ɸѸŪפϤɤˤ뤫ϱѸˤǤνײǤ롥ˡ˴ؤ¤ꡤѸ Chancer English ˵롤ȤΤ Samuels (1963) ͭϤǤ롤ˤĤƤϡ#306. Samuels ѸȯãȤɸ4ס ([2010-02-27-1])#1228. ѸˤˤɸѸȯŸȳΩäơ ([2012-09-06-1])ˤ#3214. 1410ǯ夫30ǯˤƤ Chancery English ˨ ([2018-02-13-1]) ϤȤ chancery_standard εȤ줿
Chancery ȤϡˡģפΤȤǡȤδνȿؤǤϡ̾ˤ䤫äƸ Chancer English Chancery Standard ȸƤФ뤳ȤˤʤäѸѼȤϡŪˤϲΤȤʤΤFisher et al. (xii) ꡤ̤ͿƤ
We follow M. L. Samuels, in calling the official written English of the first half of the 15th century "Chancery English" although it emanated from at least four offices, Signet, Privy Seal, Parliament, and the emerging Court of Chancery itself. The generalized term is valid in an historical sense. By the end of the 15th century the term "Chancery" had come to be restricted to the royal courts of law, but until the departmentalization of the national bureaucracy into various offices, which began in the reign of Henry VII, Chancery comprised virtually all of the national bureaucracy except for the closely allied Exchequer. Thomas Frederick Tout, who made a life-time study of the workings of Chancery and its affiliated offices, begins his Chapters in The Administrative History of Mediaeval England by quoting Palgrave's observation that "Chancery was the Secretariat of State in all departments of late medieval government."
Chancery Ȥϡ̼ (Signetˡ (Privy Seal)IJ (Parliament)ˡȽ (Court of Chancery) 濴Ȥ (Exchequer) ۤܤ٤ƤιȻ̳ɤؤȤȤѤ줿Ūֻͤˤäɽ蘆ѸѼ郎Chancery English ȤȤˤʤ롥ǤϤʤȤϤ̤Ϥǽʬ
Samuels, Michael Louis. "Some Applications of Middle English Dialectology." English Studies 44 (1963): 81--94. Revised in Middle English Dialectology: Essays on Some Principles and Problems. Ed. Margaret Laing. Aberdeen: Aberdeen UP, 1989.
Fisher, John H., Malcolm Richardson, and Jane L. Fisher, comps. An Anthology of Chancery English. Knoxville: U of Tennessee P, 1984. 392.

6˳ҤǤ줿ضѸˤʸˡŪʸŪѲˤĤơǤ˲٤Ҳ𤷤Ƥޤ6̾θԤγơ15--20γαʸˡӤѲˤĤƼɮȤˡʹܤǤ
ܽ1ϡ15ʸˡŪʸŪѲפμɮô줿ҸĻرءȡVoicy heldio Ǥ̤¸ޤá15ȤΤŪʱѸˤλʬǤѸκǸΤǤϡȻפäϱԤǤΤˤ̤ʤΤǤ̤İƤС15ѸȤߤª뤳Ȥɬ̵ʤȤǤϤʤʬϤǤޤ#817. ضѸˤʸˡŪʸŪѲ --- ҸȤ̡İ40ʬĶβۿǤˡ
伫Ȥ⡤Ҹ̤ޤǤϡ15αѸϤޤ Chaucer ɽ14αѸ³ˤʤȤ٤ǧǤȤäΤǤפ㤤ä褦ǤѸؤȤơѸ˾塤ˡǽפʻǤ뤳ȤʬäƤޤ15αѸ˴ؿƤߤޤǽ˼˼٤ϡ̤κǸˤ⤢ä褦ˡThomas Malory ˤ Le Morte Darthur إλ٤Ǥ͡Arthur νˡ
ʬˤĤƤϡܥ֥Ǥ periodisation ΥΤĤ¿εǼ夲ƤޤΤǡҤɤ߲
ơ⤷ضѸˤʸˡŪʸŪѲ٤ˤĤƤϡޤ YouTube ְʼδѸظإͥסhellog, heldio ʤɤγƥǥǾҲ𤷤ƤޤʲꤴȤ
YouTube ְʼδѸظإͥפ#137. ʸˡ18λȳ̿ٹ뤬طʤ---λܻҤʱѸ졦Ѹ˸ԡˤ---
hellog #5166. ¼ԡˡضѸˤʸˡŪʸŪѲ١ʳҡ2023ǯˡ ([2023-06-19-1])
hellog #5167. ʤ18˵ʸˡήԤäΤǤ ([2023-06-20-1])
hellog #5182. ʸܤȿС ([2023-07-05-1])
hellog #5186. Voicy heldio ˽¼о --- ضѸˤʸˡŪʸŪѲ٤ˤĤƤäޤ ([2023-07-09-1])
hellog #5208. ս17αʸˡˤĤ̤ޤ ([2023-07-31-1])
hellog #5224. 滳19αʸˡˤĤ̤ޤ ([2023-08-16-1])
heldio #769. ضѸˤʸˡŪʸŪѲ --- ¼Ȥ̡
heldio #772. ضѸˤʸˡŪʸŪѲ --- 16αѸᤰʡȤ̡
heldio #790. ضѸˤʸˡŪʸŪѲ --- սȤ̡
heldio #806. ضѸˤʸˡŪʸŪѲ --- 滳Ȥ̡
heldio #817. ضѸˤʸˡŪʸŪѲ --- ҸȤ̡
¼ԡˡҸ סʡ ҡ滳 ü ¼ˡضѸˤʸˡŪʸŪѲ١ҡ2023ǯ
ɸθϡ֥ब̤¤Ȥ줬ȥޥǤäΤפ̣롥14ȾΥɤǤϡʩɴǯ (hundred_years_war) ȹ (black_death) ˤ͡˳ˤǤ桤1381ǯ̱ (Peasants' Revolt) ȯΰϡ Richard II ˤð줿ѸˤäϤäȤƱѸ˾ˤ̾ĤƤ롥
̱λƳԤ1ͤ John Ball (d. 1381) Ǥʤ⤦1ͤ Wat Tyler (d. 1381)ˡBall ԤäҲȽⶵȤ礵Ƥϥɥ Blackheath ɸʸưưضΩƤȤ롥 Ball Ͽ䤵ʼȤʤäθ500ǯλή졤19Ⱦλ͡ѲȤ William Morris (1834--96) Ҳμĥƾ A Dream of John Ball (1888) 路Ball ͭ̾ˤȤƤϡѸ줫ѸˤΤƤ褦Ǥ롥
delve ϸѸǤϡַ겼롤ŰŪĴ٤פ̣This biography delves deep into the artist's private life. If you're interested in a subject, use the Internet to delve deeper. Τ褦Ѥ롥űѸθ츻 delfan ʸַ̤롨̤פΰ̣ǡŪʸȯãΤ17ȾФΤȤǤ롥
̱ȤŪ狼ޤ줿ȤƵƤ

Speake, Jennifer, ed. The Oxford Dictionary of Proverbs. 6th ed. Oxford: OUP, 2015.
ǯ226ˡƱνΰʼ YouTube ְͥʼδѸظإͥϤޤʹߡ轵쥮顼ǿ塦θ6ۿƤޤǿưϡ줿91Ƥ֤~αѸǤ֤ϥޥ롼롩through Υڥ515̤ꡪŪ뤵٥10Ǥ
Ѹ˾塤ֻ졦 through ϤɤΤ褦֤ƤΤǤ礦Ѹ1300--1500ǯˤ濴˻䤬Ĵƿ夲̡515̤ΰۤʤֻǧƤޤOED MED Τ褦˱Ѹ켭Helsinki Corpus, LAEME, LALME Τ褦˱Ѹ쥳ѥ˱ѸϿޤʤɡȤäƤߤ̤ǤõФäȤȻפޤ
ɸѸ줬ԺߤäѸˤϡ̻ (scribe) ȸƤФϡȯ˽äơνʤ˱ơֻ͡ñȤޤƱ̻Ʊñۤʤ뵡˰ۤʤֻ֤뤳ȤӻǤȤ櫓 through Ȥˤäȯ͡äᡤҲ첻Ȥ߹碌˭٤ǡ515̤ȤʤֻƤޤäΤǤ
Ϣ hellog Ǥ⤷Фм夲ƤޤʲȤ
#53. Ѹ through ֤515̤ ([2009-06-20-1])
#54. through ֤٥10ʥ10ˡ ([2009-06-21-1])
#3397. Ѹ through Υֻ ([2018-08-15-1])
#193. 15 Chancery Standard through ΰ֤14̤ ([2009-11-06-1])
#219. eyes ɽ172ֻ̤ ([2009-12-02-1])
#2520. Ѹ134 "such" ΰֻ ([2016-03-21-1])
#1720. Shakespeare ֤ ([2014-01-11-1])
515̤ through YouTube ǤϤǤμϿäơ־ƻפѰդޤäǤΤǡʲ PDF ǸƤޤ
֤A4ѻ10515̤ through ֻߤͤ (PDF)
֤A4ѻ11̤ through ֻ礭515ڡλ (PDF)
Ĥ֥֡٥ȡʥȡ10פ through ֻ10ڡλ (PDF)
ֻȴϢơƱ YouTube ͥŪǶᥢåפ줿83֥СȡɥRobert CawdreyˤαѱѼϤ뤤⤴Фȡcf. #4978. æϷϼΥ --- Cawdrey ˤѸ˾αѱѼϥե٥åȽ礬Ǥ ([2022-12-13-1])ˡ
#4902. eWAVE 3.0 ξҲ --- ѸθŪħǼǡ١ ([2022-09-28-1]) ǡ77ѼαѸ־Ѥǡ١ eWAVE 3.0 (= The Electronic World Atlas of Varieties of English) Ҳ𤷤ܤ˴ؤʬۤϿ˥ץåȤƤͥΤɤ봶Τ褦ʤΤƤ
ƻפäϽѸΥϿ LAEME LALME θѸǤǤϤʤȡդˤСLAEME/LALME eWAVE ѸǤȤߤ뤳ȤǤ롥ΤȤ˵Ťִ֡eWAVE LAEME/LALME αѸ˾ΰ֤ŤȰյǤ
eWAVE LAEME/LALME оݤȤŪʵϤۤʤäƤ뤬ȤƤƤ¿αѸθܤˤĤơϰѼ老Ȥ˥ץեޤȤƤ졤ϿʬۤץåȤƤ롥ơϤ줿̤᤹뤿ˤϹ٤ʱѸءѸˤμɬפǤȤƤ롥ɸѼפγǰԺߡ뤤ϾʤȤռƤʤȤΤⶦ
⤽ϢȤռ줿ץȤǤϤʤ櫓ǡʤۤʤ¿롥
eWAVE ΥåȤϸѸȤХʵϡLAEME/LALME ΥåȤϽѸ쥤ɤȤʵ
eWAVE ΥեޥȤϳѼ̤ȡLAEME/LALME ΥեޥȤϤޤ¸ƤܻeWAVE ˤ "fit-technique" Τ褦Ūʼˡס
eWAVE ֹܤòץեLAEME/LALME ϲֻ֡ܤòץեƤ
eWAVE Υϥǡ١LAEMEηŪǤϤʤ LALME ˤΥϥѥGloWbE Τ褦Ѹ쥳ѥ¸ߤ뤬eWAVE ȤΩƤ뤿ᡤLAEME Τ褦ϿޤȥѥȤΥ쥹ϢȤ˾ʤ
⤷ΤϡŪ eWAVE LAEME/LALME δ֤˰֤ѸˤĤơϿޤƤʤȤѸ鸽¸ȾɸѼǽƤꡤϰѼͻҤƤʤˡǡ١⥳ѥԻǤʤϰѼθȤ餹ȡ֤ƤѸȸѸΤۤषƤΤǤ롥
ε#3397. Ѹ through Υֻ ([2018-08-15-1]) ˰³ such ΰֻˤĤơ#2520. Ѹ134 "such" ΰֻ ([2016-03-21-1])#2521. Ѹ113 "such" ΰֻ ([2016-03-22-1]) Ǹ褦ˡĴ٤¤ꡤѸΤǤ such ɽֻ212ۤɳǧ롥Τ208ˤĤơƱˡǸɸֻ such ˤɤƤ뤫ƤƤߤ
| Similarity | Spellings |
|---|---|
| 1.0000 | such |
| 0.8889 | sƿuch, shuch, succh, suche, sucht, suech, suich, sulch, suuch, suych, swuch |
| 0.8571 | suc |
| 0.8000 | sƿucch, sƿuche, schuch, scuche, shuche, souche, sucche, suchee, suchet, suchte, sueche, suiche, suilch, sulche, sutche, suuche, suuech, suyche, swuche, swulch |
| 0.7500 | sƿuc, scht, sech, shuc, sich, soch, sueh, suhc, suhe, suic, sulc, suth, suyc, swch, swuh, sych |
| 0.7273 | sƿucche, sƿuchne, sƿulche, schuche, suecche, suueche, suweche |
| 0.6667 | hsƿucche, sƿche, sƿich, sƿucches, sƿulc, schch, schuc, schut, seche, shich, shoch, shych, siche, soche, suicchne, suilc, svche, svich, swche, swech, swich, swlch, swulchen, swych, syche, zuich, zuych |
| 0.6154 | swulchere |
| 0.6000 | asoche, sƿiche, sƿilch, sƿlche, sƿuilc, sƿulce, schech, schute, scoche, scwche, secche, shiche, shoche, sowche, soyche, sqwych, suilce, sviche, sweche, swhych, swiche, swlche, swyche, zuiche, zuyche |
| 0.5714 | sec, sic, sug, swc, syc |
| 0.5455 | aswyche, sƿicche, sƿichne, sƿilche, sƿi~lch, scheche, schiche, schilke, schoche, sewyche, sqwyche, sswiche, swecche, swhiche, swhyche, swichee, swyeche, zuichen |
| 0.5333 | sucheȝ |
| 0.5000 | sƿic, sɩͨh, scli, secc, sick, silc, slic, solchere, sulk, swic, swlc, swlchere, swulcere |
| 0.4444 | sƿilc, sclik, sclyk, suilk, sulke, suylk, swics, swilc |
| 0.4000 | sƿillc, sclike, sclyke, squike, squilk, squylk, suilke, suwilk, suylke, swilce, swlcne, swulke, swulne |
| 0.3636 | sƿilcne, suilkin, swhilke |
| 0.3333 | swisɩͨhe |
| 0.2857 | sik, sli, slk, sly, syk |
| 0.2500 | selk, sike, silk, slik, slyk, swil, swlk, swyk, swyl, syge, syke, sylk |
| 0.2222 | sƿilk, selke, sliik, slike, slilk, slyke, swelk, swilk, swlke, swyke, swylk, sylke |
| 0.2000 | slieke, slkyke, swilke, swylke, swylle |
| 0.1818 | sƿillke, swilkee, swilkes |
#53. Ѹ through ֤515̤ ([2009-06-20-1])#54. through ֤٥10ʥ10ˡ ([2009-06-21-1]) ǾҲ𤷤褦ˡѸ through ֻϡꥨ˭٤Ǥ롥ǤϤΤ515ֻ̤ϥեʸΰǤΡˡåΡʾάʤɤŸΡˡդʸʸʸΰ㤤̵̵ͭ뤹С444̤Ȥʤ롥444ֻ̤ˤĤơɸֻ through ˤɤƤ뤫String::Similarity Ȥ Perl Υ⥸塼ѤƷƤߤ٤륢르ꥺϡʸѴι (Levenshtein edit distance) ˴ŤΤǤ롥˰פƤ 1.0000 ͤꡤޤäۤʤ 0.0000 ǤϡֻƤ褦
| Similarity | Spellings |
|---|---|
| 1.0000 | through |
| 0.9333 | thorough, throughe, throught |
| 0.9231 | throgh, throug, throuh, thrugh, trough |
| 0.8750 | thoroughe, thorought |
| 0.8571 | thorogh, thorouh, thorugh, thourgh, throȝgh, throghe, throght, throwgh, thrughe, thrught |
| 0.8333 | thogh, throu, thrug, thruh, trogh, trugh |
| 0.8000 | thoroghe, thoroght, thorouȝh, thorowgh, thorughe, thorught, thourghe, thourght, throȝghe, throghet, throghte, throighe, throuȝht, throuche, throwght, thrughte |
| 0.7692 | þrough, thorgh, thorou, thoruh, thourh, throȝh, throch, throuȝ, throue, throwg, throwh, thruch, thruth, thrwgh, thrygh, thurgh, thwrgh, troght, trowgh, trughe, trught |
| 0.7500 | thorowghe, thorowght |
| 0.7273 | thro |
| 0.7143 | þorough, þrought, thorȝoh, thorghe, thorght, thorghw, thorgth, thorohe, thorouȝ, thorowg, thorowh, thorrou, thoruȝh, thoruth, thorwgh, thourhe, thourth, thourwg, thowrgh, throȝhe, throcht, throuȝe, throwth, thruȝhe, thrwght, thurgeh, thurghe, thurght, thurgth, thurhgh, trowght, yorough |
| 0.6667 | þorought, þough, þrogh, þroughte, þrouh, þrugh, thorg, thorghwe, thorh, thoro, thorowth, thorowut, thoru, thour, throȝ, throw, thruȝ, thrue, thuht, thurg, thurghte, thurh, thuro, thuru, torgh, yrogh, yrugh |
| 0.6154 | þorogh, þorouh, þorugh, þourgh, þroȝgh, þroghe, þrouȝh, þrouhe, þrouht, þrowgh, þurugh, thorȝh, thorch, thoroo, thorow, thorth, thoruȝ, thorue, thorur, thorwh, thourȝ, thoure, thourr, thourw, thowur, throȝe, throȝt, throve, throwȝ, throwe, throwr, thruȝe, thrvoo, thurȝh, thurch, thurge, thurhe, thurow, thurth, torghe, trghug, yhurgh, yorugh, yourgh |
| 0.5714 | þoroghe, þorouȝh, þorowgh, þorught, þourght, þrouȝth, þrowghe, þurughe, thorowȝ, thorowe, thorrow, thorthe, thourȝe, thourow, thowrow, thrawth, throwȝe, thurȝhg, thurȝth, thurgwe, thurhge, thurowe, thurthe, yhurght, yourghe |
| 0.5455 | þrou, þruh, thow, thrw, thur, trow, yrou |
| 0.5333 | þorowghe, þorrughe, thorowȝt |
| 0.5000 | þorgh, þorou, þorug, þoruh, þourg, þourh, þroȝh, þroth, þrouȝ, þrowh, þurgh, þwrgh, ȝorgh, thorȝ, thorv, thorw, thowe, thowr, threw, thrwe, thurȝ, thurv, thurw, thwrw, trowe, yhorh, yhoru, yhrow, yorgh, yorou, yoruh, yourh, yurgh |
| 0.4615 | þhorow, þorghȝ, þorghe, þorght, þorguh, þorouȝ, þoroue, þorour, þorowh, þoruȝh, þorugȝ, þoruhg, þoruth, þorwgh, þourȝh, þourgȝ, þourth, þroȝth, þrouȝe, þrouȝt, þurgȝh, þurghȝ, þurghe, þurght, þuruch, dorwgh, dourȝh, drowgȝ, durghe, tþourȝ, thorȝe, thorȝt, thorȝw, thorew, thorwȝ, thorwe, thurȝe, thurȝt, thurew, thurwe, yorghe, yoroue, yorour, yourch, yurghe, yurght |
| 0.4286 | þorouȝe, þorouȝt, þorouwȝ, þorowth, þrouȝte, thorȝwe, thorewe, thorffe, thorwȝe, thowffe, trowffe |
| 0.4000 | þro |
| 0.3636 | ðoru, þorg, þorh, þoro, þoru, þouȝ, þour, þroȝ, þrow, þruȝ, þurg, þurh, þuro, þuru, ȝoru, ȝour, torw, twrw, yorh, yoro, yoru, your, yrow, yruȝ, yurg, yurh, yuru |
| 0.3333 | þerow, þerue, þhurȝ, þorȝh, þorch, þoreu, þorgȝ, þoroȝ, þorow, þorth, þoruþ, þoruȝ, þorue, þorwh, þouȝt, þourþ, þourȝ, þourt, þourw, þroȝe, þroȝt, þrowþ, þrowȝ, þrowe, þruȝe, þurȝg, þurȝh, þurch, þureh, þurhg, þurht, þurow, þurru, þurth, þuruȝ, þurut, ȝoruȝ, ȝurch, doruȝ, torwe, yoȝou, yorch, yorow, yoruȝ, yourȝ, yourw, yurch, yurhg, yurht, yurth, yurwh |
| 0.3077 | þorȝhȝ, þorowþ, þorowe, þorrow, þoruȝe, þoruȝt, þorwgȝ, þorwhe, þorwth, þourȝe, þourȝt, þourȝw, þourow, þouruȝ, þourwe, þrorow, þrowȝe, þurȝhg, þurȝth, þurthe, ȝoruȝt, yerowe, yorowe, yurowe, yurthe |
| 0.2857 | þrorowe |
| 0.2000 | þor, þur |
| 0.1818 | þarȝ, þorþ, þorȝ, þore, þorv, þorw, þowr, þurþ, þurȝ, þurf, þurw, ȝorw, ȝowr, dorw, yorȝ, yora, yorw, yowr, yurȝ, yurw |
| 0.1667 | þerew, þorȝe, þorȝt, þoreȝ, þorew, þorwȝ, þorwe, þowre, þurȝe, þurȝt, þureȝ, þurwȝ, þurwe, dorwe, durwe, yorwe, yowrw, yurȝe |
| 0.1538 | þorewȝ, þorewe, þorwȝe, þorwtȝ |
#2742. Haugen θɸಽ4ʳ ([2016-10-29-1]) #2745. Haugen θɸಽ4ʳ (2) ([2016-11-01-1]) ǾҲ𤷤 Haugen θɸಽ (standardisation) ΥǥǤϡ (form) ȵǽ (function) ֤ˤɸಽȤ館Ƥ롥ˤȡɸಽȤ "maximal variation in function" "minimal variation in form" ħŤ븽ݤǤ롥Ԥ codification (of form)Ԥ elaboration (of function) бȹͤ롥
"elaboration" ȤѸդɬפǤ롥Haugen ɸಽεǰտޤƤΤϡ͡ʻѰ (register) ǹѤ뤳ȤǤȤ̣Ǥ "elaboration of function" ΤȤ "elaboration of form" Ȥ̤β⡤ѸˤɸಽȿϢ뤫뤿ˡHaugen Ȥạ̈Ǥ "elaboration of function" "extensive elaboration" ȸƤӡ"elaboration of form" Τۤ "intensive elaboration" ȸƤǤ⤤ (Schaefer 209)
Ǥϡ"intensive elaboration" 뤤 "elaboration of form" ȤϲؤΤSchaefer (209) ˤСβˤƤ "the range of the native linguistic inventory is increased by new forms adding further 'variability and expressiveness'" ȤѸθȾޤǤϡդɸȤСѸβ餫ǤϤʤषƥեȤäˤƱѸ줬ƤȡѸ줬γäɸϰ̤˽Ȥˤʤäκݤɸ줿ƥե줫̤θäѤѸä¿ݤäޤޤˡ˾褻ơեθäȥƥθä졤ΤȤƽʤع¤θä˻äʤλˤĤƤϡ#334. Ѹäλع¤ ([2010-03-27-1]) #2977. Ϣ6֤ʤѸä3ع¤Τ --- ͥΥƥ줫֤ȥס ([2017-06-21-1]) εȡˡѸä̤ߡվ塤Ѹθä줿ȤʤСϸɸಽħŤ "minimal variation in form" Ȥϡष "maximal variation in form" ظäƤ褦ʰݤͿ롥μ variation 뤤 variability äؤơ"intensive elaboration" 뤤 "elaboration of form" ȸƤ֤ΤǤ롥
ĤޤꡤɸಽˤϷѰۤʤ¦̤⤢Сۤʤ뼡ǡѰۤ礭ʤ¦̤⤢ꤦȤȤǤ롥ΰ츫̷⤹褦ɸಽΤSchaefer (220) ϼΤ褦ˤޤȤƤ롥
While such standardizing developments reduced variation, the extensive elaboration to achieve a "maximal variation in function" demanded increased variation, or rather variability. This type of standardization, and hence norm-compliance, aimed at the discourse-traditional norms already available in the literary languages French and Latin. Late Middle English was thus re-established in writing with the help of both Latin and French norms rather than merely substituting for these literary languages.
Schaefer Ursula. "Standardization." Chapter 11 of The History of English. Vol. 3. Ed. Laurel J. Brinton and Alexander Bergs. Berlin/Boston: De Gruyter, 2017. 205--23.
#2147. ѸΥեѸȽ ([2015-03-14-1]) ǿ줿褦ˡPolychronicon 15˱ Osbern Bokenham (1393?--1447?) Ȥʪ롥Υޥ衤Ѹ줬ե䤽¾θȺ礷줿ˤʤäƤޤäȡѸüԤǤʤѸȤ褦ˤʤäƤޤäȤò (purism) ̤Ǥ롥Bokenham Ƚľܤоݤϡեƥˤ֤줿ɼҲĬǤꡤ̤Ȥƿ͡ɤθѤˤڤʸոǤʤʤäƤ븽äBokenham Τܤ䤭Gramley (110) ΰѤǼ
And þis corrupcioun of Englysshe men yn þer modre-tounge, begunne as I seyde with famylyar commixtion of Danys firste and of Normannys aftir, toke grete augmentacioun and encrees aftir þe commyng of William conquerour by two thyngis. The firste was: by decre and ordynaunce of þe seide William conqueror children in gramer-scolis ageyns þe consuetude and þe custom of all oþer nacyons, here owne modre-tonge lafte and forsakyn, lernyd here Donet on Frenssh and to construyn yn Frenssh and to maken here Latyns on þe same wyse. The secounde cause was þat by the same decre lordis sonys and all nobyll and worthy mennys children were fyrste set to lyrnyn and speken Frensshe, or þan þey cowde spekyn Ynglyssh and þat all wrytyngis and endentyngis and all maner plees and contravercyes in courtis of þe lawe, and all maner reknyngnis and countis yn howsoolde schulle be doon yn the same. And þis seeyinge, þe rurales, þat þey myghte semyn þe more worschipfull and honorable and þe redliere comyn to þe famyliarite of þe worthy and þe grete, leftyn hure modre tounge and labouryd to kunne spekyn Frenssh: and thus by processe of tyme barbariȝid thei in bothyn and spokyn neythyr good Frenssh nor good Englyssh.
ºݤˤ15ˤϥɿͤΥեƥǽϤϤƤϤǤꡤɤγؤο͡Ū˱ѸѤˤʤäƵפäΤ顤γ줿ѸФܳŪʶҤȤƸƤ櫓ǤϤʤʴϢơ#2612. 14˥եǤϤʤѸǽȤ櫓 ([2016-06-21-1])#2622. 15˥ɿͤեؤͳ ([2016-07-01-1]) ȡˡθ줫μѸʤɤΡְ仺פϱѸˤߡѤ߽ŤͤƤꡤ줬 Bokenham θŪɷ㤷ƤΤȻפ롥षѸ¾ã줿λˤ뤤Ϥޤեƥˤ֤Ƥ뵮²濴Ȥ륤ɿͤؤȤ褦ʹ롥
Gramley, Stephan. The History of English: An Introduction. Abingdon: Routledge, 2012.
ɻˤˤν𤲤1ȤСХ (the Wars of the Roses; 1455--85) ʤ̾դϡ Sir Walter Scott (1829) ΤΡˡε²֥ХϤ Lancaster ȤХ York Ȥ2ɤʬơ̷ѾäǤ롥30ǯˤ錄襤ξȶȤϿԤɤϵ뤬Ȥ Lancaster Ȥ Henry Tudor Henry VII ȤƲ̤˽Ȥˤʤä襤Ǥϵ²¤ᡤ϶뤳Ȥˤʤꡤ˾ͳ餬ҲŪƬȤʤä
Хϡɤæ餷ƶؤߤʤƤϴȤơкѡҲ˾ΰյդƤ뤬ѸˤδϤɤΤ褦ɾǤGramley (98--99) ϼΤ褦ɾƤ롥
. . . the series of wars that go under this name [= The Wars of the Roses] sped up the weakening of feudal power and strengthened the merchant classes since the wars further thinned the ranks of the feudal nobility and facilitated in this way the easier rise of ambitious and able people from the middle ranks of society. When the conflict was settled under Henry VII, a Lancastrian and a Tudor, power was essentially centralized. From the point of view of the language, this meant that the standard which had begun to emerge in the early fourteenth century would continue with a firm base in the usage which had been crystallizing in the London area at least since Henry IV (reign 1399--1413), the first king since the OE period who was a native speaker of English.
ɾˤȡ14Ⱦ˻ϤޤäƤѸɸಽ (standardisation) Хη̤ȤƲ졤滺餬ƬȤˤꡤ15ȾʹߤɥפȤƤä䤷ʤ뤳ȤˤʤäȤȤѸɸಽˤäȤץǤꡤѤˤȤꤽγϤ "the early fourteenth century" Υɥˤäȹͤ뤳ȤǤʡ#1275. ɸѸȯȼҲкѡ ([2012-10-23-1]) ȡˡθ塤ХޤǤ1Ⱦδ֤ˤɸಽϿʤǤޤǴʲäΤ褦ɸಽ䤫˿ʤǤȤˡХȤҲŪưꡤɸಽȤߤ벦滺餬礭ʱƶϤĤ˵ڤǡư¥ʤ줿ȤȤ
¾ŪαѸ˾ΰյˤĤƤϡʲεȡ
#119. ѸˤΤϥޥͥߤ!? ([2009-08-24-1])
#208. ȳ̿ȳ̿ȱѸˡ ([2009-11-21-1])
#254. ڥ̵Ṳ̃ȱѸˡ ([2010-01-06-1])
#255. ȱѸˡ ([2010-01-07-1])
Gramley, Stephan. The History of English: An Introduction. Abingdon: Routledge, 2012.
#2612. 14˥եǤϤʤѸǽȤ櫓 ([2016-06-21-1]) Ǽ夲褦ˡѸˤϥɿͤΥեѤϸäƤä1415ȤηϤޤޤޤꡤեŪѤȶʸȤϡʸήԤħ볰Ȥǧ褦ˤʤäƤäեϡ礦ɸܤˤѸΤ褦ʰ֤ŤˤäΤ
15Ƭ John Barton եؽ˴ؤ Donet François ȤƤꡤɿͤեؤͳ3ĤȻŦƤ롥1ܤϡեͤȰջ̤Ǥ褦ˤʤ뤫顤ȤͳǤ롥ʤɿͤδ֤ǤŪʥߥ˥Τ˥եؤ֤٤ȤڤϡɤˤʤԤӤǤΥեѤϤǤ˼ƤȹͤƤ褤
2ܤϡޤˡΧ褽եǽƤǤ롥3ܤϡ»νʽϥեǼ礦Τˤ֤ǤϤʤäǤ롥
2ܤ3ܤͳϸˤϼѤʤää3ܤͳ˿ǻ֥եʸήԤθפΥΤΤ¸³եΤ̤Ǥΰҿϡ18˺ǹĬã;ϸߤ©ŤƤȸäƤ褤եѸä˽ɤäƤ륪ʴްդޤäơѸüԡˤˤȤäƤΥեΥϡ礭ѲƤʤΤǤ롥ʾ塤Baugh and Cable (147) Ȥ
Baugh, Albert C. and Thomas Cable. A History of the English Language. 6th ed. London: Routledge, 2013.
Ѹ˽դƥ줫ѸڤؤäƤäаޤطʤˤĤơε#2611. 17˽դDZѸ줬ʤƥ줬षƤäͳ ([2016-06-20-1]) #1407. Ѹ3Ĥ ([2013-03-04-1])#2580. Ѹιռʳ ([2016-05-20-1]) εˤڤؤλˤϡޤѸǽȤؤε줬줿Τ褯褦ʾ̤ä14ʸؤθˤƤ⸫줿14ξȤʤäƤΤϡƥ줫ڤؤȤϡषե줫ڤؤǤ롥
ξǤľŪ˼Τϡ14ΤĤΥƥȤˤߤ롤ѸѤݤθڤǤ롥Baugh and Cable (138--40) ꡤ3ĤΥƥȤΰѤ褦1ܤϡ1300ǯΥǽ줿ⶵǤ롥
Forthi wil I of my povert
Schau sum thing that Ik haf in hert,
On Ingelis tong that alle may
Understand quat I wil say;
For laued men havis mar mister
Godes word for to her
Than klerkes that thair mirour lokes,
And sees hou thai sal lif on bokes.
And bathe klerk and laued man
Englis understand kan,
That was born in Ingeland,
And lang haves ben thar in wonand,
Bot al men can noht, I-wis,
Understand Latin and Frankis.
Forthi me think almous it isse
To wirke sum god thing on Inglisse,
That mai ken lered and laued bathe.
ԤϡɤǤϥեƥʤԤϤ뤬ѸʤԤϤʤȽҤ٤ơѸǽȤƤ롥ˡWilliam of Nassyngton Speculum Vitae or Mirror of Life (c. 1325) 1ᡥ
In English tonge I schal ȝow telle,
ȝif ȝe wyth me so longe wil dwelle.
No Latyn wil I speke no waste,
But English, þat men vse mast,
Þat can eche man vnderstande,
Þat is born in Ingelande;
For þat langage is most chewyd,
Os wel among lered os lewyd.
Latyn, as I trowe, can nane
But þo, þat haueth it in scole tane,
And somme can Frensche and no Latyn,
Þat vsed han cowrt and dwellen þerein,
And somme can of Latyn a party,
Þat can of Frensche but febly;
And somme vnderstonde wel Englysch,
Þat can noþer Latyn nor Frankys.
Boþe lered and lewed, olde and ȝonge,
Alle vnderstonden english tonge.
Ǹˡ餯14Ƭ˽줿ޥ Arthur and Merlin 1ᡥ
Riȝt is, þat Inglische Inglische vnderstond,
Þat was born in Inglond;
Freynsche vse þis gentilman,
Ac euerich Inglische can.
Mani noble ich haue yseiȝe
Þat no Freynsche couþe seye.
κޤǤˤϡ¿ε²Ǥ˥եǽϤäƤȤȤ狼롥14ˤϡѸϳ鷺ɤγȤǧƤΤǤ롥
Baugh, Albert C. and Thomas Cable. A History of the English Language. 6th ed. London: Routledge, 2013.
Ѹ˾ǽ˱Ѹǰ줿ܤϡWilliam Caxton ˤǡRecuyell of the Historyes of Troye (1475) Ǥ롥줿ϥɤǤϤʤCaxton νԤƤ Bruges äܤϡ̥衼åѤʸήԤ濴ä֥르˥εˤƤ褯ΤƤեܤǤꡤ衼ȤΥɲ Edward IV ǥ֥르˥ Charles ˲ǤǤ Margaret äƤܤǤ⤢äᡤCaxton ϤƽǤ뤳ȤȸƤ
̾ Historyes ϡϡˡʪˡפ˸ꤵ줺ʪˡפ̣Recuyell Ȥñϡִפ̣ʤäơԻʸءפۤɤؤ˥եñѤΤǤꡤޤˤܤ̾ˤѤǤ롥
ʲˡѸ˾廸ȵܤνʸCrystal (32) ǤˤƸ褦
hEre begynneth the volume intituled and named the recuyell of the historyes of Troye / composed and drawen out of dyuerce bookes of latyn in to frensshe by the ryght venerable persone and wor-shipfull man . Raoul le ffeure . preest and chapelayn vnto the ryght noble gloryous and myghty prince in his tyme Phelip duc of Bourgoyne of Braband etc In the yere of the Incarnacion of our lord god a thou-sand foure honderd sixty and foure / And translated and drawen out of frenshe in to englisshe by Willyam Caxton mercer of ye cyte of London / at the comaūdemēt of the right hye myghty and vertuouse Pryncesse hys redoubtyd lady. Margarete by the grace of god . Du-chesse of Bourgoyne of Lotryk of Braband etc / Whiche sayd translacion and werke was begonne in Brugis in the Countee of Flaundres the fyrst day of marche the yere of the Incarnacion of our said lord god a thousand foure honderd sixty and eyghte / And ended and fynysshid in the holy cyte of Colen the . xix . day of Septembre the yere of our sayd lord god a thousand foure honderd sixty and enleuen etc.
And on that other side of this leef foloweth the prologe.
ʤRylands Medieval Collection The Recuyell of the Historyes of Troye μܲ Ǥ롥
Crystal, David. Evolving English: One Language, Many Voices. London: The British Library, 2010.
#53. Ѹ through ֤515̤ ([2009-06-20-1])#219. eyes ɽ172ֻ̤ ([2009-12-02-1]) ˰³ѸˤˤֻѰۤˤĤơϡֻμ¿ɾΤʡ "such" 夲롥
#1622. eLALME ([2013-10-05-1]) ǾҲ𤷤ѸϿ LALME βŻ eLALME ˤơItem List 10 "such" äƤ롥ΰֻȴФȡԳΤƾܤ˿Ƥ⡤ʲ134बʤäοͤʸڤ١ˡ
asoche (1), aswyche (1), schch (1), schech (1), scheche (3), schiche (1), schoche (1), scht (1), schuc (1), schuch (3), schuche (4), schut (1), schute (1), sclik (2), sclike (1), sclyk (2), sclyke (2), scoche (1), scwche (1), sech (8), seche (39), sewyche (2), shich (1), shiche (1), shoch (1), shoche (1), shuch (5), shuche (3), shych (1), sic (6), sic- (1), sich (53), siche (101), sick (1), sɩͨh (1), sik (1), sik- (1), sike (2), silk (3), sli (1), slieke (1), slik (10), slike (26), slilk (2), slkyke (1), slyk (13), slyke (26), soch (12), soche (60), souche (3), sowche (2), soyche (1), squike (1), squilk (2), squylk (1), sqwych (1), sqwyche (1), sswiche (1), suc (1), succh (1), sucche (5), such (242), suche (375), suchee (1), sucheȝ (1), suchet (1), sucht (1), suchte (1), suech (4), sueche (6), suhc (1), suhe (1), suich (9), suiche (7), suilk (6), suilk- (1), suilke (3), suilkin (1), sulc (1), sulk (4), sulke (2), sutche (1), suth (1), suuch (1), suuche (1), suuech (1), suueche (1), suych (13), suyche (15), suylk (7), suylke (6), svche (1), sviche (1), swc (1), swch (7), swche (4), swech (19), sweche (48), swelk (4), swhiche (2), swhilke (2), swhych (2), swhyche (1), swic (2), swich (77), swiche (84), swichee (1), swilc (3), swilk (76), swilke (45), swilkes (1), swisɩͨhe (1), swlk (1), swlke (1), swuch (3), swuche (2), swych (56), swyche (65), swyeche (1), swyk (1), swyke (1), swyl (1), swylk (62), swylke (35), swylle (1), syc- (1), sych (23), syche (67), syge (1), syk (4), syk- (1), syke (5), sylk (3), sylke (2)
̤ٳ뤷٤פȡȥå10 suche, such, siche, swiche, swich, swilk, syche, swyche, swylk, soche Ǥ롥ȥåפ2 suche such ϸѸƤԤˤȤäơʬQŪˤߤºݡ2617㤬ʸڤ졤1867Τۤ3ʬ1롥ޤȥåפ10ǡۤ3ʬ2롥äơֻ¿뤫ȤäơΤޤʤ뺮٤ȤȤˤϤʤʤΤ褦ʻϡѸ¿ֻǧ¿θˤĤǧ졤٤Τʤˤ⤢٤餷ΤɤäƤȤ롥ȤƤ⡤νɤˤȤäƤϤϤؤʾä˰㤤ʤˤĤƤϡ#1311. ֻɸಽϤʤɬפ ([2012-11-28-1])#1450. Ѹֻ¿ϤϤؤǤ ([2013-04-16-1]) ̤Ǥ롥
ѸḽνĴ٤СäȰֻμŵϼǰˤΤΡ500ۤɤȤȤ롦
Chaucer ɽѸβηϤ Cruttenden (65--66) ˵äƼηϤȤΤϡˤƤŪƤΤǤ뤫顤ʣβ⤬롥ޤƤ䡤٥Ǿܺ٤ʬäƤʤȤ¿ŸβηϤȤΤϡʤ鲾ŪȤ٤Ǥ롥äơʲ˼Τ⡤ޤ1ĤβŪʲηϤǤ롥
[ Vowels ]
iː, ɪ uː, ʊ eː oː ɛː, ɛ ɔː, ɔ aː, a ɑː ə in unaccented syllables
[ Diphthongs ]
ɛɪ, aɪ, ɔɪ, ɪʊ, ɛʊ, ɔʊ, ɑʊ
[ Consonants ]
p, b, t, d, k, g, ʧ, ʤ
m, n ([ŋ] before velars)
l, r (tapped or trilled)
f, v, θ, ð, s, z, ʃ, h ([x, ç])
j, w ([ʍ] after /h/)
ʲˡChaucer The General Prologue Ƭʸ (cf. #534. The General Prologue Ƭθ߷ȴλ ([2010-10-13-1])) ǺȤơŪ IPA ȯ (Cruttenden 66)
Whan that Aprill with his shoures soote
hʍan θat aːprɪl, wiθ hɪs ʃuːrəs soːtə
The droghte of March hath perced to the roote,
θə drʊxt ɔf marʧ haθ pɛrsəd toː ðe roːtə,
And bathed every veyne in swich licour
and baːðəd ɛːvrɪ vaɪn ɪn swɪʧ lɪkuːr
Of which vertu engendred is the flour;
ɔf hʍɪʧ vɛrtɪʊ ɛnʤɛndərd ɪs θə flurː,
Whan Zephirus eek with his sweete breeth
hʍan zɛfɪrʊs ɛːk wɪθ hɪs sweːtə brɛːθ
Inspired hath in every holt and heeth
ɪnspiːrəd haθ ɪn ɛːvrɪ hɔlt and hɛːθ
The tendre croppes, and the yonge sonne
θə tɛndər krɔppəs, and ðə jʊŋgə sʊnnə
Hath in the Ram his halve cours yronne,
haθ ɪn ðə ram hɪs halvə kʊrs ɪrʊnnə,
And smale foweles maken melodye,
and smɑːlə fuːləs maːkən mɛlɔdiːə
That slepen al the nyght with open ye
θat sleːpən ɑːl ðə nɪçt wiθ ɔːpən iːə
(So priketh hem nature in hir corages),
sɔː prɪkəθ hɛm naːtɪur ɪn hɪr kʊraːʤəs
Thanne longen folk to goon on pilgrimages,
θan lɔːŋgən fɔlk toː gɔːn ɔn pɪlgrɪmaːʤəs.
Cruttenden, Alan. Gimson's Pronunciation of English. 8th ed. Abingdon: Routledge, 2014.
ε[2010-11-10-1]ǡѸͳ褹ֻȯЪΥˤ̤ȤƤߤСbusy bury ʤɤֻȯɸಽκݤ̡˿äƤޤäԱǤꡤmerry ʤɤֻȯåȤǹưǤäȤˤʤ롥
ϤޤǶη̤Ǥ롥ɥΤ褦ΤĤܤǤϡºݤˤֻȯΤȤ߹碌줿٤busy ǤСɥǤ /ɪ/, /y/, /ɛ/ ȯʹ줿<i>, <u>, <e> ֻΤ⸫줿339̤Ȥ߹碌Τ⤢롥ɸಽ˺ݤƤκǽŪʷϡѡȤäǤʣ˺Ѥ̤äɸಽû֤ǵä櫓ǤϤʤߤζ줷ߤȤ¿ʻ֤äΤǡδ֤˸ߤ̯˻פ뤳ȤĤĵäȤƤԻĤǤϤʤbusy bury ϤΤ褦ȹͤ롥
14ȾΥɥǤϡդɸಽˤ䤫˻ưƤΥɥѸ褽ɽƤΤ Chaucer Ǥ롥 The Canterbury Tales "The Nun's Priest's Tale" ɤǤơmerry ˲٤вäΤǡۤʤֻϿʤɤ߿ʤƤߤʲѤ The Riverside Chaucer ꡥ
<myrie>
Be myrie, housbonde, for youre fader kyn! (l. 2968)
That stood ful myrie upon an haven-syde; (l. 3071)
Ther as he was ful myrie and wel at ese. (l. 3259)
Faire in the soond, to bathe hire myrily, (l. 3267; [:by])
How that they syngen wel and myrily). (l. 3272; [:sikerly])
For trewely, ye have as myrie a stevene (l. 3291)
<mery>
Of herbe yve, growyng in oure yeerd, ther mery is; (l. 2966)
And after that he, with ful merie chere, (l. 3461 in Epilogue to NPT)
<murie>
His voys was murier than the murie orgon (l. 2851)
Soong murier than the mermayde in the see (l. 3270)
This was a murie tale of Chauntecleer. (l. 3449 in Epilogue to NPT)
Chaucer ˤͽ̤ꡤ3ֻ̤äȤʬ롥ΥƥȤ˴ؤ¤ŪͥʤΤ <myrie> 䤿ΤäƤȤꡤɸಽΤϺǤ⾯ɤǤ <mery> 첻ʻˤķ֤Ǥ롥դɸಽ˿ʹԤΤǤꡤ椨ɸಽβˤʣʻ𤬤ä褦ȤȤ褯ʬΤǤϤʤ
ѸֻȯЪΥˤϼŪطʤ롥ŪΤĤˤĤƤ[2009-06-28-2]εˤ (2) ǼΤˤƤʤѸ𤬤äspelling-pronunciation gap ȤƸѸˤޤǻĤäɬ¿ʤˤϤƱѸŪʻ𤬤ä
busy ʵڤӤ̾ business ˤˤȤäƹͤƤߤ褦busy 1첻 <u> ֻʤ /ɪ/ ȯǡѸäΤʤǤǹ٤Ե§ʸȤäƤ
θõˤϡѸθʤФʤʤ[2009-09-04-1]Ǹ褦ˡѸΥɤˤΤʬ¸ߤθűѸˤʹߤζѸˤ¸ߤ٤κϤȯãʤϤʤȹͤƤ褤Ǥ⡤Ѹ줬λפȸƤФ졤¸ߤܤΤϡդɸबԺߤȤǡդΤˤФɽƤǤ롥̻ϼäդΡ¤פդξȿǤ̤Ȥ1ĤθФʣֻΩȤʤäʤκǤü㤬[2009-06-20-1]ǾҲ𤷤 through ֻǤˡ
14ʹߡˤ䤫˥ɥȯͤνɸ餷ΤƤ롥αѸˤɸλߤζ줷ߤˤȤСѸϤνϤˤʤɥŪˤθǤꡤޤή͡ΤĤܤǤ⤢äɥפȤʤ礦٤Τʤ顤֤ơʬŪˤϿͰŪˡʬŪˤϼȯŪɸ餷Τ줭ΤǤ롥
嵭طʤѸ첻äܤűѸ <y> ֻˡ/y/ ȯˤɽ蘆ƤֻȯϡѸγǤϤ줾켡Τ褦ɽФƤ

绨ĤˤäơǤ <i> /ɪ/Ǥ <u> /y/Ǥ <e> /ɛ/ Ȥʬֻۤ <u> ϥեֻαƶǤˡäơűѸ <y> äƤϡѸǤˤä֤͡졤ȯ줿Ȥˤʤ롥ʲɽͤ˺ˡ
| Southwestern, West-Midland | North, East-Midland | Southeastern (Kentish) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| OE forms | /y/ | /ɪ/ | /ɛ/ |
| byrgan "bury" | bury | biry | bery |
| bysig "busy" | busy | bisy | besy |
| cynn "kin" | kun | kin | ken |
| lystan "lust" | luste(n) | liste(n) | leste(n) |
| myrge "merry" | murie | myry | mery |
| synn "sin" | sunne | synne | senne, zenne |
ѸγؽԤѸǽ줿ƥȤɤ⤦ȤȤ˶äΤϡڥ¿ͤǤ롥㤨СѸˤ through ȤñϤʤ515̤ΰۤʤ륹ڥ
doruȝ-, dorw, dorwe, dorwgh, dourȝh, drowgȝ, durghe, durwe, -thogh, thorch, thorew, thorewe, thorffe, thorg, Thorgh, thorgh, -thorgh, thorgh, thorghe, thorght, thorghw, thorghwe, thorgth, thorh, thoro, thorogh, thoroghe, thoroght, -thoroght, thorohe, thoroo, thorou, Thorough, thorough, thorough-, thoroughe, thorought, Thorouh, thorouȝ, thorouȝh, Thorow, thorow, thorow-, Thorowe, thorowe, thorowg, thorowgh, thorowghe, thorowght, thorowh, thorowth, thorowut, thorowȝ, thorowȝt, thorrou, thorrow, thorth, thorthe, thoru, thoru-, thorue, thorugh, -thorugh, thorughe, thorught, -thorught, Thoruh, thoruh, thoruh-, thorur, thoruth, Thoruȝ, thoruȝ, thoruȝh, thorv, Thorw, thorw, -thorw, thorw, Thorwe, thorwe, thorwgh, thorwh, thorwȝ, -thorwȝ, thorwȝ, thorwȝe, Thorȝ, thorȝ, Thorȝe, thorȝe, thorȝh, thorȝoh, thorȝt, thorȝw, thorȝwe, thour, thour, thoure, thourgh, -thourgh, thourghe, thourght-, thourh, thourhe, thourow, thourr, thourth, thourw, thourw, thourwg, thourȝ, thourȝ, thourȝe, thow, thowe, thowffe, thowr, thowrgh, thowrow, thowur, thrawth, threw, thro, thro-, -thro, throch, throcht, throgh, throghe, throghet, throght, throght, throghte, throighe, throu, throuche, throue, throug, through, through-, throughe, throught, throuh, throuȝ, throuȝe, throuȝht, throve, throw, throw-, throw, throwe, throwe, throwe, throwg, throwgh, throwght, throwh, throwr, throwth, throwȝ, throwȝe, throȝ, -throȝe, throȝe, throȝgh, throȝghe, throȝh, throȝhe, throȝt, thruch, thrue-, thrug-, Thrugh, thrugh, thrughe, thrught, thrughte, thruh, thruth, thruȝ, thruȝe, thruȝhe, thrvoo, thrw, thrwe, thrwgh, thrwght, thrygh, thuht, thur, thurch, thurew, thurg, thurge, thurge-, thurgeh, Thurgh, thurgh, thurgh-, -thurgh, thurgh, thurghe, thurght, thurghte, thurgth, thurgwe, Thurh, thurh, thurhe, thurhge, thurhgh, thuro, thurow, thurowe, thurth, thurthe, thuru, thurv, thurw, -thurw, thurwe, Thurȝ, thurȝ, thurȝe, Thurȝh, thurȝh, Thurȝhg, thurȝt, thurȝth, thwrgh, thwrw, torgh, torghe, torw, -torwe, trghug, trogh, troght, trough, trow, trowe, trowffe, trowgh, trowght, trugh, trughe, trught, twrw, yerowe, yhorh, yhoru, yhrow, yhurgh, yhurght, yora, yorch, yorgh, yorghe, yorh, yoro, yorou, yoroue, yorough, yorour, yorow, yorow-, yorowe, yorowe, yoru, yorugh, yoruh, yoruȝ, yorw, yorwe, yorȝ, your, yourch, yourgh, yourghe, yourh, yourw-, yourȝ, yowr, yowrw, yoȝou, yrogh, yrou-, yrow, yrugh, yruȝ, yurch, yurg-, yurgh, yurghe, yurght, yurh, yurhg, yurht, yurowe, yurth, yurthe, yuru, yurw, yurwh, yurȝ, yurȝe, ðoru, þarȝ, þerew, þerew, þerow, þerue-, þhorow, þhurȝ, þor, þorch, þore, þoreu, þorew, þorewe, þorewȝ, þoreȝ, þorg, -þorgh, þorgh, þorghe, þorght, þorghȝ, þorguh, þorgȝ, þorh, þoro, þorogh, þoroghe, þorou, þorou, þoroue, þorough, þorought, þorouh, þorour, -þorouȝ, þorouȝ, þorouȝe, þorouȝh, þorouȝt, þorow, -þorow, þorow, þorow, þorowe, þorowgh, þorowghe, þorowh, þorowth, þorowþ, þorouwȝ, þoroȝ, þorrow, þorrughe, þorth, þoru, -þoru, þorue, þorug, þorugh, þorught, þorugȝ, þoruh, þoruhg, þoruth, þoruþ, þoruȝ, -þoruȝ, þoruȝe, þoruȝh, þoruȝt, þorv, þorw, þorw-, -þorw, þorwe, þorwgh, þorwgȝ, þorwh, -þorwh, þorwhe, þorwth, þorwtȝ, þorwȝ, þorwȝe, þorþ, þorȝ, þorȝe, þorȝh, þorȝhȝ, þorȝt, þough, þour, þour, þour, þourg, þourgh, þourght, þourgȝ, þourh, þourh, þourow, þourt, þourth, þouruȝ, þourw, þourw-, -þourw, þourwe, þourþ, þourȝ, t-þourȝ, þourȝ, þourȝe, þourȝh, þourȝt, þourȝw, þouȝ, þouȝt, þowr, þowre, þro, þrogh, þroghe, þrorow, þrorowe, þroth, þrou, þrough, þrought, þroughte-, þrouh, þrouhe, þrouht, þrouȝ, þrouȝe, þrouȝh, þrouȝt, þrouȝte, þrouȝth, þrow, þrow, þrowe, þrowgh, þrowghe, þrowh, -þrowþ, þrowȝ, þrowȝe, þroȝ, þroȝe, þroȝgh, þroȝh, þroȝt, þroȝth, þrugh, -þruh, þruȝ, þruȝe, þur, þurch, þureh, þureȝ, þurf, þurg, þurgh, -þurgh, þurghe, þurght, þurghȝ, þurgȝh, þurh, þurh, þurhg, þurht, þuro, þurow, þurru, þurth, þurthe, þuru, þuruch, þurugh, þurughe, þurut, þuruȝ, þurw, þurw-, þurwe, þurwȝ, þurwȝ, þurþ, þurȝ, þurȝe, þurȝg, þurȝh, þurȝhg, þurȝt, þurȝth, þwrgh, ȝorgh, ȝoru, ȝoruȝ, ȝoruȝt, ȝorw, ȝour, ȝowr, ȝurch
ԴѤǤ롥ʤʾˤʤäƤΤ
ǤСɸॹڥȤΤʤäȤȤǤ롥ϵϤȤʤ뼭ʤСڥޥΤ褦ʿʪ⤤ʤ̻ ( scribe ) ȸƤФγơ褽ʬȯ¨֤ƤΤǤ롥㤨СνпȤμ̻Ǥϡޤǰ㤦櫓ǤꡤȯۤʤäǡƱñǤ⤫ʤۤʤä֤Ѥ줿ϤǤ롥ˤϡƱ̻Ǥ⡤Ĥñ줬Ը˰ۤʤ륹ڥǽȤȤȤǤϤʤڥޤäƤ븽Ѹ줫鸫ȡǤ롥
ѸΥڥ褽ߤΤ褦ʷ夤ΤϡѸʹߤǤ롥ŪäȸǤޤäƤäѸλǰǤְ㤨ХĤȤȤ桹Τ褦˼Ƥ뤬μ̻θѸ춵θʤȤ
ѸΤۤ;͵ͷӤ褦ˤפ뤬515̤ϹԤ⤽ <trghug> ʤƤɤȯ줿Τ
ʰʲ嵭2025/01/15(Wed)
hellog #5738. 516ܤ through Ĥޤ ([2025-01-11-1]) heldio #1326. through ֻ516̤ܤȯ ǾҲ𤷤Ȥꡤפ֤˿ʰ֤Фޤ
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