hellogѸ˥֥     ChangeLog ǿ     ƥǿ     1 2 3 ڡ / page 1 (3)

lexical_stratification - hellogѸ˥֥

ǽ: 2026-08-28 00:27

2026-07-19 Sun

#6292. 725ڡˤīֺ¡king õäƸűѸ츶ʸء [asacul][notice][kdee][hee][etymology][hel_education][helkatsu][heldio][oe][kochushoho][anglo-saxon_chronicle][alfred][viking][suffix][indo-european][word_family][link][voicy][kdee][hee][kenning][beowulf][haplology][phonemicisation][lexicology][lexical_stratification][etymology]


asacul_20260725.png



725ڡ 15:30--17:00 ˡǯ4ܤȤʤī㡼󥿡ɶǤΥ饤ֺ¤ޤǯ٤³Ƥ륷꡼˾äȤԻ׵ĤʱñפȤƤ̻16ܤιֵȤʤޤking õäƸűѸ츶ʸءꤷơʪñޤ
Ѹ king ϰ츫ѤǤѸˡ츻ؤδ餽ˤɳ򤯤ȡ¤˥ʥߥåDZäƤޤιֺ¤Ǥϡ3Ĥڤ餳Ρֲפ̣ñɤƤޤ
1ΥݥȤϡ캬 *gen(e)- ߽Ф빭ʸäǤ¤ king ϡkin ʿ²ˤ kind ʼࡨڤʡˤʤɤȶ̤礭ʸ캬̤ǤĤΤ褦ˡرѸ츻ŵ رѸ츻ϥɥ֥å ʤɤεҤͤ碌ʤ顤캬ˤޤ̤ñβ²ΤĤʤįƤޤ -ing ˤˤĤƤ⿼ꤷޤդϡرѸ츻ŵɤֺ¤˶ᤤƤȤʤޤ
2ΥݥȤϡűѸ˲ֲֳפαŪʣ졤륱˥ (kenning) ǤűѸαͺإ٥ա (beowulf) ʤɤȡñ cyning "king" θűѸˤȸƤ֤Ǥʤֻؤ򤯤ԡ (bēagġyfa) ֲͧ (goldwine) ȤäŪʿɽƤޤʸŪॽϤ¿̤ʸḁ̈Ϥ̣襤ޤ
3ΥݥȤϡking դθƱñθѲǤʤ king queen ϥΥޥʹߤ̤Υե󥹼ѸȤ֤줺Ĥ뤳ȤǤΤȤˤ⿨ޤޤĤƤθűѸֻ <c> Ѹ <k> ؤѲ䡤ɡβDzȤäֻȯΥʥߥåѲˤĤƤ⤷ޤ
ֵθȾˤϡԲϻϲͭˡظűѸ졦Ѹҿӡ١ʸҡ2026ǯ˽θűѸ컶ʸŪȡإ󥰥ǯ嵭٤ꡤեå粦 (King Alfred) ǡ͡ʥ󥰡ˤȤ襤Ƥ륷ûȴʬɤǤߤޤǫ˲⤷ƤޤΤǡűѸ鿴ԤǤ⿴פޤ󡥤ޤǽ򤪻ǤʤƤֵǴϢսѤޤΤǤ¿
ֺ¤ξܺ٤ȤߤϡīθڡʤʹߤƤϼ̤Ǥ

ƴ22026ǯ822ˡ˾äȤԻ׵Ĥʱñ --- "riddle" õäƸűѸ츶ʸ
ƴ32026ǯ926ˡ˾äȤԻ׵Ĥʱñ --- "through" õäѸ츶ʸ

ιֺ¤ˤĤޤƤ⡤¿μ֤ԤƤޤ


Բ ϲ ͭظűѸ졦Ѹҿӡ١ҡ2026ǯ
߷ ͧ ɹ δˡʡ 쵮 ءʹܶϡˡرѸ츻ϥɥ֥å١ҡ2025ǯ
߷ ˧ͺԽ紴ˡرѸ츻ŵٿǡҡ2024ǯ

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2026-07-17 Fri

#6290. رѸ춵٤Ρ֤ΤۤϢܡ5 --- Ѹܸθä3ع¤ [inohota][youtube][inohota_rensai][notice][lexical_stratification][lexicology][japanese][loan_word][french][latin][synonym][nazesantangen][contact]


inohota_rensai_eigokyouiku_20260714_front_cover.png

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714罤۽ŹرѸ춵7Ԥޤǯ١ƱˤơYouTube ֤ΤۤإͥǤ路ƤƱνʼʷضˤȤȤˡϢܴ֤Τۤإͥ PRESENTS Ѹ򿼤ҲءѸˤλפôƤޤ
ǿ5εϡ䤬˼ɮޤȥϡֱѸܸθä3ع¤פǤرѸ츻Dz ʸˡ --- ʤ֣ñ sפĤΤNHKǿ̾Ρؤʤ󤿤󤲤١ˤ41֤ʤѸˤ줬¿Τפܤ򤴾Ҳ𤷤Ƥޤ
Ѹϸä˭٤ǡ¿ǤκμθФ٤ƤߤƤ⡤ѸϾʤѤäƤ60ʼºݤˤͥˤοܤϤͽۤޤˤȡ¾μפʸ礭ΥƤޤȤСֿҤͤפ̣Ūư ask ޤۤˤ inquire interrogate Ȥä줬Ĥ¸ߤޤѸ줬¿ͳϡˤˤ¾ȤܿѤˤäơäγع¤ǤäƤȤˤޤ
űѸˤϡ󥰥ͤѤƤαñ ask ǡŪʡֿҤͤפΰ̣褽ޤʤƤޤ1066 ǯΥΥޥʥեΥΥޥͤ󥰥ɤˤ;ȤˤꡤؤθȤʤäե󥹸줫 inquire Ȥ줬Ѹήޤ˽Ѹȡͥ󥹴ħŤŵؤδؿιޤˤꡤҤƥ줫 interrogate ޤޤơʸŪι⤤ƥѸĺȤβ˥Υޥħե󥹼Ѹ줬֤Ť졤ˤβۼԤθȤƤαѸ줬֤롤ԥߥå3ع¤ѸäˤƳΩΤǤ
Ǥϡ¾ζŪ󤷡бܸˤóؤˤĤƤ⿨ޤξ˸äγع¤ϡƸθܿˤڿͤʤΤǤ鸽˻ޤǡȤФ˼ҲαƶƤƤΤ˴ؿΤϡҺΡرѸ춵٤Ϣܵ俷ؤʤ󤿤󤲤٤áƤߤƤ

ʼ δ졡֤Τۤإͥ PRESENTS Ѹ򿼤ҲءѸˤλ5󡡡ֱѸܸθä3ع¤סرѸ춵2026ǯ8桤罤۽Ź2026ǯ71444--45ǡ
δ رѸˤDz ʸˡ --- ʤ֣ñ sפĤΤ NHKǡNHKǿӡ2026ǯ

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2026-02-10 Tue

#6133. ѸΡָä3ع¤פ򤷤ޤ [word_play][lexical_stratification][lexicology][japanese][twitter][loan_word][old_english][middle_english][french][latin][synonym][heldio][notice][kochushoho][kenkyusha][kochukoneta30][hel_ogiri]



26ʶˤꡤVoicy heldio ˤ֡ۿѸָä3ع¤󤫤ηȯɽϤޤ
ܲ225˸Ҥ괩ͽظűѸ졦Ѹҿӡ夲٤ X @chariderryu ꡤȥָѸ30ϢȯŸƤޤ No. 11 ȤֱѸθäϡ3ơפι¤Ҳ𤷤Ȥ¿ȿ򤤤ޤ
ѸΡֱѡʩפ3ع¤ϡܸΡ¸졦졦פ˴ˤбޤǡX ƤӤơܸǤѸǤ֤줤3ع¤פ򤪴󤻤äȤ쥻󥹤θ³ȴ󤻤ޤηɤ߾夲Τ嵭ۿǤ䤬ǤиǤ⤷Ȼפäʶޡޡ̾ޤˤ夲Ƥޤ hellog ˤ⵭ϿȤƻĤƤȻפޤܸ3ع¤λ㤬濴ȤʤޤѸˤĤƤ⤤Ĥ󤻤ޤ

ڡǰݸ硡

㤰㡦𡦥
졦ݡѥ˥å
ʤˡ/𡦥

ڡ衦ƻ硡

졦Ͽ쥳ʶޡTAKAHASHI

ػҡ
ʤŤŴȡϥޡ
ꡦ͹ء᡼
ޤʤӤ䡦饹롼
Ĥ줢۶ԡѡȥ

ڡΡ硡

Ρܥǥ
ޡƬإå
ŷϡ饯
Ф롦ץ쥢ǥ
顦ʪȥ쥸㡼ʶޡmozhi gengo

ڡư硡

ĥ롦ƻ뤹롦˥󥰤ʥ⡼֤
֤˾롦ž롦ɥ饤֤
֤롦ԡȤ
ǤࡦϤ롦פ

ڡðۤʻءʤ뤤Ϥʾ硡

ѥڡʤˡĥꥢɥ̾ޡ夵
IJꡦåڡ¯ΡؽѸ졦㡼νŤʤ

ڡѸ3ع¤

hurly-burly - confusion - chaos
fear - terror - panic/phobia
love - affection - eros/philia
grasp - seize - capture
hallow - deify - consecrate
say - mention - refer
teacher - tutor - evangelist
old - ancient - senior
wonderful - surprising - terrific
bright - sparkling - splendid
great - excellent - superb

Ǥ礦֤줤פõΤϰճ񤷤ΤǤñʤǤϤʤؤؤظˤĤơפָŪסơŪפ뤤ϡ֥פؤȸ촶ѤäƤǡ󤬴뤫ɤݥȤˤʤޤ⡼ΰ㤤ʤɤռȤ⤷Ǥ͡
Ѹˤδ餤СΤ褦ʸäؤθߤϡθ줬ǤˤθߤΤΤǤ⤢ޤĤƸűѸˤ1ƤääβȤѸ˥ե󥹸Ȥ2ʬۤ졤˶ѸˤƤϥƥʤ䥮ꥷˤ3Ѥ߾夬äƤޤ
رѸΡ֤ʤפϤƤαѸˡ5ϤǤܤ⤷ƤޤѸϤޤ12äƤʥߥѻǤǤᴩظűѸ졦Ѹҿӡ٤̤ơҤˤθθƤߤƤ

δ졡رѸΡ֤ʤפϤƤαѸˡ١ҡ2016ǯ
Բ ϲ ͭظűѸ졦Ѹҿӡ١ҡ2026ǯ

Referrer (Inside): [2026-02-21-1]

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2025-11-25 Tue

#6056. Ѹ˸ȱѸ춵 --- Ĺ긩ˤ [notice][hee][hel_education][lexicology][cosmopolitan_vocabulary][elt][lexical_stratification][vocabulary]

Ĺ긩θ˰֤뿷Įξ桦αѸ춵оݤȤˤơä뵡򤤤ޤ伫ȤܲںȤȤǡZoom ǤĤʤǤΥ⡼ȸȤʤޤ̱ۤθή̤ơŤϤȤ뻲ä줿ͤͤαѸ춵ؤǮդäƤơѼ¤¿֤Ȥʤޤ
ΥơޤϡرѸ츻ϥɥ֥ådzؤֱѸûˤȼȤؤαѡפǤθʬǤѸˡȤ櫓ûˤθ򡤾桦αѸȤǤ˳褫뤫ȤˤĤơرѸ츻ϥɥ֥å٤εҤ򻲾ȤĤġŪñܤƥǥФƤߤޤȾΥǥåǤϡä줿ŪȯŸƤʤɤΥǥ䥳Ȥ⤤ޤ̤ȤơѸ˸ȱѸ춵餬򺹤뵮ŤʵȤʤäȴƤޤ
Ǥϡä˱Ѹä (cosmopolitan_vocabulary) ܤޤѸϸäǤߤ뤫褷 "pure" ʸǤϤʤŪ¾줫ä̤˼ѤƤ "hybrid" ʸǤκǤ㤬Υޥ (norman_conquest) ʹߤ˥ե󥹸줫̤äƤäǤȤСcalf ҵˤ veal ʻҵˡdeer ˤ venison ʼˤΤ褦ˡưʪȤɽ魯줬Ѹȥե󥹼ѸʬƤϡѸˤˤŴĥͥǤ
Τ褦ʸŪطʤعαѸμȤ뤳Ȥˤϡ礭ʰյޤ1ĤˤϡѸ줬ǡְΤ׸Ȥפߤ顤̤뤳ȤǤˤƱѸϡŪԡפϰ̤ˤȤϤˤɳ򤤤ƤߤС;ޤФƤǤꡤŪˤ "hybrid" ʸǤ⤢ꡤְΤפȤƻȤƤʤʤ¿äƤʤΤǤˤΤȡѸȤƼ¤ϤۤɿȹۤɤǤϤʤȸϤȴƤϤǤ
ޤ嵭Ρưʪñפ1ĤȤäƤߤƤ⡤ˡʸγؤӤˤĤʤ뤳ȤϤ󡤤ˤϹʤȤƤΡָä3ع¤סʤܸ¸졦졦ζʬˤ⥷쥹³ƤޤѸˤϡѸʤȤ1ܤˤȤɤޤ餺˲ʤʤȤϢȤƤϥ֤ȤʤΤǤ
θϡѸ˸椬ζ鸽ȷӤĤߤ˳ؤӹ礤礦ȤǤפ¸ߤ뤳Ȥο뵡ȤʤޤŪʻɷȤˡѸˤθ͡ʷǼҲشԸƤưʡhelˤ³ƤȻפäƤޤޤơżԤä줿˿괶տ夲ޤ

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2025-11-13 Thu

#6044. ϰѼκۤ쥸κۤžǤ륱 --- NZE θä [new_zealand_english][vocabulary][register][lexical_stratification][ame_bre][synonym][variety]

New Zealand English ⤷Ƥ Bauer ƱѸ NZE ؤαƶˤĤƹͻƤսǡƱؼоݤФƱƷϸäȤʬƤ붽̣Ԥ˿Ƥ (419)

One interesting use of American vocabulary in New Zealand English is to provide high-style advertising terms. Given a pair such as torch and flashlight, the British version is the one most likely to be used in everyday speech, and the American one is likely to be used commercially, to make the product sound more appealing. Thus one would normally pull the curtains, but the shop might sell you drapes. Other pairs with a similar relationship are lift/elevator, nappy/diaper and possibly (although there may be a semantic distinction here) biscuit/cookie. Bayard (1989) comments on such pairs in some detail, pointing out that for younger speakers, the American member of such pairs, even if it is not widely used, is considered to be 'better' English (a term Bayard deliberately does not define more closely).


ϱѸαƺȤϰѼ֤κۤ˴ŤڥäNZE Ǥϥ쥸ɽ魯ѤƤΤˤСѤȾѤȤեɤκѤƤȤ
ޤκݤˤɤΥꥸʥѼ郎ѤбƤꡤɤ餬ѤбƤΤ⤪⤷¤ȤƤϡꥹϤѤǡꥫϤѤȤʤäƤ褦ϤޤǼ롥NZE δܤϥꥹϤȤȥꥫϤäƤ롤Ȥ櫓
⤷ȡ NZE ˸¤ʤݤ⤷ʤvariety register 뤤 user variety use variety ʤɤȸƤ٤붽̣ݤ

Bauer L. "English in New Zealand." The Cambridge History of the English Language. Vol. 5. Ed. Burchfield R. Cambridge: CUP, 1994. 382--429.

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2025-08-28 Thu

#5967. YouTube ʸ麽սPLUSפˤƱѸˤ̥Ϥ Part 2ʸԡ --- ʤѸˤƱ۵줬¿Ρ [notice][youtube][helkatsu][hel_education][sobokunagimon][synonym][loan_word][lexical_stratification][ame_bre]



ε ([2025-08-27-1]) ˰³1821ڡˤ˥󥨥Ȥʤä YouTube ʸ麽սPLUS ͥαѸ˥ȡưθԤ򤴾Ҳ𤷤ޤԤ³ơƣᥢʤȴδֹ礤˾褻ĤġפʡֱѸ˴ؤѤʵפ夲ƤäƤޤ
Ԥ֡flowerʲ֡ˤ flourʾʴˤƱ츻help, aid, assistanceġֽפϲ㤦Ʊ۵줬¿ΤϤʤá֥ꥹѸݼŪפꤹ36ʬۤɤΥȡǤʲԤǼ夲ʬåꥹȤ򼨤ޤ

(1) 00:00 --- ץ˥
(2) 01:00 --- ʤѸˤ줬¿Τ
(3) 12:31 --- ʤѸˤƱ۵줬¿Τ
(4) 14:33 --- Ʊ۵Ω
(5) 24:58 --- ꥫϤäƱѸϤɤѤäΤ
(6) 31:54 --- ѸϤ줫¿ͲƤΤ

ѸȤ򡤤ޤǤȤϰۤʤ٤鸫ľäȤʤФȻפޤ YouTube Υ󤫤顤򤤤СѸˤδ֤ˡ

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2025-04-20 Sun

#5837. ito DZѸ --- helito Τ [helito][helgame][hel_education][helkatsu][lexicology][loan_word][borrowing][lexical_stratification][french][latin][greek][germanic][etymology][borrowing]

#5826. رȤ helito ץ쥤ޤ --- ϡֱѸѸס ([2025-04-09-1]) ǾҲ𤷤ɥ ito ʥȡhel賦ήԤäƤƤޤ
heldio/helwa Υꥹʡ lacolaco note ֱѸˡߥܡɥ "helito" äƤߤ helwa ꥪղǤΥҲ𤵤줿塤䤬嵭 hellog 񤭡˥ꥹʡ夵 note ֹ⹻ΡֱѸΤʤפäƤޤֳ̿1 itoɽޤ΢Ǥ߷ѸμȤǻѤߡ umisio ito ƥХǤƤ֤ǤϳʹƤޤơ⤦1Ĥ̤μȤ helito 褦ȻװǤ
ito ϡץ쥤䡼Ƽۤ줿 (1--100) ˱äɽ礤ʹѤͭ礤ǤѸǤС֥ץȥס (prototype) ǧȤΤΤڤॲȤɽǤ뤫⤷ޤ󡥱Ѹˤ helito ˤϡɤΤ褦ʤ꤬դ路AIϤڤʤ顤ĤƤͤƤߤޤ

(1) űѸäݤѸäݤ

ñΤʷϵȯֻʤɤ顤űѸ1˶ᤤˤѸ100˶ᤤˤȽǤޤ㤨С(ge)wyrd ʱ̿ˤϸűѸ餷1ˤglobalization ʥХ벽ˤϸѸ餷100ˤ򴶤뤫⤷ޤ󡥸űѸѸμޤ

(2) Ѹ줬Ѥ줿

ѸäѸ (loan_word) ˤĤơμθŤȽꤷޤ㤨Сƥͳ street ťΥɸͳ sky ϸŤ1˶ᤤˡܸͳ sushi anime ˿100˶ᤤ˼ѤȤޤñθ츻μޤ

(3)

Ѹθä򡤼פʷʤʤˤ˴Ťʬषޤޥ (germanic)ե󥹸 (french)ƥ (latin)ꥷ (greek)ʤɤҤȤޤꤷޤ礦man Τ褦ʥޥϤδܸǤ1˶᤯justice Τ褦ʥե󥹼Ѹ50նᡤphilosophy Τ褦ʳؽѸ100˶Ťʤɤμ٤ͤޤѸäΡ3ع¤פ򤷤ƤɬפޤɬϢ³ΤˤʤʤΤǡȤƤϾ줷⤷ޤ

(4) ֿפ˴ؤ
(3) αԤȤ⤤ޤäΥơޤֿפ˹ʤäԤǤޥϤѤʿɽ魯bread ʤɡˤȡե󥹸ͳ줿ʸθcuisine ʤɡˤ椵ޤ̾ cow (ưʪޥ) vs. beef (ե󥹷) Τ褦Ω⤳ΤǰǤΤ褦ʥơ̤θä˴Ť helito Ǥϡäȸ츻˭٤μɬפǤꡤ٤Ϥʤ⤤⤷ޤ

¾helito ˤϤɤΤ褦ʤ꤬ͤǤ礦

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2024-08-26 Mon

#5600. ե󥹸촷줷ƤѸ --- ؤդ󤹡٤Ϣܵ6 [hakusuisha][french][loan_word][notice][rensai][furansu_rensai][binomial][lexical_stratification][waseieigo][lexicology]


furansu_202409.png

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Ҥηؤդ󤹡٤ˤϢֱܵѸˤįե󥹸פ񤤤Ƥޤ23ؤդ󤹡9ԤޤϢܤ6󤬷ǺܤƤޤ
εΥȥϡ֥ե󥹸촷줷ƤѸפǤεǤϡѸ줬ե󥹼Ѹ̤ĹϤ˼ƤаޤҲ𤷤Ƥޤξ׷̤䤬ƥե󥹸촷줷ѸϼθηϤ礭Ƥ˻ޤϰʲ4ĤξФΤȤ˵ɮƤޤ

1. ʩñΡ2।ǥ
ѸˤϡѸȥե󥹼Ѹ¤٤2।ǥפ¿ޤˤϥե󥹸ѸƳ䤹䤬ޤɽ˭ˤꥺശФ̤⤢ޤ
2. ѸäΡ2ʤ
Ѹȥե󥹼Ѹ줬¸硤¿̯˰ۤʤ̣ˡȯãƤޤ̤ˡѸϽѤʶ򡤥ե󥹼ѸϰҸȼޤ
3. ưʪפȡ
ѸǤưʪȤɽñ줬ۤʤޤϥΥޥγҲȿǤƤޤسαѸüԤưʪơسΥե󥹸üԤ򿩤٤Ȥޤ줤˸äȿǤƤΤǤ
4. ֱʩ
Ѹ줬ե󥹸ǡե󥹸ǤȤäȼ˺Фñ줬ޤѸפʤֱ̡ʩפǤ

ҡؤդ󤹡9˼äơζ򤴳ǧޤ5Ϣܵ hellog ǾҲ𤷤ƤޤΤǡʲꤴȤ

#5449. ؤդ󤹡٤DZѸϢܤϤޤޤ ([2024-03-28-1])
#5477. ʤʩѸˤϻƤñ줬Ρ --- ؤդ󤹡٤Ϣܵ2ơ ([2024-04-25-1])
#5509. Ѹ˼Ѥ줿ǽʩñ --- ؤդ󤹡٤Ϣܵ3ơ ([2024-05-27-1])
#5538. ե󥹼Ѹή --- ؤդ󤹡٤Ϣܵ4ơ ([2024-06-25-1])
#5566. ѸΥե󥹼Ѹ줬ѸäͿ׷ --- ؤդ󤹡٤Ϣܵ5ơ ([2024-07-23-1])

δ졡ֱѸˤįե󥹸졡6󡡥ե󥹸촷줷ƤѸסؤդ󤹡2024ǯ9桤ҡ2024ǯ82352--53ǡ

Referrer (Inside): [2025-01-01-1] [2024-09-27-1]

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2024-02-04 Sun

#5396. ե󥹸ȥƥ줫̤θüѤϱѸβɤѤ [lexicology][french][latin][loan_word][word_formation][lexical_stratification][contact][semantic_change][derivation]

Ѹûˤˤƥե󥹸ƥαƶǤ뤳Ȥϡޤ˿ƾҲ𤷤ƤȤäƤѤ줿ñοñ̤˵ڤӡ礭̤αƶˤȤɤޤʤ絬ϼѤη̤ȤơѸäμ⡤ѸʹߤˡѲμŪѲˤĤơDurkin (224) פ3ŦƤ롥

The derivational morphology of English was (eventually) completely transformed by the accommodation of whole word families of related words from French and Latin, and by the analogous expansion of other word families within English exploiting the same French and Latin derivational affixes (especially suffixes).
Not only was a good deal of native vocabulary simply lost, but many other existing words showed meaning changes (especially narrowing) as semantic fields were reshaped following the adoption of new words from French and Latin.
The massive borrowing of less basic vocabulary, especially in a whole range of technical areas, led to extensive and enduring layering or stratification in the lexis of English, and also to a high degree of dissociation in many semantic fields (e.g. the usual adjective corresponding in meaning to hand is the etymologically unrelated manual)


1ܤϡñβ² (word family) (word_formation) ΤΤαѸŪʤΤե󥹡ƥŪʤΤؤäȤ˿Ƥ롥2ܤϡ줬ˤʤäꡤ̣Ѳ (semantic_change) ФꤷΤ¿¤ŦƤ롥3ܤϡŪ٤ι⤤äؤդäꡤó (lexical_stratification) Ȥ˴ط롥
ñ㲽ɤǼС(1) Ѽ(2) ̣Ѳ(3) óؤȯȤäȤ餬ե󥹸졦ƥ줫̼ѤαѸû˾μŪյǤ롥

Durkin, Philip. Borrowed Words: A History of Loanwords in English. Oxford: OUP, 2014.

Referrer (Inside): [2025-01-01-1]

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2022-08-15 Mon

#4858. δñѸ in English٤Ϣ18֤ʤѸˤ줬¿Ρ [notice][sobokunagimon][rensai][lexicology][synonym][loan_word][borrowing][french][latin][lexical_stratification][contact][hellog_entry_set][japanese]

δñѸ in English٤9椬ȯȤʤޤϢܡˤ򤭡ѸΥܥʵפ18ϡ֤ʤѸˤ줬¿ΡפǤ

δñѸ in English2022ǯ9



Ѹˤ ask -- inquire -- interrogate Τ褦줬¿ޤ¿ξ硤äγؽϰŵ˿ԤȤΤϻ¤ǤΤǡ줬¿ȤΤϱѸؽ礭ʾɤȤʤޤϱѸ˸¤ääǤϤʤܸǤֿҤͤסּ䤹סֿ䤹פʤˤϻ礫ʤ櫓ʤΤǡɤäɤäǤϤΤǤŪˤϱѸؽԤˤȤäƹ⤤ϡɥˤϤޤ
ѸˡʤƼ¤ܸˤ줬¿Τϡˤ̤͡ʸܿƤǤѸˤȤäƤȤ櫓פܿϥե󥹸ȥƥǤѸϡ̣ɽ魯򤹤Ǥ˼ˤäƤˤ⤫餺ƱΥե󥹸ñƥñѤƤȤаޤޤ̤Ȥơ줬Ѥ߽Ťͤ졤ؤΤ褦ؾȤʤäƺ˻ĤäƤΤǤθäؤϡŵŪ˲ءαѸס֥ե󥹸ס֥ƥפ3ؤѤ߾夲ƤΤǡѸäΡ3ع¤פȸƤǤޤ
3ع¤ˤĤƤϡhellog Ǥ֤ⷫ夲Ƥޤå lexical_stratification γƵɤߤ
ϢܵǤϡˤʬ褦˰פ⤷ƤޤҼ˼äƤФȻפޤ

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2021-07-29 Thu

#4476. ŪƩ٤δθôط --- consociation vs. dissociation [lexicology][morphology][etymology][loan_word][word_formation][compound][terminology][lexical_stratification][synonym]

γǰѸΤäƤбѸθôطˤĤƤäȸŪǤȻפΤ˺ǶвäGörlach (110) consociation dissociation ȤôطˤĤƾҲ𤷤ƤʤȤȤ Leisi ˤΤȤΤȡ

Words can be said to be consociated if linked by transparent morphology; they are dissociated if morphologically isolated. Consociation is common in languages in which compounds and derivations are frequent (OE, Ge, Lat). Dissociation occurs when foreign words are borrowed, or when derivations become opaque . . . .


㤨Сheart hearty heartiness ϷŪƩƤꡤŵŪ consociation δطˤȤ롥foul filth filthy filthiness ˤĤƤ⡤ǽ foul filth Ʃ٤ϼ㴳뤬ʤűѸǤϲֵ§ˤꡤ٤Ʃ٤äȤˡΤȤƤ consociation δطȤconsociation ȤäƤ٤κΤꤦôطǤ뤳Ȥʬ롥
Ѹä3ع¤ʤɤϡŵŪ dissociation δط򼨤#334. Ѹäλع¤ ([2010-03-27-1]) 餤ĤСask -- question -- interrogate, fair -- beautiful -- attractive, help -- aid -- assistance ʤɤ#331. ưʪȤɽñ ([2010-03-24-1]) ͭ̾cow -- beef, swine -- pork, sheep -- mutton ʤɤθôط dissociation Ȥ롥
eye -- ocular ʤɤ̾졦ƻб⡤dissociation δطȤȤˤʤ롥ܸä򹭤С¸ȴδط뤤ϴɤߤǤзɤߤȲɤߤδط⡤ŵŪ dissociation ȤäƤ褤֤᤬͡סʴˤȡִסʴˤδطϡ嵭 eye -- ocular δط˻Ƥ롥Ϣơ#335. ܸäλع¤ ([2010-03-28-1]) ⻲Ȥ줿

Görlach, Manfred.
The Linguistic History of English. Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1997.
Leisi, Ernst.
Das heutige Englische: Wesenszüge und Probleme.'' 5th ed. Heidelberg, 1969.

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2021-05-23 Sun

#4409. ɱ --- fair θ촶 [khelf_hel_intro_2021][adjective][synonym][semantics][semantic_change][lexical_stratification][bnc][collocation][etymology]

ֱѸƳ2021꺣Ҳ𤹤륳ƥĤϡɽ줿֤ǰ֡פΤïǤǥˡDz Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs ʡɱ١ˤ "Magic mirror on the wall, who is the fairest one of all?" ѤƤƻ fair ΰ̣Ѳ˾ƤѸƳƥĤȤʤäƤޤ
פȤФޤ beautiful פ⤫ӤޤʤǤ fair ʤΤǤ礦ޤƥĤǤ⤵Ƥ̤ fair ˤϡֿΡפȤ⤢ޤΤǡSnow White ȤΤ褤Ȥޤˡbeautiful ƻѤƤΤòƤ봶ΤФfair ˤϡָʡʿʡפθޤƻŪʴްդޤ (cf. fair trading, fair share, fair play) ɱƤΤˤԤäȤ櫓Ǥ
fair ϸűѸѤƤѸǡŤ˭ʶޤbeautiful ϡ14˸ťե󥹸̾ beute Ѥˡ15˱Ѹ¦ -ful ղäƺäѸǤե󥹼ѸΤˤϡȾץե󥹼ѸˤŪˤäΩŪ̵ƩζĤȤ¿ΤǤbeautiful ˤĤƤгΤ fair ٤ƻŪŪʿߤϴޤ󡥡ʥƥѸ attractive ȹ碌 fair -- beautiful -- attractive 31 (triset) ȳơλѰ (register) ˤĤƤϡ#334. Ѹäλع¤ ([2010-03-27-1])
fair beautiful Τ褦ΰ̣ˡΰ㤤ˤĤƾܤΤꤿˤϡ䥳ѥʸ򤸤äįᡤɤΤ褦ʸȶ (collocation) Ƥ뤫ѻ뤳Ȥᤷޤ1줫ʤ륤ꥹѸ쥳ѥ BNCweb ξζɽĴ٤ƤߤޤǤϿʪƻѤƤ붦˸¤äƾҲ𤷤ޤfair ȥåȤߤ䤹Τ hair lady Ǥbeautiful ȥåȤȤƤ woman, girl, young, hair, face, eyes, looks ʤɤ󤬤äƤޤʤ򴶤 fair lady ФơޤƻѤɤɽ魯Ȥò beautiful woman/girl ȤΩ¤⤫Ӿ夬äƤޤɱˤϤϤ fair դ路ΤǤ礦͡
fair ˸򤵤ȸηӤĤϡcandid Ȥƻˤ⸫ޤcandid ˡΨľʡפ̣ޤʤָʿʡפθޤŤϡ򤤡פθ⤢ޤȤȤθ츻ϥƥ candidus ǡޤˡ򤤡פ̣ޤǮƵƤפǡcandle ʥˤȤ캬ͭƤޤޤcandidate ʸԡˤϡޤǸԤ򤤥ȡ뽬路äȤͳ褷ޤʤߤܸǤַסֹס֥ʡ̵ˡפʤɤ򤵤ȸδطָޤ͡

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2021-05-15 Sat

#4401. ֱѸäλع¤פοäæò [loan_word][french][latin][lexicology][lexical_stratification][language_myth][khelf_hel_intro_2021][hellog_entry_set][etymological_respelling]

ֱѸƳ2021Τ˺ɽ줿ƥĤϡرˤSynonyms at Three LevelsǤϲΤȤȤȡֱѸäλع¤פǤֶ졤ݡפ̣ñȤ fear -- terror -- trepidation ʤɤޤΥåȤˤϥѥ󤬤ޤfear ϰפѸǡterror Ϥ񤷤ե󥹸줫μѸ졤trepidation Ͽͤդʤ⾰ʶĥƥ줫μѸǤѸˤ̤ơΤ褦줬ۤʤ˰ۤʤ줫鶡뤵äΤʤѤƤä̤ع¤Ȥ櫓Ǥ嵭ƥΤۤ#334. Ѹäλع¤ ([2010-03-27-1]) #1296. ع¤ɲá ([2012-11-13-1]) ƤߤƤ
ơֱѸäλع¤פϱѸˤǤ֤Ǥ֤ƿòƤȤäƤǤϤޤ󡥤ܵǤϡƤæòޤȻפޤʲϱѸ˾ԤˤʤޤΤǤդǤˡ#2643. Ѹäλع¤οá ([2016-07-22-1]) #2279. Ѹäεžع¤ ([2015-07-24-1]) ǤʬŪ˼夲ƤǤ嵭ƥ˰͵򤷤ʤ fear -- terror -- trepidation Ȥ31 (triset) ˾ƤƵƤߤޤ

(1) ƥǤϡ triset Τ褦ʡʤפȽҤ٤Ƥޤ伫ȤѸ˳͡ʵƱݤʸϤ򤿤Ӥӽ񤤤ƤΤǤ¤ϡפϤʤꤢΤǤϤʤȹͤƤޤҤ󤲤ƤߤơפȸƤ⤿󤬤ʤΤ¤Ǥ֤줤פ󤲤ʤȸȡǤ

(2) fear - terror - trepidation Ϥʤ֤줤פΤ褦ˤߤޤɤޤˡ֤줤פȤΤռǤ̤αѸ켭θ츻ǤϳΤ terror ϥե󥹸줫顤trepidation ϥƥ줫äȤƤޤȤξȤƥˤΤܤꡤԤ terrōremԤ trepidātiō 츻ȤʤޤʤʤߤˡȤ˰캬 *ter- ˤΤܤ궦̤Ǥˡterror ϤȤȥƥñäɤե󥹸ͳƱѸäƤȤ̣ˤơ֥ե󥹸줫μѸפɽ뤳Ȥϡ츻Ҥδ˱äΤǡޤäϤޤ
ȤOED terror θ츻Ҥߤ "Of multiple origins. Partly a borrowing from French. Partly a borrowing from Latin." Ȥޤ֥ե󥹸줫μѸǤפȤꤷƤʤΤǤ츻Ūˤäơμñϥե󥹸줫äΤƥ줫äΤۣʥ¿˾¿εʤƤޤε˴ؿΤεå
񤷤ǤȤƤ terror ҤȤޤե󥹼ѸȲᤷƤ褤ȤϹͤƤޤκ1ĤϡѸǤνֻͥե󥹸 <terrour> äȤǤƥǤ <terror> ȤʤϤǤդˤСѸֻ <terror> ϡ˥ƥֻ򻲾Ȥ츻Ūֻ (etymological_respelling) ȤȤˤʤޤפˡ terror ϡ夫ƥ̣᤭ޤ줿ե󥹼ѸȤȤǤϤʤȹͤƤޤ
terror νмۣ椵θȡ triset ŵŪʡֱѸ -- ե󥹸 -- ƥפηˤäϤޤǤϤʤȤˤʤޤʤȤȤƤΡ֤줤פϡ100%80%餤ޤǤܸꤷ褦˻פޤ

(3) trepidation ˤĤƤǤOED ˤХƥ줫ľܼѤ줿ΤȤޤҤΡرѸ츻ŵ٤ϡե󥹸 trépidation 뤤ϥƥ trepidātiō(n)- ͳ褹ΤȤŤʻȤäƤޤʤñαѸǤνФ1605ǯǤOED 2Ǥξˤȡե󥹸ǤϤǤ15 trépidation ʸڤƤȤȤǤterror ³ trepidation νмˤۣʤȤФƤޤ triset Ρ֤줤פϡ80%餵70%餤ޤDzäޤ

(4) ƥǤ⿨Ƥ褦ˡع¤ؤե󥹼ѸؤϡºݤˤϲؤѸؤȤͻ礷Ƥ뤳Ȥ¿Ǥ (ex. clear, cry, fool, humour, safe) 줤ʻع¤ƤȤϡʩؤҤä᤿ꡤʩؤҤä᤿ꤷơع¤˶᤯ʤȤ¦̤ޤ
ˡֵžع¤פȸƤ֤٤ŵŪǤʤ⻶ޤ㤨СƱëפǤؤôϤΥե󥹼Ѹ valley ŪʶޤؤôϤαѸ dale ϤäʸŪǹ⾰ʶĤȤ⤤ޤaction/deed, enemy/foe, reward/meed Ǥcf. #2279. Ѹäεžع¤ ([2015-07-24-1])ˡѸäλع¤ϡΤȤɾȽۤɡ֤줤פǤʤΤǤ

ʾ塤ֱѸäλع¤פæòޤäƤߤޤȤƤΡֱѸäλع¤פꤹ뵤Ϥޤäޤ󡥻伫ȤʤȤǽ񤤤Ƥޤ񤤤Ƥ椯ĤǤɬ֤줤פǤϤʤ¦̤뤳ȤˤαդƤȻפΤǤ
Ѹäλع¤ν¦̤˴ؿäεåɤ

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2021-05-11 Tue

#4397. star DZѸ [lexical_stratification][latin][lexicology][astrology][sound_change][vowel][etymology][loan_word][hellog_entry_set][khelf_hel_intro_2021]

ǯٽᤫ5ޤdzֱѸƳ2021ȾäƤޤرɽ줿ƥĤ֤ȤФˤҤסǤstar astrology ѡˤ濴Ȥñθ츻泌åǡܴμݤ˥ԥåǤޤŸǡä disaster, consider, desire, influenza, disposition ˤޤǵڤǤޤäȱñθ츻˶̣勞ȤȻפޤ
λ⡤ʺ¡ˤ˴ط򤤤Ĥ񤤤ƤޤΤǾҲ𤷤ޤޤ嵭ƥδؿȽŤʤ star θ츻ˤĤơ#1602. star θ캬ͥåȥ ([2013-09-15-1]) ɤ
Ѹ star ȥƥ stella cf. ե󥹸 etoileˤ٤ r l ΰ㤤ޤϤɤȤȵ˻פä#1597. star stella ([2013-09-10-1])
star η֤ˤĤƤǤűѸǤ steorraѸǤ sterre ʤɤֻǸΤ̤ǡ첻 /a/ ǤϤʤ /e/ äȹͤޤʤ줬 /a/ ؤѲֻȤƤ⤽ȿǤ star Ȥ줿ΤǤ礦¤ϡѸ heart, clerk, Derby, sergeant ʤɤȯֻˤؤ뤪⤷ȥԥåǤ#2274. heart ֻȯ ([2015-07-19-1]) ɤ
ѤȤвƻܤ¤̾ϢƤޤˡѸˤ̤ưޤƤó (lexical_stratification) ζѻ뤳ȤǤޤ֤¡פ the Fish ǤؽŪˡеܡפȤˤ Pisces Ȥʤޤ͡ҡ#3846. ƻܡ̾θóء ([2019-11-07-1]) ɤߤޤѸǤ̾ΰϡ#3707. 88¡ ([2019-06-21-1]) ꡥ
star ǺΤߤѤƱѸˤ뤳Ȥʬ˲ǽǤʾ夹٤ƤҤäɤߤϡεå

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2020-07-10 Fri

#4092. shit, ordure, excrement --- ä3ع¤κǶ [lexicology][synonym][loan_word][borrowing][french][latin][lexical_stratification][swearing][taboo][slang][euphemism]

Ǥ礦ǤѸ3ع¤ͭͺۤʪǶ1ĤǤϤʤȻפäƤޤܸθ촶ȤƤϡ֥סʵǢסʪפۤɤǤ礦
Ѹä3ع¤ˤĤƤϡܥ֥Ǥ#3885. رѸ춵٤Ϣ10֤ʤѸˤ줬¿Τס ([2019-12-16-1]) 䤽ĥäεޤ (lexical_stratification) ʤɤǡ֤ƤޤŪ#334. Ѹäλع¤ ([2010-03-27-1])#1296. ع¤ɲá ([2012-11-13-1]) ǵ󤲤Ƥޤ
äȵ󤲤ƤߤȸƤʤʤ񤷤ŵŪ ask, question, interrogate help, aid, assistance ʤɤ󤲤ƺѤޤƤޤΤǤ褷­ϤƤ餺äȸ碌̥ŪõᤤޤǡĤɸ˽Ф路ΤǤWalker swearing ˴ؤ뵭ҤɤǤȤǤ (32)

A few taboo words describing body parts started out as the 'normal' forms in Old English; one of the markers of the status difference between Anglo-Norman and Old English is the way the 'English' version became unacceptable, while the 'French' version became the polite or scientific term. The Old English 'scitte' gave way to the Anglo-Norman 'ordure' and later the Latin-via-French 'excrement'.


˽вäȤϡɡĤޤǡˤϤä©ݤߡܤ򵱤Ƥޤޤ
shit ϸűѸ scitte ˤΤܤǤűѸǤΰ̣ϡ֡ʲܤΡ˲ΡפǤ ưȤƤƬĤ bescītan ʱˤΤ褦Ĺ첻򼨤Ƥޤ̾줫αƶ⤢äûѸ s(c)hite(n) ʵ򤹤ˤƤޤ̾ΡʵפθȤƤϰճȿѸνФǤ
ordure ϡťե󥹸 ordure ѸäΤǡֱʪסФʸաסʵפ̣ޤ캬 horrid ʶˤȤⶦ̤ޤ
excrement ϽѸ˥ƥ excrēmentum ʤ뤤бե󥹸 excrémentˤѤޤ
ߤǤ shit ¯졦֡ŪʡפնɽȤƤϡפ¤줿ե󥹸 ordure Ѥޤƥ excrement ϡ˷ĥäؽŪʶޤۤȤɡפޤ
ʾ塤餷ޤ

Walker, Julian. Evolving English Explored. London: The British Library, 2010.

Referrer (Inside): [2021-05-30-1]

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2019-12-16 Mon

#3885. رѸ춵٤Ϣ10֤ʤѸˤ줬¿Τ [rensai][notice][lexicology][synonym][loan_word][borrowing][french][latin][lexical_stratification][sobokunagimon][link]

1213ˡرѸ춵١罤۽Źˤ1ȯ䤵ޤѸϢֱѸƳΰФ䤹ѸˤΥĥܡ10Ȥʤ뺣ϡ֤ʤѸˤ줬¿ΤפȤ򰷤äƤޤ

رѸ춵2020ǯ1



Ѹˤϡ־夬פ̣ưȤ risemountascend ʤɤ줬ޤֳȯʡפɽ魯ƻˤ lively, vivacious, animated ʤɤޤֿ̾͡פˤĤƤ folk, people, population ʤɤ󤬤ޤϡֱѸä3ع¤פŵǤꡤѸ줬ɤäƤܿˤΰ仺Ȥ٤ΤǤϢܵǤϡѸäħŪ˭¸ߤ1066ǯΥΥޥ16Υͥ󥹤ΤޤΤǤꡤ˶äȤˡܸˤ礦ɻ褦Ū𤬤뤳ȤŦƤޤ
ֱѸä3ع¤פˤĤƤϡܥ֥ǤϢ¿夲Ƥޤʲ

#334. Ѹäλع¤ ([2010-03-27-1])
#1296. ع¤ɲá ([2012-11-13-1])
#1960. ѸäΥԥߥåɹ¤ ([2014-09-08-1])
#2072. Ѹäλع¤ ([2014-12-29-1])
#2279. Ѹäεžع¤ ([2015-07-24-1])
#2643. Ѹäλع¤οá ([2016-07-22-1])
#387. trisociation triset ([2010-05-19-1])
#2977. Ϣ6֤ʤѸä3ع¤Τ --- ͥ󥹴Υƥ줫֤ȥס ([2017-06-21-1])
#3374. ּáס ([2018-07-23-1])

#335. ܸäλع¤ ([2010-03-28-1])
#3357. ܸäλع¤ (2) ([2018-07-06-1])
#1630. 졤ʸ졤ץ ([2013-10-13-1])
#1526. Ѹܸθûоɽ ([2013-07-01-1])

δ졡֤ʤѸˤ줬¿ΤסرѸ춵2020ǯ1桤罤۽Ź2019ǯ121362--63ǡ

Referrer (Inside): [2021-05-30-1] [2020-07-10-1]

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2019-11-07 Thu

#3846. ƻܡ̾θó [lexical_stratification][latin][lexicology][astrology][loan_word][animal]

رѸŵ (178--79) ꡤƻܤ¤˴ؤɽǤ褦̾ˤĤƤϡ#3707. 88¡ ([2019-06-21-1]) ⻲ȡˡ

Signs of the Zodiac ʲƻܡ
(house) (zodiacal constellations)̲᤹ۤ
spring signs ʽդµܡ
Aries ӵܡ*the Ram ʤҤĤ¡321?420energetic, ambitious, generous, aggressive
Taurus ʶܡ*the Bull ʤ¡421?522charming, witty, kind, restless
Gemini лҵܡ*the Twins ʤդ¡523?621strong, loyal, determined, quiet
summer signs ʲƤµܡ
Cancer ʵ𳪵ܡ*the Crab ʤ˺¡622?722sensitive, materialistic, careful, humorous
Leo ʻҵܡthe Lion ʤ¡723?822dignified, honest, vain
Virgo ʽܡthe Virgin ʤȤ¡823?922perfectionist, dependable, gentle, efficient
autumn signs ʽµܡ
Libra ŷܡthe Balance [*Scales] ʤƤӤ¡923?1022gracious, harmonious, logical, fair
Scorpio ŷ긵ܡthe Scorpion ʤ¡1023?1121courageous, intense, secretive, intelligent
Sagittarius ʿϵܡthe Archer ʤƺ¡1122?1222truthful, friendly, optimistic, adventurous
winter signs ߤµܡ
Capricorn 滵ܡ*the Goat ʤ䤮¡1223?120hardworking, kind, determined, disciplined
Aquarius ӵܡ*the Water Bearer [Carrier] ʤߤ¡121?219loyal, wise, creative, aloof
Pisces еܡ*the Fish ʤ¡220?320kind, quiet, romantic, easygoing


Signs of the Zodiac

ɽ鵤ŤΤϡ1ܤѡŷʸؾ̾Τȡ2ܤ¤ɽ魯ưʪͤʤɤ̾ȤФлƤʤȤLeo/the Lion, Virgo/Virgin, Scorpio/Scorpion 餫Ƥ뤬ʳϤ٤ƻƤʤ褦ˤߤ롥ԤϳŪѸȤƤ٤ƥƥʤ̤äƥꥷͳԤϤ٤ƤȤϸ鷺Ȥ¿Ѹν̱ŪñǤ롥ɽ * դƤΤǤScales ˤĤƤϡ̩ˤϱѸͳǤϤʤťΥɸͳʤȤ⥲ޥϤñǤϤˡ* դƤʤ2ܤ5Ĥ̾ˤĤƤϡΤ˥ƥ줫ե󥹸ͳ褹ΤΡűѸѸʤŪᤤʳ˼ѤƤꡤ᡹˱Ѹ첽ƤȤäƤ褤
ΤȤƤС1ܤϥƥΰҸäѸ졤2ܤϡʻ¾˱ѸŪʽ̱ӤӤưʪͤʤɤΰ̾ȤäƤ褤ͭ̾ʡưʪθáפˤӤ롥 ox/beef, swine/pork, sheep/mutton, fowl/poultry, deer/venison, calf/veal θóؤΩǤ롥ˤĤƤϡʲε򻲾ȡ

#331. ưʪȤɽñ ([2010-03-24-1])
#332. ưʪȤɽñפοá ([2010-03-25-1])
#1583. swine vs pork μҲŪյ ([2013-08-27-1])
#1603. ưʪȤɽñפǽ˻Ŧ͡ ([2013-09-16-1])
#1604. ưʪȤɽñפ򼡤˻Ŧͤ ([2013-09-17-1])
#2352. ưʪȤɽñפο (2) ([2015-10-05-1])

ش۳켭ŵԽԡˡرѸŵ١شۡ2006ǯ

Referrer (Inside): [2021-05-11-1]

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2019-10-01 Tue

#3809. "Rise up, rebel, revolt --- how the English language betrays class and power" [lexical_stratification][lexicology][register][sociolinguistics][diglossia]

The Guardian ˤơѸä3ع¤˴ؤɸε󤲤Ƥʵˡ  *
Ѹä3ع¤ˤĤƤܥ֥Ǥ#2977. Ϣ6֤ʤѸä3ع¤Τ --- ͥ󥹴Υƥ줫֤ȥס ([2017-06-21-1]) 䤽ĥäεǤȲ⤷ƤΤǡǾܤ֤ȤϤʤפΤ߽Ҥ٤ƤȡѸä3ʤΥԥߥåɤƤꡤ̤ˤϺDzؤ˱Ѹ줬ؤ˥ե󥹼Ѹ줬Ǿؤ˥ƥѸ줬ޤäƤ롥Ūʸܿΰ仺ǤȤȤˡΥ󥰥ɼҲˤƱѸüԡե󥹸üԡƥüԤγơʤҲؤ°ƤǤФǤ⤢롥ñ㲽ƤСؤؤ˸äơ"those who work" or "workers", "those who fight" or "clerks", "those who pray" or "the powerful"ȤĤ°ƤȤȤˤʤ롥
ɸεƤϡŪʳضʬˤĤơEUΥæʤɤäʬǤƤ븽奤ꥹҲˤбʪȤݤǤꡤˤȺDzؤ "workers" ȤΤѤʤؤ "the middle class" ˡǾؤ "the clerkly class" бȤ"the clerkly class" ˴ޤޤΤϡ"academics, thinktankers, lawyers, writers, many artists, scientists, journalists and students, some comedians and politicians, even some entrepreneurs, as well as actual clerics --- anyone whose sense of self depends on an abstract frame of reference" ȤȤ餷
ν񤭼ϡμҲءμҲءѸθóؤʿʤӡȤʿˤŦʤ鸽奤ꥹҲɾƤꡤƤϸŪȤϡ餫ŪǤ롥ä3ع¤ˤĤ1ĽפʤȤҤ٤Ƥ롥"[French and Latin] seeped into what we call English and made themselves at home, giving the language its fantastical redundancy, creating something half-Germanic, half-Romance. Trilinguality was internalised." ȤȤȤϼҲŪʸݤǤ diglossia ˤ岼طˤựŪ register ξ岼طؤȡָⲽפΤȤΤĹ餯ռʤΤǤä "internalised" ȽҤ٤Ƥ븽ݤζŪʥץΤꤿΤǤ롥
̤ǤϤ뤬ϢʲΤ褦ʵǰäƤΤǡȤ

#1583. swine vs pork μҲŪյ ([2013-08-27-1])
#1491. diglossia borrowing δط ([2013-05-27-1])
#1489. Ferguson diglossia ʸ󥰥ɤ triglossia ([2013-05-25-1])
#1380. micro-sociolinguistics macro-sociolinguistics ([2013-02-05-1])

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2019-09-23 Mon

#3801. gan ˤߤűѸäηŪ [lexicology][word_formation][oe][lexical_stratification]

Ѹθä3ع¤ǧ뤳Ȥϡܥ֥ǡ#2977. Ϣ6֤ʤѸä3ع¤Τ --- ͥ󥹴Υƥ줫֤ȥס ([2017-06-21-1]) Ϥᡤĥäε䡤lexical_stratification γƵܤƤüŪˤСˤ̤͡ʸܿƤʤǡŪ˴Ϣʤ줬ѤѤƤȤ˵롥ǡask -- question -- interrogate Τ褦ˡȤƤϷӤĤʤʬΥŪʡ (dissociated) äʤĤȤˤʤä
äμѤϤʤäűѸϡ1ĤδŪʸǤȤˤƴϢߡȺФƤդǤꡤ̤ȤäϡַŪʡ (associative) ʤ򼨤 (Kastovsky 294) θűѸäηŪʤڤ뤿ˡKastovsky (294--96) ˵äơֹԤפ̣ñʸ gan 夲ΤӤϢ󤲤Ƥߤ褦

(1) gan/gangan 'go, come, move, proceed, depart; happen'
(2) derivatives:
   (a) gang 'going, journey; track, footprint; passage, way; privy; steps, platform'; compounds: ciricgang 'churchgoing', earsgang 'excrement', faldgang 'going into the sheep-fold', feþegang 'foot journey', forlig-gang 'adultery', hingang 'a going hence, death', hlafgang 'a going to eat bread', huselgang 'partaking in the sacrament', mynstergang 'the entering on a monastic life', oxangang 'hide, eighth of a plough-land', sulhgang 'plough-gang = as much land as can properly be tilled by one plough in one day'; gangern, gangpytt, gangsetl, gangstol, gangtun, all 'privy'
   (b) genge n., sb. 'troops, company'
   (c) -genge f., sb. in nightgenge 'hyena, i.e. an animal that prowls at night'
   (d) -genga m., sb. in angenga 'a solitary, lone goer', æftergenga 'one who follows', hindergenga 'one that goes backwards, a crab', huselgenga 'one who goes to the Lord's supper', mangenga 'one practising evil', nihtgenga 'one who goes by night, goblin', rapgenga 'rope-dancer', sægenga 'sea-goer, mariner; ship'
   (e) genge adj. 'prevailing, going, effectual, agreeable'
   (f) -gengel sb. in æftergengel 'successor' (perhaps from æftergengan, wk. vb. 'to go')
(3) compounds with verbal first constituent, i.e. V + N (some of them might, however, also be treated as N + N, i.e. with gang as in (2a): gangdæg 'Rogation day, one of the three processional days before Ascension day', gangewifre 'spider, i.e. a weaver that goes', ganggeteld 'portable tent', ganghere 'army of foot-soldiers', gangwucu 'the week of Holy Thursday, Rogation week'
(4) gengan wk. vb. 'to go' < *gang-j-an; æftergengness 'succession, posterity'
(5) prefixations of gan/gangan;
   (a) agan 'go, go by, pass, pass into possession, occur, befall, come forth'
   (b) began/begangan 'go over, go to, visit; cultivate; surround; honour, worship' with derivatives begánga/bígang 'practice, exercise, worship, cultivation'; begánga/bígenga 'inhabitant, cultivator' and numerous compounds of both; begenge n. 'practice, worship', bigengere 'worker, worshipper'; bigengestre 'hand maiden, attendant, worshipper'; begangness 'calendae, celebration'
   (c) foregan 'go before, precede' with derivatives foregenga 'forerunner, predecessor', foregengel 'predecessor'
   (d) forgan 'pass over, abstain from'
   (e) forþgan 'to go forth' with forþgang 'progress, purging, privy'
   (f) ingan 'go in' with ingang 'entrance(-fee), ingression', ingenga 'visitor, intruder'
   (g) niþergan 'to descend' with niþergang 'descent'
   (h) ofgan 'to demand, extort; obtain; begin, start' with ofgangende 'derivative'
   (i) ofergan 'pass over, go across, overcome, overreach' with ofergenga 'traveller'
   (j) ongan 'to approach, enter into' with ongang 'entrance, assault'
   (k) oþgan 'go away, escape'
   (l) togan 'go to, go into; happen; separate, depart' with togang 'approach, attack'
   (m) þurhgan 'go through'
   (n) undergan 'undermine, undergo'
   (o) upgan 'go up; raise' with upgang 'rising, sunrise, ascent', upgange 'landing'
   (p) utgan 'go out' with utgang 'exit, departure; privy; excrement; anus'; ?utgenge 'exit'
   (q) wiþgan 'go against, oppose; pass away, disappear'
   (r) ymbgan 'go round, surround' with ymbgang 'circumference, circuit, going about'.


θǤˤϡ٤Ƹ촴 gan ¿ѷäƤȤƤˤޤޤƤ롥űѸäηŪʤΰüָ뤳ȤǤ
űѸθ෿Ūʰ֤ŤˤĤƤϡƱ Kastovsky ˵ä#3358. ĸϸ캬١ޥĸϸ촴١űѸʹߤϸ١ (1) ([2018-07-07-1])#3359. ĸϸ캬١ޥĸϸ촴١űѸʹߤϸ١ (2) ([2018-07-08-1])#3360. ĸϸ캬١ޥĸϸ촴١űѸʹߤϸ١ (3) ([2018-07-09-1]) 򻲾ȡ

Kastovsky, Dieter. "Semantics and Vocabulary." The Cambridge History of the English Language. Vol. 1. Ed. Richard M. Hogg. Cambridge: CUP, 1992. 290--408.

Referrer (Inside): [2019-10-10-1]

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2019-09-10 Tue

#3788. űѸΥƥѸΰճ [latin][loan_word][oe][lexicology][lexical_stratification][statistics][borrowing]

ε#3787. 650ǯդ򶭤Ȥ롤ΥƥѸü ([2019-09-09-1]) ǿ줿褦ˡűѸȤ櫓650ǯäƤǽΥƥѸˤϡߤǤŪѤƤΤ¿#334. Ѹäλع¤ ([2010-03-27-1]) ʤɤǸƤ褦ˡƥѸˤϥ٥ι⤤ñ줬¿Τϻ¤űѸμѸ˴ؤƤСΥƥ쥪פɬ¤ɽ路Ƥʤ
Durkin (138--39) ˤ붽̣ͤ롥Durkin ϡ#3400. Ѹ˸ä˼Ѹ줬ɤǤ뤫 ([2018-08-18-1]) Ǥ⼨Ȥꡤ"Leipzig-Jakarta list of basic vocabulary" ȸƤФ̸Ū˺ǤŪʰ̣ô100Ѹ줫ФΤʤˤɤۤɼѸ줬ޤޤƤ뤫ĴƤߤ̤ȤƤϡƥѸˤĤƤСˤ1ޤޤƤʤä
"the WOLD survey" ˤ1,460ĤδŪʰ̣ܤʤꥹȤĴƤߤȡ137ۤɡʤ褽10%ˤűѸ˼Ѥ줿ƥѸǧꤵΤä⡤ñϡ24ߤƤ̣Υƥ꡼Τ"Kinship", "Quantity", "Miscellaneous function words" 21ĤΥƥ꡼ˤ錄äƸФȤĤޤꡤѸ˾塤ǽäƤƥѸϡʬˤ錄ŪѤѸθäξʤʬƤȤ櫓űѸηǶ򤤤Ĥ󤲤Ƥ

butere "butter"
ele "oil"
cyċene "kitchen"
ċȳse, ċēse "cheese"
wīn "wine" (and its compounds)
sæterndæġ "Saturday"
mūl "mule"
ancor "anchor"
līn "line, continuous length"
mylen (and its compounds) "mill"
scōl, sċolu (and the compound leornungscōl) "school"
weall "wall"
pīpe "pipe, tube"
pīle "mortar"
disċ "plate/platter/bowel/dish"
candel "lamp, lantern, candle"
torr "tower"
prēost and sācerd "priest"
port "harbour"
munt "mountain or hill"

Τ褦˥ƥѸΤʤˤϰճ¿ִܸáפ⤢뤳ȤõƤϢơܸγƵ⻲ȡ

Durkin, Philip. Borrowed Words: A History of Loanwords in English. Oxford: OUP, 2014.

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