Geoffrey Chaucer (1340?--1400) η The Canterbury Tales The Franklin's Tale ϼäνפɤǤߤ
κʤϡ֥륿˥ȤʤäƤ롥֥륿˥ȤС֥ƥΥȿͤΰɤ5--6˥ͤˤ뿯ƨ졤ꥹ˱ۤƤɤ夤ե¦ϤǤ롥Ϥˤϸߤ֥ȥͤǤꡤ֥ȥ (Breton) äƤ롥
֥ȥͤ Breton lai ʥ֥ȥˤȸƤФûʪΥ߽ФΥϳξ¦äƤ롥ե¦Ǥ Marie de France (c. 1160--1215) եǽʤ֥ͭ̾ƥ¦Ǥݰƺʤ蘆줿Υ硼ˤϼáפϡ1ĤǤ롥
ϼäνפѸ츶ʸ The Riverside Chaucer ꡤܸإ٥ʪ졡Ʊǡ٤Ѥ롥
THE FRANKLIN'S PROLOGUE
Prologe of the Frankeleyns Tale.
l. 709 Thise olde gentil Britouns in hir dayes 710 Of diverse aventures maden layes, 711 Rymeyed in hir firste Briton tonge, 712 Whiche layes with hir instrumentz they songe 713 Or elles redden hem for hir plesaunce; 714 And oon of hem have I in remembraunce, 715 Which I shal seyn with good wyl as I kan. 716 But, sires, by cause I am a burel man, 717 At my bigynnyng first I yow biseche, 718 Have me excused of my rude speche. 719 I lerned nevere rethorik, certeyn; 720 Thyng that I speke, it moot be bare and pleyn. 721 I sleep nevere on the Mount of Pernaso, 722 Ne lerned Marcus Tullius Scithero. 723 Colours ne knowe I none, withouten drede, 724 But swiche colours as growen in the mede, 725 Or elles swiche as men dye or peynte. 726 Colours of rethoryk been to me queynte; 727 My spirit feeleth noght of swich mateere. 728 But if yow list, my tale shul ye heere.
ϼäν
ΡӤʥ֥륿˥οͤϡޤޤʤǤȤΤ˱ӤߡˤΥȤθդǵ餷ڴ˹碌ƲΤäꡤɤ߸ڤꤷƤޤΤ褦äҤȤijФƤޤΤǡϤԤƤäȻפäƤޤ
ɤ⡤ؤʤΤǡ˽ʸո褦ޤϳˤꤤޤޤäؤʤäȤʤ餵ޤäǤΤǤѥʥå̲äȤʤСޥ륯ȥꥦؤȤʤդΤʤɤäѤǡܤ⤢β֤䡤꿥äΤ䤷ΤΤǤΤϲΥ碌ƤǤ⡤äʹ
ʤ嵭Ѹ츶ʸī Voicy heldio ɤ߾夲Ƥ롥Ѹ˴ؿɲĩ路ƤߤȻפϡ#694. 硼ˤ֥ȥϼäνפʸ̣äƤߤޤİ
Benson, Larry D., ed. The Riverside Chaucer. 3rd ed. Oxford: OUP, 1987.
ե硼ˡӾ 鹰ʴˡإ٥ʪ졡Ʊǡ١ͪۡ2021ǯ
Ӿ δ졦 졡֥硼αѸסإ硼顡ŵΰ仺ο©Ƴơ١Ӿ 鹰ʴˡ ԡˡˡͪۡ2022ǯ93--124ǡ
Geoffrey Chaucer (1340?--1400) η The Canterbury Tales The Franklin's Tale ϼäνפɤǤߤ
κʤϡ֥륿˥ȤʤäƤ롥֥륿˥ȤС֥ƥΥȿͤΰɤ5--6˥ͤˤ뿯ƨ졤ꥹ˱ۤƤɤ夤ե¦ϤǤ롥Ϥˤϸߤ֥ȥͤǤꡤ֥ȥ (Breton) äƤ롥
֥ȥͤ Breton lai ʥ֥ȥˤȸƤФûʪΥ߽ФΥϳξ¦äƤ롥ե¦Ǥ Marie de France (c. 1160--1215) եǽʤ֥ͭ̾ƥ¦Ǥݰƺʤ蘆줿Υ硼ˤϼáפϡ1ĤǤ롥
ϼäνפѸ츶ʸ The Riverside Chaucer ꡤܸإ٥ʪ졡Ʊǡ٤Ѥ롥
THE FRANKLIN'S PROLOGUE
Prologe of the Frankeleyns Tale.
l. 709 Thise olde gentil Britouns in hir dayes 710 Of diverse aventures maden layes, 711 Rymeyed in hir firste Briton tonge, 712 Whiche layes with hir instrumentz they songe 713 Or elles redden hem for hir plesaunce; 714 And oon of hem have I in remembraunce, 715 Which I shal seyn with good wyl as I kan. 716 But, sires, by cause I am a burel man, 717 At my bigynnyng first I yow biseche, 718 Have me excused of my rude speche. 719 I lerned nevere rethorik, certeyn; 720 Thyng that I speke, it moot be bare and pleyn. 721 I sleep nevere on the Mount of Pernaso, 722 Ne lerned Marcus Tullius Scithero. 723 Colours ne knowe I none, withouten drede, 724 But swiche colours as growen in the mede, 725 Or elles swiche as men dye or peynte. 726 Colours of rethoryk been to me queynte; 727 My spirit feeleth noght of swich mateere. 728 But if yow list, my tale shul ye heere.
ϼäν
ΡӤʥ֥륿˥οͤϡޤޤʤǤȤΤ˱ӤߡˤΥȤθդǵ餷ڴ˹碌ƲΤäꡤɤ߸ڤꤷƤޤΤ褦äҤȤijФƤޤΤǡϤԤƤäȻפäƤޤ
ɤ⡤ؤʤΤǡ˽ʸո褦ޤϳˤꤤޤޤäؤʤäȤʤ餵ޤäǤΤǤѥʥå̲äȤʤСޥ륯ȥꥦؤȤʤդΤʤɤäѤǡܤ⤢β֤䡤꿥äΤ䤷ΤΤǤΤϲΥ碌ƤǤ⡤äʹ
ʤ嵭Ѹ츶ʸī Voicy heldio ɤ߾夲Ƥ롥Ѹ˴ؿɲĩ路ƤߤȻפϡ#694. 硼ˤ֥ȥϼäνפʸ̣äƤߤޤİ
Benson, Larry D., ed. The Riverside Chaucer. 3rd ed. Oxford: OUP, 1987.
ե硼ˡӾ 鹰ʴˡإ٥ʪ졡Ʊǡ١ͪۡ2021ǯ
Ӿ δ졦 졡֥硼αѸסإ硼顡ŵΰ仺ο©Ƴơ١Ӿ 鹰ʴˡ ԡˡˡͪۡ2022ǯ93--124ǡ
DzإʥȡʤΤǡϢαDz褪ӤθإФεΡ (Sir Gawain and the Green Knight) ˤĤƤϤƤޤDzλƽ̳줿ܹΩ̿ءȡVoicy ֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio)פˤ̤ԤʤޤޤİǤʤϥ#544. ܹȡإʥȡ٤Ȥθθᤰä̤ޤİ褯DzվޤΤ褤ͽˤʤȻפޤ
ϡ#4890. ѸʡإФεΡ٤ФεΤо줹륷 ([2022-09-16-1]) ȡ#4931. ѸʡإФεΡ٤Ƭ2 ([2022-10-27-1]) ˰³ Sir Gawain and the Green Knight ̾ɤ߾夲ĤľҲ𤷤ޤФεΤڤꥲդä륷Ǥ
DzξҲȤA24£եإʥȡ١פʥ졼̳ưءȤ YouTube ư3ʬ15áˤƤޤư0ʬ50դ꤫顤DzΤΥѸƥȤƳޤϤѸƥȤޤ1 (ll. 279--300) 夲ޤ
ī Voicy ֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio)פǤ#545. إФεΡ٤ФεΤڤꥲդä륷Ѹ츶ʸɤ߾夲ޤȤƸʸɤƤޤΤǡҤİ
ʲѸ츶ʸAndrew and Waldron ǡˤܸӾˤǤޤ
'Nay, frayst I no fyȝt, in fayth I þe telle;
Hit arn aboute on þis bench bot berdlez chylder.
If I were hasped in armes on a heȝe stede,
Here is no mon me to mach, for myȝtez so wayke.
Forþy I craue in þis court a Crystemas gomen,
For hit is Ȝol and Nwe Ȝer, and here are ȝep mony.
If any so hardy in þis hous holdez hymseluen,
Be so bolde in his blod, brayn in hys hede,
Þat dar stifly strike a strok for anoþer,
I schal gif hym of my gyft þys giserne ryche,
Þis ax, þat is heué innogh, to hondele as hym lykes,
And I schal bide þe fyrst bur as bare as I sitte.
If any freke be so felle to fonde þat I telle,
Lepe lyȝtly me to and lach þis weppen---
I quit-clayme hit for euer, kepe hit as his auen---
And I schal stonde hym a strok, stif on þis flet,
Ellez þou wyl diȝt me þe dom to dele hym anoþer
Barlay,
And ȝet gif hym respite
A twelmonyth and a day.
Now hyȝe, and let se tite
Dar any herinne oȝt say.'
֤䡤ľ˿ơ襤˾ǤΤǤϤʤΤդʤˤϡҤƤʤҶʤˤ̤褦ʡ路ɤȤˤޤȤ礭ϤǤ٤ʤСǤ路Ωϰͤ⤪ޤ顤路ε˾ΤϥꥹޥͷӤȡޤ礦ɥꥹޥȿǯλǡˤϸΤ褤̡뤫ʡδۤDz椳ϤȻפԤʤ顤㤷ԤꡤŨˤǷǤ魯ԤʤС˫ʤȤƤθƤ뤾ϤȽŤĤǡפ褦˰Τ路˺äƹɤĤǽΰ뤳Ȥˤ褦路θäȤƤߤ褦ȤΤΤäۤʤСӤƤƤ˼ʤСʵפ˾ϤĤʪˤƤξ˺äƶޤĤΰ褦路Ĥ֤ΰä븢ĤȤȤǡ
路֤ˤϡ
ͱͽ֤Ϳ褦
ǯȰΡ
ޤꡤˡ
̾ФۤϤˤϤΤ
Andrew, Malcolm and Ronald Waldron, eds. The Poems of the Pearl Manuscript. 3rd ed. Exeter: U of Exeter P, 2002.
Ӿ 鹰ˡء֥͡ФεΡ١콤ؽǶɡ2009ǯ
ѸޥηإФεΡ (Sir Gawain and the Green Knight) ݰƺʤȤʤDzإʥȡ1125ޤεƨءʱˤμȤʤɤ SGGK θʸɤǤޤ
hellog Ǥ#4890. ѸʡإФεΡ٤ФεΤо줹륷 ([2022-09-16-1]) Ҳ𤷤Ĥ Voicy ϢȤɤ߾夲ƤߤޤİƤߤƤˡϡƱǤƬ2 (ll. 1--36) Ѹ츶ʸAndrew and Waldron ǡˤ˴Ť Voicy #514. إФεΡ٤Ƭ2Ѹ츶ʸɤ߾夲ޤɤ߾夲ޤʲθʸȤȤˤİ
Siþen þe sege and þe assaut watz sesed at Troye,
Þe borȝ brittened and brent to brondez and askez,
Þe tulk þat þe trammes of tresoun þer wroȝt
Watz tried for his tricherie, þe trewest on erthe.
Hit watz Ennias þe athel and his highe kynde,
Þat siþen depreced prouinces, and patrounes bicome
Welneȝe of al þe wele in þe west iles.
Fro riche Romulus to Rome ricchis hym swyþe,
With gret bobbaunce þat burȝe he biges vpon fyrst
And neuenes hit his aune nome, as hit now hat;
Ticius to Tuskan and teldes bigynnes,
Langoberde in Lumbardie lyftes vp homes,
And fer ouer þe French flod, Felix Brutus
On mony bonkkes ful brode Bretayn he settez
Wyth wynne,
Where werre and wrake and wonder
Bi syþez hatz wont þerinne
And oft boþe blysse and blunder
Ful skete hatz skyfted synne.
Ande quen þis Bretayn watz bigged bi þis burn rych
Bolde bredden þerinne, baret þat lofden,
In mony turned tyme tene þat wroȝten.
Mo ferlyes on þis folde han fallen here oft
Þen in any oþer þat I wot, syn þat ilk tyme.
Bot of alle þat here bult of Bretaygne kynges
Ay watz Arthur þe hendest, as I haf herde telle.
Forþi an aunter in erde I attle to schawe,
Þat a selly in siȝt summe men hit holden
And an outrage awenture of Arthurez wonderez.
If ȝe wyl lysten þis laye bot on littel quile,
I schal telle hit astit, as I in toun herde,
Wyth tongue.
As hit is stad and stoken
In stori stif and stronge,
With lel lettres loken,
In londe so hatz ben longe.
̣ǧ뤿 Bantock θ層ʸӾˤܸƤޤ
When the assault on Troy and the siege had come to an end,
The ramparts smashed to a heap of smouldering ruins,
And that treacherous man Antenor brought to trial
For treason worse than has ever been known on earth,
Then noble Aeneas, with his clan of kindred knights,
Subdued the lands and at length became the lords
Of well nigh all of the wealth in the Western Isles.
Then swiftly, courageous Romulus swept into Rome,
His first concern to found, with fast-growing pride,
The noble city that now upholds his name.
Then Ticius with tents built interim towns in Tuscany,
And Langeberde laid out new homes in Lombardy.
Then the Channel was challenged from France by Felix Brutus,
Who boldly established Britain on her broad green slopes ---
In gladness long ago!
Though hatred, war and hell
Brought turmoil, tears and woe,
Their fortunes rose or fell
In endless ebb and flow.
The famous warrior founded Britain thus,
And bred a race of battle-loving men,
Who caused great torment in those troubled times.
More heart-enthralling things have happened there
Than anywhere else on earth since the ancient days.
But of the rulers reigning there, I have heard,
The noblest of all in honour was Arthur the king.
So now one great adventure will I make known,
Which many men will think a miracle ---
The most astounding tale of Arthur's time.
And if you'll listen to this legend a little while,
I'll tell it as I heard it told in town
In spoken song;
Inspired, I will expound
A story bold and strong,
With letters linked by sound,
As minstrels have made for long.
ȥϹ⤬ĤԤ˵Ƥ顤ȿդƤΤڤκƺȽˤ줿äǤ롥ϲҥ͡Ȥιʰ²ǡϤθνκۤȤɼˤۼԤȤʤäʥ륹ϥޤ˰®ȡޤϤˤԻԤߤ̾Ȥä̿̾Ǥ⤽̾ǸƤФƤ롥ƥϥȥ뤭ơХɤϥХǥ˲ȲĤꡤեʹʡʡˡ֥롼ȥϤϤ뤫եۤ¿ιʵͤ˥֥ƥϤä
ͦǡ
ƮԻĤʤȤ
ꤪꤽǵꡤ
ӤᤷߤȤθ塤ߤˤȤƤ롥
ι֥ƥȡʼԤɤ⤬졤ߡ٤ʶιǤϤΤꡤ䤬ΤäƤɤι˶ä٤ȤФеäƤ롥ϤȤ⤫ι˵ޤ٤ƤΥ֥ƥΤǡǤⵤ⤤ǤäʹƤ롥Ǵ̯ʸʤȻפҤȤ⤤褦ˤ˴ؤäΤǤʤѤä̤ĤߤʤФδ֡ʪ˼ƤʤСޤ˵²δۤʹȤ˸ꤿȻפ
դȤ
ͦԤ϶ʪ
α夷
ʸǷФơ
ιĹ줿Ρ
Andrew, Malcolm and Ronald Waldron, eds. The Poems of the Pearl Manuscript. 3rd ed. Exeter: U of Exeter P, 2002.
Bantock, Gavin, trans. Sir Gawain & the Green Knight . Pearl: Two Middle-English Poems. Brimstone P, 2018.
Ӿ 鹰ˡء֥͡ФεΡ١콤ؽǶɡ2009ǯ
褿1125˸ͽDzإʥȡϡѸƥ Sir Gawain and the Green Knight ʡإФεΡ١sggkˤܳŪݰƺʤǤλƽܹΩ̿ءˤôƤޤβ轵 Voicy ̤뤳ȤˤʤäƤޤΤǡҤİܤϡ#4885. ֱѸʥ顼̵ʲܹδˡפΤΤ餻920ʲС14:50--15:50 Voicy ˡ ([2022-09-11-1]) Ȥ
ΩäơSGGK Ѹ츶ʸҲ𤷤ƤȻפޤκʤϡChaucer ʤɤƱ14ȾΤΤȤ British Library MS Cotton Nero A.x ˤΤ߸¸ 2530ԡ101ʤαʸƥȤǤ륢ʪȤκʤǤƱܤˤϡ¾ Pearl, Cleanness, Patience ȤʤƤޤѸǽƤޤƥϡƬƧ12--37ĹԤθˡ5Ԥ "bob and wheel" ȸƤФ ababa ûӱԤ³ȤˤʤäƤޤ
ϡƬ˶ᤤ ll. 130--50 ꡤФεΤо줹ŪʥƤߤ뤳Ȥˤޤ礦Andrew and Waldron ǤΰѤǤ
Now wyl I of hor seruise say yow no more,
For vch wyȝe may wel wit no wont þat þer were.
Anoþer noyse ful newe neȝed biliue,
Þat þe lude myȝt haf leue liflode to cach;
For vneþe watz þe noyce not a whyle sesed,
And þe fyrst cource in þe court kyndely serued,
Þer hales in at þe halle dor an aghlich mayster,
On þe most on þe molde on mesure hyghe;
Fro þe swyre to þe swange so sware and so þik,
And his lyndes and hys lymes so longe and so grete,
Half-etayn in erde I hope þat he were,
Bot mon most I algate mynn hym to bene,
And þat þe myriest in his muckel þat myȝt ride;
For of bak and of brest al were his bodi sturne,
Both his wombe and his wast were worthily smale,
And alle his fetures folȝande in forme, þat he hade,
Ful clene.
For wonder of his hwe men hade,
Set in his semblaunt sene;
He ferde, as freke were fade,
And oueral enker grene.
Voicy ֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio)פ#473. إФεΡ٤ФεΤо줹륷Ѹ츶ʸɤ߾夲ޤǡѸ츶ʸɤ߾夲ƤޤΤǡ碌Ƥİ
̣ǧ뤿 Bantock θ層ʸꡤƱ ll. 130--50 βսѤޤ
I've told you enough about the tables there
For you to guess how gorgeous that feast was.
But now another new uproar quickly approached,
That stirred Aurthur's spirit so strongly he started to eat.
For, just as the joyful music was fading away
And the first of the festive dishes was duly being served,
The doors crashed open wide with a terrible din
And a hideous giant charged boldly into the hall!
His body was strong and so broad from neck to waist,
And his legs and arms and thighs so long and thick,
He might have been half a giant and half a man,
But if a man, the biggest of all on this earth
That ever rode on horse; and most handsome too;
For though his breast and back were broad and stout,
His waist was slender and his belly lithe and slim,
And all of his features followed this twofold form ---
Both lust and lean!
By his colouring the court was amazed,
The most staggering sight they had seen,
For the body of that bold knight blazed
Head to foot with flaming bright green!
ܸȤƤϡӾ (p. 9) Ѥޤ
ƿΤƤʤͻҤʾΤϤ⤦ƤҤȤķ礱ΤʤäȤïǤ褯ʬ뤳Ȥ顥ޤ̤οʲڤʹƤΤǡǤɤ鲦ȤΤǤϤʤȻפ줿ΥȥڥåȤβ䤨ǽˤȽФȤ繭֤鶲εΤ褯Ǥؾ椬ǺǤ⤤ˤǤäޤǤҤɤĥꤺȤȼĹƤäꤷƤꡤˤϸȾͤǤϤʤȻפäȤˤʿʹ֤ǤꡤϤ˾ԤλѤäȤƤϺǤüʿʪȸäƤοΤǤȶΤʢȹϤȤ褯ۤäꤷơΤ¾ʬ⤹٤Ʊ褦˻Ѥζ褯Ȥ졤
ʹ褫ä
ƤˤϤä긫
οˤߤʤӤäŷʡʶΡΤΤ褦˿
ȿ䤫ФǤä
Andrew, Malcolm and Ronald Waldron, eds. The Poems of the Pearl Manuscript. 3rd ed. Exeter: U of Exeter P, 2002.
Bantock, Gavin, trans. Sir Gawain & the Green Knight . Pearl: Two Middle-English Poems. Brimstone P, 2018.
Ӿ 鹰ˡء֥͡ФεΡ١콤ؽǶɡ2009ǯ
ʸˡˤϡפȤ꤬롥ŪˤñǤ̾礬̣ŪʣȲᤵʤɤơ³ư̾ˤʣǼȤݤʸˡ˾Ȥ餻ХФ뤳Ȥˤʤ뤬Ѹ˾头̤˸졤Ť㤫鿷ޤˤȤޤʤ (cf. #1144. Ѹˤפ ([2012-06-14-1])#1334. Ѹˤ̾ưοס ([2012-12-21-1]))
Bennett and Smithers Ǥ The Land of Cokaygne (ll. 151--65) ɤǤơŵŪߤĤΤ˺Τ˹ƤѸˤ "each monk" Ȥʤ⡤ƱʸΤʤǽͭ "their" ȤƼƤڱǽƻƤȤ˽ƻΤäƤȤʥꡤѸĤǤɤ
| Whan þe someris dai is hote, | When the summer's day is hot, |
| Þe ȝung nunnes takiþ a bote | The young nuns take a boat |
| And doþ ham forþ in þat riuer, | And betake themselves forth in that river, |
| Boþe wiþ oris and wiþ stere. | Both with oars and with a rudder. |
| Whan hi beþ fur fram þe abbei, | When they are far from the abbey, |
| Hi makiþ ham nakid forto plei, | They make themselves naked to play, |
| And lepiþ dune into þe brimme | And leap down into the water |
| And doþ ham sleilich forto swimme. | And betake themselves to swim skillfully. |
| Þe ȝung monkes þat hi seeþ: | The young monks that see them: |
| Hi doþ ham vp and forþ hi fleeþ, | They betake themselves up and they fly forth, |
| And commiþ to þe nunnes anon, | And come to the nuns at once, |
| And euch monke him takeþ on, | And each monk takes one for himself, |
| And snellich beriþ forþ har prei | And quickly carries forth their prey |
| To þe mochil grei abbei, | To the great grey abbey, |
رμȤǤ Bennett and Smithers Ǥ The Land of Cokaygne ɤǤ롥14μܤ˻ĤѸƥȤǡѥξʤѥǥʤǤ롥ѥʤΤǡȤ⤷̤ΤʪʪǤǤƤȤ꤬롥ǤƸäʤɤˤ⤪ۻҤβȤȤդꡤˤŤʤΤʤȤɤǤϴŤۻҤȤ櫓ǤϤʤǡ̤į¤ꡤΥѥȤIJͤȤɤ餫ȤȱΤ뿩ʪʤʪ̤ΩġߤϤߤˤϡΤۤĥޥߤȤƤɤ롥
57ܤ Fluren cakes beþ þe schingles alle ȸ롥ֲĤϤ٤ƾʴ cakes ǤפȤʸ2ŦʰʲرιôԤβˤäƤˡޤǤ cakes Ȥ뤬ŪʴŤ֥פȤϡۤɴŤʤ⤷ʤ̤Ρ֥ѥפ̣褦˻פ롥MED cāke n. ˤȡ1 "A flat cake or loaf; also, an unbaked cake or loaf" Ȥ롥ŤʤȤƤϤʤͤԤŤǤϤʤȤΤθΩƤǤ롥
Fluren ܤ뤬Ͼʴ̣ flour ηƻǤ롥ѸǤ *flouren ѸȤʤäƤꡤ̤ floury floured Ѥ롥Ѹˤ̤Ƥ⡤̾Ф -en 뤳ηƻϵΤ褦ǡMED Ǥ OED Ǥ⡤ΥƥȤΤβս꤬ͣȤʤäƤ롥MED flouren adj. ꡤʲ̤ꡥ
?c1335(a1300) Cokaygne (Hrl 913)57 : Fluren cakes beþ þe scingles alle.
-en ȤϤäϡ#1471. golden ߽ФѲ ([2013-05-07-1]) Dz⤷褦ˡǺɽ魯ƻ (suffix) -en Ǥ롥²ΤʤǤ˸ŤΤ褦ǡƥ -īnusꥷ -inosåȸ -īna ʤɤˤƱõƤ뤳ȤǤ롥ѸǤѸޤǤϤŪä褦Ѹʹߤ̾줬ΤޤƻŪѤ褦ˤʤȤꡤ-en ˤƻθϿषߤǤȤΤȤ earthen, golden, wheaten, wooden, woolen ʤɤ뤬 *flouren Ͼ嵭㤬ͣΤ褦ǡ⸽ޤĤäƤʤ
ʴΥѥβĤǤнʬˤǤϤ뤬ŤϤۤɴԤʤۤ褤ΤʤȻפĤġιԤʬ˾̣
Bennett, J. A. W. and G. V. Smithers, eds. Early Middle English Verse and Prose. 2nd ed. Oxford: OUP, 1968.
ε#4341. Shakespeare ˤߤ4α ([2021-03-17-1]) ³θ̤ƹƤ4α (the four humours) ˤĤơʸؤˤȤСޤ Chaucer ̾뤬Chaucer ʸؤˤƤ4αϸǤ롥ɤˤΥѥߤ뤳ȤǤ롥
4αդΤޤǺǤ;Ọ̇̄ݻƤΤϹ (melancholy) Ѹ melancholy Ȥñθ츻ϡꥷ melas/melan- (black) + kholē (bile) ̤ꡤʸֹ̤פȤʤ롥αդȡʹ֤ϤդߡͫݵפˤʤȤ줿
Chaucer ˤ melancholy κǤ1ĤȤơThe Canterbury Tales Knight's Tale ꡤ¤˴٤ä Arcite ͫݵפȤƤ륷ߤƤߤ褦 (I(A), 1361--76)
His slep, his mete, his drynke, is hym biraft,
That lene he wex and drye as is a shaft;
His eyen holwe and grisly to biholde,
His hewe falow and pale as asshen colde,
And solitarie he was and evere allone,
And waillynge al the nyght, makynge his mone;
And if he herde song or instrument,
Thanne wolde he wepe, he myghte nat be stent.
So feble eek were his spiritz, and so lowe,
And chaunged so, that no man koude knowe
His speche nor his voys, though men it herde.
And in his geere for al the world he ferede
Nat oonly lik the loveris maladye
Of Hereos, but rather lyk manye,
Engendred of humour malencolik
Biforen, in his celle fantastic.
Ǹ夫2ܤ humour malencolic βսǤ롥¤˴٤ä Arcite ϡȤƶͤΤ褦ˤʤäƤȤʵΤγȿ̤Τˡhumour äƤǤ롥ʾ塤Rogers (186--89) Chaucer ɴʻŵ "Four Humours" ιȤ
Rogers, Shannon L. All Things Chaucer: Ann Encyclopedia of Chaucer's World. 2 vols. Westport, Connecticut and London: Greenwood, 2007.
ȥʥ뤬Ƥ깭 The Owl and the Nightingale ϡѸɽѸʸغʤ1ĤȤƼƤƤ롥ʸؤΤߤʤ餺ѸˡʸؤδפʥƥȤǤ롥1200ǯ1189?1216ǯդȤˤϤǽ줿ӱǡLondon, British Library, Cotton Caligula A ix Oxford, Jesus College 29 Ȥ2Ĥμܤˤ긽äƤ롥礿빻ܡ饤ϡ#2532. The Owl and the Nightingale ν ([2016-04-02-1]) ǵƤΤǡȡ
ϡκʤʷϵƬ12ԤˤĤơCotton ܤ١Ȥ Cartlidge ǤιܤƥȤȤӸѸǤ褦Cotton ܤΥ (fol. 233r) Ǥ롥 *
Ich was in one sumere dale, I was in a summer-valley, in a In one suþe diȝele hale: really out-of-the-way retreat, when I Iherde ich holde grete tale heard an owl and a nightingale having An hule and one niȝtingale. a huge dispute. This controversy was 5 Þat plait was stif & starc & strong, fierce and ferocious and furious, some- Sumwile softe & lud among; times calm and sometimes noisy; and An aiþer aȝen oþer sval, each of them swelled up against the & let þat vole mod ut al; other and vented all her malicious feel- & eiþer seide of oþeres custe ings, saying the very worst thing they 10 Þat alre worste þat hi wuste; could think of about their antagonist's & hure & hure of oþeres songe character; and about their songs, espec- Hi holde plaiding suþe stronge. ially, they had a vehement debate.
Cartlidge, Neil, ed. The Owl and the Nightingale. Exeter: U of Exeter P, 2001.
ε#3436. ѸϽȤܿˡ ([2018-09-23-1]) (2) ǡΥޥդäΤʤ˥եɥͤꡤ֥ƥ˻Ĥä餷ȽҤ٤˴ؤơ1338ǯ˻ Robert Mannyng of Brunne Chronicle ΤʤˡΤ褦ʸڤ롥Baugh and Cable (108) ˰ƤΤȤȤ˺ƷǤ롥
To Frankis & Normanz, for þar grete laboure,
To Flemmynges & Pikardes, þat were with him in stoure,
He gaf londes bityme, of whilk þer successoure
Hold ȝit þe seysyne, with fulle grete honoure.
To French and Normans, for their great labor,
To Flemings and Picards, that were with him in battle,
He gave lands betimes, of which their successors
Hold yet the seizin, with full great honor.
Chamson (285) ϡεҤƼΤ褦˽Ҥ٤Ƥ롥
The last two lines, referring to lands held by the successors of the foreign troops, indicate that the Flemings remained in Britain. Other non-Norman foreigners, e.g. the Bretons, are known to have left Britain after their service to William. During the conquest and its aftermath, large numbers of traders and mercenaries from the Low Countries came to Britain.
եɥͤϡΥޥκȤθˡΩ֤顤ΥޥͤȥɿͤӤĤ餸ȹͤ뤳ȤǤ뤫⤷ʤкŪˤäȤСŪˤ⤽äΤǤϤʤȡΤ˹ͤƤߤʤ롥
Baugh, Albert C. and Thomas Cable. A History of the English Language. 6th ed. London: Routledge, 2013.
Chamson, Emil. "Revisiting a Millennium of Migrations: Contextualizing Dutch/Low-German Influence on English Dialect Lexis." Contact, Variation, and Change in the History of English. Ed. Simone E. Pfenninger, Olga Timofeeva, Anne-Christine Gardner, Alpo Honkapohja, Marianne Hundt and Daniel Schreier. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: Benjamins, 2014. 281--303.
Worcester Cathedral, Dean and Chapter Library F 174 Ȥܤ Fol. 63r, lines 14--28 ˡˤƬûƥȤƤ롥ꥸʥϸűѸǽƤ褦ΥƥȤθϤǤ˽ѸŪħƤ롥ܤϤ餯132Ⱦ (C13a2) ΩΥƥȤľˤ Ælfic Grammar Glossary ľˤ "Body and Soul" ˴ؤƬƤ롥Τ "Worcester tremulous hand" ȤΤ̻ˤäƽƤ롥
ƥȤƤϡɸ˼褦ˡΥޥ˶ʤɤθŪʾ̤DZѸ줬ѤʤʤäƤޤäȤؤòǤ롥θűѸˤϱѸǶ餬Ԥʤ졤ɤʸŪȿǤƤΤˡѸäʤΥޥͤդȤʤäƤޤäƤ롤˸ơò路Ȥ衤Ȥݤ
ݥȤϡl. 15 l. 18 Ǥ롥űѸˤϥͤζդѸǿ͡餷Ƥ (l. 15)ΥޥκǤϡ¾ο͡סʤΦϤäƤΥޥͤ¾θǡ˿͡餷ƤȡòƤ롥Ѹ줬Ūϰ̤鿶Ȥ졤䤫줿ͻҤ狼롥Dickins and Wilson (2) ΥƥȤ
[S]anctus Beda was iboren her on Breotene mid us, And he wisliche [bec] awende Þet þeo Englise leoden þurh weren ilerde. And he þeo c[not]ten unwreih, þe questiuns hoteþ, Þa derne diȝelnesse þe de[or]wurþe is. 5 Ælfric abbod, þe we Alquin hoteþ, He was bocare, and þe [fif] bec wende, Genesis, Exodus, Vtronomius, Numerus, Leuiticus, Þu[rh] þeos weren ilærde ure leoden on Englisc. Þet weren þeos biscop[es þe] bodeden Cristendom, 10 Wilfrid of Ripum, Iohan of Beoferlai, Cuþb[ert] of Dunholme, Oswald of Wireceastre, Egwin of Heoueshame, Æld[elm] of Malmesburi, Swiþþun, Æþelwold, Aidan, Biern of Wincæstre, [Pau]lin of Rofecæstre, S. Dunston, and S. Ælfeih of Cantoreburi. Þeos læ[rden] ure leodan on Englisc, 15 Næs deorc heore liht, ac hit fæire glod. [Nu is] þeo leore forleten, and þet folc is forloren. Nu beoþ oþre leoden þeo læ[reþ] ure folc, And feole of þen lorþeines losiæþ and þet folc forþ mid. Nu sæiþ [ure] Drihten þus, Sicut aquila prouocat pullos suos ad volandum, et super eo[s uolitat.] 20 This beoþ Godes word to worlde asende, Þet we sceolen fæier feþ [festen to Him.]
l. 20 ΥƥϡDeuteronomy 32:11 ꡥThe King James Version бսѤ "As an eagle stirs up her nest, flutters over her young, spreads abroad her wings, takes them, bears them on her wings: / So the Lord alone did lead him, and there was no strange god with him." (ll. 11--12) Ȥ롥褽褿ֿפ¤ޤȤä
μܤˤĤƤϡLAEME ξ⻲ȡ
Dickins, Bruce and R. M. Wilson, eds. Early Middle English Texts. London: Bowes, 1951.
14Ⱦ Wycliffe ʰˤˤϡѹˤˤΤߤʤ餺ѸˤˤƤפʤǤȤǤ롥ƥ츶ŵ鴰ȤƽΤΤǤꡤϤ뤫ꤷֽספΤΤä
Wycliffe ϡˤα褦Ȥθ夬Wyclif's Treatise, De Officio Pastorali (Chapter 15) ˸롥ѸƥȤιɤŬƤսȻפΤǡCrystal (198) ˷ǺܤƤ빻ƥȤѤ褦
Also the worthy reume of Fraunse, notwithstondinge alle lettingis, hath translated the Bible and the Gospels, with othere trewe sentensis of doctours, out of Lateyn into Freynsch. Why shulden not Engliyschemen do so? As lordis of Englond han the Bible in Freynsch, so it were not aghenus resoun that they hadden the same sentense in Engliysch; for thus Goddis lawe wolde be betere knowun, and more trowid, for onehed of wit, and more acord be bitwixe reumes.
And herfore freris han taught in Englond the Paternoster in Engliysch tunge, as men seyen in the pley of York, and in many othere cuntreys. Sithen the Paternoster is part of Matheus Gospel, as clerkis knowen, why may not al be turnyd to Engliysch trewely, as is this part? Specialy sithen alle Cristen men, lerid and lewid, that shulen be sauyd, moten algatis sue Crist, and knowe His lore and His lif. But the comyns of Engliyschmen knowen it best in ther modir tunge; and thus it were al oon to lette siche knowing of the Gospel and to lette Engliyschmen to sue Crist and come to heuene.
ҤΤǤ롥٤ΥեǤʤƤǤϤʤޤɽ̱ˤȤäƤ⡤ѸΤۤ䤹ǤϤʤβ桹ˤȤäƤϼ¤ͳŤ14ΥɤǤϡιͤϰüüä
ˡλˤϡŪʰü⤵뤳Ȥʤ顤⾰ʥƥȤɮΤ˱ѸäƤȤȼΤޤΩȤϤʤäƤʤäƱΥ硼ʸؤѸǽ櫓켫ΰǤꡤ¸äȤͤ롥ˤ뤬ֱѸǽפȤ٤ǤʤäȤϡΩĽѸǤ⤽ä³ѸǤꡥϢơ#2861. Cursor Mundi ԤѸǽͳ ([2017-02-25-1])#2612. 14˥եǤϤʤѸǽȤ櫓 ([2016-06-21-1])#1407. Ѹ3Ĥ ([2013-03-04-1])#2580. Ѹιռʳ ([2016-05-20-1]) ⻲Ȥ줿
Crystal, David. The English Language. 2nd ed. London: Penguin, 2002.
Υޥ (norman_conquest) θ塤ɤ꽻뤳ȤˤʤäΥޥͤȤλ¹ϡФ餯δ֡ʬǤ norman_french ä³ɼҲĺΩĥΥޥͤβ²Ȥ㤿ϡä˸Ūʸ̮ˤơեѤäĹ³ƤȤϻ¤Ǥ롥ˤĤƤϡʲεϤȤơȼ夲Ƥ
#131. Ѹ ([2009-09-05-1])
#661. 12ɿͤäդȽա ([2011-02-17-1])
#1204. 12ΥɲΡֱѸϡס ([2012-08-13-1])
#1461. William's writ ([2013-04-27-1])
#2567. 13ΥɿͤȱѸηӤĤ ([2016-05-07-1])
#2604. 13ΥեʸŪŪϰ̡ ([2016-06-13-1])
äˡ1300ǯ Robert of Gloucester 路 Chronicle ǤϡΥޥͤեѤ³Ƥ븽ˤĤơԤܤ䤤Ƥս꤬ۤɤʡ#2148. Ѹ diglossia ̤ bilingualism ʸ ([2015-03-15-1]) ΰѤȡˡ
ͤʤФʤȤϡ˽Ҥ٤ϡ褽Υޥͤβ²ˤΤƤϤޤäȤȤŪʬ㤤ΥޥͤϡϤˤ¿αѸüԤ륤ɿͤΰϤΤȤǡ˥ե줫Υ졤Ѹؾ괹Ƥ
Τ褦ʸ椨ˡǤ1300ǯˤϡѸüԤΤʤˤϡѸǤΤȤָĿŪʡưŤϽʬˤäϤѸǽȤϼҲŪγˤäΤǡּҲŪˡפȤ𤬤äǤ롥ڤäơѸǤΤ⸽ϤƤ1300ǯǽ줿Ĺ Cursor Mundi Ԥ⡤1ͤǤ롥ʤѸǽΤȤͳƽƤս (Prologue, II, ll. 232--50) Gramley (72--73) ͳǰѤ褦
þis ilk bok es translate
Into Inglis tong to rede
For the loue of Inglis lede,
Inglish lede of Ingland,
For the commun at understand.
Frankis rimes here I redd,
Comunlik in ilk[a] sted;
Mast es it wroght for frankis man,
Quat is for him na Frankis can?
In Ingland the nacion,
Es Inglis man þar in commun;
þe speche þat man wit mast may spede;
Mast þarwit to speke war nede.
Selden was for ani chance
Praised Inglis tong in France;
Give we ilkan þare langage,
Me think we do þam non outrage.
To laud and Inglish man I spell
þat understandes þat I tell.
ѸǽͳƽƤȤȤ顤դˤ줬ҲŪˤϤޤ̤ιԤǤϤʤäȤ롥
Gramley, Stephan. The History of English: An Introduction. Abingdon: Routledge, 2012.
Algeo and Pyles (280--81) ˡChaucer The Canterbury Tales Ellesmere ܡˤ General Prologue Ƭ27ԤˤĤơեѸ˥åΤܤΤ롥ʲ˺Ƹ褦
Whan that Aprille with hise shoures soote
The droghte of March hath perced to the roote
And bathed every veyne in swich licour
Of which vertu engendred is the flour;
Whan Zephirus eek with his sweete breeth
Inspired hath in every hold and heeth
The tendre croppes, and the yonge sonne
Hath in the Ram his half[e] cours yronne,
And smale foweles maken melodye,
That slepen al the nyght with open eye---
So priketh hem nature in hir corages---
Thanne longen folk to goon on pilgrimages,
And Palmeres for to seken straunge strondes,
To ferne halwes kowthe in sondry londes
And specially fram every shires ende
Of Engelond to Caunterbury they wende
The hooly blisful martir for to seke
That hem hath holpen when þt they were seeke.
Bifil that in that seson on a day,
In southwerk at the Tabard as I lay
Redy to wenden on my pilgrymage
To Caunterbury with ful devout corage,
At nyght were come in to that hostelrye
Wel nyne and twenty in a compaignye
Of soundry folk by aventure yfalle
In felaweshipe, and pilgrimes were they alle
That toward Caunterbury wolden ryde.
27Ԥǹ189줬ѤƤ뤬2ٸ pilgrimage corage 1ȿۤʤǷȡ24 (12.70%) ޤǤեѸǤ롥οϡե˴ǽä Chaucer ʤǤϤȤ櫓ǤϤʤ餯14ȾζܤɥαѸŵŪͤȤäƤ褤Serjeantson (151) ˤСChaucer Ѥ10--15%ϥեѸäȤȤGeneral Prologue Ƭ27Ԥ Chaucer ȤƤŵŪʿŪͤƤȤ롥
ѸǤϥեѸΨϤɤ줯餤ʤΤʤѰˤäưۤʤɸŪʸϸоݤĴѸξ٤Ȥ⤷
General Prologue ƬˤĤƤϡ#534. The General Prologue Ƭθ߷ȴλ ([2010-10-13-1])#2275. ѸβηϤ The General Prologue ([2015-07-20-1]) ȡ
Algeo, John, and Thomas Pyles. The Origins and Development of the English Language. 5th ed. Thomson Wadsworth, 2005.
Serjeantson, Mary S. A History of Foreign Words in English. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1935.
Ѹ˾ǽ˱Ѹǰ줿ܤϡWilliam Caxton ˤǡRecuyell of the Historyes of Troye (1475) Ǥ롥줿ϥɤǤϤʤCaxton νԤƤ Bruges äܤϡ̥衼åѤʸήԤ濴ä֥르˥εˤƤ褯ΤƤեܤǤꡤ衼ȤΥɲ Edward IV ǥ֥르˥ Charles ˲ǤǤ Margaret äƤܤǤ⤢äᡤCaxton ϤƽǤ뤳ȤȸƤ
̾ Historyes ϡϡˡʪˡפ˸ꤵ줺ʪˡפ̣Recuyell Ȥñϡִפ̣ʤäơԻʸءפۤɤؤ˥եñѤΤǤꡤޤˤܤ̾ˤѤǤ롥
ʲˡѸ˾廸ȵܤνʸCrystal (32) ǤˤƸ褦
hEre begynneth the volume intituled and named the recuyell of the historyes of Troye / composed and drawen out of dyuerce bookes of latyn in to frensshe by the ryght venerable persone and wor-shipfull man . Raoul le ffeure . preest and chapelayn vnto the ryght noble gloryous and myghty prince in his tyme Phelip duc of Bourgoyne of Braband etc In the yere of the Incarnacion of our lord god a thou-sand foure honderd sixty and foure / And translated and drawen out of frenshe in to englisshe by Willyam Caxton mercer of ye cyte of London / at the comaūdemēt of the right hye myghty and vertuouse Pryncesse hys redoubtyd lady. Margarete by the grace of god . Du-chesse of Bourgoyne of Lotryk of Braband etc / Whiche sayd translacion and werke was begonne in Brugis in the Countee of Flaundres the fyrst day of marche the yere of the Incarnacion of our said lord god a thousand foure honderd sixty and eyghte / And ended and fynysshid in the holy cyte of Colen the . xix . day of Septembre the yere of our sayd lord god a thousand foure honderd sixty and enleuen etc.
And on that other side of this leef foloweth the prologe.
ʤRylands Medieval Collection The Recuyell of the Historyes of Troye μܲ Ǥ롥
Crystal, David. Evolving English: One Language, Many Voices. London: The British Library, 2010.
Υޥ衤ƱѸȯԤ줿ˤ1258ǯ Proclamation of Henry III Ǥ롥ϡեΤӤΤȤˤäɤˤäơǰŪʽäʼºݤˤϡ⤦1ᤤ㳰ꡤ1155ǯ Henry II ٥ʶͿõǤˡHenry III ˤ뤳ϡ1258ǯ˽ Provisions of Oxford ǧΤǤꡤեȡ餯ƥǤȯԤ줿ѸǤ뤳ȤˤʤäΤϡSimon de Montfort ѸäȤΤǤʤԤ䤹褦ᤷϤȤȴط롥
ϥɤȥɤΤ٤Ƥνۤ줿褦ǡΤѸǤȤƤ2ĤΤ߸¸Ƥ롥1Ĥ Oxfordshire 줿Τǡ⤦1Ĥ Huntingdon ƤΤΤǤ롥Ԥϡ줬ܤȤʤäƤʤ̤줿ΤΤ褦Huntingdon ƤΤμ̤ϡ13Ȥᤤʸ¸ǸšˤΥɥɽ路Ƥȹͤ졤ѸŪˤͤ⤤ɥŪǤä14ޤǤˤϤषŪħȤƼ褦ˤʤäƤμ̤ΥƥȤϡäơ13Ⱦξκβޤ˼ƤȤǽפʤΤǤ롥
ʲˡDickins and Wilson (8--9) ꡤƥʸǤ褦
A Proclamation
Henri, þurȝ Godes fultume King on Engleneloande, Lhoauerd on Yrloande, Duk on Normandi, on Aquitaine, and Eorl on Aniow, send igretinge to alle hise holde, ilærde and ileawede, on Huntendoneschire. Þæt witen ȝe wel alle þæt we willen and vnnen þæt, þæt vre rædesmen alle, oþer þe moare dæl of heom, þæt beoþ ichosen þurȝ us and þurȝ þæt loandes folk on vre kuneriche, habbeþ idon and shullen don in þe worþnesse of Gode and on vre treowþe, for þe freme of þe loande þurȝ þe besiȝte of þan toforeniseide redesmen, beo stedefæst and ilestinde in alle þinge a buten ænde. And we hoaten alle vre treowe in þe treowþe þæt heo vs oȝen, þæt heo stedefæstliche healden and swerien to healden and to werien þo isetnesses þæt beon imakede and beon to makien, þurȝ þan toforeniseide rædesmen, oþer þurȝ þe moare dæl of heom, alswo alse hit is biforen iseid; and þæt æhc oþer helpe þæt for to done bi þan ilche oþe aȝenes alle men riȝt for to done and to foangen. And noan ne nime of loande ne of eȝte wherþurȝ þis besiȝte muȝe beon ilet oþer iwersed on onie wise. And ȝif oni oþer onie cumen her onȝenes, we willen and hoaten þæt alle vre treowe heom healden deadliche ifoan. And for þæt we willen þæt þis beo stedefæst and lestinde, we senden ȝew þis writ open, iseined wiþ vre seel, to halden amanges ȝew ine hord. Witnesse vsseluen æt Lundene þane eȝtetenþe day on þe monþe of Octobre, in þe two and fowertiȝþe ȝeare of vre cruninge. And þis wes idon ætforen vre isworene redesmen, Boneface Archebischop on Kanterburi, Walter of Cantelow, Bischop on Wirechestre, Simon of Muntfort, Eorl on Leirchestre, Richard of Clare, Eorl on Glowchestre and on Hurtford, Roger Bigod, Eorl on Northfolke and Marescal on Engleneloande, Perres of Sauueye, Willelm of Fort, Eorl on Aubemarle, Iohan of Plesseiz, Eorl on Warewik, Iohan Geffrees sune, Perres of Muntfort, Richard of Grey, Roger of Mortemer, Iames of Aldithele, and ætforen oþre inoȝe.
And al on þo ilche worden is isend into æurihce oþre shcire ouer al þære kuneriche on Engleneloande, and ek in-tel Irelonde.
Dickins, Bruce and R. M. Wilson, eds. Early Middle English Texts. London: Bowes, 1951.
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