
*
Ҥηؤդ٤ˤϢֱܵѸˤįեפƤޤ23ؤդ9ԤޤϢܤ6ǺܤƤޤ
εΥȥϡ֥ե촷줷ƤѸפǤεǤϡѸ줬եѸ̤ĹϤ˼ƤаޤҲ𤷤Ƥޤξ̤䤬ƥե촷줷ѸϼθηϤ礭Ƥ˻ޤϰʲ4ĤξФΤȤ˵ɮƤޤ
1. ʩñΡ2।ǥ
ѸˤϡѸȥեѸ¤٤2।ǥפ¿ޤˤϥեѸƳ䤹䤬ޤɽ˭ˤꥺശФ̤⤢ޤ
2. ѸäΡ2ʤ
ѸȥեѸ줬¸硤¿̯˰ۤʤ̣ˡȯãƤޤ̤ˡѸϽѤʶեѸϰҸȼޤ
3. ưʪפȡ
ѸǤưʪȤɽñ줬ۤʤޤϥΥޥγҲȿǤƤޤسαѸüԤưʪơسΥեüԤ٤Ȥޤ줤˸äȿǤƤΤǤ
4. ֱʩ
Ѹ줬եǡեǤȤäȼ˺Фñ줬ޤѸפʤֱ̡ʩפǤ
ҡؤդ9˼äơζǧޤ5Ϣܵ hellog ǾҲ𤷤ƤޤΤǡʲꤴȤ
#5449. ؤդ٤DZѸϢܤϤޤޤ ([2024-03-28-1])
#5477. ʤʩѸˤϻƤñ줬Ρ --- ؤդ٤Ϣܵ2ơ ([2024-04-25-1])
#5509. Ѹ˼Ѥ줿ǽʩñ --- ؤդ٤Ϣܵ3ơ ([2024-05-27-1])
#5538. եѸή --- ؤդ٤Ϣܵ4ơ ([2024-06-25-1])
#5566. ѸΥեѸ줬ѸäͿ --- ؤդ٤Ϣܵ5ơ ([2024-07-23-1])
δ졡ֱѸˤįե졡6ե촷줷ƤѸסؤդ2024ǯ9桤ҡ2024ǯ82352--53ǡ
ֱܲѸƳ2021꺣Ҳ𤹤륳ƥĤϡꥢåפ줿ָʤ̸ǭ!?ǤܸǤϤҤɤΰȤָפɽ褷ơָǭפȤϸʤ櫓ǤѸǤͽ̤ʡ cats and dogs Ȥ̣ǤThey fight like cats and dogs. Τ褦ѤۤޤФꤷ餷Ƥ뤳Ȥ to lead a cat-and-dog life ʤɤȤɽޤ褯Τ줿ںߤפΥǥ#493. It's raining cats and dogs. ([2010-09-02-1]) ǡǤ
ϤȤưʪ˴ؤʸѺȤƤ⤷ǤˤʤäΤϱѸ cats and dogs θǤܸǤϡָǭפɡ嵭αѸΥǥɽȤƤϡǭפνˤʤäƤޤϤʤʤΤǤ礦
1ĹͤΤϡװǤ2ĤǤӤĤжȤƵǽˡŪνޤ뷹ޤβװˤ͡ʤΤޤ绨ĤˤвηڤΤơŤΤȤΤ§Ǥ⤦ΤˤС "openness and sonorousness" 㤤Τơ⤤ΤˤȤǤȤƤϡᡦڤ硦ŤؤήȤƤȤ館ޤ륤ϡħ (sound_symbolism) 뤤ϲ (phonaesthesia) ȸƤФޤ줬2Ǥֽ˴ͿƤȹͤޤ
첻ˤĤƹͤƤߤޤ礦ŵŪˤϹ첻첻ؤȤˤʤޤ#1139. 2।ǥν벻Ūʾ (2) ([2012-06-09-1]) Ǽ褦 flimflam, tick-tock, rick-rack, shilly-shally, mishmash, fiddle-faddle, riffraff, seesaw, knickknack ʤɤ㤬äƤޤ#1191. Pronunciation Search ([2012-07-31-1]) ^([BCDFGHJKLMNPQRSTVWXYZ]\S*) [AEIOU]\S* ([BCDFGHJKLMNPQRSTVWXYZ]\S*) \1 [AEIOU]\S* \2$ ȤƸƤߤȡۤˤ chit-chat, kit-cat, pingpong, shipshape, zigzag ʤɤޤding-dong, ticktack פĤޤ͡졦ָ (onomatopoeia) ¿褦Ǥ
Ǥϡ cats and dogs ŬѤȤɤʤǤ礦ξԤ첻 /æ/ /ɔ/ ǡ첻Ȥ纹ޤξˤϡ٤ΡפȤΩƤΤǤϤʤȵäƤޤؤȤήǤ첻 /æ/ ޤ cats ǡ첻 /ɔ/ ޤ dogs Ȥ櫓Ǥٻ붯ڵϺΤȤˤƤޤͤޤǤˡ#242. phonaesthesia 羮 ([2009-12-25-1]) ȡ#243. phonaesthesia ߡ ([2009-12-26-1]) ɤжǤϤޤưθ߷Ȳ catch/caught, hang/hung, stand/stood ʤɤΩޤ
ơ⤽ cats and dogs νǥեȤǤ뤫Τ褦ǵʤƤޤʤΤǤ礦ˡֱѸΥǥɽȤƤϡפȽҤ٤ΤǤ¤Ͻˡָǭפɽˤ dogs and cats 褯ȤƤΤǤƤɽŪʥѥ BNCweb COCA ñ㸡ƤߤȤΥѥˤƤ dogs and cats ΤۤषͥΤ褦ǤȤȤϡνϡǤϤʤˤʤäΤǤ礦
ǤʤȻפäƤޤ18--19θѸΥѥ CLMET3.0 Ĵ٤Ƥߤȡcats and dogs 18㡤dogs and cats 8ȽФޤ⤷ȡȤŪˤ cats and dogs ͥäȤˡ20ʹߡǶˤʤä dogs and cats 餫ͳɤ夲ƤȤǽޤºݡꥫѸ˥ѥ COHA Ǥäȳǧ¤ꡤΤ褦ʵۤǻʤΤǤ
ָǭפǭפñʤǤѸŪˤϱǤ
SDGs (= sustainable development goals) DZѸٶ褦Ȼפޤ䡤Ѹ SDGs ٶ褦Ȼפޤδְ㤤ǤޤѸΥޥ顥

ʲΤ褦ˤޤȤƤߤޤΥ (PDF) ˤĤƤϡѸ뤤ܸɤ
| Goal 1 | No Poverty | Τ֤Ϻ餻 |
| Goal 2 | Zero Hunger | 餻ݾڤӱܲ¸³ǽȤ¥ʤ |
| Goal 3 | Good Health and Well-Being | ǯΤ٤Ƥο͡ηŪݤʡ¥ʤ |
| Goal 4 | Quality Education | ٤Ƥο͡ؤΡŪĸʼι⤤ؽε¥ʤ |
| Goal 5 | Gender Equality | ʿã٤Ƥνڤӽǽ϶Ԥ |
| Goal 6 | Clean Water and Sanitation | ٤Ƥο͡οȱѲǽȻ³ǽʴݤ |
| Goal 7 | Affordable and Clean Energy | ٤Ƥο͡Ρ²ĿǤ³ǽʶŪͥ륮ؤΥݤ |
| Goal 8 | Decent Work and Economic Growth | ŪϳǽʷкĹڤӤ٤Ƥο͡δŪʸѤƯΤʹ֤餷(ǥȡ)¥ʤ |
| Goal 9 | Industry, Innovation, and Infrastructure | סʥ쥸ꥨȡˤʥե鹽ۡŪϳǽʻȲ¥ʵڤӥΥ١οʤޤ |
| Goal 10 | Reduced Inequalities | ƹڤӳƹ֤ʿ |
| Goal 11 | Sustainable Cities and Communities | ŪǰĶסʥ쥸ꥨȡˤǻ³ǽԻԵڤӿʹֵサ¸ |
| Goal 12 | Responsible Consumption and Production | ³ǽ֤ݤ |
| Goal 13 | Climate Action | ưڤӤαƶڸ뤿ζ۵к֤ |
| Goal 14 | Life Below Water | ³ǽʳȯΤ˳Ρλ³ǽʷѤ |
| Goal 15 | Life on Land | ΦַϤݸ³ǽѤοʡ³ǽʿӤηбġؤн衤ʤӤϤ˻ߡڤʪ¿»˻ߤ |
| Goal 16 | Peace, Justice and Strong Institutions | ³ǽʳȯΤʿ¤ŪʼҲ¥ʤ٤Ƥο͡˻ˡؤΥ٥ˤƸŪǤΤŪ٤ۤ |
| Goal 17 | Partnerships | ³ǽʳȯΤμ»ܼʤХ롦ѡȥʡåפ |
ʹɤǤȡե٥åȤƬ (acronym) ȤƤΩġѻʹǤϤʤܸοʹäǤ롥Ƕ TPPʴʿηкϢȶˤ˴ؤ1ĤεΤʤǤ⡤EPAʷкϢȶˡNZʥ˥塼ɡˡCEOʺǹбǤԡˡIMFʹ̲ߴˡGDPʼ¼ˡGEʹݷкѡˡEUʲϢˤʤɤΤ褦˸ƤǺǽ˸Ȥˤϡ嵭Τ褦ˤäդ줢뤤Ȥ٤ܸɽźƤ뤬2ܰʹߤƬΤߤǤ롥¿ɤˤȤäơƬȤαѸɽŸ뤳ȤɬưפǤϤʤºݡŸɬפ⤵ۤɴƤʤȤǤϡ1Ĥο졤̵ŪʵȤäƤ褤ʡ#1108. 쵭̵ͭ ([2012-05-09-1]) ȡˡ
иΡEPAʷкϢȶˡפΤ褦ɽϡŪˤС֥ե٥åȤˤ륷˥եܸ졦ˤ륷˥եˡפȤˤʤäƤꡤΤȤ1Ĥεʥ˥ˤŪƳˤۤʤʤϡε椬Ǻ巫֤Ȥ뤳Ȥä뵡ǽΤۤˡεŪ˲⤹뵡ǽͭƤ롥ʹҤˤȤäƤϡѽФ̾ɽ魯Τʸ餻åȤ뤷ޥǥȤƤѸ̤˹ôäƤΤȤͤ롥̾͡¿ȿ̾ˤޥԥå߽ФξˡȤ褦Ȥ1ĤθŪбʤΤ
ɽȴϢƻפФΤϡܸΤߤʤ餺ѸˤŪ˸줿Τ binomial Ǥ롥Ѹ my heart and my corage ꡤˡΧѸ acknowledge and confess ꡤʸɤͳ褹 (å) Τ꤮ꤹפʤɡ夢뤤°1ĤθʸŪȤäƤ褤ˤĤƤϡ#820. ʩƱ ([2011-07-26-1])#1443. ˡΧѸˤƱ ([2013-04-09-1])#2157. word pair μȸ̡ ([2015-03-24-1])#2506. Ѹ2।ǥܸʸɤߡ ([2016-03-07-1]) ʤɤȤ줿
ĤޤȤܸǤ⡤⤦1ĤθʸŪƳƤƤȤȤʤΤ
2।ǥȤƤФѸ word pair 뤤 binomial ˤĤơܥ֥Ǥ#820. ʩƱ ([2011-07-26-1])#1443. ˡΧѸˤƱ ([2013-04-09-1])#2157. word pair μȸ̡ ([2015-03-24-1]) ϤᡤĤεˤƤ
θˡϡäѸʹߡեƥ줫μѸ줬ƤȤˡˤ֤뽬ܸѸƱ褦ˡ졤ä˴줫μѤƤаޤΤǡŪ˻褦ʾä˰㤤ʤˤĤơƣ (10 fn.) ˴Ϣڤä
Cf. "The inaudible and noiseless foot of Time" (Shakespeare: All's Well That Ends Well, V. iii. 41)
"The dark backward and abysm of Time" (Shakespeare: The Tempest, I. ii. 50)
Ρ郎γؼԤֻСפƬˤ
شȷڽʽ
֥ȤϤ餮ʤ륷祭ΤߤϡƥȤۤӤʤ륷奯¥Τ褭हפȡʸʤɤߡפΤ˻Ƥ롥
ʸɤߤȤϡƱδȷ2ɤळȤǡϵ (饦) Τۤߡס (å) Τ꤮ꤹס˧ʥեݥ˥ȥХפʤɤ롥ʸɤͳ褹ɤǡʿ»ήԤμ¤˻ǯ֤λʸʸ٤ɤȤˤȤ櫓Ѥ줿Τǡ̾롥ѸˤȼѸΥڥˤϡԤΰ̣뤿Ԥ֤ȤưŤФФäʸɤߤǤƱͤˡ̤ˤߤ䤹뤿¸ηɤźȤȯãΤȻפ롥ޤˤƤʩñڥϡܸȯۤǤȡֲʣɡפȤ٤Τä櫓ξˤΤ褦Τ뤳Ȥϡޤ굤ŤƤʤȤ˭٤ʸüѤˤǤȤͤС٤ɬŪȤäƤ褤Τ⤷ʤʡܸظŵ p. 117 ⻲ȡˡ
ܸǤ "binomial" ˤĤƤϡ#1616. ʸ礹ߡ2 ([2013-09-29-1]) ǿ줿֥֡¸Ͽ͡ס֥եɥȡǼš͡ס֥롼ס̺͡פʤɤɽ⡤ΰȤʤ
ƣ ͦرʸػ˳١ҡ1963ǯ
ܸظŵ١ ʸۤ ԡ2007ǯ
binomial 2।ǥˤȸƤФ "A and B" ʤɤηɽˤĤơbinomial εǰäƤbinomials ϡword pair, paired word, doublets, collocated words ʤɤȤƤФ롥"A and B" ˸¤餺ȡ³ˤ礵줿Ʊ֤2סҸp. 170ˤȤʤʰʲǤϸƾΤ word pair ˡѸˤˤ word pair θϤȤʤŤѸǤ word pair ˭äǤ롥ä˶ѸλϤޤޤǤϡ̤˸줿
word pair ˤ⤤ʷ뤬츻Ūˤߤ줫ʼȤƥե줫Ρ˼Ѹ줫ȤȤ߹碌ˤäƱѱѥסʽƱǡ˱ʩסʩʩפʬ롥word pair θ̤ˤ⤤Ĥμब̤롥#820. ʩƱ ([2011-07-26-1]) ǤҤ٤ʸŪŪ⤢СߤΤʤθ¥ˡߤο⤦θźȤ⤢롥뤤ϡ#1443. ˡΧѸˤƱ ([2013-04-09-1]) Ǥߤ褦ˡä˱ʩפˡΧѸˤơƤ줫ȤϫȤʤäȤȤ⤢뤫⤷ʤޤξˤ⡤̣ĴȤƯϤ٤ϴޤޤƤΤǤϤʤ
Ǥθ츻ܤʬȸ̤ܤʬबʤطˤΤȤ϶̣Ȥ櫓ʩפ˴ؤơեѸΰ̣뤿źȤܤ㤬¿ȤʤJespersen (89--90) ϡAncrene Riwle ȤƼΤ褦 word pair Ƥ롥
cherité þet is luve
in desperaunce, þet is in unhope & in unbileave forte beon iboruwen
Understondeð þet two manere temptaciuns---two kunne vondunges---beoð
pacience, þet is þolemodnesse
lecherie, þet is golnesse
ignoraunce, þet is unwisdom & unwitenesse
Chaucer ϱʩפʸŪŪˡ뤤϶ĴŪǻѤ뤳Ȥ¿äȤ롥Jespersen (90) ϤΤȤʲΤ褦ڤƤ롥
In Chaucer we find similar double expressions, but they are now introduced for a totally different purpose; the reader is evidently supposed to be equally familiar with both, and the writer uses them to heighten or strengthen the effect of the style; for instance: He coude songes make and wel endyte (A 95) = Therto he coude endyte and make a thing (A 325) | faire and fetisly (A 124 and 273) | swinken with his handes and laboure (A 186) | Of studie took he most cure and most hede (A 303) | Poynaunt and sharp (A 352) | At sessiouns ther was he lord and sire (A 355).
ëȤҸ (174--75) ˤСChaucer ʸѤ word pairs ΤΤ73%ޤǤʩפʩʩפǤȤ졤Chaucer İɼԤ˵եοι⤵롥
Ѥ word pair μ˴ؤ Chaucer жˤ˶ᤤȤˤΤȤơҸ (174--75) ϡѱѥפΨŪ˹⤤ʸƤ롥ΥƥȤǤϡѱѥפ word pairs ΤȾ뤤ϤʾƤȤ Chaucer Ȱۤʤ餺ʸŪŪʤΤΤ褦Ǥ롥ȤΤϡѱѥפ¿Ѥ뤳ȤǡֹӺǤϤ뤬϶ʸΡסҸp. 175ˤФȤ˹Ƥ뤫word pair μȸ̤ͤǤϡġκȤƥȤθɬפȤȤ
Jespersen, Otto. Growth and Structure of the English Language. 10th ed. Chicago: U of Chicago, 1982.
Ҹ סɿԤλʸˤεˡס˸ʸˡԶɽȯù١١ʶ ҡ ԡ̾ ҡԡˡˡҤĤ˼2014ǯ163--88ǡ
ë Chaucer λʸʤˤɥڥѡסؤȤФζѸեȸء١ʺ ¼ סԡˡˡʸҡ2008ǯ89--116ǡ
ε#1615. 礹ߡ2 ([2013-09-28-1]) ǡ16̤˥ƥ줫ή¥μ礿ˡȤơνǤȸɽäȤҤ٤⤷Ȥˡܸˤ륫ʸˤ⡤ۤȤƱȤ롥ʹߡȤ櫓θʤۤȤɤѸˤθüѤϤӤܸä礷褦Ȥߤ1ĤȤơʸ켭νǤܤˤĤȤʤɤǡ֥ʸפֳפ̾˴ޤܤȡ¿λͿҥåȤ롥ϸθΩۤΤɤѽêäȤΤǤ⡤㤨Сإʸ줪⤷ŵ١¼ ס˼1990ǯˤإʸ졦ŵ١ʶ ꤫ʸҡ2006ǯˤñ˸Ĥ롥ܤԤΰտޤϡĤƤΥɤ Mulcaster, Cawdrey, Bullokar, Cockeram ΰտޤȽŤ碌뤳ȤǤ
ΤѤ줿⤦1ĤˡʤɽޤʸΤѤƤ롥ʸξˤϡǯŪʸͿƤ뤳Ȥդ2002--06ǯΩ츦ΡֳװѰֳγưԤ̤ϽҤȤƤǤ줿饤ǤƤ롥ѰΩսƤΰۤ͡ʻͻ並ʸ饤DZǤ롥սˡִˤ䤫ܰ¡ɤŪƤ뤳ȤܻؤƤޤפȤȤꡤϤΤʤƤǤϤ뤬ŪʵؤꤷƤȤǡˤΰġʤȤ櫓 corpus planni ng ȸƤФΡˤȹͤƤ褤֥֡¸Ͽ͡ס֥եɥȡǼš͡ס֥롼ס̺͡פʤɤɽϡĤƤΥɤˤ "education or bringing up of children", "agility and nimbleness" ۵롥äդŪɽȤϰܸ 2।ǥ (binomial idiom) ǤȤ롥
ۤʤ뤬⥫ʸ⡤ΤϤȼʤˤĤƤ礭ѤȤʤġθ줬夹뤫ѤȤʤ뤫֤Ǥ뤳Ȥ⡤Ѥʤ
ХرѸθá (87--88) ˤС16濴̤˥ƥ줫Ѥ줿 inkhorn_term ʤɤγؼԸϡڤ˺ݤƼȤ2Ĥμʤä1ĤϡMulcaster Ƥüȯ Cawdrey, Bullokar, Cockeram ʤɤν켭νǤǤ롥#576. inkhorn term ȱѸ켭 ([2010-11-24-1]) ӡ#609. 켭17 ([2010-12-27-1]) εǤߤ褦ˡ17켭ȤäƤ褤Ȥ뼱Ԥϡμˤäơ͡ؤ褦ȤΤǤ롥
⤦1ĤϡʸϤΤʤǴʰäʤºݤ˻ȤäƤ椯ȤˡǤ롥ϤǤ Chaucer Caxton ʤɤˤŪѤƤˡ ([2011-07-26-1]ε#820. ʩƱפȡˡǤѤ뤳ȤȤʤä㤨СSir Thomas Elyot (1490?--1546) ϡ(1) "circumspectinwhich signifieth as moche as beholding on every parte" Τ褦˴ñܤ, (2) "difficile or harde", "education or bringing up of children", "animate or give courage" Τ褦or ˤ֤Ѥ, (3) "gross and ponderous", "agility and nimbleness" Τ褦 and ˤ֤Ѥ롤ʤɤˡʤθ塤16ν Francis Bacon (1561--1626) Essays ΤʤǡŪˤꤷФФѤͤʤɤʸؼԤޤΧưŤޤ϶ĴҸʤɤʸŪŪˤꡤˡ¿ѤShakespeare "by leave and by permission", "dispersed and scattered", "the head and source"뤤 The Book of Common Prayer ˤ "I pray and beseech you, that we have erred and strayed" ΤȤǤ롥ϤȤ˵˴٤ꡤȤФäȤФЪΥ¥ȤˤʤäˡΧ줫ˤĤƤϡ[2013-04-09-1]ε#1443. ˡΧѸˤƱפȡˡ嵭ϡѸΤӤѸήФϤǤ⤢äΤ
ʤ(2), (3) ³ˤ֤Ȥˡϡ(1) 켭Ǥ¿Ѥ줿#1609. Cawdrey μǡ١ ([2013-09-22-1]) θʸȤơ " or " ޤΡפȡ " and " ޤΡפƤΤϡΤǤ롥
Ϣơand ֤2।ǥ (binomial idiom) ¾⻲ȡ
ݡ롦Х ס رѸθá١ҡʸ˥ӡ1976ǯ
ѸˡΧ˴ؤѰ (register) ˥եθ礬Ƥ뤳ȤˤĤƤϡ#336. Law French ([2010-03-29-1])#433. Law French ȱѹϡ ([2010-07-04-1])#1240. ΥޥȸˡΧѸִ ([2012-09-18-1]) γƵǼ夲ƤɤˤˡΧʬθؤγάС13ˤϥƥäƥե줬ˡΧطɽˤͥȤʤäƤ椯եˡʸˤƤƥȶ礤14ˤͥȤʤ롥15ˤϡLaw French Law English ˽˼äƤ椯˻ޤǥեΰ仺ϼѤ줿
ˡΧʬǥե줫ѸؤθؤʤǤ椯ȡˡΧѸˤեñ줫ñؤθؤȤƤ롥ȤɤθѸѤ뤫Ȥϡ¿ξ硤ɤѤȤߤĤޤꡤξ and ʤɤ³ǤĤʤơ2।ǥ (binomial idiom) ˤƤޤȤǤʴϢ[2011-07-26-1]ε#820. ʩƱפ⻲ȡˡ2Ԥδ֤̯ʰ̣ζ̤⤢Сƶ̤Ϥʤñ˰̣ζĴǤȤ⤢ä֤ȤȤˤΤ褦ˡΧʬθħŤʸΤؤȯŸȤΤȤΤϡñʩñΤߤʤ餺ʩñ2Ĥñ2Ĥʤɤ⸫褦ˤʤꡤ츻ȤʸΤȤȤ館ۤŬڤǤȹͤ뤫ʸΤȯŸˡ2।ǥħǤ뱤ΧˤϤΤ褵 (euphony) ѤƤȤʤ
ʲˡCrystal (152--53) ˼Ƥ褦3İʾ⤢롥
acknowledge and confess (English/French)
aid and abet (French/French)
breaking and entering (English/French)
cease and desist (French/French)
each and every (English/English)
final and conclusive (French/Latin)
fit and proper (English/French)
give and grant (English/French)
give, devise, and bequeath (English/French/English)
goods and chattels (English/French)
had and received (English/French)
have and hold (English/English)
heirs and assigns (French/French)
in lieu, in place, instead, and in substitution of (French/French/English/French or Latin)
keep and maintain (English/French)
lands and tenements (English/French)
let or hindrance (English/English)
made and provided (English/Latin)
new and novel (English/French)
null and void (French/French)
pardon and forgive (French/English)
peace and quiet (French/Latin)
right, title, and interest (English/English/French)
shun and avoid (English/Latin)
will and testament (English/Latin)
wrack and ruin (English/French)
ˡΧʬ᤹ΤȸʤŪ˰ޤƤѸäع¤ΧȸϤº2।ǥΤ褦ʽװ蘆äơʹߡˡΧѸȤäѼ郎ȯãƤΤȹͤ롥
Crystal, David. The Stories of English. London: Penguin, 2005.
ε[2012-06-08-1]³ơbinomial 2।ǥˤιǤνȲŪꡥϡ1 and 1˶Τ2פȤ binomial ¿¸ߤ뤳Ȥطʤˤϡ嶯ΥꥺŬ礹ȤȤ⤢뤬Bolinger λŦ褦ˡû and ĹפȤŪʽˤ礹Ȥװ롥äȤŵŪĹûκۤ2Ǥβΰ㤤ȤȤƱñΡ˾ˤϡĹûκۤϲλ³ʹ٤ΰ㤤ȤƤȤ館뤳ȤǤ롥Bolinger ɽǤС"openness and sonorousness" (40) ΰ㤤Ǥ롥
ʬ "open and sonorous" ٤ι⤤ۤ㤤ۤؤʬहȡ(1) 첻(2) ͭ³(3) ͭĺ˻(4) ̵³(5) ̵ĺ˻Ȥʤ롥δû and ĹפСopenness and sonorousness 㤤 and ⤤פȤȤˤʤBolinger (40--44) ϡ¤ˤ¸ߤʤˤ binomial ƻǤäǤνؤơѸüԤ︳Ԥˤɤ餬Ф"He lives in a plap and plam house." vs "He lives in a plam and plap house." ΤȤǤ롥̤ϡŪɬΤǤϤʤä٤ηϸ줿Ȥ
Ǥä binomial ˤ¸ʾ˶̣Τϡp. 40 ˵ƤϢƬɽǤʴϢơ[2011-11-26-1]ε#943. Ƭˤפȡˡflimflam, tick-tock, rick-rack, shilly-shally, mishmash, fiddle-faddle, riffraff, seesaw, knickknack. Ǥϡ2Ǥ¤Ӥϡ줾첻ʹ٤㤤Ρܹ⤤ΡפνˤʤäƤ롥νˤĤƤϡphonaesthesia δ顤ŪˡֶᤤΡܱΡפȤǤ뤫⤷ʤ (see ##207,242,243)
ꥺࡤʹ١Ƭphonaesthesia binomial ȤˤϱѸβԻĤͤޤäƤ褦
Bolinger, D. L. "Binomials and Pitch Accent." Lingua (11): 34--44.
Ʊ2줫ɽ 2।ǥˤȸƤ֡##953,954,955 εǤϡܤƿ binomial Ҳ𤷤binomial "A and B" Τ褦ŵŪ³ǷФ뤬ǤνϤƤꤷƤ롥ɬ⥤ǥȤƸꤷƤʤˤ⡤ȤƹޤȤΤ롥ʤˤ "A and B" ޤ졤̤ξˤ "D and C" ޤΤ䲻ʤɡä˲ŪʾȤΤΤ
Bolinger ϡѸηȤơû and Ĺפνޤ뤳ȤŦƤ롥ĹûκϡŵŪ˲ΰ㤤ȤƸ롥ŵϡ1 and 1˶Τ2פǤ롥̾ƻĤСa bows-and-arrows project, cold and obvious fact, drum-and-bugle corps, floor-to-ceiling window, fresh and frisky pups, furred and feathered creatures, a red and yellow river, strong and bitter political factor, up-and-coming writer ʤɤ (Bolinger 36) ¾ˤϤ롥
black and sooty, blue and silver, bright and rosy, bright and shiny, bruised and battered, cheap and nasty, cloak and dagger, drawn and quartered, fast and furious, fat and fulsome, fat and sassy, fine and dandy, fine and fancy, free and easy, full and equal, gay and laughing, grim and weary, hale and hearty, high and handsome, high and mighty, hot and bothered, hot and healthy, hot and heavy, hot and spicy, lean and lanky, long and lazy, low and lonely, married or widowed, plain and fancy, poor but honest, pure and simple, rough and ready, rough and tumble, slick and slimy, slow and steady, straight and narrow, strong and stormy, tried and tested, true and trusty, warm and winning, wild and woolly
Ƥˤ狼뤬 binomial 嶯οϤ褤ꥺȤʤ롥 tattered and torn, peaches and cream, merry and wise, open and shut, early and later ʤɤΤ褦ˡ嶯Ȥʤ binomial ⤢ˤϤ뤬㳰ŪȹͤƤ褵
Ρ1 and 1˶Τ2פȤηˤĤơBolinger (36--40) üԤμ¸ˤäƤǧȤäƤ롥ǥȤۤɤޤǤˤϸꤵƤʤ2ˤĤơ"A and B" "B and A" ¤Ӥξơɤ餬꼫üԤФȤ¸Ǥ롥ĤξǼ¸ܤ餫äbinomial ˤơprosody β̤Ƥ礭
Bolinger, D. L. "Binomials and Pitch Accent." Lingua (11): 34--44.
2ε (##981,982) flat adverb ˸ڤƤflat adverb Ȱ˸äƤ͡ʼब롥ΤʤǤ⡤He ran good real bad news ȤǤȤƤˡۤʤ롥ϡؿѸؼŵ٤˽äơȤ -ly adverb Ӥʤ顤flat adverb μʬषƤߤ褦
(1) flat adverb -ly adverb ξѤˡ̣㤨Ƥ뤳Ȥ¿dear vs dearly, fast vs fastly, free vs freely, hard vs hardly, late vs lately, near vs nearly, pretty vs prettily ʤɤ㤬롥
(2) 졦졦¯Ȥơä˥ꥫѸǹޤ롥ΤȤҤޤä϶Ϳ뤳Ȥ¿
Alice's elbow was pressed hard against it.
But she did not venture to say it out loud.
Then they both bowed low.
I lighted the torch high.
Sure you won't change your mind and come and look for lions in Rhodesia?
I shall doubtless see you tomorrow.
(3) ˶ĴȤ¾θ롥mighty cold, burning hot, real good ([2012-01-04-1]), terrible strong, dead tired.
(4) Ӥɽľ (simile) ˤƤϡflat adverb ǧ٤⤯ʤ롥
Come as quick as you can.
I can't stay longer.
He stared at me now as expressionless as a stone.
Silver leant back against the wall as calm as though he had been in church.
Helpless as a sheep, I moved along under his expert direction.
(5) binomial Ȥơ줬Ϣ³硥speak loud and clear, lose fair and square, be brought up short and sharp, etc. (Quirk et al. 406)
(6) ˤơOne road leads to the river, As it goes singing slow. (Masefield)
(7) flat adverb -ly adverb ȰۤʤꡤưΡʤ뤤Ū줬ФΡ˸֤˸¤롥He drove slow.; We got the house cheap.
(8) be, appear, look, sound, feel, taste, smell, turn, run, grow, prove, remain ʤɤ1ʸ2ʸư˸³ˤϡflat adverb -ly adverb ˤäʸʬ롥The train appeared slow/slowly.; The boys looked eager/eagerly.
ʸͺ ƽؿѸؼŵ١ҡ1987ǯ
Quirk, Randolph, Sidney Greenbaum, Geoffrey Leech, and Jan Svartvik. A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language. London: Longman, 1985.
[2011-12-06-1], [2011-12-07-1]εǡCOCA ( Corpus of Contemporary American English ) 3-gram ǡ١ФѸˤƬƧ2।ǥ (binomial) ȵӱƧ2।ǥƤʬϤʤǡξꥹȤΤʤǽʣ2।ǥब줿ΤǡФƤߤ줾ƬȵӱξͤʤʸϤ碌ȤƤζɽǤ롥ʸ̤ƥȥե50ɽ褦
Saturday and Sunday, personal and professional, himself or herself, quantity and quality, morbidity and mortality, quantitative and qualitative, security and stability, best and brightest, latitude and longitude, sixteenth and seventeenth, whenever and wherever, sensitivity and specificity, watching and waiting, majority and minority, basketball and baseball, fight or flight, ranting and raving, forties and fifties, cooperation and coordination, nature and nurture, pushing and pulling, tossing and turning, twisting and turning, grandchildren and great-grandchildren, skiers and snowboarders, communication and collaboration, cooking and cleaning, psychiatrists and psychologists, biggest and best, development and deployment, slipping and sliding, communication and cooperation, Dungeons and Dragons, heterosexual and homosexual, healthier and happier, grandmother and grandfather, stopping and starting, sixteen or seventeen, hooting and hollering, competence and confidence, stalactites and stalagmites, waxing and waning, positive and productive, reading and rereading, patience and perseverance, bedroom and bathroom, consultation and collaboration, going and getting, grandfather and grandmother, protection and promotion
¿ϡƬȵӱϤȤƶ˰פȹͤϡ촴ɤ˸츻ŪʴϢ뤬椨ƬƧǤΤǤꡤƱѤƤ뤬椨˵ӱƧǤΤȲ᤹٤
ñʤϤͷӤȤʤ졥嵭ϡỌ̇̄Ĵ¤䤪ʤ2δ֤˰ɬƤӵΤ褦ʡ٤˽ŪɽȤfight or flight, nature and nurture, competence and confidence, positive and productive ʤɤϡñʤ٤ζɽǤȤʾˡŪȤ虜ŪǤ餢롥
ε#953. ƬƧ2।ǥ ([2011-12-06-1]) ˰³ϡӱƧ٤ binomial COCA ( Corpus of Contemporary American English ) n-gram ǡ١ˤ꽦ФƱͤˡ3-gram Ѥ"A and/but/or B" ηζɽǡ A B ӱƧǤ褦̤Ǽƥȥե
̤įƤƺʤ鵤դȤʤΤӱƬ٤ƥѥĤ䤹ä˸ʤΤϡӱ¿촴θ˰¸ƤȤϡ˰¸Ƥ뤳Ȥ-ing, -ed, -ly, -al, -y, -ion, -er ʤɤζƤ롥
positive and negative, national and international, internal and external, Friday and Saturday, teaching and learning, gifted and talented, elementary and secondary, hunting and fishing, personal and professional, presence or absence, reliability and validity, coming and going, winners and losers, physical and psychological, formal and informal, directly and indirectly, advantages and disadvantages, rising and falling, physically and mentally, buyers and sellers
ޤͤƤߤС⤢ʤȤʤΤʣ2ǤƱǤѤ뤳Ȥˤ걤ƧǤ¿ self-rhyme ǤϤ롥
Friday and Saturday, children and grandchildren, Saturday and Sunday, hardware and software, himself or herself, formal and informal, parents and grandparents, direct and indirect, buyers and sellers, mother and grandmother, father and grandfather, Afghanistan and Pakistan, anything and everything, football and basketball, indoor and outdoor, direct or indirect, servicemen and women, likes and dislikes, urban and suburban, indoor and outdoor
¿Ѥޤ right-headed ʣѸˤƤϡӱѤ2।ǥηưפǤꡤˤǤ뤳ȤϡǤդ鸫С촴θƬѤƬ2।ǥηϡŪȤȤˤʤΤ⤷ʤ
[2011-07-26-1]ε#820. ʩƱפǡ2।ǥ (binomial idiom) Ҳ𤷤and, but, or ʤɤ³ǷФ2फʤɽϸѸǤ⸲ߤǤꡤ褯ΤˤϡϤΤ褤 (euphony) ¿ѸˤƸϤɤȤС[2011-11-26-1]ε#943. ƬˤפǼ夲Ƭ (alliteration) ŵ1ĤȤƵ롥
Ȥǡ1122ˡ絬ϥ饤ѥ COCA ( Corpus of Contemporary American English ) ʤɤΤ륳ѥؼ Mark Davies COCA ˴Ť n-gram ̵Ǹ2, 3, 4, 5줫ʤ롤줾100ζɽ (collocation) ٿȤȤǡ١ǡɤƥե饤Ǽͳ˽Ǥ롥
Visit N-GRAMS: from the COCA and COHA corpora of American English. For downloading, directly visit Free lists.
Also visit Word frequency lists and dictionary: from the Corpus of Contemporary American English for other COCA-derived n-grams and frequency lists.
ǡCOCA n-gram 鸽Ѹ2।ǥ˸ƬõƽФƤߤ褦ȻפΩä3-gram ǡ١Ѥ"A and/but/or B" ηζɽõäüԤΰռƤʤȤǤ⡤ƬɽΤʤѤƤϤȤͽۤΤȤǤθäºݤ¿ФȤǤ̤Υƥȥե2θƬλҲפƤΤФʤΤǡ줬ɽ魯ҲפƤȤϸ¤餺դɬפǤ롥Ǥ⡤ŪƬФȤǤ
̤̾ˤϡhis or her, four or five, six or seven, this or that, Saturday and Sunday ʤɡʤۤɤȤϻפ碌뤬ۤɶ̣ʤ㤬ʤʤǥŪʤΤ⤦Τ褦ʶɽ⼡ȵꡤι夬ä
public and private, rules and regulations, pots and pans, command and control, flora and fauna, free and fair, death and destruction, go and get, safety and security, signs and symptoms, fame and fortune, families and friends, fresh or frozen, peace and prosperity, past and present, quantity and quality, morbidity and mortality, slowly but surely, professional and personal, name and number, facts and figures, pencil and paper, state and society, small but significant, clear and convincing
n-gram ˤĤƤϡ[2010-12-25-1]ε#607. Google Books Ngram Viewerפ⻲ȡ
Ѹ˥եѸ줬̤ήƤ¤ˤĤƤϤǤ¿εǰäƤ[2009-08-22-1]ε֥եѸǯʬۡפۤȡˡˤѸɽβǽäܤ٤ɽȤơѸбեѸ2।ǥ (binomial idiom) ɽʥХp. 60ˡmy heart and my corage, wepe and crye, huntynge and venerye ǡǤ롥ɽϡȥեѸδ֤Ѱ ( register ) κΤ뤳ȤѤŪʵˡȤȤ館뤳ȤǤ뤬ʡֱѸäλع¤פˤĤƤ[2010-03-27-1]εȡˡܿѸưפˤ뤿ȤźȤͤ롥Ԥϡפ ( gloss ) ܤȤűѸνΰüȸ뤫⤷ʤϤޤ17켭 (see [2010-12-27-1], [2010-11-24-1]) оˤĤʤʸŪǤ롥ʹߤǤ lord and master, my last will and testament ʤɤɽȤʤäƤ롥
ʤɽȤäƤ⡤ɬ and Τ褦³ǷФƤȤϸ¤ʤ㤨 court-yard ˤ mansion-house šˤϱʩбǤľʣǤꡤŪȤ롥
Ѹήϡñ˴¸θ֤ꡤμ䤷ꤹǤϤʤ¸θäϢȤɽǽƤ¦̤⤢뤳Ȥɾ٤ϢơʩξǤ1˺礷Ƥ hybrid γƵä[2009-08-01-1]ΡֱѸȥեǺ褫 ( hybrid )סˤ⻲ȡ
ݡ롦Х ס رѸθá١ҡʸ˥ӡ1976ǯ
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