[2012-01-03-1]ε#981. ȷƻζפǡThe sun shines bright. Ȥʸɤ᤹뤫bright Ȥߤ뤫ƻȤߤ뤫ˤĤƿ줿̤γ٤ߤȡThe sun shines bright. The sun shines brightly. ϡξǤɤΤ褦˰ۤʤ뤫ȤˤĤʤ롥εǤϡɽȤʬϤˤʤޤʤƨǤä (80ˤˤСºݡϸ̩ͤʤȹͤ븦Ԥ⾯ʤʤ褦Ǥ롥
ȤϤʸˡȤˤƤ뤳Ȥϻ¤ (80) ϡ빽ʸ¿ȤŦƤ롥
(1) He died happy / happily.
(2) He arrived safe / safely.
(3) He sat silent / silently.
(4) The wind blew cold / coldly.
(5) He stood silent / silently.
(6) He slept very sound / soundly.
(7) The rose smells sweet / sweetly.
(7) ˼ȡʸˡǤñʡƻ sweet ѤΤȤ졤ư smells Դư줢뤤 linking verb Ȳᤵ롥ХŤȤɤߤˤʤ롥-ly ʡ sweetly ѤʤǤϤʤξˤ smells ϴưȲᤵ롥ơξˤϥХŤȤɤߤˤʤȸ롥ºݾξԤκ̯Ǥꡤsweetly Ѥˤ⡤ɤΤȤХŤȤɤߤȤʤΤ̤üԤδФǤ롥ɽФỤ̄˲ʺۤǧ뤳ȤȤ٤
Ụ̄ȤƤ纹ʤɤǤ褤դΤȻפ뤬Ụ̄ˤϰ㤤Τǡ⤦ܤɬפ롥ñѤ뤫 -ly Ѥ뤫ϡ֤̯ʺ߽ФñȼˤĤƽҤȤ-ly ưλشؿȤϤͯФʸṲ̄ΰ㤤ȤϤʤΤ
̤˷ƻ϶ŪüŪ϶ɽϤϤŪŪǤȤ롥ƻϡ֤ס֤ӤӡפƤ롥 (81) ϼʸǡϢ³ƻ줬 -ly ä顤̤϶ʤʤȽҤ٤Ƥ롥
Sometimes there was a lull, and flake after flake descended out of the black night air, silent, circuitous, interminable. (R. L. Stevenson, A Lodging for the Night Ƭ
ǡ-ly Ѥ뤳ȤϴʸˡˤʤäƤꡤʸỤ̄»ʤȤʤޤ̣襤Ͼä롥
Ѥ뤫ƻѤ뤫ΰ㤤ϡʸˡѸǤС1ʸ2ʸκб롥Ĥޤꡤ-ly ñϡưȤư줬ȤʸϢ뤷Ƥ뤳Ȥ狼롥ҤΤ褦ˡκȤϡʸΤ佤ȤƤȤ館ۤ褤Τ⤷ʤ
ŪȤư;ϤĤƤ뤳Ȥ⡤Ǹ˿ƤäƸˤ flat adverb ƤƤȤ¤ϡ[2012-01-04-1]ε#982. ꥫѸθѽФ flat adverbװ衤flat_adverb ΤĤεǼ夲Ƥ褦ϸ촶äΤˤäƤʸؤؤǽƤȤȤ롥 (79) Curme Τͤ linking verb äΰӤɤȤĤƤ褤ΤǤϤʤפɾƤȤꡤưΤȤʸ̻ŪѲȤѸ˾ˤĤʤȥԥåʤΤ⤷ʤ
סɽ夫 Predicate Adjective Adverbסزˡʸؽѵס8桤1957ǯ78--82ǡ
ǯư衤flat_adverb ˤĤƤĤƤĴ٤Ƥ뤦˽꤬ޤäƤΤǡȤƽĤƤ
(1) ּˤѤ졤üŪ϶ɽסʾp. 507ˡñ줬褯ѤΤϡʸŪûʬṲ̄ǡΤǤϤ϶ɽȤƹޤ뷹: It hurts bad. / Take it easy. / Go slow.סʹ, p. 522
(2) Ƥθ졦¯¿Ѥ뤳ȤϴҤʹڡpp. 86, 91ˡex. act brave, dance graceful, land safe, work regular, sit tight, mighty dangerous, reasonable busy, moderate good luck, everlasting cold, get ugly drunk, hustlingest busy; I see things different than I used to.; You are plain lucky.
(3) ζʤ̾ʤɤŪѤ롥ex. "Love Me Tender", "Treat me nice".
(4) ȤƤ very εȤ ([2012-01-12-1], [2012-01-13-1]) ̾ηƻϢ³ˤơηƻ줬ηƻȤưʬϤ㤬ߤ (ex. an icy cold drink, a blazing hot fire) ˡ̾줬ʤȤΩ burning hot, soaking wet, dazzling white ʤɤ⸫͡p. 589ˡ
(5) ƻ줬ƱΥڥˤ5ढꡤʲ iii, iv դ꤬ŵŪ flat adverb ȸƤФΤ (Huddleston and Pullum 568)
idaily, hourly, weekly, deadly, kindly, likely
iidownright, freelance, full-time, non-stop, off-hand, outright, overall, part-time, three-fold, wholesale, worldwide
iiibleeding, bloody, damn(ed), fucking
ivclean, clear, dear, deep, direct, fine, first, flat, free, full, high, last, light, loud, low, mighty, plain, right, scarce, sharp, slow, sure, tight, wrong
valike, alone, early, extra, fast, hard, how(ever), late, long, next, okay, solo
(6) flat adverb -ly adverb Ǥϡʬʸ (cleft sentence) Ǿ줿ǧǽۤʤ롥flat adverb ϡưʬǤ뤳Ȥˤ֤ǤȤ狼ˤʤ뤿ˡǧ٤㤯ʤΤǤϤʤʹڡp. 522ˡ
*It was slow that he drove the car into the garage. vs It was slowly that he drove the car into the garage.
*It was loud that they argued. vs It was loudly that they argued.
flat adverb ³줿̤θǽȡǤ뤳ȤΤˤʤꡤǧ䤹ex. It was loud and clear that he spoke.; It was extremely loud that they argued.
(7) A and B ȷƻ³ȡA-ly B ۤɤΰդȤʤ (hendiadys) ⡤ƻ첽ȤݤΰȤƤȤ館뤳ȤǤ͡pp. 531, 589ˡex. nice and cool (= "nicely cool"), good and tired (="well tired"), rare and hungry (="quite hungry").
ͧ ԡظѸˡŵ١Ʋ2006ǯ
ͺ° ̭ ԡظʸˡŵ١Ʋ1992ǯ
Huddleston, Rodney and Geoffrey K. Pullum. The Cambridge Grammar of the English Language. Cambridge: CUP, 2002.
ж Ϻ ԡظѸؼŵ١Ʋ1973ǯ
ʸͺ ƽؿѸؼŵ١ҡ1987ǯ
[2012-01-12-1], [2012-01-13-1]εǡȤƤ very εȯãˤĤƸƤդˤϡvery ξƱͤˡϼ¼ŪʸäƤ줬˼졤ñ٤η㤷ȤʤäΤʤʤawfully, hugely, terribly ʤɤǤ롥̣ѲΰǤϡ̣ɺ (bleaching) äƤȸ롥
⤷ΤϡΤ褦ʶդ줬äդΰ̣ȡ٤ϻȤ³뤦ˡ̣μ岽Ȥ¿ȤǤ롥礦ɽŪʴѶ礬ȤŤˤʤȡνṲ̄ޤΤƱ褦ˡո⤢ޤˤѤζդθ̤ܸꤷƤޤΤǤ롥
̤ܸȤȤˤʤСкѸǤָ³ˡ§ (the law of diminishing marginal utility) ͿƤ³ˡ§Ȥϡ֤ξ̤äˤĤơκñɲä뤳ȤˤƸĿͤ˾ʸ³ѡˤ٤Ͻ˸פȤˡ§Ǥ롥ܶǸСӡ1ܤϤ2ܰʹߤϤȤΤȸƱǤʤĿͤȤƤ2ܤ3ܤӡϻݤȻפˡոϡ̣ˤ³ˡ§θΤȤ
ơո줫鶯դȡտޤ붯դμ¤褦ˡʶո줬ɬפȤʤ롥ơ줿ŤɽϻȤʤäꡤˤäƤϻϰϤꤷơäߡѤ߽ŤͤƤ椯ǡդΤθ礬鼡ؤȿޤ뤳Ȥˤʤ롥ΰ̣ѲαʱΥϡնɽ (euphemism) ˤƤƱͤ˸ΤǤ롥
ǤϡոϤɤͯƤΤնɽξˤϡ[2010-08-09-1]ε#469. euphemism κפǸ褦ˡΥ͡ոΥȤƤä˸졦¯ˤ flat adverb (##982,983,984) swearword Ωġոˤϸĥȴᤵ뤿ᡤӤӤ flat adverb 䥷å swearword Ф䤹ΤԤǤ awful, dead, exceeding, jolly, mighty, real, terrible, uncommonԤǤ damn(ed), darn(ed), devilish, fucking, goddam, hellish ʤɤ롥
HTOED (Historical Thesaurus of the Oxford English Dictionary) ǶĴ٤Ƥߤȡθ췲ΰܤѤη㤷褯狼롥"the external world > relative properties > quantity or amount > greatness of quantity, amount, or degree > high or intense degree > greatly or very much [adverb]" Ȥɤȡ536줬ϿƤȤΤβ̶ʬǡvery synonym ȤʬवƤΤ˸¤äƤʲ47줬롥Դѡ
full (c888), too (c888), well (c888), swith (971), right (?c1200), much (c1225), wella (c1275), wol(e (a1325), gainly (a1375), endly (c1410), very (1448), jolly (1549), veryvery (1649), good (a1655), strange (1667), bloody (1676), ever so (1690-2), real (1771), precious (1775), quarely (1805), trés (1819), freely (1820), powerful (a1822), heap (1832), almighty (1834), all-fired (1837), gradely (1850), hard (1850), heavens (1858), veddy (1859), some (1867), spanking (1886), socking (1896), hefty (1898), velly (1898), dirty (1920), oh-so (1922), snorting (1924), hellishing (1931), thumpingly (1948), mega (1968), mondo (1968), mucho (1978), seriously (1981), well (1986), way (1987), stonking (1990)
ε[2012-01-12-1]˰³դ very ˤˤĤոϡvery Ū˷ƻȤȤȤĶˡˤĤʤäΤǤϤʤȤ Mustanoja Ҳ𤷤MED Ʊͤ˹ͤƤ褦ǡ"verrei (adj.)" θ츻ˤơ뤳Ȥ˿Ƥ롥
When verrei adj. precedes another modifier, it is difficult if not impossible to distinguish (a) the situation in which both function as adjectives modifying the noun, from (b) that in which the modifier nearest the noun forms a syntactic compound with it (which compound is modified by verrei) and from (c) that in which verrei functions as an adverb modifying the adjective immediately following; some exx. of (a) and (b) now in this word may = (c) and belong to verrei adv.
㤨Сa verrai gentil man ȤǹͤС(a) ɤߤǤ "a true gentle man"(b) Ǥ "a true gentleman"(c) Ǥ "a truly gentle man" ȤѸɽ˼칽¤βȤʤ롥μζܤΤޤʹ¤顤ʬ (metanalysis) η̡ȤƤ very ȯãȹͤ롥
ǵäΤϷƻ줫ؤʻž (conversion) ˤֿ¡פȤϤޤݻƤȤϤֿ¤ˡˡפθ֤ȤƤ⡤ˡפζդθؤƻΤϡƶᤤ֤κζϾǤ뤳ȤϡMED "verrei (adv.)" 2 (a) (d) ͿƤΥǡ⤦Τ롥Ƹɽ魯ʸ̮٤Ƥ⡤ߤ˰̣ɤۤʤΤˤ狼ˤȽǤǤʤ
ֿ¤ˡפ֤ȤƤפζϺ´ˤϡǤѤ "sign-off" ʸ㤬Ŭvery ȤƤˡȯãȤơPaston Letters ʸ Vere hartely your, Molyns 롥Ǥ hartely "sincerely, affectionately" ۤɤΰդǡvere ϡֿ¤ˡפθȡñ˶դ֤ȤƤפθȤ¸ƤȲᤷ (Room 278)
ʾΤ褦ˡvery ϡեƻμѢƻֿ¤Ρעֿ¤ˡע֤ȤƤפءˡȸȯŸƤߡȯŸκǽʳȤ⤤٤⤦1ĤѲʹǤ롥϶ոν̿Ȥ⤤̣ѲʤΤοζդƤƤȤΤǤ롥ʲϡåץ mere ιǿƤ륳ȡ
very ˡˤϤۤȤϤΤʤդˤʤäƤޤäI'm very glad to meet you. ʤǤƤȤƤ⤦줷ˤϡI'm glad to meet you. ʤǤƤ줷ˤ⡤Фդ˷礱ɽȤʤ뤳Ȥ롥
very ΰ̣ѲˤϡΰΥɥޤޤƤ롥䡤ȤˤϻʤȤäƤ⡤very ϡˤΤ顥
硼 T. åץ ƻ ϻ إåץѸ츻ŵ١罤ۡ2009ǯ
Room, Adrian, ed. NTC's Dictionary of Changes in Meanings. Lincolnwood: NTC, 1991.
[2012-01-04-1]ε#982. ꥫѸθѽФ flat adverbפǡ衤ƻǤ good real ȤƸȤѤ褦ˤʤäƤƤ뤳Ȥ˿줿ƻ줫ʻž (conversion) Ǥͭ̾ȤƤϡո very ʤ櫓ˤʤ
very ϡѸǺѤζոȤäƤ褤Frequency Sorter ˤСBNC ˤ very ٤86̤Ǥ롥θ줬դȤܳŪѤФΤ15ʹߤǤꡤѸ̤м礿ˡϡֿΡޤȤΡΡפ̣ƻä⤽ΤϤǡθϸťեƱηƻ ve(r)rai ѤΤǤʸեǤ vraiˡѸǤνϡc1275θϡin very truth, Very God of very God ʤɤδѶ˻ĤäƤ롥14ˤϡ괧ͭ̾ȼäơ֤ޤˤΡΡפ̣붯ոȤƤѤϤᡤˡϸѸ the very hat she wanted to get, at the very bottom of the lake, do one's very best ʤɤˤߤ롥
14Ⱦˤϡ嵭ηƻбȤơֿˡˡפθ very λѤǧƤ롥ʤƻ줫ؤžȤϡthat is a verrai gentil man (Gower CA iv 2275), he was a verray parfit gentil knyght (Ch. CT A Prol. 72), this benigne verray feithful mayde (Ch. CT E Cl. 343) ʤɤ˸ȤǤ롥Ǥ very ˡϡ³ƻƱʤηƻǤ롥̣ŪˤŪˤ⡤2ηƻĴȲǤʤȤʤĤޤꡤʬ (metanalysis) ȵ롥Τ褦ʶ礬Ū˹Ԥʤ褦ˤʤȡ٤̾줬ʤĶǤ very ƻԤȤƵǽ˻äΤǤϤʤޤverray penitent verray repentaunt ʤɤΤ褦ˡvery ̾Ū˵ǽƤȤᤷƻ褦⡤ʻžή岡ȹͤ롥ơ15ˤ϶դȤ̤ˤʤꡤ16ȾޤǤˤϤޤŵŪʶդǤä full, right, much ɤȤΤ褦٤ޤä
ʾ塤Mustanoja, pp. 326--27 ͤ˵Ҥ1ĤϤΤȤѸѤ줿¾¿ζ⡤ΥڡǺ٤ҤƤΤǻͤޤǤˡ
ͤƤߤС[2012-01-04-1]ǤߤƸŪ real ⤫ĤƤ ve(r)rai Ʊ͡եѸǤꡤġֿΡޤȤΡΡפ̣ƻǤ롥a real good soundtrack ʤɤɽߤȤҤ Mustanoja very ˴ؤΤޤƤϤޤ褦ˤפ롥ˤ֤Ƥ뤫Τ褦
Mustanoja, T. F. A Middle English Syntax. Helsinki: Société Néophilologique, 1960.
flat adverb εˤĤƤϡ[2009-06-07-1]ε#40. -ly פ[2012-01-03-1]ε#981. ȷƻζפǴñ˿ƤűѸǤϡƻδΤ˸ -e ղäȤƵǽ -e Τüˤ餵ƷŪ̵˵ˡƻƱ줬ޤ뤳Ȥˤʤä줬flat adverb ηŪʵǤ롥ѸʹߡŪȤƤ -ly ޤäƤflat adverb 褷Ѥ뤳Ȥʤߤˤޤ¸³Ƥ롥
ʾ夬 flat adverb γάŪˤ˶̣꤬롥flat adverb ϸߤǤϤƤ졦졦¯ζȼΤ褦 register ħ˾夤ˤƤΤflat adverb ȯãˤܤĴ٤вǤ꤫⤷ʤ
ȴϢ뤫⤷ʤٹ (127--28) ϡ-e ξüˤꡤȷƻ줬ƱȤʤäȤ˸ڤǡΤ褦˽Ҥ٤Ƥ롥
դθǡƻȤ־̤ä塤άͳϤääơƥϤηƻ줬ѤȤʤΤȤϼ¤ˤǤ롥
Thou didst it excellent.---Shakespeare.
Grow not instant cold.---ibid.
Ǥ¯ǤϤ㤬¿ȤС
She talks awful.---Mark Twain.
You must ha' been an uncommon nice boy.---Dickens.
The mountains proved exceeding high.---H. R. Haggard.
ФǤʤäѤʸäƤΤ⾯ʤϤʤȤС
Quick as thought I switched on the light.--Kaye-Smith.
And doubtless there was more in him than met the eye, as is the way with great men.---Chesterton.
ѤΡ֥ƥηƻ줬ѤȤʤפȤϡŪʰ⤤뤤Ū¤ɽΤäˤβսǻʸͿƤ櫓ǤϤʤ꤫ǤϤʤˤʤڤǤ롥ɵ椷Ƥߤ
ٹ ﵭرʸˡ3ǡʸƲ1926ǯ
2ε (##981,982) flat adverb ˸ڤƤflat adverb Ȱ˸äƤ͡ʼब롥ΤʤǤ⡤He ran good real bad news ȤǤȤƤˡۤʤ롥ϡؿѸؼŵ٤˽äơȤ -ly adverb Ӥʤ顤flat adverb μʬषƤߤ褦
(1) flat adverb -ly adverb ξѤˡ̣㤨Ƥ뤳Ȥ¿dear vs dearly, fast vs fastly, free vs freely, hard vs hardly, late vs lately, near vs nearly, pretty vs prettily ʤɤ㤬롥
(2) 졦졦¯Ȥơä˥ꥫѸǹޤ롥ΤȤҤޤä϶Ϳ뤳Ȥ¿
Alice's elbow was pressed hard against it.
But she did not venture to say it out loud.
Then they both bowed low.
I lighted the torch high.
Sure you won't change your mind and come and look for lions in Rhodesia?
I shall doubtless see you tomorrow.
(3) ˶ĴȤ¾θ롥mighty cold, burning hot, real good ([2012-01-04-1]), terrible strong, dead tired.
(4) Ӥɽľ (simile) ˤƤϡflat adverb ǧ٤⤯ʤ롥
Come as quick as you can.
I can't stay longer.
He stared at me now as expressionless as a stone.
Silver leant back against the wall as calm as though he had been in church.
Helpless as a sheep, I moved along under his expert direction.
(5) binomial Ȥơ줬Ϣ³硥speak loud and clear, lose fair and square, be brought up short and sharp, etc. (Quirk et al. 406)
(6) ˤơOne road leads to the river, As it goes singing slow. (Masefield)
(7) flat adverb -ly adverb ȰۤʤꡤưΡʤ뤤Ū줬ФΡ˸֤˸¤롥He drove slow.; We got the house cheap.
(8) be, appear, look, sound, feel, taste, smell, turn, run, grow, prove, remain ʤɤ1ʸ2ʸư˸³ˤϡflat adverb -ly adverb ˤäʸʬ롥The train appeared slow/slowly.; The boys looked eager/eagerly.
ʸͺ ƽؿѸؼŵ١ҡ1987ǯ
Quirk, Randolph, Sidney Greenbaum, Geoffrey Leech, and Jan Svartvik. A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language. London: Longman, 1985.
ε#981. ȷƻζ ([2012-01-03-1]) κǸ˿줿ñ (flat adverb) 夲롥б -ly ¸Ƥ硤flat adverb ϰ̤άŪ뤤ϸŪǤ뤳Ȥ¿Ȥ롥Ūʴϡ-ly ȼɸǤꡤflat adverb оݤȤΤǻѤ٤Ȥ뤬LGSWE (Section 7.12.2) ˤСʲΤ褦ϲåѥǤ̤˸Ȥ
The big one went so slow. (CONV)
Well it was hot but it didn't come out quick. (CONV)
They want to make sure it runs smooth first. (CONV)
ä good real ȤѤˡϡAmE θǹʹ롥LGSWE (Section 7.12.2.1) εҤˤСgood well ΰ̣ѤϡAmE βäǰŪˤ褯졤ǽդ BrE ǤϵǤ롥really ѤȤƤ real ˤĤƤϡAmE βäǤ really Ⱦʬۤɤ٤ǻѤƤȤ顤٤ѥ٤ǤС BrE βäˤ really ٤ɤŨȤʤBrE Ǥ real Τˡϳ̵ǤϤʤǤ롥ξԤ LGSWE 餤Ĥ褦
It just worked out good, didn't it? (AmE CONV)
Bruce Jackson, In Excess' trainer said, "He ran good, but he runs good all the time. It was easy." (AmE NEWS)
It would have been real [bad] news. (AmE CONV)
I have a really [good] video with a real [good] soundtrack. (AmE CONV)
Τ褦ˡgood ưȹ¤ʤƽˡreal ϷƻĴˡ̤Ǥ롥
ʾΤ褦ˡѸˤ flat adverb ϥꥫѸθѤ뷹Ȥѥ餫ȤʤäƤ뤬ηȴϢ[2011-01-12-1]ε#625. ѸʸˡѲ˸뷹פǿ줿ꥫѸ첽 (Americanisation) ȸ첽 (colloquialisation) Ĭή۵ˤʤ塤good 뤤 real ˸¤餺ѸΤȤ flat adverb λѤ礷Ƥ椯ȤǽȤȤ碌ơ[2010-03-05-1]ε#312. ʸˡαƺפ (5) ⻲Ȥ줿
Biber, Douglas, Stig Johansson, Geoffrey Leech, Susan Conrad, and Edward Finegan. Longman Grammar of Spoken and Written English. Harlow: Pearson Education, 1999.
ȷƻεǽŪʶ̤ϤФۣǤꡤϷ־ʬˤĤʤäƤ롥㤨СThe sun shines bright. Ȥʸˤơbright ư shine ȼ뤳ȤǤСȤƵǽƻȼ뤳ȤǤ롥 bright brightly ȤƤƱǤ뤳ȤͤСȤƤβŬäƤ褦˻פ롥ޤŪˤߤС bright -e ΤĤ beorhte Τ褦ʸǤꡤ -e Ѳη̼줿˷ƻƱˤʤäƤޤäΤ졤ϤȤƤβʬŪ -e ȴϢơ[2009-06-07-1]ε -ly פȡˡ
shine [glow, burn] bright ϴŪɽǤꡤɬΤʬϤˤʤ櫓ǤϤʤˡƬ˽Ҥ٤褦ˡ衤ȷƻϵǽŪˤŪˤƤ뤳Ȥ¿Τ顤̤뤳ȼΤ˰̣Τɤ路⤢Ϥ
¡¿Ǥϡƻ줬ʤФȤ뤳ȤǡˤΤޤŪǽ̤ȤϤ褯ΤƤʺٹp. 127ˡ嵭θűѸ -e Ϳʸˤˤ첽ϤȤơƥ nimium felix "exceedingly happy"ե une fille nouveau-née "a new-born girl"ꥢ Egli lo guardò fisso "He looked at him fixedly" horasho gavareet "to speak well" ʤɡ¿ʾ夫顤ȷƻεǽŪӷŪʺϤʤϤϾǤ뤳Ȥ狼
ѸǤϡäѸʹߡޤŪ˿हˤĤơ-e ʤɤζˤȷƻηŪʶ̤ϼ줿ơˡ-ly ʤɤŪƬƤѸǤФȤ "go slow" ˸褦ʡ-ly ǤϤʤñ (flat adverb) ˡ⡤嵭Τ褦Ū̻Ūʸ̮Τʤɬפ롥
ٹ ﵭرʸˡ3ǡʸƲ1926ǯ
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