Ǥ͡˼夲ƤƻεǽϤȤ˾֤ɽ魯ȤǶˤƶᤤطˤꡤФФɤʬहФ褤Τ¤Ȥ⤢롥ʸˡˤʻ (part of speech) 뤤ϸ (word class) ʬबԴǤ뤳ȤξںǤ롥
Ūˤϡ߷ַƻܿפȤʸΤʤǡ6ܿ˭٤ʼȤʸغʤˤȤȤ˻ŦƤ롥߷ (3--5) ñˤޤȤ褦

(1) flat adverb ñˡ̤˥ꥫѸˤϤ뤫¿ˡ礷Ƥȸ졤äաä˶ܤΤʤͤäդħŪȤ롥#982. ꥫѸθѽФ flat adverb ([2012-01-04-1]) 򻲾ȡex. Now the Picton boat began to swing round steady, pointing out to sea.---K. Mansfield, The Voyage.
(2) Ѥηƻ졥ϤꥢꥫѸ¯ä¿α (1) ˵Ϣơ#984. flat adverb ϥƥϤηƻ줬ƻ򳫤 ([2012-01-06-1]) #1172. ѸΥƥñ ([2012-07-12-1]) 򻲾ȡex. His shoes and clothing were wet through and icy cold.---O. Henry, The Last Leaf.
(3) ư졥stand ΩäƤˤȤ֤ˤ get to stand ΩġˤȤưԤ롥ưɽ魯̣ϡԤưΰ̣Ȥ߹ǤʤȤħŪǤ롥ξԤζ̤̯Ǥ뤳Ȥϡ־֡ƻפȡưפȤζ̤̯Ǥ뤳ȤˤĤʤ롥ex. The old man sat motionless.---B. Malamud, The Mourners.
(4) ư졥ȡ֡ĤǤפδطΩĤΤħex. His tongue felt dry and large, as though covered with a fine hairy growth, and it tasted bitter in his mouth.---J. London, Love of Life.
(5) ưѲư졥ѲơĤξ֤ˤʤפΰդǡϤȥδطΩġex. He noticed companion, and became crestfallen all at once.---J. Conrad, Heart of Darkness.
(6) Ʊʸ졥ִʸ˽һȤƷƻ줬źäơưμưƱŪ֡뤤ϤηŪ֤򼨤ס߷, p.5ˡex. Her dark hair waved untidy across her broad forehead.---J. Galsworthy, The Apple Tree.

¿󤲤ǡ߷ (5) ϰʲΤ褦˷֡

ƻȤδ֤κθϤξʻ줬ΤʳˤƱǤäȤˤ롥 -ly Ĥ뤳ȤˤäʬϷŪ˷ƻ줫Ωư -ly Ĥʤޤ޺ޤ¸³Ƥ롥줬 Flat adverb ñˤǤ롥μʬϡ־֡פ򼨤 be link ΤǷƻ˶᤯ޤΤ -ly ӽƤȤͤ롥
ѸǤϡ־֡פ򼨤Ϥܷۤƻȴ뤬־֡פ򼨤Ȥ롥ĤޤξʻˤޤΤˡκݳعʸˡΰæơ־ֻפȤä褦ʽѸꤷɤǤˤ衤ƻ줫줫̤ͤФʤʤȤ꤬ΤǤ롥


褦ʵ#981. ȷƻζ ([2012-01-03-1]) Ǥ夲Τǡ׻ȡޤ linking verb γȤδطˤĤƤϡ#995. The rose smells sweet. The rose smells sweetly. ([2012-01-17-1]) ǾƤ롥
ƱɮԤˤ롤Ϣʸ (Osawa) ⻲ȡ

߷ ַƻܿסΩؿʸʳظǯ17桤1979ǯ3--5ǡ
Osawa, Ginsaku. "A Study of the Distinguishing Adverbs & the Distinguishing Adjectives." Ωʸѡ 49 (1974): 21--49.

Referrer (Inside): [2022-07-25-1] [2016-01-02-1]

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2012-08-29 Wed

#1220. Ѹˤ붯γ [emode][intensifier][adverb][synonym][flat_adverb][loan_word]

ε#1219. ոϤʤब˭٤ ([2012-08-28-1]) ǻȤ Peters ϡѸζΰ۾ʳˤĤĴƤ롥λϡγ礬Ѹ˾äȤ㤷äǤ롥⡤ζ븻ŵŪä locality, dimension, quantity ɽ魯⡤quality ɽ魯ؤȰܤäƤäȤΤħŪǤȤ (Peters 271)
OED ǤĴˤȡ1Υԡϡ1590--1610ǯˤꡤΤ褦ʸ줬ޤޤ (Peters 272)

ample, capitally, damnable, damnably, detestable, exquisitely, extreme, grievous, grossly, horribly, intolerable, pocky, rarely, spaciously, strenuously, superpassing, surpassing, terribly, tyrannically, uncountably, unutterably, vehemently, villainous, violently


2Υԡ1650--60ǯˤꡤۤܤ٤ƼѸ줬ȤʤäƤΤħŪȤˤĤƤϡؤʰͿƤʤä
ǤϡʤѸǶ줬礷ΤPeters ϡ븻Ǥä¿ʼѸޤˤȸŪʸΤʸϤƤȤ¤ŦƤ (273) Ŧ褦ˡոˤϾ˼ʺȤ⤤٤ѤƯƤ롥Τ褦ⰵäƤȤءѸˡѸήȸŪʸΤνиȤää⳰װȤ߹蘆ꡤȤ櫓λ˶줬礷ΤǤϤʤ
ƱμѤȤؤαƶˤĤƤϡä˰ʲε򻲾ȡ

[2009-08-19-1]: #114. ѸμѸεȳ
[2010-08-18-1]: #478. ѸΤ褦˼ڤƤϼΤƤ줿ƥ
[2012-01-06-1]: #984. flat adverb ϥƥϤηƻ줬ƻ򳫤
[2012-07-12-1]: #1172. ѸΥƥñ

Peters, Hans. "Degree Adverbs in Early Modern English." Studies in Early Modern English. Ed. Dieter Kastovsky. Mouton de Gruyter, 1994. 269--88.

Referrer (Inside): [2022-03-25-1] [2014-09-28-1]

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2012-08-05 Sun

#1196. Ѹˤ -ly ε§ط (2) [adverb][suffix][flat_adverb][standardisation][prescriptive_grammar][emode][intensifier][-ly]

[2012-07-29-1]ε³ԡѸǤϡ##1172,992,984 εˤ褦ʶդñ줬³ȸ줿Ūʶ뤳Τ褦ʶդñ줬Ѹɸಽ䵬ϼĬήΤʤ񤵤졤äƤäΤ⡤ƱΤȤäˤϡŪ˵ǽη֡ŵŪ -lyˤäƤ٤ǤꡤƻƱΤΤȤƵǽΤʤȤ "correctness" ȯۤǻǤ롥Strang (138--39) ϼΤ褦˽Ҥ٤Ƥ롥

Secondary modifiers or intensifiers differed considerably. The old forms, full, right, were still in general use; newer very was known, but not used by everybody even in the 17c. For a more forceful degree of modification, wonderous and mighty were inherited, but such terms wear out quickly, and changes have been considerable. During II [1770--1570], pretty, extraordinary, pure, terrible, dreadful, cruel, plaguy, devillish, take on this role, and most of them have lost it again since. We must distinguish here the built-in obsolescence affecting such items at any time, from the particular factors operating between II and I [1970--1770]. These arose from a sense of correctness which prescribed that forms with the appearance of adjectives should not be used in secondary modification. Very was all right because it did not have this form; but instead of extraordinary, terrible, dreadful, etc., the corresponding -ly forms came to be required.


Strang ϡȤƤ extraordinary terrible Ѥϡո˺Ѥָ³ˡ§ ([2012-01-14-1]ε#992. ոȡָ³ˡ§ספ򻲾ȡˤˤΤȤϡϼŪ "correctness" ˴ŤˤΤȹͤƤ褦2Ĥװ "distinguish" ɬפϤǰȤƶ̤٤ȤȤǤгΤˤ̤¤ˤϡξԤ䴰äƤΤǤϤʤոϤȤ櫓äաˤȯã䤹ǤϡؤΩؤ꿷ո줬ƤϵäƤ椯ǡϼϤäѤ񤭸աʸ˴ŤѤǤ롥Ǥϡ경褦ȤտޤǻǤ롥ξԤδطϿΤ褦ʴط˸뤬СʵϼˤʸŪʶΰ۾ȯãˤɽΤŬڤȤΤ褦˻פ롥ˤñλѤոȯãˤΩäƤФۤɡϤˤоݤȤʤ뤷΢֤Ȥơ -ly 줬夵褦ˤʤäΤǤϤʤʤȤѲȯǤˤޤ줬Ǥ롤ȤȤ⤷ʤ

Strang, Barbara M. H. A History of English. London: Methuen, 1970.

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2012-07-30 Mon

#1190. Ѹˤȯã [adverb][suffix][flat_adverb][intensifier][emode][-ly]

ε#1189. Ѹˤ -ly ε§طʡ ([2012-07-29-1]) ǻȤ Nevalainen ʸϡ̾μȤꡤѸˤ͡夲Ƥ롥¿ʰݤ뤬ΤȤƼ2ŦƤ褦ɤ롥(1) ѸˤϡΰѤ˵ҤƤȤꡤ-ly ε§ή줬Τǧ뤬٤ߤñ¸ʾˤäƤϳ礹ˤƤꡤޤϴȹͤ٤Ǥ롥(2) λˤϡ-ly ˤñˤ衤줬¿Ͳǽ̣礷
(1) ˤĤƤϡ#984. flat adverb ϥƥϤηƻ줬ƻ򳫤 ([2012-01-06-1]) #1172. ѸΥƥñ ([2012-07-12-1]) ǿ줿ȤꡤոȤƤ exceeding dreadful ʤɤä¤夲Ƥ[2012-01-14-1]ε#992. ոȡָ³ˡ§פ⻲ȡˡޤʬñ줬ѸʸڤΤΡѸǽƳǧΤ⤢ꡤ¸줫ˤȹͤ (ex. shallow, tight, rough, blunt, dark, quiet, weak, dirty, cheap, bad) ʤ[2012-07-16-1]ε#1176. -ly ΩפǽҤ٤Donner ˤѸǤ -ly ñΰ̣ζ̤ˤĤơNevalainen (251) ϡѸǤϤζ̤ηŪ˸ʤȤƤꡤ̣
(2) ˤĤƤϡλʸ (sentence adverb) äȡäˡ (modal adverb) ¿ͲȤ˿Ƥ (ex. probably, necessarily, undoubtedly, possibly, perhaps) ޤ (focusing adverb) Ȥơeven 16ˡ?פΰ̣Ȥˤ⿨졤Ѹˤ̤Ƹ adverbialization ήΤʤ˰֤ŤƤ (254--55)
Nevalainen ϡȯãˤΤʤǡѸȤ "the transitional status" (256) ɽ路Ƥꡤ"a drift towards a more subjective expression by adverbial means" (257) 򼨺ΤǤȷŤƤ롥

Nevalainen, Terttu. "Aspects of Adverbial Change in Early Modern English." Studies in Early Modern English. Ed. Dieter Kastovsky. Mouton de Gruyter, 1994. 243--59.

Referrer (Inside): [2016-08-19-1]

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2012-07-29 Sun

#1189. Ѹˤ -ly ε§ط [adverb][suffix][flat_adverb][standardisation][printing][prescriptive_grammar][productivity][emode][-ly]

[2012-07-12-1]ε#1172. ѸΥƥñפǡ-ly ȯãƤˤñ (flat_adverb) ȯãˤȹ碌άҤäơ#1176. -ly Ω ([2012-07-16-1]) ȡ#1181. -ly Ω (2) ([2012-07-21-1]) ǡ-ly 줬Ω礷طʤˤĤƽҤ٤ȯãΩȤΤϤҴ˷礱ɽǤϤ뤬̩ϡ (productivity) Ʊ餤񤷤ϡѸˤ -ly ε§ˤ뤬§ (regularisation) ΤΤ񤷤Ǥϵ§ȤѸؤοϤˡ-ly ɸѸǺǤ̤ܼȤǧ졤ʸˡؤƤ椯Ȥơˤ䤫ˤȤ館Ƥ
-ly ε§ˤĤƤϡNevalainen (244) ˤ褯ޤȤޤäҤ롥

The generalisation of the adverbial suffix -ly is usually attributed to the effects of standardisation. Fisher et al. (1984: 49) point out that adverbs were already regularly marked by the -ly suffix in the Chancery documents in the fifteenth century. The acceptance of the Chancery Standard was not, however, explicit outside the Chancery itself. At the beginning of the Early Modern English period, it was the printers and educators who began to assume dominant roles in the transmission of the written standard (see Nevalainen--Raumolin-Brunberg 1989: 83--88). The growing feeling for grammatical "correctness" that Knorrek (1938: 104) and Strang (1970: 139), for instance, refer to is well documented in Robert Lowth's Short Introduction to English Grammar. Bishop Lowth writes in 1762:

Adjectives are sometimes employed as adverbs: improperly, and not agreeably to the genius of the English language. As, 'indifferent honest, excellent well:' Shakespeare, Hamlet, 'extreme elaborate:' Dryden, Essay on Dram. Poet. 'marvellous graceful:' Clarendon, Life, p. 18. (Lowth 1762/1775: 93)


ĤޤꡤѸνޤǤ˰̲ήθƤ -ly 줬Ѹλ˰ȼԤ䶵ԤˤѸɸಽư˸岡Ƶ§18εʸˡˤäܤ򲡤줿ȤаޤǤ롥Nevalainen ϡʸǡѸˤƤñ夫;ȤdzƤꡤĤޤ줿Τ⤢𤷤Ƥ뤬 (250) ˰ѤҤŪĬή褯ɽ路ƤȤ

Nevalainen, Terttu. "Aspects of Adverbial Change in Early Modern English." Studies in Early Modern English. Ed. Dieter Kastovsky. Mouton de Gruyter, 1994. 243--59.

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2012-07-21 Sat

#1181. -ly Ω (2) [adverb][suffix][productivity][oe][flat_adverb][-ly]

[2012-07-16-1]ε#1176. -ly ΩפǼ夲³Donner ˤȡ -ly ϡѸγϤޤǤ˳ͳΩƤȤȤǵ䤬롥äƸűѸǤξϤɤäΤűѸˤơ-lice ϡƻ -lic ˡŪåʸͳ褹 e ղä줿Ū (Lass 207) ȤʬϤƤΤ뤤 -lice ΤȤʬϤƤΤ
Campbell (275) ˤСפ٤ɤ뤫ȤϤΤΡűѸǤ⤹Ǥ -lice ȤǧƤȤ

§664. Since adjs. in -liċ normally formed adv. in -liċe, this ending early became regarded as an adverbial suffix, which could be used beside or instead of -e, e.g. heardliċe, holdliċe, hwætliċe, lætliċe (beside hearde, holde, late), the advs. of heard, hold, hwæt, læt.


ƱݤǡLass (207) ⼡Τ褦˽Ҥ٤Ƥ롥

Since {-e} was typically added to adverbialize the extremely common adjectives in -līc, the complex {-līc-e} was reinterpreted during OE times as an adverbial ending in itself, and there were thus a number of doublets off the same base: from heard 'hard' the adverbs heard-e, heard-līc-e, from hwæt 'brave' hwæt-e, hwæt-līc-e. (Our ModE adverbial {-ly} is of course the descendant of {-līc-e}.) (Lass 207)


λ˼褦ˤϻäƤʤΤΡ-lice ϡǤ˸űѸˡ-e ¤ǡष -e ŪΤޡȤƵǽƤ餷Ѹñ -ly ȤεϡDonner ε򻲾Ȥ¤ꡤѸ̤뤳ȤǤȤξȯΤΤϡűѸˤޤ̤뤳ȤǤΤǤ롥ơˤϡޤˤʤΤˤʤΤȤ꤬ͿƤꡤ[2012-07-06-1]ε#1166. -ly ȯãפ󼨤줿֤ʤѸ -ly Τ褦ȯãΤפؤȤĤʤäƤ椯褦˻פ롥

Donner, Morton. "Adverb Form in Middle English." English Studies 72 (1991): 1--11.
Campbell, A. Old English Grammar. Oxford: OUP, 1959.
Lass, Roger. Old English: A Historical Linguistic Companion. Cambridge: CUP, 1994.

Referrer (Inside): [2012-07-29-1]

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2012-07-16 Mon

#1176. -ly Ω [adverb][suffix][productivity][loan_word][flat_adverb][-ly]

ѸΤ -ly Ω礷ȤˤĤơ##40,981,984,998,1032,1036γƵǿƤѸΤɤΤ餤ᤤʳdzΩΤ⤦ŪʬʤΤDonner MED ˴ŤĴ¾Ū˼ƤƤΤǡҲ𤷤 (2)

The rise in incidence of the suffix [-ly], as a matter of fact, hardly needs tracing at all. It does indeed enjoy a great increase in use during the course of Middle English, but not, as seems generally assumed, by gradually superseding the flat form. Instead, according to the evidence of the MED, it not only is predominant throughout the period but was already established in that role at the very outset, so that the increase simply reflects the growing number both of new Romance adoptions introduced and of further native constructions recorded in the expanding corpus of writings extant. Adding the suffix to adjectives of whatever origin or substituting it for -ment or -iter when adopting a Romance adverb evidently constituted common practice with the general run of modal adverbs from no later than the closing decades of the twelfth century on.


̵ֳΩפȤΤϡ (##935,936,937,938) Ʊ餤ΤΤ񤷤Donner Ĵ˴Ť¤ꡤѸκǽˤϤǤȤƤ -ly QŪʰ̣ˤƳΩƤȹͤƤ褤ΩƤȤءѸΥޥ󥹷ϼѸδΤΤ褦ήߡ-ly 줬礷ȤȤǤ롥
Donner ʸǤϡ-ly ñ줬ʻ¸륱ǤϡԤ "modal reference" (3) 򡤸Ԥ "diminished modality" (3) ްդȤΤȯãηϤ˨꤬ѸˤǤǧȤȤĥƤ롥Ѹʹߡ-ly ηŪʥ٥ǤγΩȳظạ̇̄Ūʥ٥ǤñȤκ̲˿ʤǤȤˤʤ롥

Donner, Morton. "Adverb Form in Middle English." English Studies 72 (1991): 1--11.

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2012-07-14 Sat

#1174. Ѹñ -ly Υڥ [flat_adverb][adverb][suffix][-ly]

ñ (flat_adverb) ˤĤƤϡޤǤ¿εǼ夲Ƥäˡ#983. flat adverb μ ([2012-01-05-1]) (1) ǤϡѸñ -ly Ȥʻ¸ˤϸߤ˰̣㤨뤳Ȥ¿Ȥ˿줿-ly ϡŪŪʰ̣ȯŸ뤳Ȥ¿ηƻΰ̣ץ饹եñϤΤ褦ʰ̣ȯŸष̣ӤӤ뤳Ȥ¿äƤߤСޥʥե -ly ˤĤƤϡ#996. flat adverb ΤӤӤʡ ([2012-01-18-1]) Ǥβ¼ (34) ͤ˿줿ƱݤϡJespersen (48) ǤڤƤ롥

1.55. In several cases we have two adverbial forms, one = the adj and the other with -ly. These are often differentiated, the former being used of time, etc, and the latter usually of manner and often in a figurative sense.


ǤϡѸñ -ly 줬ʻ¸ڥϡºݡɤΤ餤ΤJespersen (48--51) 42ФΥꥹȤǤ褦

cheap(ly), clean(ly), clear(ly), close(ly), dead(ly), dear(ly), deep(ly), direct(ly), due / duly, easy / easily, even(ly), evil(ly), fair(ly), false(ly), fast(ly), fit(ly), flat(ly), free(ly), full / fully, hard(ly), high(ly), just(ly), late(ly), like(ly), loud(ly), low(ly), near(ly), new(ly), plain(ly), pretty / prettily, quick(ly), right(ly), round(ly), scarce(ly), short(ly), sound(ly), still / stilly, straight(ly), strong(ly), swift(ly), wide(ly), wrong(ly)


¾ˡǾ˴Ϣơmost(ly), last(ly), first(ly) ʤɡ usual (as in more than usual) / usually, sure(ly), doubtless(ly), needless(ly) ʤɤäѤΥꥹȤȤơˤ̣ˡκۤĴꡤˤ̤뤳Ȥǡξü⤭Ħˤʤ뤳ȤԤ롥
ʤ42ڥΤñ25졤-ly 23줬BNCٽꥹȤ6318 ([2011-04-05-1]ε#708. Frequency Sorter CGIפ) ޤȤʤƻ42ΤΤ40ޤǤBNCٽꥹȤ6318ٷƻǤ뤳ȤźƤ
ѸξԤˡκۤˤĤơϢϡ#995. The rose smells sweet. The rose smells sweetly. ([2012-01-17-1]) ǤⰷäΤǡȤ줿ޤѸˤñ -ly ʻ¸ˤĤƤϡ#998. Ѹ flat adverb -ly adverb ([2012-01-20-1]) 򻲾ȡ

¼ ʹ塡ñ loud, quick, slow ˤĤơסػرѸʸظ22桤1978ǯ25--38ǡ
Jespersen, Otto. A Modern English Grammar on Historical Principles. Part 7. Syntax. 1954. London: Routledge, 2007.

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2012-07-12 Thu

#1172. ѸΥƥñ [adverb][adjective][flat_adverb][latin][loan_word][suffix][emode][conversion][prescriptive_grammar][-ly]

[2012-01-06-1]ε#984. flat adverb ϥƥϤηƻ줬ƻ򳫤פǡٹ (127) νҤ٤Ƥ֥ƥϤηƻ줬ѤȤʤ򳫤פɤٻ¤ʤΤȤռä򤷤Ф餯ƤȤ Schmitt and Marsden (57) ˼Τ褦ʵҤ򸫤Ĥ

Most adverbs of manner in Modern English have the suffix -ly. This derives from Old English lice (meaning "like"), which went through several changes before it was eventually reduced to -ly. Many adverbs in Modern English derive directly from their Old English versions: boldly, deeply, fully, openly, rightly. Others come from the great period of adverb formation in English in the later 16th century, when many adjectives were simply converted to adverbs with zero inflection. These included many so-called "booster" adverbs, such as ample, extreme, detestable, dreadful, exceeding, grievous, intolerable, terrible, and vehement. But others were supplied with -ly from the start (horribly, terribly, violently), and use of the inflection gradually gained ground. During the 18th century, the pressure for normalization ensured that the suffix became the rule. We still use this suffix regularly today to make new adverbs from adjectives.


Ĥޤꡤ16Ⱦˡƻ줫饼ñ (flat_adverb) 礷äȤŦǤ롥ٹθڤѸǰƬˤƤ褦ʤΤǡSchmitt and Marsden Ʊλ¤ˤĤƸäƤȸƤ褤ƥϤηƻȤƤʤ˵󤲤Ƥ9Τ dreadful 8ޤǤʥե󥹸ͳޤ˥ƥϼѸǤ롥
ܤϤ¿̤Ĵפ뤬-ly ñȯŸγάϼΤ褦ˤʤűѸȯãƤ -ly ѸˤʤäʤűѸ̤ -e üȤˤñλѤ⡤Ѹˤ˿ꤨ뤳ȤϤʤäषѸˤϡƥϼѸˤ岡⤢ꡤñμϰŪ礷ñˤϡˤ³Ū connotation ᤯ޤȤĤƤ褦ǡ18˵ϼŪʸˡѤƬ˵ڤӡʸȤߤʤ褦ˤʤäθ塤-ly ŪͥȤʤꡤߤ˻äƤ롥
ʤ -ly ˴ؤˤĤƤϡܥ֥Ǥ -ly suffix adverb γƵǼ夲ƤΤǡȤ줿

ٹ ﵭرʸˡ3ǡʸƲ1926ǯ
Schmitt, Norbert, and Richard Marsden. Why Is English Like That? Ann Arbor, Mich.: U of Michigan P, 2006.

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2012-07-06 Fri

#1166. -ly ȯã [adverb][flat_adverb][suffix][indo-european][inflection][drift][-ly]

Fortson (132--33) ˤСĸˤϡѸ -ly 褦ʡƻ줫θ¸ߤʤäष̾ƻζ޷Ѥ뤳ȤǡŪʵǽƤꡤˡϤ٤Ƥ̼ǹ롥Τ褦ˤ줿ŪΤǤꡤĸˤޤ̤ΤϤƾʤȤƻ줫Ūǽ߽Ф޷ŵμʡгʤñǤꡤ㤨С礭ʡפФ礭礤ˡפϰĸ *meĝh2 ƷƤ롥ϡHitt. mēk, Ved. máhi, Gk. méga, ON mjǫok 롥űѸǤ⡤ƻгñ˶ޤ efen "even", full "full", (ge)fyrn "ancient", gehwǣde "little", genōg "enough", hēah "high", lȳtel "little" ȤƵǽ (Campbell 276)
ŵ鳰줿ΤȤơۤˤ⡤ʤ줿 Lat. rursus "back(wards)"åʤ줿 Lat. meritō "deservedly"ʤ줿 Lat. quī "how" ʤɤꡤűѸǤ⡤°ʤѤ ealles "entirely", micles "much"ͿʤѤ ǣne "alone", lȳtle "little" ʤɤ (Campbell 276) ʷ͡ˤƻͳϡŪ˶ޤˤȹͤ롥
ŪϥޥˤѾ줿ޤ¿ʤȤʿʤʤɤȤηŪʶ̤ĤʤʤäǤ⡤̤ʽ֤ϻܤ줺ַƻǻѸˤƤ flat adverb Ǥ롥ѸǤϡflat adverb Ȥ̤ˡƻŪ˶̤ȤФ -ly ȯãƤäơѸϡǥޥΤʤǤðۤʿ񤤤򼨤Ƥ褦˻פ롥
ޥɤγ򸫤С[2012-03-01-1]ε#1039. ֿפ -mentפǼ夲褦ˡޥ󥹸ɤǤȯãƤ롥äơѸ줬ðۤǤꤹ뤳ȤɬǤʤ⤷ʤ
ϢơKillie (119) ϡѸθʬƻ줬 -ly 褦ˤʤäŪаޤĴʸƬǡѸΤο񤤤򡤥Υ륦졤ǥ졤ɥĸʤɤˤϸʤðۤʸݤǤȼƤ롥ʤѸ -ly Τ褦ȯãΤˤĤƤϡʸǤ⿨ƤʤKillie (127) ϡѸ˾ΰ drift ȤƤ "adverbialization process" ˸ڤƤꡤ-ly ȯãϤΰĤǤ򤷤Ƥ褦

Fortson IV, Benjamin W. Indo-European Language and Culture: An Introduction. Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2004.
Campbell, A. Old English Grammar. Oxford: OUP, 1959.
Killie, Kristin. "The Spread of -ly to Present Participles." Advances in English Historical Linguistics. Ed. Jacek Fisiak and Marcin Krygier. Mouton de Gruyter: Berlin and New York: 1998. 119--34.

Referrer (Inside): [2012-07-21-1]

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2012-03-01 Thu

#1039. ֿפ -ment [adverb][suffix][flat_adverb][hybrid][-ly]

[2012-02-27-1]ε#1036. ֻѷפ -lyפбơɸǤϡѸȤŪ˴ط롤ե󥹸ˤĤƤǤ롥
ե󥹸Ǥϡƻν -ment ղäˤʤ (ex. difficilement "difficultly", régulièrement "regularly", sûrement "surely" ) ϡΤʼ㴳ѷơ˱ѸؼѤƤꡤѸǤϤ줾 -ly ֤Ƥ롥ǽǡե󥹸 -ment ȱѸ -ly б餫Ǥ롥ե󥹸ȤܿϡѸ -ly ȤƳΩĤĤääˡȤƤ -ment ϡñΤȤƤʤȤƤ⡤ĤѸؤϼѤʤä
ơΥե󥹸 -ment ϡƥ mens ʿˤå mente ͳ褹 (粬pp. 68--69) ֻѷפˤѸȡֿפˤե󥹸椬⤷mens Ͻ̾Ǥ뤿ᡤ򽤾ƻ줬֤졤ΤȤŪѤ줿ϡǥˤƥ placida mente ŤʿǡˤΤ褦ɽб뤬ʸŪɽä褦ǡޥ˥ˤʤäΤޥ˥ǤϹԤʤ褦ˤʤä
嵭Τ褦ˡmens ̾äΤǡʩǤϡإβΡ٤ˤߤ褦 humle et dulcement ʤĤĤޤ䤫ˡˤΤ褦ˡ󤵤줿ǽǤƻΤޤ޻ĤƤ㤬롥ե󥹸ǤϤˡϸʤ她ڥǤ amarga y cruelmente ʶ졹ǦʻǡˤѤ롥ޤطʤϰۤʤ뤬ɽŪ˻褦ʹ¤ϱѸˤ⸫롥ʲϡܡ (39) ꡤShakespeare Ǥ롥

And I, most jocund, apt and willingly, To do you rest, a thousand deaths would die (TN 5.1.132--3). / And here the smug and silver Trent shall run In a new channel, fair and evenly (1H4 3.1.102).


ե󥹸Ǥ -ment ϴΤǡɽ˽Ťߤä뤿 d'une manière . . . de façon . . . αȯãƤ롥ƥ placida mente ¤κȤäƤʤѸˤ in a . . . manner/way ʤɤȤʿŪɽ롥
-ment ƱˤʤΤ̾ -ment Ǥ롥ϥƥ -mentum ͳ褷ܼ̾ -men Ȳʬܼ -tum ι蘆äΤǤ롥ե󥹸 -ment ̾ϡΤθ츻ƥˤĤΤʤȤ顤¯ƥʩʳˤʤäܳŪ˸줿ȹͤ (粬p. 60) ϡˤ¿ȤȤ˱Ѹˤä (ex. appointment, government, harassment, payment, statement ) ѸäƤϡδΤ amazement, onement, wonderment Τ褦 ( hybrid ) Ƥ롥

粬 Сإե󥹸ˡ4ǡؽӡ1993ǯ
ܵݻҡ羾󡡡֥ԥˤñ (Flat Adverb) ˤĤơסظʳء291994ǯ29--41ǡ

Referrer (Inside): [2012-07-06-1] [2012-03-05-1]

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2012-02-23 Thu

#1032. -e ο -ly ȯã [suffix][adverb][systemic_regulation][synthesis_to_analysis][flat_adverb][-ly]

#40. -ly ([2009-06-07-1]) #981. ȷƻζ ([2012-01-03-1]) ǽҤ٤褦ˡ -ly ϡѸϤ᤿Ʊǽ -e ŪפĤĤꡤɸˤʤʤäƤȤǡŪŪΤʸ -ly ͭȤƵǽ褦ˤʤäƤΤȻפ롥-e פ -ly ȯãΰ̴طϡOED "-ly" suffix2 ǤٻƤ롥

In ME. the number of these direct formations was greatly increased, and when the final -e, which was the original OE. adverb-making suffix, ceased to be pronounced, it became usual to append -ly to an adj. as the regular mode of forming an adv. of manner.


ΰϢβˡϢ⤦1դäɬפ롥ϡȤƳ褦ˤʤä -ly äƤƻȤƤ򸺤ƤäȤǤ롥-ø -e Ωȡ -e ΤäƤɸ -ly ꤹ褦ˤʤäȤ-ly ɸܳŪ˲̤ȤСηƻȤƤƯäƼˤʤ롥ǡƻޡȤƤΤƤƤä޼СʲΤ褦ˤʤ롥

Adverb with -zero, -e, -li, and -lie

ηϤǤϤ뤬-ø, -e, -li(c), -li(c)e ʤ1ĤηŪηϤͤȤСۤξ -e ɤ餮ȤηϤ򤬤äȤؤȤˤʤ롥ηϤǤꡤѲηϤѲǤ뤳Ȥ褯狼ޤѸˤΤ礭Ĭήռ鸫С޸Ѥ synthetic 첽顤Ѥ analytic 첽ؤžȤߤ뤳ȤǤ롥
äȤ⡤-e פ⡤ƻ줬ƱΤޤ޶¸ flat_adverb Ͼʤ餺ĤäȤƤ -ly ȯãȤäơƻȤƤ -ly ˻䤨櫓ǤʤȤդäƤ

Referrer (Inside): [2021-01-02-1] [2012-02-27-1]

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2012-01-20 Fri

#998. Ѹ flat adverb -ly adverb [chaucer][flat_adverb][adverb][adjective][suffix][-ly]

Ƕ񤤤Ƥ flat_adverb εǤϡȤƸѸñ -ly ˾ƤƤѸǤξ Chaucer Ƥߤ
ѸǤϡΤ -ly ƤƤϤΤΡñѸ⤺äƤ[2012-01-06-1]ε#984. flat adverb ϥƥϤηƻ줬ƻ򳫤פƬdz⤷褦ˡñϷƻθ촴 -e դȤˤäƷƤѸǤϤδο -e Фоüˤ餵줿ˡƻȷŪʶ̤ĤˤʤäƤȤäƤ -ly ˼ä줿櫓ǤϤʤloude, cleere, faste, faire, smal ʤ¿θ줬ޤ̳Ƥ㤨С couplet κǸ smal Ϸƻ "small" ǤϤʤ "finely" ۤɤ̣Ǥʰʲ Chaucer ΰѤϡ٤ Horobin, pp. 121--23 ǵ󤲤ƤƸΡˡ

Of orpyment, brent bones, iren squames,
That into poudre grounden been ful smal; (G 759--60)


ۤˤ츫ȷƻɤ߰㤨Ƥޤλ󤲤褦

That al his love is clene fro me ago (F 626)
The fires breene upon the auter cleere (A 2331)
Thanne shaltow hange hem in the roof ful hye (A 3565)


Χˤ¿äΤ褦ñϷߤäλ塤-ly ƤȤҤ̤ǡξʻѤ줿⾯ʤʤ-ly ȤǤ -lich(e) ȤŷݤäƤ㤹鸫졤1ĤηƻФƺ3¸Ȥˤʤ롥"newly" ʲ򻲾ȡ

This carpenter hadde wedded newe a wyf (A 3221)
This knyght was comen all newely (RR 1205)
that oother of hem is newliche chaunged into a wolf (Boece IV, met. 3)


ѸǤϡñ new ϡnew-laid eggs, new-mown hay ʤɤʣ˸ФǤ롥wedded newe collocation ˤĤƤϡѸ newly-weds ʿˤ򻲾ȡϢ#528. ˵§ư wed !? ([2010-10-07-1]) ɤ

Horobin, Simon. Chaucer's Language. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2007. (esp. pp. 105--07.)

Referrer (Inside): [2016-08-19-1] [2012-07-14-1]

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2012-01-19 Thu

#997. real bad ȡ֤Ф [semantic_change][bleaching][japanese][adverb][flat_adverb][intensifier]

flat_adverb ˴ϢơȤѤ real bad mighty hungry pretty cold ʤɤɽˤĤĴ٤ʤ顤äȹͤƤȤ real ܸΡ֤פζŪˡȤ褯Ƥ롥󤹤ȡʲ̤ꡥ

(1) ٤ΤϤʤϤȤ򼨤դȤѤ
(2) ƻ줬촴Τޤޤη֡ʽߡϢηˤϢѽˤȤѤ
(3) 졤¯ȤƹԤʤƤꡤϤΩ줫ɸȤ

ܸθˤơ֤ڤפǤ˻̱Ƥ뤳ȤϲƻŦޤǤʤ񤭸դˤϻȤʤȤϰռϤΤΡäդǤλѤˤĤƶ񤹤٤ϲ᤮Ƥ褦˻פ
3ϡǯΡ֤פΤߤƤϤޤħǤϤʤ (78) Ѥ褦

Τ褦ˡ֤פϡֵ§ȿƿȤϤ᤿ɽȹͤ櫓Ǥ뤬֤פˡ֤פѤΤϺǶǤϤäƤ⡤ˤ褯϶ˤ⸫ΤǤä
Ρַƻ콪ϢηŪˡפϡ٤ΤϤʤϤפɽ魯ƻ˸ˡǤ롥
ˤơ٤ΤϤʤϤפɽ路ϢѷηǷƻ졦ưʤɤ򽤾ƻȤơ֤餤ס֤ס֤ס֤ޤס֤Ф餷ס֤Ҥɤס֤ΤפȤä줬󤲤롥Τ̵ۤǷƤưʤɤ򽤾ǽʤΤȤʤȡ֤餤ס֤ס֤ס֤Τפ˸¤롥


ϡˤǤΡ֤餤פȡ֤פϢѽˡ¾ŪĴˤ (82) ˡ֤餦פäѸ򽤾֤餤פ졤ԤˤԤȸ¤٤ۤɤĹäˡ֤餤ʤޡˤפΤ褦ˡƻ콪Ϣη򽤾ˤϸĴԹǤ֤餤פΤߤѤ줿¤νẢˤϡ֤פϤϴ˸ष֤פˤĤƤϡˡ֤פѤ줿㤬ߤ뤬ˤϤĤʤ餺˽ä֤פοˤĤƤϡηƻˤΡֶפȤĤäƤˡ٤ΤϤʤϤɽ魯ˡŪˤȤɤޤ餶ʤäΤǤϤʤȡƤ롥
֤餤פȡ֤פȯãκϡ[2012-01-14-1]ε#992. ոȡָ³ˡ§ספǼ夲̣ɺ (bleaching) ȴϢƤ褦ˤߤ롥֤餤פǤϰ̣ɺ򤷤ƽʶոȤʤä֤פǤϸǻĤäƤꡤոؤɺ򤷤ʤäȤȤǤϤʤ̣Τۤˤϡɺ򲽤֤餤פϡ֤פ5٤3ûȤͿƤ뤫⤷ʤ֤פ3Ǥ롥ϤΤ褵餷ȤȤǤСûۤĴҤФ
֤餤ס֤פȯãˤĤƤηȤơ (84--85) ϤҤ٤Ƥ롥

Ѳϡ°פñ˿ʤȤ뤬θѲΰĤȤƷƻ̵Ѳߤ졤ήDZΤ褦ˡФƤȤͤ⤢νϢηŪˡϷƻ̤ˤߤΤǤϤʤ٤ΤϤʤϤפĴˤΤ߸뤳Ȥͤȡñˡְ°פñή̵ѲΡפȤȤդŤˤϤ餤롥षĴ̤뤿˰տŪ˽ϢηѤΤȹ֤ͤ餦ס֤פȳѲꡤǤ֤餤ס֤פηݤͿȤռƯ̤ǤϤʤȻϹͤ롥


ϢѷˤФƷƻʽߡϢηˤΤ϶ˤĤƤϡε#996. flat adverb ΤӤӤʡ ([2012-01-18-1]) Ϥ ##983,993,995 ǵѤߤǤ롥Ǥߤ (1), (2), (3) ħʤ̣֤ñ㤵餷ϡ֤ӤӤʡפȤƤޤȤ롥real bad ȡ֤Фפˤ flat adverb ϡˤ
Ǹˡ֤פθˡФ롤Ҥβ򻲾Ȥ褦 (238) ԤոȻפ

ʤ֤ڤפȤήԤƤΤͤƤߤȡޤ٤¡ǤʤפΤɽ魯ƻǤ뤳Ȥ礭¡ǤʤȤĴ褦ȤơĤФ˳ʤɽȤäƤޤäȹͤޤޤ錄ϡĤ⿷Ƥޤ顤ιߤˤäƤΤ⤷ޤ󡥤ơʤˤ⡤錄ϡפ̣ʤΤäƤޤϡ̣ʤؤΡäȤʤΤ⤷ʤ


ŵסַƻ콪ϢηŪˡ ---֤餤ס֤פ濴 ---סعظ27桡ءֹظ״Բ1987ǯ77--86ǡ
ҤذҤ̡ܸ١Ĭҡ2011ǯ

Referrer (Inside): [2016-08-19-1] [2012-08-28-1]

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2012-01-18 Wed

#996. flat adverb ΤӤӤ [adverb][flat_adverb]

ǶδؿȤʤäƤ flat_adverb ˤĤơդä
ñ-ly ٤ơŪüŪ϶ͭ뤳ȤϺε[2012-01-17-1]Ǥ⿨줿̤Ǥ롥ƻƱǤ뤳Ȥͳ褹롤ӤӤɽϤŪ˥ǤꡤŪˤ -ly ʤʬ1ᾯʤӤӤƤ롥̿ʸ䴶òʸʤɼʤɤǤά䤹Ķäûʸǹޤ졤Ǥ⤭ӤӤʤ餫Ǥ롥
flat adverb Τ褦ˤӤӤƤ뤳Ȥϡ̣ˤȿǤƤ롥ǰ̣ȤΤϡͿݤ϶ȤʸŪŪʸ̤ΤȤǤϤʤ줽ΤΤΰ̣Ǥ롥¼ (34) ϡflat adverb -ly ȰۤʤꡤŪŪʰ̣߽ФʤȤƤ롥
Ƕ̣ΤϡBolinger θ˸ڤʤ顤¼ (33) ΰ֤ˤ̣εФƤ뤳Ȥʲ4ĤʸǤϡslowly ֤֤˱ơŪٹ礤ۤʤȤa ǤŪǡd ʸ̤Ρ֤äפɽ魯Ȥ

a. Slowly he backed away.
b. He slowly backed away.
c. He backed slowly away.
d. He backed away slowly.


Ǥñ slow ֤ΤǤСǧΤ d бʸ He backed away slow. ΤߤǤ롥ñ slow ̣ŪˤⱤΧŪˤ̵ɸΰ֤ǤʸˤʤȤȡŪʰ̣ʤȤȤطŤȤС֡졤Χ̣Τ٤Ƥ̤ flat adverb ΤӤӤʤǧ뤳Ȥˤʤ롥
ε flat adverb ̤ƤϤޤ櫓ǤϤʤȤ slow quick ʤɤư򽤾ˡ flat adverb ˸ħؤˤȤɤޤäƤ롥٤ΤϤʤϤɽ魯ոȤƤ real, awful ʤɤϡ⤽̣Ȳʤ뤤ɺ򲽡ˤˤäƤΤǤꡤεˤƤϤޤʤΤȤƤӤӤȤʤflat adverb ¯ǹޤͳʤΤ

¼ ʹ塡ñ loud, quick, slow ˤĤơסػرѸʸظ22桤1978ǯ25--38ǡ

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