#3373. ּáס ([2018-07-22-1])#3374. ּáס ([2018-07-23-1]) ˰³ϼؤγǰ˸ؤ˱ѤƤߤ륷3ơϡ߽Ťˡ§פ⤸äơָ߽Ťˡ§פͤƤߤ
߽Ťˡ§ (law of superposition) Ȥϡɴʻŵ2ǡ٤ˤС̤Ǥ롥
W. ߥˤäƻϤ줿ذ̳ؤĤδˡ§ΰĤǡ⤷ϢδФ¾δФξ˽ŤʤäƤꡤ¤Ū˵žʤɤƤʤˤϡˤΤФȤ̣Ǥ롥ŤʤĤؤζŪ岼طŪطɤߤȤ뤳ȤǤ롥
ƾQŪ䤹Ǥ롥Ǥϡ㴳ΤҤͤäʤä˱ѤƤߤ褦äˤĤƶŪ岼طȤΤϥʥʤΤǡʸŪ岼طʥեޥƥιˤɤؤƤߤ롥
⤷Ϣθä¾θäξ˽ŤʤäƤꡤ¤Ū˵žʤɤƤʤˤϡˤΤäȤ̣Ǥ롥Ťʤ2ĤθؤʸŪ岼طŪطɤߤȤ뤳ȤǤ롥
ε ([2018-07-23-1]) Ǥ⾯줿Ѹä3ع¤ǰƬˤƹͤƤߤ褦̤˱Ѹäϥԥߥåɾ3ع¤ʤƤȤ졤졤եѸ졤ƥꥷѸ줬줾첼ءءؤ롥ƱֿҤͤפ̣Ǥ ask -- question -- interrogate Τ褦ʸΡʥեޥƥˤ٤ˤä3ʳζ̤ˤĤƤϡ#334. Ѹäλع¤ ([2010-03-27-1])#1296. ع¤ɲá ([2012-11-13-1]) ʤɤȡˡ
Τ褦ʸŪ岼طλ¤ϼȤơǤϡξ岼طϤϤƻŪطΤȤ˰ܤ¡ask ȤƸűѸʰˤ̤ˤĤեѸ question ϽФ15ȾƥѸ interrogate Ϥ٤15ȾȤʤäƤ롥ġñθ̩ʽǯ̤ȤơեѸȾѸˡƥꥷѸȾ϶ѸήȤƤСʸŪ岼طȻŪطϤ褽פȹͤ롥
ѸθóؤˤϤ٤ޤŬѤǤΤΡָ߽Ťˡ§פŪѤ뤫ɤϤ褯狼ʤλ˲äääۤʸŪʾؤ뷹롤ȤȤˤʤΤ⤷ʤɬ⼫ʤȤǤϤʤ
Ȥꤢͼ¸ȤȤǡָཾˡ§פƤߤ
ε#3373. ּáס ([2018-07-22-1]) ˰³ϼؤγǰ˸ؤ˱ѤǤ뤫ɤ⤦1ĤλǹͤƤߤ롥ؤǯ˻뼨ಽФȤ̤ˡ경 (facies fossile) ȤβФ롥ϻǤϤʤĶ˻βФΤȤǡ㤨ХФϡĤƤϤȤƩǤäȤ롥Ǥϡ˱ѤơּáפʤΤˤĤƸ뤳ȤϤǤ
פĤΤϡѸä䤽¾ΰκܤȤǤ롥#2625. ťΥɸ줫μѸ ([2016-07-04-1]) Ǹ褦ˡťΥɸ줫μѸˤϡȸޤۤŪܶʸä¿ζä٤¤ˤĤơѸˤǤϰ̤˼Τ褦ʤ롥űѸüԤȸťΥɸüԤϡƱޥ̱²Ȥ转⤪褽Ƥꡤߤθ⤢٤Ǥʸ٥⤪褽ƱǤꡤҲŪʴط⤪Ǥä餳å٥θäߤθήΤȡĤޤꡤΤ褦ŪʼѸ¸ߤϡξԤΤο̩ǻʸܿäȤ롥
⤦1ĤΡּáפȤʤꤦϡ#331. ưʪȤɽñ ([2010-03-24-1]) Ǥߤ褦ʱѸȥեѸȤκ˴ؤΤǤ롥ưʪɽ魯 calf, deer, fowl, sheep, swine, ox ʤɤФơɽ魯ñ veal, venison, poultry, mutton, pork, beef ʤɤμѸǤ롥ŪʲˤСθŪΩϡ̱饢ͤȾήΥޥͤȤҲŪΩȿǤ롥Τ褦ʸáʸäΤΤȤϸʬۡˤϡѸμδĶΤȤƼŪǤȤΤǤϤʤ
ŪˤСѸä3ع¤ŵȤó (lexical_stratification) ¸ߤ⡤ĤƤθܿҲΤʤˤǼŪǤ롥ºݤΤȤû˸ˤơּáפȤȯۤϡѸ줳Ȥ鷺Ȥ⡤Τ褦˼Ƥ褦ˤפ롥
ǿ줿ưʪ3ع¤ˤĤƤϡʲε⻲Ȥ줿
#331. ưʪȤɽñ ([2010-03-24-1])
#332. ưʪȤɽñפοá ([2010-03-25-1])
#1583. swine vs pork μҲŪյ ([2013-08-27-1])
#1603. ưʪȤɽñפǽ˻Ŧ͡ ([2013-09-16-1])
#1604. ưʪȤɽñפ˻Ŧͤ ([2013-09-17-1])
#1966. ʡʤäƤѸΰʪ˥塼 ([2014-09-14-1])
#1967. ˴ؤեѸ ([2014-09-15-1])
#2352. ưʪȤɽñפο (2) ([2015-10-05-1])
#334. Ѹäλع¤ ([2010-03-27-1])
#1296. ع¤ɲá ([2012-11-13-1])
#1960. ѸäΥԥߥåɹ¤ ([2014-09-08-1])
#2072. Ѹäλع¤ ([2014-12-29-1])
#2279. Ѹäεžع¤ ([2015-07-24-1])
#2643. Ѹäλع¤οá ([2016-07-22-1])
#387. trisociation triset ([2010-05-19-1])
#2977. Ϣ6֤ʤѸä3ع¤Τ --- ͥΥƥ줫֤ȥס ([2017-06-21-1])
Ѹܸθä˶̤Ƹ뻰ع¤˴ؤơ#2977. Ϣ6֤ʤѸä3ع¤Τ --- ͥΥƥ줫֤ȥס ([2017-06-21-1]) ĥä¿εȤƤܸäλع¤ˤĤơ#335. ܸäλع¤ ([2010-03-28-1]) εǤĤй (59) դ
| ¸ | ||
|---|---|---|
| ˼ | å | |
| ʪ | ʥ | |
| ǥХ | ||
| 㤤ʪ | åԥ | |
| ι | ι | ȥ٥롿ȥå |
| ա | ӡ |
| о | Ĺ | û | |
|---|---|---|---|
| ¸ | ȶ | ʹự狼äոˡƤפ | ŪƤɽΤ |
| Ū | ܤǸự狼ʽոˡ̩ʰ̣ɽ | ʹȤ˰̣狼ˤ | |
| κǿγǰꤳ | ܤǸȤ˰̣狼ˤ |
Ѹäܸäλع¤ˤĤơ#334. Ѹäλع¤ ([2010-03-27-1]) #335. ܸäλع¤ ([2010-03-28-1]) ϤȤơ#2977. Ϣ6֤ʤѸä3ع¤Τ --- ͥΥƥ줫֤ȥס ([2017-06-21-1]) ĥä¿εǼ夲Ƥ
եԥǺǤä륿Tagalog; ̾ Pilipinoˤˤ⡤ѸܸΤΤȴˤӤ뻰ع¤Τäطʤˤϡ#1589. եԥαѸ ([2013-09-02-1])#1593. եԥαѸ (2) ([2013-09-06-1]) ǾҲ𤷤Υڥ䥢ꥫˤۤˤ롥äβءءؤΤϡ줾쥿ˡڥ졤Ѹñ췲Ǥ롥ϸ (70) Ѥ褦
ǡλŹ¤˿٤ϥθäˤϻʤʸΥθáڥϤθáѸϤθáˤ뤳ȤǤ롥ΤˡɽˡƤ礬롥ȤСñ̤50ڥȤˤϡlimampung piso ʥˡsingkwenta pesos ʥڥˡfifty pesos ʱѸˤΤ٤ƤɽǽǤꡤԾǤϡɤɽ⽽ʬ롥ɤ뤫ˤäޤäƤ
ǡܸηϤͤƤߤ褦ܸθäϡ¸졽졽줫ΩäƤ롥ʤ궯ʥʥǤ뤬եԥǤϡΥ졽ڥ졽Ѹθäϡ¸Τ褦ʵǽ̤Ƥ롥Ĥޤ kumain ʿ٤ uminom ʰˤΤ褦ʴܸǤ롥ڥθäϡڥ˼줿ҲȿˡΧƥ˴ؤ줬¿ܸǤδΤ褦ƯƤ롥abogado ۸Ρˡmunisipyo ʻԡˤʤɤθäǤ롥ѸϸŪ١ǰܡʳصѡӥͥȡڤ˴Ϣä¿ܸˤ볰롥㤨Сmiting ʥߡƥˡweyter ʥˡkabinet աˤʤɤǤ롥
Υ졤ڥ졤ѸȤƱե٥åȤѤƤΤǡܸ٤СߤεΥϾʤܸǤϡҤ餬ʡ¸ˡʴˡʡʳˤȡ̡ɽˡꡤߤΰ㤤ΩäƤơդξݱʤˡߤΰ㤤ռƤޤ
ѤκǸǽҤ٤Ƥ뤳ȤϡѸäˤ뻰ع¤ˤĤƤ롥ѸǤʸϾ˥ޥե٥åȤΤߤǤ뤫顤ܤǤθζ̤ܸξ٤ʤ
Ѹ졤ܸ졤θäδ֤Ӥ뻰ع¤ǧȤϤäƤ⡤εϡʬۡϤ줾ȼΤΤθĴСΤ褦ʸäγع¤ϤٸΤ⤷ʤΤ褦¿¸ߤȤϻפʤŪðۤǤƤ
ϸ Ӿ3ϡեԥιˡ줫եԥθءסϸӾˡθ¾Ҳܡ١ǡ2002ǯ65--97ǡ
إȥ㡼롿ҥȥ顼ߤäˡ١ʸ Darkest HourˤѤ˹Ԥäǥߡޤ Gary Oldman ͥޤܿͤ칰ᥤåޤޤ륯襤뤳Ȥˤʤ륤ꥹ Winston Churchill ΡХɥζǺ֤äʤǤ롥ܺ٤ϾʤDzǤϤͭ̾ We Shall Fight on the Beaches αΥƸ롥1940ǯ64βˤǤ롥ʲˡκǸʬžܤ褦ŵˡDzǤϤʤʪβϡʤɤ YouTube ǻİǤ롥
I have, myself, full confidence that if all do their duty, if nothing is neglected, and if the best arrangements are made, as they are being made, we shall prove ourselves once again able to defend our Island home, to ride out the storm of war, and to outlive the menace of tyranny, if necessary for years, if necessary alone. At any rate, that is what we are going to try to do. That is the resolve of His Majesty's Government --- every man of them. That is the will of Parliament and the nation. The British Empire and the French Republic, linked together in their cause and in their need, will defend to the death their native soil, aiding each other like good comrades to the utmost of their strength. Even though large tracts of Europe and many old and famous States have fallen or may fall into the grip of the Gestapo and all the odious apparatus of Nazi rule, we shall not flag or fail. We shall go on to the end, we shall fight in France, we shall fight on the seas and oceans, we shall fight with growing confidence and growing strength in the air, we shall defend our Island, whatever the cost may be, we shall fight on the beaches, we shall fight on the landing grounds, we shall fight in the fields and in the streets, we shall fight in the hills; we shall never surrender, and even if, which I do not for a moment believe, this Island or a large part of it were subjugated and starving, then our Empire beyond the seas, armed and guarded by the British Fleet, would carry on the struggle, until, in God's good time, the New World, with all its power and might, steps forth to the rescue and the liberation of the old.
αѸáʻˡˤδߤȡ饤ޥå we shall fight on the beaches ΤѤƤäͱѸǤ뤳Ȥ߷ΡرѸˡ (pp. 48--50) ǿƤ롥βս˥եƥͳθä˭٤˿Ƥ顤ꥹ̱ˤۤɼʤä⤷ʤˤѤ⤷ʤʡѤȤ櫓
ѸäμȳˤĤƤϡ#334. Ѹäλع¤ ([2010-03-27-1]) #2977. Ϣ6֤ʤѸä3ع¤Τ --- ͥΥƥ줫֤ȥס ([2017-06-21-1]) εۤlexical_stratification νȡ
߷ ⡡رѸˡ١ҡӡ2008ǯ.
#2742. Haugen θɸಽ4ʳ ([2016-10-29-1]) #2745. Haugen θɸಽ4ʳ (2) ([2016-11-01-1]) ǾҲ𤷤 Haugen θɸಽ (standardisation) ΥǥǤϡ (form) ȵǽ (function) ֤ˤɸಽȤ館Ƥ롥ˤȡɸಽȤ "maximal variation in function" "minimal variation in form" ħŤ븽ݤǤ롥Ԥ codification (of form)Ԥ elaboration (of function) бȹͤ롥
"elaboration" ȤѸդɬפǤ롥Haugen ɸಽεǰտޤƤΤϡ͡ʻѰ (register) ǹѤ뤳ȤǤȤ̣Ǥ "elaboration of function" ΤȤ "elaboration of form" Ȥ̤β⡤ѸˤɸಽȿϢ뤫뤿ˡHaugen Ȥạ̈Ǥ "elaboration of function" "extensive elaboration" ȸƤӡ"elaboration of form" Τۤ "intensive elaboration" ȸƤǤ⤤ (Schaefer 209)
Ǥϡ"intensive elaboration" 뤤 "elaboration of form" ȤϲؤΤSchaefer (209) ˤСβˤƤ "the range of the native linguistic inventory is increased by new forms adding further 'variability and expressiveness'" ȤѸθȾޤǤϡդɸȤСѸβ餫ǤϤʤषƥեȤäˤƱѸ줬ƤȡѸ줬γäɸϰ̤˽Ȥˤʤäκݤɸ줿ƥե줫̤θäѤѸä¿ݤäޤޤˡ˾褻ơեθäȥƥθä졤ΤȤƽʤع¤θä˻äʤλˤĤƤϡ#334. Ѹäλع¤ ([2010-03-27-1]) #2977. Ϣ6֤ʤѸä3ع¤Τ --- ͥΥƥ줫֤ȥס ([2017-06-21-1]) εȡˡѸä̤ߡվ塤Ѹθä줿ȤʤСϸɸಽħŤ "minimal variation in form" Ȥϡष "maximal variation in form" ظäƤ褦ʰݤͿ롥μ variation 뤤 variability äؤơ"intensive elaboration" 뤤 "elaboration of form" ȸƤ֤ΤǤ롥
ĤޤꡤɸಽˤϷѰۤʤ¦̤⤢Сۤʤ뼡ǡѰۤ礭ʤ¦̤⤢ꤦȤȤǤ롥ΰ츫̷⤹褦ɸಽΤSchaefer (220) ϼΤ褦ˤޤȤƤ롥
While such standardizing developments reduced variation, the extensive elaboration to achieve a "maximal variation in function" demanded increased variation, or rather variability. This type of standardization, and hence norm-compliance, aimed at the discourse-traditional norms already available in the literary languages French and Latin. Late Middle English was thus re-established in writing with the help of both Latin and French norms rather than merely substituting for these literary languages.
Schaefer Ursula. "Standardization." Chapter 11 of The History of English. Vol. 3. Ed. Laurel J. Brinton and Alexander Bergs. Berlin/Boston: De Gruyter, 2017. 205--23.
#1645. ܸθʬۡ ([2013-10-28-1]) εǡɸˤĤ龼¤ˤƽǤ줿켭ŵ˴Ťͤʿοͤۤ (71) ˷ǺܤƤ롤ؿ켭ŵȬǡ١ʾشۡ2002ǯˤ˴ŤʬۤǤ롥
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դǡѸϢָܴѸѸˤλͤ6ε֤ʤѸä3ع¤Τ --- ͥΥƥ줫֤ȥޤ
äϡѸäؤֺݤξɤȤʤäƤ¿쥻åȤ˹¤ʤƤꡤʤΤ褦ʹ¤¸ߤΤȤѤʵˡŪʴäΤǤطʤˤϡѸ줬λμҲŪʸ̮ΤʤθܿƤаޤޤޤѸûˤҤȤƤȡ̣ȤˡܸûˤȤʿ⸫ƤޤоȸŪѸӤˤƤϡξΰ㤤Ĵ뷹ޤо˸ؤδߤȡȸûˤ˴ؤ¤ꡤξϤȤƤ褯ƤޤϢܵθȾǤϡƤޤ
Ѹáʤܸáˤ3ع¤ˤĤƤϡرѸΡ֤ʤפ롡ϤƤαѸˡΤ5.1֤ʤ Help me! Ȥ϶֤ Aid me! Ȥ϶ФʤΤפ5.2֤ʤ Assist me! ȤϤʤ鶫ФʤΤפǤⰷäƤޤܥ֥Ǥ͡˵ƤΤǡΥʲĥäƤޤ碌ƤޤƱͤˤĤơ#1999. Chuo Online ε֥ʸΩŪ˻ס ([2014-10-17-1]) ǾҲ𤷤餴
#334. Ѹäλع¤ ([2010-03-27-1])
#1296. ع¤ɲá ([2012-11-13-1])
#1960. ѸäΥԥߥåɹ¤ ([2014-09-08-1])
#2072. Ѹäλع¤ ([2014-12-29-1])
#2279. Ѹäεžع¤ ([2015-07-24-1])
#2643. Ѹäλع¤οá ([2016-07-22-1])
#387. trisociation triset ([2010-05-19-1])
#1437. űѸ˼Ѥ줿ƥ ([2013-04-03-1])
#32. űѸ˼Ѥ줿ƥ ([2009-05-30-1])
#1945. űѸΥƥѤλʬ ([2014-08-24-1])
#120. ճ¿äѸΥƥѸ ([2009-08-25-1])
#1211. ѸΥƥѸΰ ([2012-08-20-1])
#478. ѸΤ褦˼ڤƤϼΤƤ줿ƥ ([2010-08-18-1])
#114. ѸμѸεȳ ([2009-08-19-1])
#1226. Ѹˤäǯʬۡ ([2012-09-04-1])
#2162. OED ˤե졦ƥ줫μѸοܡ ([2015-03-29-1])
#2385. OED ˤ롤ŵ줪ӥޥ줫μѸä (2) ([2015-11-07-1])
#576. inkhorn term ȱѸ켭 ([2010-11-24-1])
#1408. ([2013-03-05-1])
#1409. Ĥä졤ä ([2013-03-06-1])
#1410. Ƚ ([2013-03-07-1])
#1615. 礹ߡ2 ([2013-09-28-1])
#609. 켭17 ([2010-12-27-1])
#335. ܸäλع¤ ([2010-03-28-1])
#1630. 졤ʸ졤ץ ([2013-10-13-1])
#1629. ([2013-10-12-1])
#1067. Ѹȸܸθüѡ ([2012-03-29-1])
#296. 轡ѸܸͿŪƶ ([2010-02-17-1])
#1526. Ѹܸθûоɽ ([2013-07-01-1])
rise -- mount -- ascend ask -- question -- interrogate ʤɤαѸäˤع¤ˤĤƤϡ#334. Ѹäλع¤ ([2010-03-27-1]) Ϥᡤlexical_stratification γƵǰäƤؤ졤ؤΥե졤ؤΥƥȤʬۤϳΤ˴ѻ뤷Ūˤ⥤ɤˤ3μҲŪϰ̤Ȥ줤ϢưƤ뤿ˡѸˤǤϳʤȥԥåȤ˾롥
ĤǤ⤳Τ褦ˤ줤ʬۤѻȤϸ¤餺嵭λع¤ϤޤǷȤƤȤ館Ƥ٤Ǥ롥Ǥˡ#2279. Ѹäεžع¤ ([2015-07-24-1]) Ǥ⼨褦ˡȥեѸ¤٤ȤˡǤ̡פǡŪפѤΤեѸΤۤǤ褦ʥ롥Baugh and Cable (182) ϡѸäεҤˤƻع¤Ū줹Ƥ븽˷پĤ餷Ƥ롥
. . . such contrasts [between the English element and the Latin and French element] ignore the many hundreds of words from French that are equally simple and as capable of conveying a vivid image, idea, or emotion---nouns like bar, beak, cell, cry, fool, frown, fury, glory, guile, gullet, horror, humor, isle, pity, river, rock, ruin, stain, stuff, touch, and wreck, or adjectives such as calm, clear, cruel, eager, fierce, gay, mean, rude, safe, and tender, to take examples almost at random. The truth is that many of the most vivid and forceful words in English are French, and even where the French and Latin words are more literary or learned, as indeed they often are, they are no less valuable and important. . . . The difference in tone between the English and the French words is often slight; the Latin word is generally more bookish. However, it is more important to recognize the distinctive uses of each than to form prejudices in favor of one group above another.
ع¤ΡֿáפȤޤǸäƤޤȸΤ餤뤬ä˥եѸ줬ФƱ餤㤤ؤ˰֤Ť¤ΤäƤƤ褤
Baugh, Albert C. and Thomas Cable. A History of the English Language. 6th ed. London: Routledge, 2013.
#331. ưʪȤɽñ ([2010-03-24-1])#332. ưʪȤɽñפοá ([2010-03-25-1])#1583. swine vs pork μҲŪյ ([2013-08-27-1]) εǡͭ̾ʸäΩ calf/veal, deer/venison, fowl/poultry, sheep/mutton, swine (pig)/pork (bacon), ox/beef ˤĤơΥͤDenison and Hogg (16) ⡤̤γ٤֥פŦƤ롥
. . . the introduction of French loans for food, such as beef, pork and mutton, is sometimes held to demonstrate a considerable degree of bilingualism. This view owes a great deal to Scott's Ivanhoe, which claims that animals on the hoof were called by their English names, but by French names when cooked. The initial reaction is to believe that; it is only when we recall terms such as English lamb (alongside mutton) or Anglo-Norman cattle alongside English cow that its plausibility diminishes. It is more likely, although less romantically appealing, to suggest that French loans were most probable in administration and learning, and that by and large 'ordinary' words were only borrowed in the few areas where there was constant interaction between English and French speakers. This neither demonstrates extensive bilingualism nor even that there was extensive borrowing beyond a few specific areas.
ʤۤɡΤ lamb ϡ#146. child ʣ children ʤ櫓 ([2009-09-20-1]) ǸűѸǤüʶޤȤƿ줿褦ˡޥϤǤ롥θϡߡưʪȤƤλӤɽΤߤʤ餺ɽ魯줬ΰ̣ѤȤȤϡ֡פ鳰ƤȤȤǤ롥ʤOED ˤȡlamb λΰ̣17ˤʤäƽȯãȤ뤬MED ˤȡa1399 ΡפθǤ㤬Τˤ롥
ޤcattle ⡤#95. ޤ롪 Norman French Central French Ÿ ([2009-07-31-1]) ǿ줿̤ꡤNorman French ͳñ˰㤤ʤܤΰ̣ΤߤǤꡤեѸȤƤդ路Ϥΰ̣Ϥʤ
֡פοäϡΤ˲ʤäƤ롥
Denison, David and Richard Hogg. "Overview." Chapter 1 of A History of the English Language. Ed. Richard Hogg and David Denison. Cambridge: CUP, 2006. 1--42.
ѸˤϡѸȥե졦ƥ줫μѸ줬Ѱ㤨ƶ¸롤äع¤Ȥ٤Τ롥̤ˡäŪŪ̱ŪάȤľܤäʤɤħѸϳŪŪʸŪʼΩ褽褽ȤäġλѰΩˤĤƤϡOrr εҤŪΤǤ롥
For two hundred years and more, things intellectual, things pertaining to the spirit, were symbolized by words that had a flavour of remoteness, of higher courtliness, words redolent of the school rather than of the home, words that often had by their side humbler synonyms, humbler, yet used to express the things that are closer to our hearts as human beings, as children and parents, lovers and workers. (Orr, John. Words and Sounds in English and French. Oxford: Blackwell, 1953. p. 42 qtd. in Ullmann 146)
ܥ֥Ǥ⡤Ω˴Ϣ#334. Ѹäλع¤ ([2010-03-27-1])#335. ܸäλع¤ ([2010-03-28-1])#1296. ع¤ɲá ([2012-11-13-1])#1960. ѸäΥԥߥåɹ¤ ([2014-09-08-1])#2072. Ѹäλع¤ ([2014-12-29-1]) ۤ¿εǼ夲Ƥ
줬㤯Ѹ줬⤤ȤѰʬۤ¿θåڥƤϤޤ뤳Ȥϻ¤طžƤ褦˸ڥʤǤϤʤ㤨СUllmann (147) ϡΥڥƤ롥ǽ2ȤΥڥˤĤƤϡJespersen (93) Ƥ롥
| Native word | Foreign word |
|---|---|
| dale | valley |
| deed | action |
| foe | enemy |
| meed | reward |
| to heed | to take notice of |
#2061. ȯäˤ봳Ĥȸˤ봳ġ ([2014-12-18-1]) ǰ褦ˡμ (borrowing) ϲǤꡤѸ (loanword) Ϸ̤Ǥ롥Weinreich Ūˤζ̤ĤԤϾʤäȽҤ٤Ƥ뤬Roberts ȤԤζ̤ˤĤƤ롥Roberts (31--32) ϡܿβ "fusion" ȸƤӡ̤ȤƤξ֤ "mixture" ȸƤʬޤRoberts "fusion" "mixture" 줾ʬȤȤˡΤ褦ʲ̤ʳˤ2ѾΥפ2ĤʬΤȤƸܿȤ٤ΤƤ롥ʲRoberts (32) οƸ褦

ľʸɤߤʤˤȴ¿Ѹ줬Ω¤Ǥ뤬줾ŪʻȤδ֤ߤδطȤ館ˤΤBILINGUALISM FUSION MIXTURE ȤŪȸ2ν̤ɾǤȤƤ⡤ʳˤĤƤѸ줬äƤݤǤꡤƤɤδطƤRoberts (31--32) ˤΤޤäƤ餪
When a bilingual situation ends, the surviving language (that is, the language whose grammar prevails) is colored in greater or less degree by the perishing language (that is, the language whose grammar succumbs). The extent of this coloring depends upon the relationship of the two languages during the antecedent bilingualism. Subordinative bilingualism results in admixture; a portion of the weaker language is added to the stronger, which still retains both its grammatical and its lexical integrity. Co-ordinative bilingualism results in intermixture; virtually the entire vocabulary of the weaker language is swallowed up by the stronger, which thereby loses its lexical, though not its grammatical, integrity.
The words admixture and intermixture, as here used, denote accomplished situations, the results of processes. To designate the generative processes, the terms affusion and interfusion, corresponding respectively to admixture and intermixture, are proposed. Affusion has three modalities: infusion, suffusion, and superfusion. Interfusion has three stages or temporalities: diffusion, circumfusion, and retrofusion.
Affusion 鸫ƤȡInfusion ̾θμѤ롥Suffusion ϡظƶ (substratum_theory) ξظ줫θŪƶ롥Superfusion (loan_translation) 롥importation substitution ȤΩȡռŪʴĤ̵ռŪʴĤȤΩޤˤʤä褦ʬ
Interfusion ܤȡDiffusion äȼѸäѰ˴ؤʬؤƤ롥Ѹäˤ̤λع¤ʤɤˤߤФ褤 Interfusion ʳ餵˿ʤȡCircumfusion ʳȤʤ롥Ǥ㤨ƸϤ٤ƥեƥѸǤäƤ⡤괬ǽȤʤ褦ʾ߽Ф롥ˡRetrofusion ϥ줫ΰΡפβǤꡤեθˡαƶ house beautiful, knights templars, sufficient likelihood, nocturnal darkness ʤɤɽ߽Ф롥
Roberts 2 (bilingualism) δǤΩƤ褦ȤŪǤʸ褦ǰʤ餦ޤäƤ褦ˤϻפʤϤΤܿȤƤϡ#1780. ܿȼѤμ١ ([2014-03-12-1]) ȡ#1781. ܿ ([2014-03-13-1]) ǾҲ𤷤 Thomason and Kaufman ˤǥ뤬ǯǤϤ褯ΤƤ롥
Ѥ˴ؤȷ̤ζ̤ˤĤƤϡ#900. ([2011-10-14-1])#901. ʬ ([2011-10-15-1])#904. ѸŪƱꤹ뤳ȤϤǤ뤫 ([2011-10-18-1])#1988. Ѹ츦 to-do list (2) ([2014-10-06-1])#2009. ؤˤܿ2 ([2014-10-27-1]) ⻲ȡޤϢơ#2067. Weinreich ˤ촳Ĥηװ ([2014-12-24-1]) εȤĥä⻲Ȥ줿
Weinreich, Uriel. Languages in Contact: Findings and Problems. New York: Publications of the Linguistic Circle of New York, 1953. The Hague: Mouton, 1968.
Roberts, Murat H. "The Problem of the Hybrid Language". Journal of English and Germanic Philology 38 (1939): 23--41.
Ѹäع¤ˤĤơ#334. Ѹäλع¤ ([2010-03-27-1])#335. ܸäλع¤ ([2010-03-28-1])#1296. ع¤ɲá ([2012-11-13-1])#1960. ѸäΥԥߥåɹ¤ ([2014-09-08-1]) ʤɡ¿εǸڤƤ#1366. Ѹ줬̱ŪʸȸƤФͳ ([2013-01-22-1]) Ǥߤ褦ˡäλع¤椨˱Ѹ̱ŪʸǤȤ뤳Ȥ뤬ѸäΤħϸˤäƤȤȤʤतΤΤǤ롥
Jespersen (121--39) Ƥ롥ޤĹ꤫顥
(1) ʩͳ褹줬¿Ȥˤꡤ̣ "subtle shades" ɽ褦ˤʤä
(2) ʸŪŪɽǽˤʤä
(3) ѸˤĹñ줬¿ΤǡȤüԤϹθΤλ֤ݤ뤳ȤǤ롥
(4) ƥѸˤôݤ롥
ޤ (1) (2) ϴϢƤꡤɽϤ礭ȤϳΤȤ٤ܤܸäλع¤ӤСɽԤˤȤäƤΥåȤϼ´褦ʹؽԤˤȤäƤħȤ⤤ϤޤŪʤΤǤȤȤ˺ƤϤʤʤ(3) Ϥ⤷ŦǤ롥üԤȤƱѸäݤˤϡߥñ̡ʡˤΤϤʻֲԤǤΩĤȤ롥ĹñǻֲԤȤΤϡˤ뤬άȤƤϳΤˤΤǤϤʤ(4) ϥƥѸǤϤʤꥷѸˤĤƤϢơ#512. ̾ ([2010-09-21-1]) #1694. ʳظäˤƥꥷǤ˱ɤͳ ([2013-12-16-1]) ⻲Ȥ줿
ˡJespersen Ƥû롥
(5) ɬסŬڤʥƥѸλѤˤꡤ̣ξܤ䤱뤳Ȥ롥
(6) ȯֻʤɤˤĤƵô롥㤨С#859. gaseous ȯ ([2011-09-03-1]) γƼΥꥨ#573. ̾ȷƻбطʣǤ3Ĥλ ([2010-11-21-1]) Ǥߤ labyrinth ƻʤɤǤ롥
(7) ʳؤﲽˤꡤϢäˤϹǤˤʬ䤹褦ˤʤäƤƤ롥㤨 insomnia sleeplessness Τۤʬ䤹ͭѤǤȤ롥
(8) ͳǤƳˤꡤ֤ζ֤꤬ (ex. Cánada vs Canádian)
(9) ƥʣ (ex. phenomena, nuclei) Ѹؤ⤽ΤޤۤʤɤŪ줿
(10) ä̱Ūˤʤä
ȤϥɽδطˤꡤŪȽǤϲˤȤ狼ɤΤȤѸθù¤켫ΤȤϡѼԤ˻ȤȤʤΤѸθù¤ϡƻθܿʤɤ߽ФƤ͡ʸûŪʪˤ켫ΤɤⰭʤäơ̱Ū뤤̱ŪȤ褦ɾäȤȤϡɾԤѸä뼫Ω֤ɽƤȤȤǤ롥Jespersen (139) ϼɾƤ롥
While the composite character of the language gives variety and to some extent precision to the style of the greatest masters, on the other hand it encourages an inflated turgidity of style. . . . [W]e shall probably be near the truth if we recognize in the latest influence from the classical languages 'something between a hindrance and a help'.
ܸˤ̤줿ʥץ˴20ˤ⤿餵줿ʸˤ⡤褦ɾä뤳ȤǤʡ#1999. Chuo Online ε֥ʸΩŪ˻ס ([2014-10-17-1]) Ȥĥäȡˡ
ѸȤ̱̱ȤˤĤƤϡ#134. Ѹ줬̱ŪʸȸƤФͳ ([2009-09-08-1])#1366. Ѹ줬̱ŪʸȸƤФͳ ([2013-01-22-1])#1845. Ѹ줬̱ŪʸȸƤФͳ (2) ([2014-05-16-1]) Ǽ夲Τǡ⻲Ȥ줿ޤѸäΥޥ (romancisation) ˴ؤɾˤĤƤϡ#153. Cosmopolitan Vocabulary Asset ([2009-09-27-1]) #395. ѸΥޥ첽ˤĤƤɾ ([2010-05-27-1]) ȡ
Jespersen, Otto. Growth and Structure of the English Language. 10th ed. Chicago: U of Chicago, 1982.
ѸäħŪع¤ˤĤơ#334. Ѹäλع¤ ([2010-03-27-1])#335. ܸäλع¤ ([2010-03-28-1])#1296. ع¤ɲá ([2012-11-13-1]) ʤɤεǤߤƤع¤ȤɽΤϡ岼طȳؤΤӥΤ褦ʷʪΥ⤷ʤӥȤϡĺԥߥåɤΤ褦ʷۤǤ롥Ĥޤꡤ顤ι㳬ؤá䶹ޤä泬ؤΥեáⳬؤΥƥꥷäȤ
ԥߥåɤȤŬڤʤΤϡ1ĤˤϡⳬؤΥƥꥷäΤøŪϰ̤Ȱҿ褯Ƥ뤫ҲŪʸŪ¾ݤݥˤĤƤ뤳Ȥϡӥ뷿ԥߥåɷΤۤ褯ɽǤ롥
2ܤȤơ줾θä٤ԥߥåɤˤƳؤѤȤɽǤ뤫Ǥ롥ε#1959. ʸػˤʸػˤˤפԤѤäˤγ ([2014-09-07-1]) Ǥߤ褦ˡäդΤߤʤ餺դˤƤ⡤ä٤¾ݤƤʤʤʬۤϡ#1645. ܸθʬۡ ([2013-10-28-1]) Ǥߤ褦ˡܸˤƤƱͤäˡоŪˡⳬؤθä٤㤤ġθˤĤƤȿ⤢ŪʷȤƤϡƳؤ٤ѤȤб롥äȤ⡤Ƴؤθ̡ʰۤʤˤȤȤǤСɬ⤽줬ԥߥåɤѤб櫓Ǥʤ100cf. #309. Ѹδܸ100εȳ ([2010-03-02-1]) Ⱥ600cf. #202. Ѹδܸ600εȳ ([2009-11-15-1])ˤǸ¤ꡤ̤ѤϤ褽бƤ뤬10000Ȥ٥Ĵȡ#429. ѸκѸ10000εȳ ([2010-06-30-1]) Ǥߤ褦ˡȤƤ3ؤξ岼ط롥
ԥߥåɤȤͭȹͤ3ܤͳϡԥߥåɤˤƳؤѤ٤Τߤʤ餺ΤỊ̇ˡιˤбƤ뤫ŪܶǤ٤⤤ФǤʤ¿Ǥꡤˡ¿ˤ錄롥ŪʸƱͿפǤ⡤ give Ūʸ¿ˤ¿ƥѸ donate ϸꤵƤ롥ޤgive ʸȤ SVOiOd SVOd to Oi 뤳ȤǤʤʤ dative shift ǽˤdonate ϸԤʸƤʤۤˤϡ#112. եƥѸȲˡߡ ([2009-08-17-1]) Ǽ褦ˡóؤŪʿ˴ͿƤȵ륱롥
3δ顤Hughes (43) ϡΤ褦ʥԥߥåɹ¤
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嵭3Τۤˤ⡤ƳؤѤȸ䤹 (comprehensibility) طƤȤ⤢롥ɤΤȤóؤϡʸŪҿ㤵١̣ˡιȤäشطˤȤȤԥߥåɤȤϹߤǤ롥
Hughes, G. A History of English Words. Oxford: Blackwell, 2000.
Ѹäθ̤γˤĤơޤ¿εdzƼפƤ
[2012-09-03-1]: #1225. եѸʬۤð
[2012-08-11-1]: #1202. Ѹθäεȳ (2)
[2012-01-07-1]: #985. Ѹθäεȳ
[2011-09-18-1]: #874. Ѹοˤ륽ʬۡ
[2011-08-20-1]: #845. Ѹθäεȳ
[2010-12-31-1]: #613. Academic Word List ˴ޤޤγ
[2010-06-30-1]: #429. ѸκѸ10000εȳ
[2010-05-16-1]: #384. ÿȥޥΨǸűѸȸѸθäӤ
[2010-03-02-1]: #309. Ѹδܸ100εȳ
[2009-11-15-1]: #202. Ѹδܸ600εȳ
[2009-11-14-1]: #201. ѸμѸεȳ (2)
[2009-08-19-1]: #114. ѸμѸεȳ
[2009-08-15-1]: #110. ѸμѸεȳ
#334. Ѹäλع¤ ([2010-03-27-1])#335. ܸäλع¤ ([2010-03-28-1])#1526. Ѹܸθûоɽ ([2013-07-01-1]) Ǹ褦ˡѸܸθäӤˤɤäƤƤꡤ̤ȤƸζŪʸùˤⶦ롥ϡѸȤӤΤˡܸθ̤γߤ褦ŪˤμθפΤܸɴŵ (420--21) ˵ʤ3Ĵ̤γѤ
(1) 龼¤ˤƤ3ι켭ŵظ١22ǯ1889ǯˡ켭ŵ١ʾ31ǯ1956ǯˡ켭ŵ١ʾ44ǯ1969ǯˤμϿ̤˿椬롥ϡظ39,103켭ŵ40,393س켭ŵ60,218 Ǥ롥ʲ˳ɽȿޤ
| ¸ | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| ظ | 55.8% | 34.7 | 1.4 | 8.1 |
| 켭ŵ | 36.6 | 53.6 | 3.5 | 6.2 |
| س켭ŵ | 37.1 | 52.9 | 7.8 | 2.2 |
| ¸ | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| ۤʤ | 36.7% | 47.5 | 9.8 | 6.0 |
| ٸ | 53.9 | 41.3 | 2.9 | 1.9 |
| ¸ | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| ۤʤ | 46.9% | 40.0 | 10.1 | 3.0 |
| ٸ | 71.8 | 23.6 | 3.2 | 1.4 |
#331. ưʪȤɽñ ([2010-03-24-1]) εǡѸˤͭ̾ calf vs veal, deer vs venison, fowl vs poultry, sheep vs mutton, swine (pig) vs pork, bacon, ox vs beef θޤˤ줤ʡֱѸ vs եѸפȤʤäƤꡤʤۤɤεǰˤκ뤳Ȥϡ#332. ưʪȤɽñפοá ([2010-03-25-1]) ǤߤȤܤä줿եäȤŪʸճؤιޤȤƤβͤѤʤʱѸäع¤εȡˡ
[2010-03-24-1]εǤ줿Ȥꡤưʪθͭ̾ˤΤ Sir Walter Scott (1771--1832) Ǥ롥Scott ϡ1819ǯ˾ Ivanhoe Τʤоʪ˼Τ褦˸餻Ƥ롥
"The swine turned Normans to my comfort!" quoth Gurth; "expound that to me, Wamba, for my brain is too dull, and my mind too vexed, to read riddles."
"Why, how call you those grunting brutes running about on their four legs?" demanded Wamba.
"Swine, fool, swine," said the herd, "every fool knows that."
"And swine is good Saxon," said the Jester; "but how call you the sow when she is flayed, and drawn, and quartered, and hung up by the heels, like a traitor?"
"Pork," answered the swine-herd.
"I am very glad every fool knows that too," said Wamba, "and pork, I think, is good Norman-French; and so when the brute lives, and is in the charge of a Saxon slave, she goes by her Saxon name; but becomes a Norman, and is called pork, when she is carried to the Castle-hall to feast among the nobles what dost thou think of this, friend Gurth, ha?"
"It is but too true doctrine, friend Wamba, however it got into thy fool's pate."
"Nay, I can tell you more," said Wamba, in the same tone; "there is old Alderman Ox continues to hold his Saxon epithet, while he is under the charge of serfs and bondsmen such as thou, but becomes Beef, a fiery French gallant, when he arrives before the worshipful jaws that are destined to consume him. Mynheer Calf, too, becomes Monsieur de Veau in the like manner; he is Saxon when he requires tendance, and takes a Norman name when he becomes matter of enjoyment."
ʩóؤϡѸʻˡˤ˴ؿΤ¿ο͡˥ԡ뤹뤬䤬˴ؿƤΤϡȤ櫓ҲŪ diglossia ȸŪ register δؤ礤εˤƤǤ롥#1489. Ferguson diglossia ʸɤ triglossia ([2013-05-25-1]) ڤӡ#1491. diglossia borrowing δط ([2013-05-27-1]) 褦ˡѸ diglossia ˴ŤҲŪʾ岼طκפŪ register ξ岼طȤüԤθ (lexicon) ΤʤȿǤƤ̣ҲŪʡʤ쳰ŪΩɤΤ褦ˤηŪʡʤŪΩžΤϡ#1380. micro-sociolinguistics macro-sociolinguistics ([2013-02-05-1]) Ǽ夲ޥҲ (macro-sociolinguistics or sociology of language) ȥߥҲ (micro-sociolinguistics) Ȥˤ̤롥Ҳ¤ȸηϤϤɤΤ褦Ϣ³ƤΤ뤤ϤɤΤ褦䤷ƤΤ
Scott λŦ swine vs pork Ω켫ΤϡŪʺۤȤϰ̣ŪʡʻؼоݤΡ˺ۤŪʾ嵭˴Ū˴ؤäƤ롥
ѸˡΧ˴ؤѰ (register) ˥եθ礬Ƥ뤳ȤˤĤƤϡ#336. Law French ([2010-03-29-1])#433. Law French ȱѹϡ ([2010-07-04-1])#1240. ΥޥȸˡΧѸִ ([2012-09-18-1]) γƵǼ夲ƤɤˤˡΧʬθؤγάС13ˤϥƥäƥե줬ˡΧطɽˤͥȤʤäƤ椯եˡʸˤƤƥȶ礤14ˤͥȤʤ롥15ˤϡLaw French Law English ˽˼äƤ椯˻ޤǥեΰ仺ϼѤ줿
ˡΧʬǥե줫ѸؤθؤʤǤ椯ȡˡΧѸˤեñ줫ñؤθؤȤƤ롥ȤɤθѸѤ뤫Ȥϡ¿ξ硤ɤѤȤߤĤޤꡤξ and ʤɤ³ǤĤʤơ2।ǥ (binomial idiom) ˤƤޤȤǤʴϢ[2011-07-26-1]ε#820. ʩƱפ⻲ȡˡ2Ԥδ֤̯ʰ̣ζ̤⤢Сƶ̤Ϥʤñ˰̣ζĴǤȤ⤢ä֤ȤȤˤΤ褦ˡΧʬθħŤʸΤؤȯŸȤΤȤΤϡñʩñΤߤʤ餺ʩñ2Ĥñ2Ĥʤɤ⸫褦ˤʤꡤ츻ȤʸΤȤȤ館ۤŬڤǤȹͤ뤫ʸΤȯŸˡ2।ǥħǤ뱤ΧˤϤΤ褵 (euphony) ѤƤȤʤ
ʲˡCrystal (152--53) ˼Ƥ褦3İʾ⤢롥
acknowledge and confess (English/French)
aid and abet (French/French)
breaking and entering (English/French)
cease and desist (French/French)
each and every (English/English)
final and conclusive (French/Latin)
fit and proper (English/French)
give and grant (English/French)
give, devise, and bequeath (English/French/English)
goods and chattels (English/French)
had and received (English/French)
have and hold (English/English)
heirs and assigns (French/French)
in lieu, in place, instead, and in substitution of (French/French/English/French or Latin)
keep and maintain (English/French)
lands and tenements (English/French)
let or hindrance (English/English)
made and provided (English/Latin)
new and novel (English/French)
null and void (French/French)
pardon and forgive (French/English)
peace and quiet (French/Latin)
right, title, and interest (English/English/French)
shun and avoid (English/Latin)
will and testament (English/Latin)
wrack and ruin (English/French)
ˡΧʬ᤹ΤȸʤŪ˰ޤƤѸäع¤ΧȸϤº2।ǥΤ褦ʽװ蘆äơʹߡˡΧѸȤäѼ郎ȯãƤΤȹͤ롥
Crystal, David. The Stories of English. London: Penguin, 2005.
#968. ѸˤեѸμŪƻ ([2011-12-21-1]) ǡ˸زˤлθȯɽ˴ϢƵƱȯɽ˴Ťл˸ء1˴ƤʸȴʸǤϡܥ֥[2011-12-21-1]εȤޤФ꤬Ȥޤ
лϤʸǡ(1) ѸθŪ Native Agglutination (NA) Latinate Fusion (LF) Ȥʬ롤(2) NA LF θΩϡRA ʴطŪŪʷƻ QA ʼŪɾŪʷƻˤΰ̣ΩȳͰפ롤(3) ̻Ū RA QA ؤȿܤ뷹롤3ĥƤ롥ꡤȤ櫓 (3) ̻Ū˴ؤƤϡлθȯɽ˿ȯơܥ֥Ǥ Farsi ʸȤʤ #1099. Ҥηƻɾηƻ ([2012-04-30-1])#1100. Farsi ηƻʬ̻Ūʰ̣礤 ([2012-05-01-1])#1193. ե˶줿Ѹθܡ ([2012-08-02-1]) Ǿ
RA QA ؤοܤȤˤĤơлϤ "a compensatory strategy for semantic strategy for semantic bleaching of QAs" (23) Ȱ֤Ť"a general linguistic change from the marked to the unmarked" (23) ȤȤ館Ƥ롥˶ᤤ1Ѥ롥
In my opinion, what underlies the diachronic shift and the synchronic mechanism is a familiar transition from the marked RA to the unmarked QA. The central member of the adjective is what I call the 'evaluative', which can be fundamentally expressed as a certain point in the 'good/bad' scale. Since adjectives on this scale typically undergo 'semantic bleaching' and their meanings easily get watered down, language has to find some way to compensate for the bleaching and ensure the diversity of evaluatives. In my view, the categorial shifts from RAs to QAs are best to be considered one of the compensatory strategies for this semantic bleaching. (34--35)
RA ɾӤӤ QA ؤȿܤƤ椯ϡ#1100. Farsi ηƻʬ̻Ūʰ̣礤 ([2012-05-01-1]) ǽҤ٤褦ˡʸѲȤƼ롥طʤˡ¸ QA "semantic bleaching" ꡤδַˤĤ RA QA ꤹ뤳Ȥ˴ؤơϰۤʤäͤäƤ롥̣ŪɺˤĤǤ QA ȤȤϡ̣ drag chain ƤȤȤˤۤʤʤ㤨С#660. ѸΥեѸηƻΨ ([2011-02-16-1]) ǵեѸƻϡѸƻΰ̣ŪɺˤĤȹͤ뤳ȤǤΤ뤤ϡ#1193. ե˶줿Ѹθܡ ([2012-08-02-1]) ǾҲ𤷤 -ness -ity ζ⡤Ԥɺηͤ drag chain ȤǤΤɤޤΰѤľǡܸΥƻȥʷƻʷưˤδ֤ݤ˿Ƥ뤬ܸˤǤϡ˴Ťʷƻ줬̤줿Τϡ¸Υƻ䴰뤿äȤʺƣp. 121--22ˡ¸Υƻ줬̣Ūɺδַ뤿äȤʹʤդäС¸ QA ϡ¿ϴܸǤꡤ̣ŪɺƤȤϡषޥϤ٤ƶѤ뷹ʴϢع¤γƵȡˡ
̣ŪɺˤĤ drag chain ꤹΤǤϤʤޥϤγϤǤѶŪ˲ΤȤͤĤޤ push chain βꤹ뤳ȤϤǤʤdrag chain push chain ɬȿΤǤϤʤξȤ˺ѤȤȤ⤢ˤ衤̤Ȥ͡ɾŪʷƻ줬Ѥơ"the diversity of evaluatives" (35) Ƥ뤳ȤϳΤ
ФˤĤơʤǤϤʤˡҰ˵ޤ礦
Koshiishi, Tetsuya. "Two Types of Adjectives and the History of English Word Formation." ˸ء1桤2012ǯ23--38ǡ
Farsi, A. A. "Classification of Adjectives." Language Learning 18 (1968): 45--60.
ƣ س⡡ܸˡ١īҽŹ1995ǯ
#134. Ѹ줬̱ŪʸȸƤФͳ ([2009-09-08-1]) DZѸʤˡˤ̱Ū¦ָ̤ХΤȤ줿ݤĤˡϡϤŪʴ顤Ѹ̱Ū¦̤Ҳ𤷤褦
ѸϡѸʱѹͥˤƥѸήи (##114,1067,1226)ˤäơѸäˤع¤줿ˤĤƤϡ#334. Ѹäλع¤ ([2010-03-27-1]) #1296. ع¤ɲá ([2012-11-13-1]) ǸȤǤ롥ä˳ؤߤ줿ȤȤϡλѼԤѰ (register) ˤб볬ؤꤦ뤳Ȥ롥äγؤȤλѤ˴ؤҲŪؤΤɬŪʴطȤ櫓ǤϤʤŪ˰ޤƤΤȤơΤ褦ؤ¸ߤ뤳ȤǤʤؤθäϡ֥٥פι⤤üԤѰȷӤĤ졤ؤθäϡ֥٥פ㤤üԤѰȷӤĤ뷹ϤϤäꤷƤ롥
ξˤĤơ (244) ϡֱѸ̱ŪʡפꤹǼΤ褦˽Ҥ٤Ƥ롥
ʸˤ˭Ϥ⤦Ĥη̤ϡѸ줬̱ŪʤĤ褦ˤʤäȤȤǤOEˤϲͤθդ̱θդ⤿ѤʤäȻפ롥ήȸääñȤȤȤϾʤäǤ롥ξ֤ Norman Conquest ˤäơؤϥե졤ؤϱѸȤҲŪŸ (social bilingualism) ѤäѸ줬ȡѸ줽켫ΤˡμҲŪˤʤäηĹΤϿʸǤäơPurism ȽϤȸ뤳ȤǽǤ롥¡ۤȤͣɽоݤȤؤϡθ˻ޤǥꥹ̱ŪʽưȤӤĤƤ롥
Ѹʤˡˤϡ¦̤Ǥ̱Ṳ̄¦̤Ǥ̱ŪǤ롥ΤȤ¿쾯ʤɤθˤ뤳ȤޤˤĤƸ̱פȤΤϡ#1318. ˤݼŪȤϲ ([2012-12-05-1]) #1304. ꥫѸΡݼס ([2012-11-21-1]) Ǽ夲ݼפƱ褦ˡդɬפǤ롥̱פݼפʹѤޤɽǤꡤ켫ΤΤȤ館ϸĿͤˤäưۤʤǤ⡤ҲŪʴϡ̱ȤΤϤ⤷ơޤ
ʤѸˤ̱ŪĬήȤС#625. ѸʸˡѲ˸뷹 ([2011-01-12-1]) #1059. ϽŻ뤫ְռŻؿܤƤ T/V distinction ([2012-03-21-1]) ꤬פФ롥
졡رѸˡ١罤ۡ1983ǯ
Ѹäع¤ˤĤơ#334. Ѹäλع¤ ([2010-03-27-1]) ϤȤƵǿƤϡ͡ŵ Schmitt and Marsden (89) Ѹʲؤ뤤 "general"ˡեؤ뤤 "formal"ˡƥꥷʾؤ뤤 "intellectual"ˤλع¤ʤɲäơɽηǼ
| Old English (general) | French (formal) | Latin or Greek (intellectual) |
|---|---|---|
| ask | question | interrogate |
| book | volume | text |
| fair | beautiful | attractive |
| fast | firm | secure |
| fear | terror | trepidation |
| fire | flame | conflagration |
| foe | enemy | adversary |
| gift | present | donation |
| goodness | virtue | probity |
| hearty | cordial | cardiac |
| help | aid | assistance |
| holy | sacred | consecrated |
| kingly | royal | regal |
| lively | vivacious | animated |
| rise | mount | ascend |
| time | age | epoch |
| word | term | lexeme |
| Old English (general) | French (formal) | Latin or Greek (intellectual) |
|---|---|---|
| folk | people | population |
| go | depart | exit |
| guts | entrails | intestines |
| word-hoard | vocabulary | lexicon |
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