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lexical_stratification - hellogѸ˥֥

ǽ: 2026-08-28 00:27

2018-07-24 Tue

#3375. ָ߽Ťˡ§ [lexicology][french][latin][loan_word][lexical_stratification]

#3373. ּáס ([2018-07-22-1])#3374. ּáס ([2018-07-23-1]) ˰³ϼؤγǰ˸ؤ˱ѤƤߤ륷꡼3ơϡ߽Ťˡ§פ⤸äơָ߽Ťˡ§פͤƤߤ
߽Ťˡ§ (law of superposition) Ȥϡɴʻŵ2ǡ٤ˤС̤Ǥ롥

W. ߥˤäƻϤ줿ذ̳ؤĤδˡ§ΰĤǡ⤷ϢδФ¾δФξ˽ŤʤäƤꡤ¤Ū˵žʤɤƤʤˤϡˤΤФȤ̣Ǥ롥ŤʤĤؤζŪ岼طŪطɤߤȤ뤳ȤǤ롥


ƾQŪ򤷤䤹Ǥ롥Ǥϡ㴳ΤҤͤäʤä˱ѤƤߤ褦äˤĤƶŪ岼طȤΤϥʥ󥻥󥹤ʤΤǡʸŪ岼طʥեޥƥιˤɤؤƤߤ롥

⤷Ϣθä¾θäξ˽ŤʤäƤꡤ¤Ū˵žʤɤƤʤˤϡˤΤäȤ̣Ǥ롥Ťʤ2ĤθؤʸŪ岼طŪطɤߤȤ뤳ȤǤ롥


ε ([2018-07-23-1]) Ǥ⾯줿Ѹä3ع¤ǰƬˤƹͤƤߤ褦̤˱Ѹäϥԥߥåɾ3ع¤ʤƤȤ졤졤ե󥹼Ѹ졤ƥ󡦥ꥷѸ줬줾첼ءءؤ롥ƱֿҤͤפ̣Ǥ ask -- question -- interrogate Τ褦ʸΡʥեޥƥˤ٤ˤä3ʳζ̤ˤĤƤϡ#334. Ѹäλع¤ ([2010-03-27-1])#1296. ع¤ɲá ([2012-11-13-1]) ʤɤ򻲾ȡˡ
Τ褦ʸŪ岼طλ¤ϼȤơǤϡξ岼طϤϤƻŪط򼨺ΤȤ˰ܤ¡ask ȤƸűѸʰˤ̤ˤĤե󥹼Ѹ question ϽФ15ȾƥѸ interrogate Ϥ٤15ȾȤʤäƤ롥ġñθ̩ʽǯ̤Ȥơե󥹼ѸȾѸˡƥ󡦥ꥷѸȾ϶ѸήȤ򴪰ƤСʸŪ岼طȻŪطϤ褽פȹͤ롥
ѸθóؤˤϤ٤ޤŬѤǤΤΡָ߽Ťˡ§פŪѤ뤫ɤϤ褯狼ʤλ˲äääۤʸŪʾؤ뷹롤ȤȤˤʤΤ⤷ʤɬ⼫ʤȤǤϤʤ
Ȥꤢ׹ͼ¸ȤȤǡָཾˡ§פƤߤ

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2018-07-23 Mon

#3374. ּá [lexicology][old_norse][french][latin][loan_word][lexical_stratification][contact][link][methodology]

ε#3373. ּáס ([2018-07-22-1]) ˰³ϼؤγǰ˸ؤ˱ѤǤ뤫ɤ⤦1ĤλǹͤƤߤ롥ؤǯ˻񤹤뼨ಽФȤ̤ˡ경 (facies fossile) ȤβФ롥ϻǤϤʤĶ˻񤹤βФΤȤǡ㤨Х󥴲ФϡĤƤϤȤƩǤäȤ롥Ǥϡ˱ѤơּáפʤΤˤĤƸ뤳ȤϤǤ
פĤΤϡѸä䤽¾ΰκܤȤǤ롥#2625. ťΥɸ줫μѸ ([2016-07-04-1]) Ǹ褦ˡťΥɸ줫μѸˤϡȸޤۤŪܶʸä¿ζä٤¤ˤĤơѸˤǤϰ̤˼Τ褦ʤ롥űѸüԤȸťΥɸüԤϡƱޥ̱²Ȥ转⤪褽Ƥꡤߤθ⤢٤Ǥʸ٥⤪褽ƱǤꡤҲŪʴط⤪Ǥä餳å٥θäߤθήΤȡĤޤꡤΤ褦ŪʼѸ¸ߤϡξԤΤο̩ǻʸܿäȤ򼨺롥
⤦1ĤΡּáפȤʤꤦϡ#331. ưʪȤɽñ ([2010-03-24-1]) Ǥߤ褦ʱѸȥե󥹼ѸȤκ˴ؤΤǤ롥ưʪɽ魯 calf, deer, fowl, sheep, swine, ox ʤɤФơɽ魯ñ veal, venison, poultry, mutton, pork, beef ʤɤμѸǤ롥ŪʲˤСθŪΩϡ̱饢󥰥ͤȾήΥޥͤȤҲŪΩȿǤ롥Τ褦ʸáʸäΤΤȤϸʬۡˤϡѸμδĶ򼨺ΤȤƼŪǤȤΤǤϤʤ
ŪˤСѸä3ع¤ŵȤó (lexical_stratification) ¸ߤ⡤ĤƤθܿҲΤʤˤǼŪǤ롥ºݤΤȤû˸ˤơּáפȤȯۤϡѸ줳Ȥ鷺Ȥ⡤Τ褦˼Ƥ褦ˤפ롥
ǿ줿ưʪ3ع¤ˤĤƤϡʲε⻲Ȥ줿

#331. ưʪȤɽñ ([2010-03-24-1])
#332. ưʪȤɽñפοá ([2010-03-25-1])
#1583. swine vs pork μҲŪյ ([2013-08-27-1])
#1603. ưʪȤɽñפǽ˻Ŧ͡ ([2013-09-16-1])
#1604. ưʪȤɽñפ򼡤˻Ŧͤ ([2013-09-17-1])
#1966. ʡʤäƤѸΰʪ˥塼 ([2014-09-14-1])
#1967. ˴ؤե󥹼Ѹ ([2014-09-15-1])
#2352. ưʪȤɽñפο (2) ([2015-10-05-1])

#334. Ѹäλع¤ ([2010-03-27-1])
#1296. ع¤ɲá ([2012-11-13-1])
#1960. ѸäΥԥߥåɹ¤ ([2014-09-08-1])
#2072. Ѹäλع¤ ([2014-12-29-1])
#2279. Ѹäεžع¤ ([2015-07-24-1])
#2643. Ѹäλع¤οá ([2016-07-22-1])
#387. trisociation triset ([2010-05-19-1])
#2977. Ϣ6֤ʤѸä3ع¤Τ --- ͥ󥹴Υƥ줫֤ȥס ([2017-06-21-1])

Referrer (Inside): [2019-12-16-1] [2018-07-24-1]

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2018-07-06 Fri

#3357. ܸäλع¤ (2) [japanese][lexicology][lexical_stratification]

Ѹܸθä˶̤Ƹ뻰ع¤˴ؤơ#2977. Ϣ6֤ʤѸä3ع¤Τ --- ͥ󥹴Υƥ줫֤ȥס ([2017-06-21-1]) ĥä¿εȤƤܸäλع¤ˤĤơ#335. ܸäλع¤ ([2010-03-28-1]) εǤĤ󤲤й (59) դ­

¸
˼å
ʪʥ
ǥХ꡼
㤤ʪåԥ
ιιȥ٥롿ȥå
աӡ


٤ƤߤС¸ȿȶʥ᡼ȸ̩ʥ᡼ȿʥ᡼Фסйp. 60) ȤȤ褯ʬй (62) ϡ줾θħ򼡤Τ褦ˤޤȤƤ롥

 оĹû
¸ȶʹự狼äոˡƤפŪƤɽΤ
ŪܤǸự狼ʽ񤭸ոˡ̩ʰ̣ɽʹȤ˰̣狼ˤ
κǿγǰꤳܤǸȤ˰̣狼ˤ


¸줬äո줬񤭸ոȤ뤬ʤˤ㳰⤢йp. 74ˡ㤨С֡פȡڡʤȤ⤬ˡסִǡפȡִʤˤʡס˳פȡϤפʤɡԤδΤۤŪˤн餫äŪǡԤ¸Ϥष񤭸Ū˶Ʊä˴˸Ȥפȡ֤ޤäספȡ֤٤ơסСפȡ֤ʤ餺ס¿ʬפȡ֤餯סְ֡פȡ֤äȤסΡפȡ֤ۤܡפʤɤ٤ƤߤСԤδΤۤäդǤ褯Ѥ롥
μ㳰ϡ⤷Ȥ˱Ѹäλع¤ˤĤƤƤϤޤ롥ŪˤϡѸϽ餫äոե󥹼ѸϷƽ񤭸ոȤоΤ˴ѻcf. #334. Ѹäλع¤ ([2010-03-27-1])ˡʤˤ foe enemydale valley Τ褦ˡڥԡʱѸˤΤۤŪʥեޥƥꡤԡʥե󥹼ѸˤΤۤŪʶ⤢롥Τ褦㳰ޤơѸܸθäλع¤ϻƤΤǤ롥

й ظϤä١ʸҡҸʸҿӡ2016ǯ.

Referrer (Inside): [2019-12-16-1]

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2018-04-27 Fri

#3287. äλع¤ [tagalog][lexicology][lexical_stratification]

Ѹäܸäλع¤ˤĤơ#334. Ѹäλع¤ ([2010-03-27-1]) #335. ܸäλع¤ ([2010-03-28-1]) ϤȤơ#2977. Ϣ6֤ʤѸä3ع¤Τ --- ͥ󥹴Υƥ줫֤ȥס ([2017-06-21-1]) ĥä¿εǼ夲Ƥ
եԥǺǤ⹭ä륿Tagalog; ̾ Pilipinoˤˤ⡤ѸܸΤΤȴˤӤ뻰ع¤Τäطʤˤϡ#1589. եԥαѸ ([2013-09-02-1])#1593. եԥαѸ (2) ([2013-09-06-1]) ǾҲ𤷤Υڥ䥢ꥫˤۤˤ롥äβءءؤΤϡ줾쥿ˡڥ졤Ѹñ췲Ǥ롥ϸ (70) Ѥ褦

ǡλŹ¤˿٤ϥθäˤϻʤʸΥθáڥϤθáѸϤθáˤ뤳ȤǤ롥򼨤Τˡɽˡ󤷤Ƥ礬롥ȤСñ̤50ڥ򼨤Ȥˤϡlimampung piso ʥˡsingkwenta pesos ʥڥˡfifty pesos ʱѸˤΤ٤ƤɽǽǤꡤԾǤϡɤɽ⽽ʬ򤵤롥ɤ򤹤뤫ˤäޤäƤ
ǡܸηϤͤƤߤ褦ܸθäϡ¸졽졽줫ΩäƤ롥ʤ궯ʥʥǤ뤬եԥǤϡΥ졽ڥ졽Ѹθäϡ¸Τ褦ʵǽ̤Ƥ롥Ĥޤ kumain ʿ٤ uminom ʰˤΤ褦ʴܸǤ롥ڥθäϡڥ˼줿ҲȿˡΧƥ˴ؤ줬¿ܸǤδΤ褦Ư򤷤Ƥ롥abogado ۸Ρˡmunisipyo ʻԡˤʤɤθäǤ롥ѸϸŪ١ǰ򼨤ܡʳصѡӥͥȡڤ˴Ϣä¿ܸˤ볰롥㤨Сmiting ʥߡƥ󥰡ˡweyter ʥˡkabinet աˤʤɤǤ롥
Υ졤ڥ졤ѸȤƱե٥åȤѤƤΤǡܸ٤СߤεΥϾʤܸǤϡҤ餬ʡ¸ˡʴˡʡʳˤȡ̡ɽˡꡤߤΰ㤤ΩäƤơ񤭸դξݱʤˡߤΰ㤤ռƤޤ


ѤκǸǽҤ٤Ƥ뤳ȤϡѸäˤ뻰ع¤ˤĤƤ롥ѸǤʸϾ˥ޥ󡦥ե٥åȤΤߤǤ뤫顤ܤǤθζ̤ܸξ٤ʤ
Ѹ졤ܸ졤θäδ֤Ӥ뻰ع¤ǧȤϤäƤ⡤εϡʬۡϤ줾ȼΤΤθĴСΤ褦ʸäγع¤ϤٸΤ⤷ʤΤ褦¿¸ߤȤϻפʤŪðۤǤ򤷤Ƥ

ϸ Ӿ3ϡեԥιˡ줫եԥθءסϸӾˡθ¾Ҳܡ١ǡ2002ǯ65--97ǡ

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2018-04-16 Mon

#3276. Churchill We Shall Fight on the Beaches [popular_passage][lexicology][lexical_stratification]

إ󥹥ȥ󡦥㡼롿ҥȥ顼ߤäˡ١ʸ Darkest HourˤѤ˹Ԥäǥߡޤ Gary Oldman ͥޤܿͤ԰칰᤬ᥤå׾ޤޤ󥱥륯襤뤳Ȥˤʤ륤ꥹ Winston Churchill ΡХɥζǺ֤äʤǤ롥ܺ٤ϾʤDzǤϤͭ̾ We Shall Fight on the Beaches αΥ󤬺Ƹ롥1940ǯ64βˤǤ롥ʲˡκǸʬžܤ褦ŵˡDzǤϤʤʪβϡʤɤ YouTube ǻİǤ롥

I have, myself, full confidence that if all do their duty, if nothing is neglected, and if the best arrangements are made, as they are being made, we shall prove ourselves once again able to defend our Island home, to ride out the storm of war, and to outlive the menace of tyranny, if necessary for years, if necessary alone. At any rate, that is what we are going to try to do. That is the resolve of His Majesty's Government --- every man of them. That is the will of Parliament and the nation. The British Empire and the French Republic, linked together in their cause and in their need, will defend to the death their native soil, aiding each other like good comrades to the utmost of their strength. Even though large tracts of Europe and many old and famous States have fallen or may fall into the grip of the Gestapo and all the odious apparatus of Nazi rule, we shall not flag or fail. We shall go on to the end, we shall fight in France, we shall fight on the seas and oceans, we shall fight with growing confidence and growing strength in the air, we shall defend our Island, whatever the cost may be, we shall fight on the beaches, we shall fight on the landing grounds, we shall fight in the fields and in the streets, we shall fight in the hills; we shall never surrender, and even if, which I do not for a moment believe, this Island or a large part of it were subjugated and starving, then our Empire beyond the seas, armed and guarded by the British Fleet, would carry on the struggle, until, in God's good time, the New World, with all its power and might, steps forth to the rescue and the liberation of the old.


αѸáʻˡˤδߤȡ饤ޥå we shall fight on the beaches ΤѤƤäͱѸǤ뤳Ȥ߷ΡرѸˡ (pp. 48--50) ǿƤ롥βս˥ե󥹸ƥͳθä˭٤˿򤼤Ƥ顤ꥹ̱ˤۤɼʤä⤷ʤˤѤ⤷ʤʡѤȤ櫓
ѸäμȳˤĤƤϡ#334. Ѹäλع¤ ([2010-03-27-1]) #2977. Ϣ6֤ʤѸä3ع¤Τ --- ͥ󥹴Υƥ줫֤ȥס ([2017-06-21-1]) εۤlexical_stratification ν򻲾ȡ

߷ ⡡رѸˡ١ҡӡ2008ǯ.

Referrer (Inside): [2020-08-09-1]

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2018-04-02 Mon

#3262. Ѹɸಽˤ "intensive elaboration" [lme][standardisation][latin][french][register][terminology][lexicology][loan_word][lexical_stratification]

#2742. Haugen θɸಽ4ʳ ([2016-10-29-1]) #2745. Haugen θɸಽ4ʳ (2) ([2016-11-01-1]) ǾҲ𤷤 Haugen θɸಽ (standardisation) ΥǥǤϡ (form) ȵǽ (function) ֤ˤɸಽȤ館Ƥ롥ˤȡɸಽȤ "maximal variation in function" "minimal variation in form" ħŤ븽ݤǤ롥Ԥ codification (of form)Ԥ elaboration (of function) бȹͤ롥
"elaboration" ȤѸդɬפǤ롥Haugen ɸಽεǰտޤƤΤϡ͡ʻѰ (register) ǹѤ뤳ȤǤȤ̣Ǥ "elaboration of function" ΤȤ "elaboration of form" Ȥ̤β⡤ѸˤɸಽȿϢ뤫򤱤뤿ˡHaugen Ȥạ̈Ǥ "elaboration of function" "extensive elaboration" ȸƤӡ"elaboration of form" Τۤ "intensive elaboration" ȸƤǤ⤤ (Schaefer 209)
Ǥϡ"intensive elaboration" 뤤 "elaboration of form" ȤϲؤΤSchaefer (209) ˤСβˤƤ "the range of the native linguistic inventory is increased by new forms adding further 'variability and expressiveness'" ȤѸθȾޤǤϡ񤭸դɸȤСѸβ餫ǤϤʤषƥե󥹸ȤäˤƱѸ줬ƤȡѸ줬γäɸϰ̤˽Ȥˤʤäκݤɸ줿ƥե󥹸줫̤θäѤѸä¿ݤäޤޤˡ˾褻ơե󥹸θäȥƥθä졤ΤȤƽʤع¤θä˻äʤλˤĤƤϡ#334. Ѹäλع¤ ([2010-03-27-1]) #2977. Ϣ6֤ʤѸä3ع¤Τ --- ͥ󥹴Υƥ줫֤ȥס ([2017-06-21-1]) ε򻲾ȡˡѸä̤ߡ񤭸վ塤Ѹθä󲽤줿ȤʤСϸɸಽħŤ "minimal variation in form" Ȥϡष "maximal variation in form" ظäƤ褦ʰݤͿ롥μ variation 뤤 variability äؤơ"intensive elaboration" 뤤 "elaboration of form" ȸƤ֤ΤǤ롥
ĤޤꡤɸಽˤϷѰۤʤ¦̤⤢Сۤʤ뼡ǡѰۤ礭ʤ¦̤⤢ꤦȤȤǤ롥ΰ츫̷⤹褦ɸಽΤSchaefer (220) ϼΤ褦ˤޤȤƤ롥

While such standardizing developments reduced variation, the extensive elaboration to achieve a "maximal variation in function" demanded increased variation, or rather variability. This type of standardization, and hence norm-compliance, aimed at the discourse-traditional norms already available in the literary languages French and Latin. Late Middle English was thus re-established in writing with the help of both Latin and French norms rather than merely substituting for these literary languages.


Schaefer Ursula. "Standardization." Chapter 11 of The History of English. Vol. 3. Ed. Laurel J. Brinton and Alexander Bergs. Berlin/Boston: De Gruyter, 2017. 205--23.

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2017-12-31 Sun

#3170. ܸθʬ (2) [japanese][lexicology][statistics][etymology][loan_word][lexical_stratification]

#1645. ܸθʬۡ ([2013-10-28-1]) εǡɸˤĤ龼¤ˤƽǤ줿켭ŵ˴Ťͤ򼨤ʿοͤ򼨤ۤ (71) ˷ǺܤƤ롤ؿ켭ŵȬǡ١ʾشۡ2002ǯˤ˴ŤʬۤǤ롥

ؿ켭ŵȬǡ١ʾشۡ2002ǯˤ˴Ťʬ

¸
33.8%49.1%8.8%8.4%
24,70835,9286,4156,130


ε ([2013-10-28-1]) ǻȤΩ츦ظäθȶʾˡ١¢ʰɡ1984ǯˤλ90˴Ťۤʤȱٸפ⡤ƱߥդˤƼʤⲭۤ (79) ͳǡˡ

90˴Ťθʬۡʰۤʤ

¸
36.7%47.5%9.8%6.0%
11,13414,4072,9641,826

90˴Ťθʬۡʱٸ

¸
53.9%41.3%2.9%1.9%
221,875170,03312,0348,030


顤¼ Ƿ ϱҡ 㡡ؿ޲ܸ١Ʋ2006ǯ

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2017-06-21 Wed

#2977. Ϣ6֤ʤѸä3ع¤Τ --- ͥ󥹴Υƥ줫֤ȥ [notice][link][loan_word][borrowing][lexicology][french][latin][lexical_stratification][japanese][inkhorn_term][rensai][sobokunagimon]

դǡѸϢָܴѸѸˤλ֤ͤʤѸä3ع¤Τ --- ͥ󥹴Υƥ줫֤ȥޤ
äϡѸäؤֺݤξɤȤʤäƤ¿쥻åȤ˹¤ʤƤꡤʤΤ褦ʹ¤¸ߤΤȤѤʵˡŪʴäΤǤطʤˤϡѸ줬λμҲŪʸ̮ΤʤθܿƤаޤޤޤѸûˤҤȤƤȡ̣ȤˡܸûˤȤʿ⸫ƤޤоȸŪѸӤˤƤϡξΰ㤤Ĵ뷹ޤо˸ؤδߤȡȸûˤ˴ؤ¤ꡤξϤȤƤ褯ƤޤϢܵθȾǤϡƤޤ
Ѹáʤܸáˤ3ع¤ˤĤƤϡرѸΡ֤ʤפ롡ϤƤαѸˡΤ5.1֤ʤ Help me! Ȥ϶֤ Aid me! Ȥ϶ФʤΤפ5.2֤ʤ Assist me! ȤϤʤ鶫ФʤΤפǤⰷäƤޤܥ֥Ǥ͡˵ƤΤǡΥ󥯤ʲĥäƤޤ碌ƤޤƱͤˤĤơ#1999. Chuo Online ε֥ʸΩŪ˻ס ([2014-10-17-1]) ǾҲ𤷤

#334. Ѹäλع¤ ([2010-03-27-1])
#1296. ع¤ɲá ([2012-11-13-1])
#1960. ѸäΥԥߥåɹ¤ ([2014-09-08-1])
#2072. Ѹäλع¤ ([2014-12-29-1])
#2279. Ѹäεžع¤ ([2015-07-24-1])
#2643. Ѹäλع¤οá ([2016-07-22-1])
#387. trisociation triset ([2010-05-19-1])

#1437. űѸ˼Ѥ줿ƥ ([2013-04-03-1])
#32. űѸ˼Ѥ줿ƥ ([2009-05-30-1])
#1945. űѸΥƥѤλʬ ([2014-08-24-1])
#120. ճ¿äѸΥƥѸ ([2009-08-25-1])
#1211. ѸΥƥѸΰ ([2012-08-20-1])
#478. ѸΤ褦˼ڤƤϼΤƤ줿ƥ ([2010-08-18-1])
#114. ѸμѸεȳ ([2009-08-19-1])
#1226. Ѹˤäǯʬۡ ([2012-09-04-1])
#2162. OED ˤե󥹸졦ƥ줫μѸοܡ ([2015-03-29-1])
#2385. OED ˤ롤ŵ줪ӥޥ󥹽줫μѸä (2) ([2015-11-07-1])

#576. inkhorn term ȱѸ켭 ([2010-11-24-1])
#1408. ([2013-03-05-1])
#1409. Ĥä졤ä ([2013-03-06-1])
#1410. Ƚ󵢡 ([2013-03-07-1])
#1615. 礹ߡ2 ([2013-09-28-1])
#609. 켭17 ([2010-12-27-1])

#335. ܸäλع¤ ([2010-03-28-1])
#1630. 졤ʸ졤ץ ([2013-10-13-1])
#1629. ([2013-10-12-1])
#1067. Ѹȸܸθüѡ ([2012-03-29-1])
#296. 轡ѸܸͿŪƶ ([2010-02-17-1])
#1526. Ѹܸθûоɽ ([2013-07-01-1])

[ | ѥڡ ]

2016-07-22 Fri

#2643. Ѹäλع¤οá [loan_word][french][latin][lexicology][register][lexical_stratification][language_myth]

rise -- mount -- ascend ask -- question -- interrogate ʤɤαѸäˤع¤ˤĤƤϡ#334. Ѹäλع¤ ([2010-03-27-1]) Ϥᡤlexical_stratification γƵǰäƤؤ졤ؤΥե󥹸졤ؤΥƥȤʬۤ򼨤ϳΤ˴ѻ뤷Ūˤ⥤󥰥ɤˤ3μҲŪϰ̤Ȥ줤ϢưƤ뤿ˡѸˤǤϳʤȥԥåȤ˾롥
ĤǤ⤳Τ褦ˤ줤ʬۤѻȤϸ¤餺嵭λع¤ϤޤǷȤƤȤ館Ƥ٤Ǥ롥Ǥˡ#2279. Ѹäεžع¤ ([2015-07-24-1]) Ǥ⼨褦ˡȥե󥹼Ѹ¤٤ȤˡǤ̡פǡŪפѤΤե󥹼ѸΤۤǤ褦ʥ⻶롥Baugh and Cable (182) ϡѸäεҤˤƻع¤Ū줹Ƥ븽˷پĤ餷Ƥ롥

. . . such contrasts [between the English element and the Latin and French element] ignore the many hundreds of words from French that are equally simple and as capable of conveying a vivid image, idea, or emotion---nouns like bar, beak, cell, cry, fool, frown, fury, glory, guile, gullet, horror, humor, isle, pity, river, rock, ruin, stain, stuff, touch, and wreck, or adjectives such as calm, clear, cruel, eager, fierce, gay, mean, rude, safe, and tender, to take examples almost at random. The truth is that many of the most vivid and forceful words in English are French, and even where the French and Latin words are more literary or learned, as indeed they often are, they are no less valuable and important. . . . The difference in tone between the English and the French words is often slight; the Latin word is generally more bookish. However, it is more important to recognize the distinctive uses of each than to form prejudices in favor of one group above another.


ع¤ΡֿáפȤޤǸäƤޤȸ᤮Τ餤뤬ä˥ե󥹼Ѹ줬ФƱ餤㤤ؤ˰֤Ť¤ΤäƤƤ褤

Baugh, Albert C. and Thomas Cable. A History of the English Language. 6th ed. London: Routledge, 2013.

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2015-10-05 Mon

#2352. ưʪȤɽñפο (2) [french][lexicology][loan_word][language_myth][lexical_stratification][animal]

#331. ưʪȤɽñ ([2010-03-24-1])#332. ưʪȤɽñפοá ([2010-03-25-1])#1583. swine vs pork μҲŪյ ([2013-08-27-1]) εǡͭ̾ʸäΩ calf/veal, deer/venison, fowl/poultry, sheep/mutton, swine (pig)/pork (bacon), ox/beef ˤĤơΥͤDenison and Hogg (16) ⡤̤γ٤֥פŦƤ롥

. . . the introduction of French loans for food, such as beef, pork and mutton, is sometimes held to demonstrate a considerable degree of bilingualism. This view owes a great deal to Scott's Ivanhoe, which claims that animals on the hoof were called by their English names, but by French names when cooked. The initial reaction is to believe that; it is only when we recall terms such as English lamb (alongside mutton) or Anglo-Norman cattle alongside English cow that its plausibility diminishes. It is more likely, although less romantically appealing, to suggest that French loans were most probable in administration and learning, and that by and large 'ordinary' words were only borrowed in the few areas where there was constant interaction between English and French speakers. This neither demonstrates extensive bilingualism nor even that there was extensive borrowing beyond a few specific areas.


ʤۤɡΤ lamb ϡ#146. child ʣ children ʤ櫓 ([2009-09-20-1]) ǸűѸǤüʶޤȤƿ줿褦ˡޥϤǤ롥θϡߡưʪȤƤλӤɽΤߤʤ餺ɽ魯줬ΰ̣ѤȤȤϡ֡פ鳰ƤȤȤǤ롥ʤOED ˤȡlamb λΰ̣17ˤʤäƽȯãȤ뤬MED ˤȡa1399 ΡפθǤ㤬Τˤ롥
ޤcattle ⡤#95. ޤ롪 Norman French Central French Ÿ ([2009-07-31-1]) ǿ줿̤ꡤNorman French ͳñ˰㤤ʤܤΰ̣ΤߤǤꡤե󥹼ѸȤƤդ路Ϥΰ̣Ϥʤ
֡פοäϡΤ˲ʤäƤ롥

Denison, David and Richard Hogg. "Overview." Chapter 1 of A History of the English Language. Ed. Richard Hogg and David Denison. Cambridge: CUP, 2006. 1--42.

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2015-07-24 Fri

#2279. Ѹäεžع¤ [loan_word][french][lexicology][register][taboo][semantic_change][lexical_stratification]

ѸˤϡѸȥե󥹸졦ƥ줫μѸ줬Ѱ㤨ƶ¸롤äع¤Ȥ٤Τ롥̤ˡäŪŪ̱ŪάȤľܤäʤɤħѸϳŪŪʸŪʼΩ褽褽ȤäġλѰΩˤĤƤϡOrr εҤŪΤǤ롥

For two hundred years and more, things intellectual, things pertaining to the spirit, were symbolized by words that had a flavour of remoteness, of higher courtliness, words redolent of the school rather than of the home, words that often had by their side humbler synonyms, humbler, yet used to express the things that are closer to our hearts as human beings, as children and parents, lovers and workers. (Orr, John. Words and Sounds in English and French. Oxford: Blackwell, 1953. p. 42 qtd. in Ullmann 146)


ܥ֥Ǥ⡤Ω˴Ϣ#334. Ѹäλع¤ ([2010-03-27-1])#335. ܸäλع¤ ([2010-03-28-1])#1296. ع¤ɲá ([2012-11-13-1])#1960. ѸäΥԥߥåɹ¤ ([2014-09-08-1])#2072. Ѹäλع¤ ([2014-12-29-1]) ۤ¿εǼ夲Ƥ
줬㤯Ѹ줬⤤ȤѰʬۤ¿θåڥƤϤޤ뤳Ȥϻ¤طžƤ褦˸ڥʤǤϤʤ㤨СUllmann (147) ϡΥڥ󤲤Ƥ롥ǽ2ȤΥڥˤĤƤϡJespersen (93) ⿨Ƥ롥

Native wordForeign word
dalevalley
deedaction
foeenemy
meedreward
to heedto take notice of


Υڥˤơ̤ʴްդʤŪѤΤϡ¦μѸη¦ηϡषʸŪŪǤꡤ٤Ū㤤Ȼפ롥ͽۤȿ뤳Τ褦ʵžʬۤϡŪޤǤϤȤϤʤΤ
1ĤˤϡΥڥǤϡ٤㤵Ѱζ䤷̤ˡѸ줬Ⱦִ˶ᤤΤǤϤʤΤۤäƤдѤȤʤäƤ⤪ʤäѰ¤äꡤ˸ꤵʤɤǽŪˤϼŪ˻¸˻äΤǤΰϤ̣ü첽 (specialization) 뤤Ͻ̾ (narrowing) λȤäƤ褤
ơΤ褦ˤĤäϡˤΡִľܤä¤ȯĤˤζŪʴްդӤӤ뤳ȤˤʤäΤǤϤʤ󥰥̱²Ȥ򤢤ƤСˤϡΤ褦̱²ۤ䶫ӤΤ褦ʤΤΤ줬ʤΤ̤ʤΤˤȤʸŪŪʶäѤ˻äƤ롥
˶ŪʴްդղäơˤäƤϥ֡˶ᤤϤͭ˻äΤȤơbloody (cf. sanguinary), blooming (cf. flourishing), devilish (cf. diabolical), hell (cf. inferno), popish (cf. papal) ʤɤ (Ullmann 147) ⡤dale foe ʤɤƱͤˡǤ˲ƻѰ褬줿ΤȲǤ롥

Ullmann, Stephen. Semantics: An Introduction to the Science of Meaning. 1962. Barns & Noble, 1979.
Jespersen, Otto. Growth and Structure of the English Language. 10th ed. Chicago: U of Chicago, 1982.

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2015-01-05 Mon

#2079. fusion mixture [contact][borrowing][loan_word][loan_translation][bilingualism][substratum_theory][typology][register][lexical_stratification]

#2061. ȯäˤ봳Ĥȸˤ봳ġ ([2014-12-18-1]) ǰ򲡤褦ˡμ (borrowing) ϲǤꡤѸ (loanword) Ϸ̤Ǥ롥Weinreich Ūˤζ̤ĤԤϾʤäȽҤ٤Ƥ뤬Roberts ȤԤ᤯ζ̤ˤĤƤ롥Roberts (31--32) ϡܿβ "fusion" ȸƤӡ̤ȤƤξ֤ "mixture" ȸƤʬޤRoberts "fusion" "mixture" 򤽤줾ʬȤȤˡΤ褦ʲ̤ʳˤ2ѾΥפ2ĤʬΤȤƸܿ෿Ȥ٤Τ󵯤Ƥ롥ʲRoberts (32) ο޼Ƹ褦

Roberts' Typography of Bilingualism and Contact


ľʸɤߤʤ򤷤ˤ޼ȴ¿Ѹ줬Ω¤Ǥ뤬줾ŪʻȤδ֤ߤδطȤ館ˤΤBILINGUALISM FUSION MIXTURE ȤŪ󼨤ȸ2ν̤ɾǤȤƤ⡤ʳˤĤƤѸ줬äƤݤǤꡤƤɤδطƤRoberts (31--32) ˤΤޤ޸äƤ餪

   When a bilingual situation ends, the surviving language (that is, the language whose grammar prevails) is colored in greater or less degree by the perishing language (that is, the language whose grammar succumbs). The extent of this coloring depends upon the relationship of the two languages during the antecedent bilingualism. Subordinative bilingualism results in admixture; a portion of the weaker language is added to the stronger, which still retains both its grammatical and its lexical integrity. Co-ordinative bilingualism results in intermixture; virtually the entire vocabulary of the weaker language is swallowed up by the stronger, which thereby loses its lexical, though not its grammatical, integrity.
   The words admixture and intermixture, as here used, denote accomplished situations, the results of processes. To designate the generative processes, the terms affusion and interfusion, corresponding respectively to admixture and intermixture, are proposed. Affusion has three modalities: infusion, suffusion, and superfusion. Interfusion has three stages or temporalities: diffusion, circumfusion, and retrofusion.


Affusion 鸫ƤȡInfusion ̾θμѤ롥Suffusion ϡظƶ (substratum_theory) ξظ줫θŪƶ롥Superfusion (loan_translation) 롥importation substitution ȤΩȡռŪʴĤ̵ռŪʴĤȤΩޤˤʤä褦ʬ
Interfusion ܤȡDiffusion äȼѸäѰ˴ؤʬؤƤ롥Ѹäˤ̤λع¤ʤɤˤߤФ褤 Interfusion ʳ餵˿ʤȡCircumfusion ʳȤʤ롥Ǥ㤨ƸϤ٤ƥե󥹡ƥѸǤäƤ⡤괬ǽȤʤ褦ʾ߽Ф롥ˡRetrofusion ϥ줫ΰΡפβǤꡤե󥹸θˡαƶ house beautiful, knights templars, sufficient likelihood, nocturnal darkness ʤɤɽ߽Ф롥
Roberts 2 (bilingualism) δǤΩƤ褦ȤŪǤʸ񤤤褦ǰʤ餦ޤäƤ褦ˤϻפʤϤΤܿ෿ȤƤϡ#1780. ܿȼѤμ١ ([2014-03-12-1]) ȡ#1781. ܿ෿ ([2014-03-13-1]) ǾҲ𤷤 Thomason and Kaufman ˤǥ뤬ǯǤϤ褯ΤƤ롥
Ѥ˴ؤȷ̤ζ̤ˤĤƤϡ#900. ([2011-10-14-1])#901. ʬ ([2011-10-15-1])#904. Ѹ򶦻ŪƱꤹ뤳ȤϤǤ뤫 ([2011-10-18-1])#1988. Ѹ츦 to-do list (2) ([2014-10-06-1])#2009. ؤˤܿ2 ([2014-10-27-1]) ⻲ȡޤϢơ#2067. Weinreich ˤ촳Ĥηװ ([2014-12-24-1]) εȤĥä󥯤⻲Ȥ줿

Weinreich, Uriel. Languages in Contact: Findings and Problems. New York: Publications of the Linguistic Circle of New York, 1953. The Hague: Mouton, 1968.
Roberts, Murat H. "The Problem of the Hybrid Language". Journal of English and Germanic Philology 38 (1939): 23--41.

Referrer (Inside): [2023-05-18-1]

[ | ѥڡ ]

2014-12-29 Mon

#2072. Ѹäλع¤ [lexicology][loan_word][latin][french][register][synonym][romancisation][lexical_stratification]

Ѹäع¤ˤĤơ#334. Ѹäλع¤ ([2010-03-27-1])#335. ܸäλع¤ ([2010-03-28-1])#1296. ع¤ɲá ([2012-11-13-1])#1960. ѸäΥԥߥåɹ¤ ([2014-09-08-1]) ʤɡ¿εǸڤƤ#1366. Ѹ줬̱ŪʸȸƤФͳ ([2013-01-22-1]) Ǥߤ褦ˡäλع¤椨˱Ѹ̱ŪʸǤȤ뤳Ȥ뤬ѸäΤħϸˤäƤȤȤʤतΤΤǤ롥
Jespersen (121--39) 󤷤Ƥ롥ޤĹ꤫顥

(1) ʩͳ褹줬¿Ȥˤꡤ̣ "subtle shades" ɽ褦ˤʤä
(2) ʸŪŪɽ򤬲ǽˤʤä
(3) ѸˤĹñ줬¿ΤǡȤüԤϹθΤλ֤ݤ뤳ȤǤ롥
(4) ƥѸˤôݤ롥

ޤ (1) (2) ϴϢƤꡤɽϤ礭ȤϳΤȤ٤ܤܸäλع¤ӤСɽԤˤȤäƤΥåȤϼ´褦ʹؽԤˤȤäƤħȤ⤤ϤޤŪʤΤǤȤȤ˺ƤϤʤʤ(3) Ϥ⤷ŦǤ롥üԤȤƱѸäݤˤϡߥñ̡ʡˤΤϤʻֲԤǤΩĤȤ롥ĹñǻֲԤȤΤϡˤ뤬άȤƤϳΤˤΤǤϤʤ(4) ϥƥѸǤϤʤꥷѸˤĤƤϢơ#512. ̾ ([2010-09-21-1]) #1694. ʳظäˤƥꥷǤ˱ɤͳ ([2013-12-16-1]) ⻲Ȥ줿
ˡJespersen 󤲤Ƥû󤹤롥

(5) ɬסŬڤʥƥѸλѤˤꡤ̣ξܤ䤱뤳Ȥ롥
(6) ȯֻʤɤˤĤƵô롥㤨С#859. gaseous ȯ ([2011-09-03-1]) γƼΥꥨ#573. ̾ȷƻбطʣǤ3Ĥλ ([2010-11-21-1]) Ǥߤ labyrinth ƻʤɤǤ롥
(7) ʳؤﲽˤꡤϢäˤϹǤˤʬ䤹褦ˤʤäƤƤ롥㤨 insomnia sleeplessness Τۤʬ䤹ͭѤǤȤ롥
(8) ͳǤƳˤꡤ֤ζ֤꤬ (ex. Cánada vs Canádian)
(9) ƥʣ (ex. phenomena, nuclei) Ѹؤ⤽Τޤ޻ۤʤɤŪ줿
(10) ä̱Ūˤʤä

Ȥϥɽ΢δطˤꡤŪȽǤϲˤȤ狼ɤΤȤѸθù¤켫ΤȤϡѼԤ˻ȤȤʤΤѸθù¤ϡƻθܿʤɤ߽ФƤ͡ʸû񸻤Ūʪˤ켫ΤɤⰭʤäơ̱Ū뤤̱ŪȤ褦ɾäȤȤϡɾԤѸä򸫤뼫Ω֤ɽƤȤȤǤ롥Jespersen (139) ϼɾ򤯤Ƥ롥

While the composite character of the language gives variety and to some extent precision to the style of the greatest masters, on the other hand it encourages an inflated turgidity of style. . . . [W]e shall probably be near the truth if we recognize in the latest influence from the classical languages 'something between a hindrance and a help'.


ܸˤ̤줿ʥץ˴20ˤ⤿餵줿ʸˤ⡤褦ɾä뤳ȤǤʡ#1999. Chuo Online ε֥ʸΩŪ˻ס ([2014-10-17-1]) Ȥĥä򻲾ȡˡ
ѸȤ̱̱ȤˤĤƤϡ#134. Ѹ줬̱ŪʸȸƤФͳ ([2009-09-08-1])#1366. Ѹ줬̱ŪʸȸƤФͳ ([2013-01-22-1])#1845. Ѹ줬̱ŪʸȸƤФͳ (2) ([2014-05-16-1]) Ǽ夲Τǡ⻲Ȥ줿ޤѸäΥޥ󥹲 (romancisation) ˴ؤɾˤĤƤϡ#153. Cosmopolitan Vocabulary Asset ([2009-09-27-1]) #395. ѸΥޥ󥹸첽ˤĤƤɾ ([2010-05-27-1]) 򻲾ȡ

Jespersen, Otto. Growth and Structure of the English Language. 10th ed. Chicago: U of Chicago, 1982.

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2014-09-08 Mon

#1960. ѸäΥԥߥåɹ¤ [register][lexicology][loan_word][latin][french][greek][semantics][polysemy][lexical_stratification]

ѸäħŪع¤ˤĤơ#334. Ѹäλع¤ ([2010-03-27-1])#335. ܸäλع¤ ([2010-03-28-1])#1296. ع¤ɲá ([2012-11-13-1]) ʤɤεǤߤƤع¤ȤɽΤϡ岼طȳؤΤӥΤ褦ʷʪΥ᡼⤷ʤӥȤϡĺԥߥåɤΤ褦ʷۤǤ롥Ĥޤꡤ顤ι㳬ؤá䶹ޤä泬ؤΥե󥹸áⳬؤΥƥ󡦥ꥷäȤ᡼
ԥߥåɤȤŬڤʤΤϡ1ĤˤϡⳬؤΥƥ󡦥ꥷäΤøŪϰ̤Ȱҿ褯Ƥ뤫ҲŪʸŪ¾ݤݥˤĤƤ뤳Ȥϡӥ뷿ԥߥåɷΤۤ褯ɽǤ롥
2ܤȤơ줾θä٤ԥߥåɤˤƳؤѤȤɽǤ뤫Ǥ롥ε#1959. ʸػˤʸػˤˤפԤѤäˤγ ([2014-09-07-1]) Ǥߤ褦ˡäդΤߤʤ餺񤭸դˤƤ⡤ä٤¾ݤƤʤʤʬۤϡ#1645. ܸθʬۡ ([2013-10-28-1]) Ǥߤ褦ˡܸˤƤƱͤäˡоŪˡⳬؤθä٤㤤ġθˤĤƤȿ⤢ŪʷȤƤϡƳؤ٤ѤȤб롥äȤ⡤Ƴؤθ̡ʰۤʤˤȤȤǤСɬ⤽줬ԥߥåɤѤб櫓Ǥʤ100cf. #309. Ѹδܸ100εȳ ([2010-03-02-1]) Ⱥ600cf. #202. Ѹδܸ600εȳ ([2009-11-15-1])ˤǸ¤ꡤ̤ѤϤ褽бƤ뤬10000Ȥ٥Ĵȡ#429. ѸκѸ10000εȳ ([2010-06-30-1]) Ǥߤ褦ˡȤƤ3ؤξ岼ط롥
ԥߥåɤȤͭȹͤ3ܤͳϡԥߥåɤˤƳؤѤ٤Τߤʤ餺ΤỊ̇ˡιˤбƤ뤫ŪܶǤ٤⤤ФǤʤ¿Ǥꡤˡ¿ˤ錄롥ŪʸƱͿפǤ⡤ give Ūʸ¿ˤ¿ƥѸ donate ϸꤵƤ롥ޤgive ʸȤ SVOiOd SVOd to Oi 뤳ȤǤʤʤ dative shift ǽˤdonate ϸԤʸƤʤۤˤϡ#112. ե󥹡ƥѸȲˡߡ ([2009-08-17-1]) Ǽ褦ˡóؤŪʿ񤤤˴ͿƤȵ륱롥
3δ顤Hughes (43) ϡΤ褦ʥԥߥåɹ¤

Pyramid of English Lexicon

嵭3Τۤˤ⡤ƳؤѤȸ򤷤䤹 (comprehensibility) طƤȤ⤢롥ɤΤȤóؤϡʸŪҿ㤵١̣ˡιȤäشطˤȤȤԥߥåɤȤϹߤǤ롥

Hughes, G. A History of English Words. Oxford: Blackwell, 2000.

[ | ѥڡ ]

2013-10-28 Mon

#1645. ܸθʬ [japanese][lexicology][statistics][etymology][loan_word][lexical_stratification]

Ѹäθ̤γˤĤơޤ¿εdzƼפ򼨤Ƥ

[2012-09-03-1]: #1225. ե󥹼Ѹʬۤð
[2012-08-11-1]: #1202. Ѹθäεȳ (2)
[2012-01-07-1]: #985. Ѹθäεȳ
[2011-09-18-1]: #874. Ѹοˤ륽ʬۡ
[2011-08-20-1]: #845. Ѹθäεȳ
[2010-12-31-1]: #613. Academic Word List ˴ޤޤγ
[2010-06-30-1]: #429. ѸκѸ10000εȳ
[2010-05-16-1]: #384. ÿȥޥΨǸűѸȸѸθäӤ
[2010-03-02-1]: #309. Ѹδܸ100εȳ
[2009-11-15-1]: #202. Ѹδܸ600εȳ
[2009-11-14-1]: #201. ѸμѸεȳ (2)
[2009-08-19-1]: #114. ѸμѸεȳ
[2009-08-15-1]: #110. ѸμѸεȳ

#334. Ѹäλع¤ ([2010-03-27-1])#335. ܸäλع¤ ([2010-03-28-1])#1526. Ѹܸθûоɽ ([2013-07-01-1]) Ǹ褦ˡѸܸθäӤˤ򤿤ɤäƤƤꡤ̤ȤƸζŪʸùˤⶦ롥ϡѸȤӤΤˡܸθ̤γߤ褦ŪˤμθפΤ񤷤ܸɴŵ (420--21) ˵ʤ3Ĵ̤γѤ򼨤

(1) 龼¤ˤƤ3ι켭ŵظ١22ǯ1889ǯˡ켭ŵ١ʾ31ǯ1956ǯˡ켭ŵ١ʾ44ǯ1969ǯˤμϿ̤˿椬롥ϡظ39,103켭ŵ40,393س켭ŵ60,218 Ǥ롥ʲ˳򼨤ɽȿޤ򼨤

龼¤ˤƤι켭ŵĴ

¸
ظ55.8%34.71.48.1
켭ŵ36.653.63.56.2
س켭ŵ37.152.97.82.2


夬ʤˤĤơ¸Фȳγ礬ޤäƤƤΤ狼롥¤Ǥϡ1/2졤1/3¸Ȥ

(2) ν񤭤ȤФˤĤƤϡΩ츦Ρظ廨彽ѸѻĴΥǡ褯Ȥ롥31ǯ1956ǯˤλ狼顤졤ư졤ͭ̾ƸäΤǤ롥줿äϡۤʤ30,331ٸ411,97221θߤ鸫ȸŤǡǤϤ뤬ˤ渪뿷ĴϹԤƤʤ

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ۤʤȱٸǤϿͤʤۤʤäƤꡤä¸ȴν̤ؤäƤΤܤͤ롥

(3) äȤФĴȤƤϡμؤоݤȤΤ롥ܸ춵餪Ӹشطθ7ͤȤäβä42ʬϿʬϤΤǤ롥ۤʤ4,617ǡٸ64,023

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äȤФǤϡ񤭤ȤФȰۤʤꡤۤʤȱٸδ֤´νؤϤʤοǤ¸γ礬Ǥ¿Ȥ櫓ٸǤ¸줬ݤƤ롥
äȤФĴǤϡŪʾ̤Ūʾ̤ʤɾ̤ʬϤʤ줿ŪʷȤơ¸ (1) Ūʾ̤ǤΤۤ¿(2) ٸǤΤۤ¿(3) ٤ι⤤ۤ¿(4) äդǤΤۤ¿Ȥ̤ФŪäȤФǹ٤Ѥϡ¸ǤΨǤ⤤ȤȤˤʤ롥η̤ľȰפ
ѸˤƤϡֻŪʾ̤äȤФǹ٤Ѥ׳Ψ⤤뤬ˤĤƤפϸȤϤʤ塤¾ڤƤ椯ɬפ뤫⤷ʤ

ܸɴŵ١İ ɧۤ ԡ罤ۡ1988ǯ

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2013-08-27 Tue

#1583. swine vs pork μҲŪյ [french][lexicology][loan_word][etymology][popular_passage][diglossia][borrowing][register][lexical_stratification][animal]

#331. ưʪȤɽñ ([2010-03-24-1]) εǡѸˤͭ̾ calf vs veal, deer vs venison, fowl vs poultry, sheep vs mutton, swine (pig) vs pork, bacon, ox vs beef θ򸫤ޤˤ줤ʡֱѸ vs ե󥹸ѸפȤʤäƤꡤʤۤɤεǰˤκ򤬤뤳Ȥϡ#332. ưʪȤɽñפοá ([2010-03-25-1]) ǤߤȤܤä줿ե󥹸äȤŪʸճؤιޤ򼨤ȤƤβͤѤʤʱѸäع¤ε򻲾ȡˡ
[2010-03-24-1]εǤ⿨줿Ȥꡤưʪθͭ̾ˤΤ Sir Walter Scott (1771--1832) Ǥ롥Scott ϡ1819ǯ˾ Ivanhoe Τʤоʪ˼Τ褦˸餻Ƥ롥

"The swine turned Normans to my comfort!" quoth Gurth; "expound that to me, Wamba, for my brain is too dull, and my mind too vexed, to read riddles."
"Why, how call you those grunting brutes running about on their four legs?" demanded Wamba.
"Swine, fool, swine," said the herd, "every fool knows that."
"And swine is good Saxon," said the Jester; "but how call you the sow when she is flayed, and drawn, and quartered, and hung up by the heels, like a traitor?"
"Pork," answered the swine-herd.
"I am very glad every fool knows that too," said Wamba, "and pork, I think, is good Norman-French; and so when the brute lives, and is in the charge of a Saxon slave, she goes by her Saxon name; but becomes a Norman, and is called pork, when she is carried to the Castle-hall to feast among the nobles what dost thou think of this, friend Gurth, ha?"
"It is but too true doctrine, friend Wamba, however it got into thy fool's pate."
"Nay, I can tell you more," said Wamba, in the same tone; "there is old Alderman Ox continues to hold his Saxon epithet, while he is under the charge of serfs and bondsmen such as thou, but becomes Beef, a fiery French gallant, when he arrives before the worshipful jaws that are destined to consume him. Mynheer Calf, too, becomes Monsieur de Veau in the like manner; he is Saxon when he requires tendance, and takes a Norman name when he becomes matter of enjoyment."


ʩóؤϡѸʻˡˤ˴ؿΤ¿ο͡˥ԡ뤹뤬䤬˴ؿ󤻤ƤΤϡȤ櫓ҲŪ diglossia ȸŪ register δؤ礤εˤƤǤ롥#1489. Ferguson diglossia ʸ󥰥ɤ triglossia ([2013-05-25-1]) ڤӡ#1491. diglossia borrowing δط ([2013-05-27-1]) 褦ˡѸ diglossia ˴ŤҲŪʾ岼طκפŪ register ξ岼طȤüԤθ (lexicon) ΤʤȿǤƤ̣ҲŪʡʤ쳰ŪΩɤΤ褦ˤηŪʡʤŪΩžΤϡ#1380. micro-sociolinguistics macro-sociolinguistics ([2013-02-05-1]) Ǽ夲ޥҲ (macro-sociolinguistics or sociology of language) ȥߥҲ (micro-sociolinguistics) Ȥˤ̤롥Ҳ¤ȸηϤϤɤΤ褦Ϣ³ƤΤ뤤ϤɤΤ褦䤷ƤΤ
Scott λŦ swine vs pork Ω켫ΤϡŪʺۤȤϰ̣ŪʡʻؼоݤΡ˺ۤŪʾ嵭˴Ū˴ؤäƤ롥

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2013-04-09 Tue

#1443. ˡΧѸˤƱ [french][law_french][latin][binomial][register][loan_word][euphony][lexical_stratification]

ѸˡΧ˴ؤѰ (register) ˥ե󥹸θ礬Ƥ뤳ȤˤĤƤϡ#336. Law French ([2010-03-29-1])#433. Law French ȱѹ񲦤ϡ ([2010-07-04-1])#1240. Υޥ󡦥󥯥ȸˡΧѸִ ([2012-09-18-1]) γƵǼ夲Ƥ󥰥ɤˤˡΧʬθؤγά򼨤С13ˤϥƥäƥե󥹸줬ˡΧطɽˤͥȤʤäƤ椯ե󥹸ˡʸˤƤƥȶ礤14ˤͥȤʤ롥15ˤϡLaw French Law English ˽˼äƤ椯˻ޤǥե󥹸ΰ仺ϼѤ줿
ˡΧʬǥե󥹸줫ѸؤθؤʤǤ椯ȡˡΧѸˤեñ줫ñؤθؤȤƤ롥ȤɤθѸѤ뤫Ȥϡ¿ξ硤ɤѤȤߤĤޤꡤξ and ʤɤ³ǤĤʤơ2।ǥ (binomial idiom) ˤƤޤȤǤʴϢ[2011-07-26-1]ε#820. ʩƱפ⻲ȡˡ2Ԥδ֤̯ʰ̣ζ̤⤢Сƶ̤Ϥʤñ˰̣ζĴǤȤ⤢ä֤ȤȤˤΤ褦󤬴ˡΧʬθħŤʸΤؤȯŸȤΤȤΤϡñʩñΤߤʤ餺ʩñ2Ĥñ2Ĥʤɤ⸫褦ˤʤꡤ츻ȤʸΤȤȤ館ۤŬڤǤȹͤ뤫󡤤ʸΤȯŸˡ2।ǥħǤ뱤ΧˤϤΤ褵 (euphony) ѤƤȤ񤯤ʤ
ʲˡCrystal (152--53) ˼Ƥ󤲤褦3İʾ⤢롥

acknowledge and confess (English/French)
aid and abet (French/French)
breaking and entering (English/French)
cease and desist (French/French)
each and every (English/English)
final and conclusive (French/Latin)
fit and proper (English/French)
give and grant (English/French)
give, devise, and bequeath (English/French/English)
goods and chattels (English/French)
had and received (English/French)
have and hold (English/English)
heirs and assigns (French/French)
in lieu, in place, instead, and in substitution of (French/French/English/French or Latin)
keep and maintain (English/French)
lands and tenements (English/French)
let or hindrance (English/English)
made and provided (English/Latin)
new and novel (English/French)
null and void (French/French)
pardon and forgive (French/English)
peace and quiet (French/Latin)
right, title, and interest (English/English/French)
shun and avoid (English/Latin)
will and testament (English/Latin)
wrack and ruin (English/French)


ˡΧʬ׵᤹ΤȸʤŪ˰ޤƤѸäع¤ΧȸϤº2।ǥΤ褦ʽװ蘆äơʹߡˡΧѸȤäѼ郎ȯãƤΤȹͤ롥

Crystal, David. The Stories of English. London: Penguin, 2005.

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2013-02-25 Mon

#1400. relational adjective qualitative adjective ؤΰ̣Ѳθư [push_chain][semantic_change][bleaching][lexicology][adjective][french][loan_word][lexical_stratification]

#968. Ѹˤե󥹼ѸμŪƻ ([2011-12-21-1]) ǡ˸زˤлθȯɽ˴ϢƵ񤤤Ʊȯɽ˴Ťл᤬˸ء1˴Ƥʸȴ򤤤ʸǤϡܥ֥[2011-12-21-1]ε򻲾ȤޤФ󡤤꤬Ȥޤ
лϤʸǡ(1) ѸθŪ Native Agglutination (NA) Latinate Fusion (LF) Ȥʬ롤(2) NA LF θΩϡRA ʴطŪŪʷƻ QA ʼŪɾŪʷƻˤΰ̣ΩȳͰפ롤(3) ̻Ū RA QA ؤȿܤ뷹롤3ĥƤ롥ꡤȤ櫓 (3) ̻Ū˴ؤƤϡлθȯɽ˿ȯơܥ֥Ǥ Farsi ʸ򻲾Ȥʤ #1099. Ҥηƻɾηƻ ([2012-04-30-1])#1100. Farsi ηƻʬ̻Ūʰ̣礤 ([2012-05-01-1])#1193. ե󥹸˶줿Ѹθܡ ([2012-08-02-1]) Ǿ
RA QA ؤοܤȤˤĤơлϤ "a compensatory strategy for semantic strategy for semantic bleaching of QAs" (23) Ȱ֤Ť"a general linguistic change from the marked to the unmarked" (23) ȤȤ館Ƥ롥˶ᤤ1Ѥ롥

In my opinion, what underlies the diachronic shift and the synchronic mechanism is a familiar transition from the marked RA to the unmarked QA. The central member of the adjective is what I call the 'evaluative', which can be fundamentally expressed as a certain point in the 'good/bad' scale. Since adjectives on this scale typically undergo 'semantic bleaching' and their meanings easily get watered down, language has to find some way to compensate for the bleaching and ensure the diversity of evaluatives. In my view, the categorial shifts from RAs to QAs are best to be considered one of the compensatory strategies for this semantic bleaching. (34--35)


RA ɾӤӤ QA ؤȿܤƤ椯ϡ#1100. Farsi ηƻʬ̻Ūʰ̣礤 ([2012-05-01-1]) ǽҤ٤褦ˡʸѲȤƼ롥طʤˡ¸ QA "semantic bleaching" ꡤδַˤĤ RA QA ꤹ뤳Ȥ˴ؤơϰۤʤäͤäƤ롥̣ŪɺˤĤǤ QA ȤȤϡ̣ drag chain ƤȤȤˤۤʤʤ㤨С#660. ѸΥե󥹼ѸηƻΨ ([2011-02-16-1]) ǵ󤲤ե󥹼ѸƻϡѸƻΰ̣ŪɺˤĤȹͤ뤳ȤǤΤ뤤ϡ#1193. ե󥹸˶줿Ѹθܡ ([2012-08-02-1]) ǾҲ𤷤 -ness -ity ζ⡤Ԥɺηͤ drag chain ȤǤΤɤޤΰѤľǡܸΥƻȥʷƻʷưˤδ֤ݤ˿Ƥ뤬ܸˤǤϡ˴Ťʷƻ줬̤줿Τϡ¸Υƻ­䴰뤿äȤʺƣp. 121--22ˡ¸Υƻ줬̣Ūɺ򤷤δַ뤿äȤʹʤդäС¸ QA ϡ¿ϴܸǤꡤ̣Ūɺ򤷤ƤȤϡषޥ󥹷Ϥ٤ƶ򤳤Ѥ뷹ʴϢع¤γƵ򻲾ȡˡ
̣ŪɺˤĤ drag chain ꤹΤǤϤʤޥ󥹷ϤγϤǤѶŪ˲ΤȤͤĤޤ push chain βꤹ뤳ȤϤǤʤdrag chain push chain ɬȿΤǤϤʤξȤ˺ѤȤȤ⤢ˤ衤̤Ȥ͡ɾŪʷƻ줬Ѥơ"the diversity of evaluatives" (35) Ƥ뤳ȤϳΤ
Ф󡤤ˤĤơʤǤϤʤˡҰ˵ޤ礦

Koshiishi, Tetsuya. "Two Types of Adjectives and the History of English Word Formation." ˸ء1桤2012ǯ23--38ǡ
Farsi, A. A. "Classification of Adjectives." Language Learning 18 (1968): 45--60.
ƣ س⡡ܸˡ١īҽŹ1995ǯ

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2013-01-22 Tue

#1366. Ѹ줬̱ŪʸȸƤФͳ [lexicology][loan_word][french][latin][renaissance][history][register][sociolinguistics][lexical_stratification]

#134. Ѹ줬̱ŪʸȸƤФͳ ([2009-09-08-1]) DZѸʤˡˤ̱Ū¦ָ̤Х󥹤ΤȤ줿ݤĤˡϡϤŪʴ顤Ѹ̱Ū¦̤Ҳ𤷤褦
ѸϡѸʱѹͥ󥹴ˤƥѸήи (##114,1067,1226)ˤäơѸäˤع¤줿ˤĤƤϡ#334. Ѹäλع¤ ([2010-03-27-1]) #1296. ع¤ɲá ([2012-11-13-1]) ǸȤǤ롥ä˳ؤߤ줿ȤȤϡλѼԤѰ (register) ˤб볬ؤꤦ뤳Ȥ򼨺롥󡤸äγؤȤλѤ˴ؤҲŪؤΤɬŪʴطȤ櫓ǤϤʤŪ˰ޤƤΤȤơΤ褦ؤ¸ߤ뤳ȤǤʤؤθäϡ֥٥פι⤤üԤѰȷӤĤ졤ؤθäϡ֥٥פ㤤üԤѰȷӤĤ뷹ϤϤäꤷƤ롥
ξˤĤơ (244) ϡֱѸ̱ŪʡפꤹǼΤ褦˽Ҥ٤Ƥ롥

ʸˤ˭Ϥ⤦Ĥη̤ϡѸ줬̱ŪʤĤ褦ˤʤäȤȤǤOEˤϲͤθդ̱θդ⤿ѤʤäȻפ롥ήȸää񤫤ñȤȤȤϾʤäǤ롥ξ֤ Norman Conquest ˤäơؤϥե󥹸졤ؤϱѸȤҲŪŸ (social bilingualism) ѤäѸ줬ȡѸ줽켫ΤˡμҲŪˤʤäηĹΤϿʸǤäơPurism 򤽤ȽϤȸ뤳ȤǽǤ롥¡ۤȤͣɽоݤȤؤϡθ˻ޤǥꥹ̱ŪʽưȤӤĤƤ롥


Ѹʤˡˤϡ¦̤Ǥ̱Ṳ̄¦̤Ǥ̱ŪǤ롥ΤȤ¿쾯ʤɤθˤ뤳ȤޤˤĤƸ̱פȤΤϡ#1318. ˤݼŪȤϲ ([2012-12-05-1]) #1304. ꥫѸΡݼס ([2012-11-21-1]) Ǽ夲ݼפƱ褦ˡդɬפǤ롥̱פݼפʹѤޤɽǤꡤ켫ΤΤȤ館ϸĿͤˤäưۤʤǤ⡤ҲŪʴϡ̱ȤΤϤ⤷ơޤ
ʤѸˤ̱ŪĬήȤС#625. ѸʸˡѲ˸뷹 ([2011-01-12-1]) #1059. ϽŻ뤫ְռŻؿܤƤ T/V distinction ([2012-03-21-1]) ꤬פФ롥

졡رѸˡ١罤ۡ1983ǯ

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2012-11-13 Tue

#1296. ع¤ɲ [lexicology][loan_word][french][latin][greek][lexical_stratification]

Ѹäع¤ˤĤơ#334. Ѹäλع¤ ([2010-03-27-1]) ϤȤƵǿƤϡ͡ŵ򤫤 Schmitt and Marsden (89) ᤿Ѹʲؤ뤤 "general"ˡե󥹸ؤ뤤 "formal"ˡƥ󡦥ꥷʾؤ뤤 "intellectual"ˤλع¤ʤɲäơɽηǼ

Old English (general)French (formal)Latin or Greek (intellectual)
askquestioninterrogate
bookvolumetext
fairbeautifulattractive
fastfirmsecure
fearterrortrepidation
fireflameconflagration
foeenemyadversary
giftpresentdonation
goodnessvirtueprobity
heartycordialcardiac
helpaidassistance
holysacredconsecrated
kinglyroyalregal
livelyvivaciousanimated
risemountascend
timeageepoch
wordtermlexeme


ɽįƤߤȡΤ˳ƹԤ¤3θϤ줾Ѱ (register) ۤʤäƤ褦˻פ롥̣ιꡤ򡤻٤ˤƤ⺹
ơΤ褦ʻع¤ѸäκΩäħȤƼ夲뤳ȤϰȤƤͭ٤꤬ʤ櫓ǤϤʤޤؤʤ31Ȥۤ˽褦ȤƤ񤷤ѸäħǤ뤫ˤϡ򼡡ȻפĤƤ⤪ʤճ񤷤嵭ϡع¤ڤФ줷췲ʤΤ
ˡ (synonym) ϰϤۣ椵롥ƹԤ3θϰ̣ͭɤޤǧ뤫ȽǤϲԤǤ롥㤨Сhearty cordial ϡֿΡפǤĤʤȤƤ⡤cardiac ʪǤϤʤbook -- volume -- text ɤ켭ŵˤäƤϿμϰۤʤäƤꡤȽǤŪʴߤ뤳ȤϤǤʤȡ嵭õƤǤ롤ȤȤˤʤʤ
Ǹˡ켭ŵõƤstealthy -- secret -- confidential Ȥع¤Ǥϡ stealthy ͽۤ general ؤ°ȤϤʤषե󥹸 secret Τۤä general Ǥ롥ع¤ȤФƤΤ褦ʸġ㳰Ϥۤˤ¿ޤǰŪħŤǤ뤳ȤפФƤǡΤ褦㳰λŦϲͤ롥

ʸ嵭2014/08/20(Wed) Hughes (15) 򻲾Ȥơʲ3ɲä롥

Old English (general)French (formal)Latin or Greek (intellectual)
folkpeoplepopulation
godepartexit
gutsentrailsintestines
word-hoardvocabularylexicon


Schmitt, Norbert, and Richard Marsden. Why Is English Like That? Ann Arbor, Mich.: U of Michigan P, 2006.
Hughes, G. A History of English Words. Oxford: Blackwell, 2000.

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