ε#4670. ˤ֥եꥸκס ([2022-02-08-1]) ˰³ (264) ֥ԻĻפꤹ1 (Cornish) ϥեꥸ (Frisian) ʾ˺Ȥǰ餫ΥƤ褦˻פ뤬ɤ
˥ͤ礹ȡΥ̥ͤϥ̥륺ͤڤΥ졤ȾΤĤ줿ơΥϥȷϤηǤ륫줫ȤȤˡƱȸɤΤȤˤ֥쥤̥֥ȥͤʬΥϻȾνפεˤʤäΥϡΤ˿षƤȬǯˤäȤФȤƾǤƤޤää٤ݤθˤΥϡˤʤäƤߤäΤǤ롥ưοʼԤˤƤߤСΥκϡν̱ȤȤηӤĤ餯뼫ʷ̤Ȼפ줿ηӤĤˤĤƤȿ;ϤΤʤϡ塻ǯߤ줿-ΥͭϤʥСǤäHʡƴʷ˸路Ƥ롥֤ʤͤϥΥؤФʤƤϤʤʤΤʤʤϥͤǤסά͡褦Ȥ֤ϤɤλΤΤȤ٤ȤˤĤƤε뤳ȤϤ롥κ˾Ǯ륰롼פΤҤȤӤȤǯ˻ǤޤäΤȤФΤʤǻȤȤƤꡤ⤽˶ĤҤȤӤȤοƤȤ¤ϡܤ٤Ǥ롥ʤˤϡ饨Ȥˤإ֥饤κӤԤ⤢ۤɤǤ롥
פλϡɤ֥ƥμϰؤȡפ礷褦ȤǤ롥֥ƥüˤ륳⤽α¿ȤʤꡤƱϤ˱Ѹ줬ƩƤȤˤʤäθ塤ϼ¼ŪˤϻȤʤäƤޤä20ˤʤäƤϸ֤ͭ褷褦ȤƤ롤ȤΤ
#779. Cornish Manx ([2011-06-15-1]) Ǥ줿褦ˡΥưˤϾħŪʰյʤȤ⤢롥Τ˸Ūˤ⤷ʤ̱²߽ФפȤȤΰ̣ƹͤƤ롤ǤϤ롥
ɡˡë 𡦺 ľҡˡض̸ --- 衼åѽᤰء١ҡ2018ǯ
#4541. ƼȤ줿 Beowulf ܤΡֻȤӡס ([2021-10-02-1]) Ǥߤ褦ˡBeowulf ܤȤΥƥȤϡ"myth of the longevity of English" ϽФΩΤ˹ƤʸŪʺ˴Ťơ700ǯȿꤹ뤳ȤˤꡤѸȱʸؤŪȱӤ뤳Ȥˤʤä⡤ʸŪ˳Ĵι⤤ȤäƤϡäƤĤȤʤ롥
Beowulf βͤƭΡֿáפ줿Τϡ19äȤդɬפǤ롥ʤλäΤʤ㤨ХؤϤޤä16ʤɤǤϤʤäΤWatts (52) ϡ줬19ŪʸݤǤ뤳ȤΤ褦Ƥ롥
As a whole the longevity of English myth, consisting of the ancient language myth and the unbroken tradition myth, was a nineteenth-century phenomenon that lasted almost till the end of the twentieth century. The need to establish a linguistic pedigree for English was an important discourse archive within the framework of the growth of the nation-state and the Age of Imperialism. In the face of competition from other European languages, particularly French, it was perhaps necessary to construct English as a Kultursprache, and one way to do this was to trace English to its earliest texts.
üŪˤСꥹϡꥹΰҿгŪ˷뤿ˡξħǤѸȤ줬Ĺͭ뤳ȤäƼɬפäȤȤŪ§ΩӤ OED Ի⡤19ʸ̮ΤʤǤȤ館ɬפcf. #3020. οҤȤƤӸ (1) ([2017-08-03-1])#3021. οҤȤƤӸ (2) ([2017-08-04-1])#3376. οҤȤƤαѸʸء ([2018-07-25-1])ˡ
16ˤϡˤޤΤ褦ưŤ¸ߤƤʤä16Υɤˤ̤δؿäϡإ7ˤäƳ줿ФΥƥ塼ī˸ҤŤ뤫ƥإ8ˤäΩ줿ѹ뤫ȤȤäŪΤˡΥޥīŤˡꥹȶʸŵˡΧѸȤǽƤȤŪ¤Ѥ뤳Ȥˤʤäƥ塼īϤȤ櫓פɤ֤ƤǤ뤫顤ŪʥƥȤΰˤϿŤäBeowulf Τ褦̱²ΥƥȤˤϡŪˤäƤۤɤδؿʤäȤ櫓Watts (52) ϼΤ褦˽Ҥ٤Ƥ롥
The dominant discourse archive at this particular moment of conjunctural time [= the sixteenth century] was religious. It was the struggle to assert Protestantism after the break with the Church of Rome that determined the focus on religious, legal, constitutional and historical texts of the Anglo-Saxon era. The Counter-Reformation in the seventeenth century sustained this dominant discourse and relegated interest in the longevity of the language and the poetic value of texts like Beowulf till a much later period.
Watts, Richard J. Language Myths and the History of English. Oxford: OUP, 2011.
轵731ڡ15:30?18:45ˡī㡼ɶˤֱѸˤȸ츻11֥ͥȽססꤷƤäޤ¿˻äޤ䥳Ȥ¿ȯʵ魯ȤǤޤ꤬Ȥޤ
ϡ16αѸ줬Ƥ3ĤΡǺߡפܤޤߡѸΥեȤʤäƤꡤҿؤäƤޤ400ǯۤαѸ2ήȤϤ鷺Ȥ⤤ޤ1.5ήۤɤθˤޤǤǯʾδ֡衼å˷פƤƥʤɤ٤С֤Τ褦ʸˤޤǤΥƥ̿ɤʤǡΥҥȤĤ褦˻פޤ16ϡѸˤȤäơޤ˻ߤζ줷ߤλäΤǤ
ιֺ¤Ѥ饤ɤ˸ޤʲ˥饤ɤγƥڡؤΥĥäƤޤΤǡʤɤˤѤ
1. Ѹˤȸ츻11֥ͥȽס
2. 11ͥȽ
3. ܼ
4. 1.
5. 16ɤ5ĤμҲŪѲ
6. 2. פȤϡ
7. ɤνפȤð
8. ѤȽפͻ
9. 3. ͥȤϡ
10. ɤˤ뽡פȥͥζ¸
11. 4. ͥȽפαѸʸؤΥѥ
12. 16αѸ줬Ƥ3ĤǺ
13. 5. ѸǺ (1) - ƥ줫μΩܻؤ
14. űѸؤδؿιޤ
15. 6. ѸǺ (2) - ֻɸಽΤ⤬
16. 츻Ūֻ (etymological spelling)
17. debt ξ (#116)
18. ¾θ츻Ūֻ
19. 츻Ūֻ黿 Holofernes
20. 7. ѸǺ (3) - Τ
21. R. ɥ A Table Alphabeticall (#1609)
22. Ϣ
23. ޤȤ
24. ʸ
25. 1Loves Labours Lost
26. 211:1-9 ʡ֥Х٥סˤ Authorised Version ȿƱ
12ϥǽȤʤޤֻ̱̿ȿפꤷ2021ǯ1023ڡ15:30?18:45˳֤ͽǤ
12ȤȤ2ǯ˳ϤֱѸˤȸ츻ץǤäȿʤƤ뤦ˡŤƤߤСĤȤ2Ȥʤޤ11ΤΤ餻Ǥ
2ָ731ڡ15:30?18:45ˡī㡼ɶˤֱѸˤȸ츻11֥ͥȽססꤷƤäޤѸ줬Ūϰ̤ۤߤͽۤǤʤαѸ줬Ƥ͡ʡǺߡפܤޤؿꤪߤݤϰʲ̤Ǥ
16ɤǤϡͥȽפϴ̯ʷǶ¸Ƥޤͥȼμȯϥƥ䥮ꥷؤƴ߽ФѸϤ̤ñѤ뤳ȤǸäʤ˭ˤޤפȼռιޤ꤫顤Ѹ줽ΤΤɾޤޤΤ褦̷⤹ʸDZ뤳ȤˤʤޤѸ줬褤赱Ƥ˾Ƥޤ
4--5äǤꡤ֤ΤΤȤʹ뤫⤷ޤѸθľܤĤʤǤŪ˼微äѸ줬ˤƸˤưҿƸ뤳ȤˤʤäΤˤϡܤ16ѸˤȤäƤζ줷ߤλ֤äƤȤɬפˤʤޤˤѸƸεˤĤơȰ˹ͤƤȻפޤ
#3100. ɽפˤѸϰ̤θ¦̡ ([2017-10-22-1]) ǡ16Υɽפˤꡤɡ륺ǤϱѸθҤϹޤäȽϰ̤ȽҤ٤륺˴ؤƤϡ#1718. Wales ˤѸˡ ([2014-01-09-1]) Ǥߤ褦ˡȵ륺줿ᡤ륺줬ݻ̤ȤʤäȤҤ٤륺ˤĤƤϡפαƶˤϰ̤ʤ줿Τݻ줿ΤɤʤΤʣʥ륺ξˤĤơʿ (27) ˲⤷Ƥ롥
طǤϡɥܤϰϻǯˡӵ륺ˡΧפ̲ᤵơȵ륺ϡ줫鸫ȽϤηȤʤäʤǤϡ륺ݻ˹Ⱦ̤ǡ륺ϽθȸʤơФ뤳ȤˤʤäϽʤȤơ¼ξͤ˻¸뤳Ȥˤʤä
ĤޤꡤϻΥ륺ˤơ륺ȵˤꡤ륺ͤɹˤȤɤƤֹءפѸֱѸءפͥ褷ƤΤǤ롥η̡Ǥϥ륺줬Ѥ졤θ¸³Ĺ줿䵧ɹȤƤⶵϸⶵǤһդɸݻ뤳ȤˤäơʤȤˡްĤäϸΰҿݤ줿ϥ¦ϡŪ֡פȸƤФ롥륺λ¸ϤΡŪ֡פ˰ͤäƤפˡפϡ륺륺ͤͿλ֡륺Ͻΰǰݻ줿
Ĥޤꡤפ̤ơ륺ɤФ줿ΤΡǤ̮̿ݤäȤȤ2Ĥΰۤʤפʬƹͤ뤳Ȥǡ츫̷⤷פΥ륺ؤαƶꥢǤ褦ˤʤä
420ˡ륺ˤ륦륺ϰ̤Ϥᤶޤ褷ƤȤˤʤ뤬֤äƤߤС16˾嵭ηаޤǥ륺βФ䤵˺ѤʤΤ¦ˤȤäơŪ֡פȤߤ̣狼롥
ʿ رѸθ1500ǯˡ١̼ҡ2016ǯ
ΥɤˤơɤळȤŤ뽡 (reformation) θ岡ˤꡤΨޤäȤˤĤơ#3066. פȼΨ ([2017-09-18-1]) ǾҲ𤷤פΨװȤʤä櫓ǤϤʤͻӤǿʤ (printing) ڤ礭װäʡ#2927. סѡѸϰ̤θ ([2017-05-02-1])#2937. סѡѸϰ̤θ (2) ([2017-05-12-1]) ȡˡ
Фнפι뤬ݡϸۤ礭װǤϤʤäȤФƤƤ롥षװ餢äؤμפμΨ夲ΤȤľȤľʸ¾ʸΰѤ̤ƤSchaefer (1284) Ҳ𤷤Ƥ롥
. . . counter to what may be expected from the new Christian denomination with its sola scriptura doctrine, the "Reformation, which laid so much emphasis upon the written word, did not provide for everyone to read it" (Orme 2006: 335). And in that respect there is yet another perception which has been recently corrected, namely that, in contrast to previous views, it was much less Protestantism that fostered literacy in England and elsewhere in (Northern) Europe. As Charlton and Spufford (2004: 19) state, "commercial needs for education overrode all others, both before and after the Protestant Reformation", an observation which also accounts for the yet increasing literacy in the following centuries.
ʤСΨθθưϤϡŪŪʾǮȤ⾦ŪŪʼפäȤȤˤʤ嵭ΰѸνƤ
Charlton, Kenneth and Margaret Spufford. "Literacy, Society and Education." The Cambridge History of Early Modern English Literature. Ed. David Lowenstein and Janel Mueller. Cambridge: CUP, 2004.
Orme, Nicholas. Medieval Schools: From Roman Britain to Renaissance England. New Haven, CN: Yale UP, 2006.
Schaefer, Ursula. "Interdisciplinarity and Historiography: Spoken and Written English --- Orality and Literacy." Chapter 81 of English Historical Linguistics: An International Handbook. 2 vols. Ed. Alexander Bergs and Laurel J. Brinton. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 2012. 1274--88.
Algeo and Pyles αѸǯɽ3ƤϽѸ (153--55) ԤϽѸ1500--1800ǯȤƶڤäƤ뤳Ȥա#3193. űѸμפʽǯɽ ([2018-01-23-1]) ȡ#3196. Ѹμפʽǯɽ ([2018-01-26-1]) ⻲ȡ
| 1476 | William Caxton brought printing to England, thus both serving and promoting a growing body of literate persons. Before that time, literacy was confined to the clergy and a handful of others. Within the next two centuries, most of the gentry and merchants became literate, as well as half the yeomen and some of the husbandmen. |
| 1485 | Henry Tudor ascended the throne, ending the civil strife called the War of the Roses and introducing 118 years of the Tudor dynasty, which oversaw vast changes in England. |
| 1497 | John Cabot went on a voyage of exploration for a Northwest Passage to China, in which he discovered Nova Scotia and so foreshadowed English territorial expansion overseas. |
| 1534 | The Act of Supremacy established Henry VIII as "Supreme Head of the Church of England," and thus officially put civil authority above Church authority in England. |
| 1549 | The first Book of Common Prayer was adopted and became an influence on English literary style. |
| 1558 | At the age of 25, Elizabeth I became queen of England and, as a woman with a Renaissance education and a skill for leadership, began a forty-five-year reign that promoted statecraft, literature, science, exploration, and commerce. |
| 1577--80 | Sir Francis Drake circumnavigated the globe, the first Englishman to do so, and participated in the defeat of the Spanish Armada in 1588, removing an obstacle to English expansion overseas. |
| 1590--1611 | William Shakespeare wrote the bulk of his plays, from Henry VI to The Tempest. |
| 1600 | The East India Company was chartered to promote trade with Asia, leading eventually to the establishment of the British Raj in India. |
| 1604 | Robert Cawdrey published the first English dictionary, A Table Alphabeticall. |
| 1607 | Jamestown, Virginia, was established as the first permanent English settlement in America. |
| 1611 | The Authorized or King James Version of the Bible was produced by a committee of scholars and became, with the Prayer Book and the works of Shakespeare, one of the major examples of and influences on English literary style. |
| 1619 | The first African slaves in North America arrived in Virginia. |
| 1642--48 | The English Civil War or Puritan Revolution overthrew the monarchy and resulted in the beheading of King Charles I in 1649 and the establishment of a military dictatorship called the Commonwealth and (under Oliver Cromwell) the Protectorate, which lasted until the Restoration of King Charles II in 1660. |
| 1660 | The Royal Society was founded as the first English organization devoted to the promotion of scientific knowledge and research. |
| 1670 | The Hudson's Bay Company was chartered for promoting trade and settlement in Canada. |
| ca. 1680 | The political parties---Whigs (named perhaps from a Scots term for 'horse drivers' but used for supporters of reform and parliamentary power) and Tories (named from an Irish term for 'outlaws' but used for supporters of conservatism and royal authority), both terms being originally contemptuous---became political forces, thus introducing party politics as a central factor in government. |
| 1688 | The Glorious Revolution was a bloodless coup in which members of Parliament invited the Dutch prince William of Orange and his wife, Mary (daughter of the reigning English king, James II), to assume the English throne, resulting in the establishment of Parliament's power over that of the monarchy. |
| 1702 | The first daily newspaper was published in London, followed by an extension of such publications throughout England and the expansion of the influence of the press in disseminating information and forming public opinion. |
| 1719 | Daniel Defoe published Robinson Crusoe, sometimes identified as the first modern novel in English, although the evolution of the genre was gradual and other works have a claim to that title. |
| 1755 | Samuels Johnson published his Dictionary of the English Language, a model of comprehensive dictionaries of English |
| 1775--83 | The American Revolution resulted in the foundation of the first independent nation of English speakers outside the British Isles. Large numbers of British loyalists left the former American colonies for Canada and Nova Scotia, introducing a large number of new English speakers there. |
| 1788 | The English first settled Australia near modern Sydney. |
ѸˤˤѤȯΰյˤĤơ饤 (HTML) ˤޤȤƤߤޤɤϰʲ̤Ǥ
1. ƥ٥륯ˤѤΡֲɡסʡȯפǤϤʤ
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ܺ٤ϳơΥڡܥ֥εƼؤΥ˭٤ĥäƤޤ
1. ѤȯȱѸ
2.
3. (1) ѤΡȯ
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6. Johannes Gutenberg (1400?--68)
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16. : Prologue to Eneydos (#337)
¾Ρ֤ޤȤ饤ɡפȤơ#3058. ֱѸˤˤ¤ΰյפΤޤȤ饤ɡ ([2017-09-10-1])#3068. ֽפȱѸˡפΤޤȤ饤ɡ ([2017-09-20-1])#3089. ֥ꥫΩȱѸפΤޤȤ饤ɡ ([2017-10-11-1])#3102. ֥ꥹȶȱѸפΤޤȤ饤ɡ ([2017-10-24-1])#3107. ֥ΥޥȱѸפΤޤȤ饤ɡ ([2017-10-29-1]) ɤ
16Ƭ˰Ѥ̤ʸŪϷפꤷʤإ˥åˡ (431) ϡɸˤ褦ˡסвηҳ٤ѤȤƤΰѤܤƤ롥
ѤڤˤȤʤѥեåˤȤɤޤ餺Ԥˤ⡤ƥǤϤʤ줬Ȥ褦ˤʤä륿ξ硤1518?21ǯ4ǯ֤˥ɥĸ56%ä22?26ǯ5ǯ֤ˤ87%ؤȵƤ롥
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ϡλ礦ۤȤƤзˤԹäĤˡŵꤷ줬ɤϤǤ졤Ʊκ۷褬뤳Ȥϡۤͭˤ뤿礫ȤǤʤäǤ롥
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Ȥι˴ŤˤĤơѤ3ˤ褦ˡֻۤͭˤ뤿˷礫ȤǤʤäפȤϽפ#2858. 1492ǯڥαɸ ([2017-02-22-1]) Ǥ줿褦ˡȡˤˤȤäơָפäΤǤ롥Ѥ佡ʤɤʸ̤ϤвȤä̤ˤȵڸ̤⤿餷ȤǤʤ
Ϣơ#2927. סѡѸϰ̤θ ([2017-05-02-1])#2937. סѡѸϰ̤θ (2) ([2017-05-12-1])#3066. פȼΨ ([2017-09-18-1])#3100. ɽפˤѸϰ̤θ¦̡ ([2017-10-22-1]) ȡ
ɰ졤¼ź ʸ ԡˡإ˥åˡ١̼ҡ1994ǯ
ɸ2ϡ10ʬ1פǤꡤֽʬΰǡפθȯŸ츻Ūˤ̩ܤʴطˤ2Ÿ (doublet) Ǥʡ#1724. Skeat ˤ2Ÿ ([2014-01-15-1]) ε American Heritage Dictionary tithe ߤȡˡ
ε#3104. ʤninthʥʥˤ e Ϥʤפ͡ ([2017-10-26-1]) ǡninth űѸθ2ܤ n æ nigoða ȤǤȽҤ٤tenth ˴ؤƤƱͤǤꡤ tīen(e) (West-Saxon), tēn(e) (Anglian)ФƽǤ n tēoþa (West-Saxon), tēogoþa (Anglian) ʤɤѤ줿 Anglia tēogoþa ˲Ф tithe ȤʤꡤѸʹߤ˼Ѥ줿MED tīthe (n.(2)) ȡˡ
tenth ϡѸǴη֤Ȥ˵§Ū˷줿ʷ֤ǤMED tenth(e ȡˡ
tithe ϡֽʬΰǡפ̣̾ȤƤϡ1200ǯ˽Ф롥衼åѤǤϡ5ʹߡꥹȶ̤˼νʬΰǼǤ᤹褦ˤʤäƤ8ϥեꥹȶ̤˲ݤǤȤʤä̱ʪνʬΰŪħ褦ˤʤäΤǤ롥9ʹߡħ϶餷Ф¯μؤϤꡤ18--19ѻߤޤ³
䤳ȤˡɤǤϡޡȥåԤĤФǼֽʬΰǡסʤ٤ tenthˤȸƤФƤפβǡHenry VII ϶ĤˤǤϤʤǼᤵ褦ᤷ٤Ȥ夷ˡԻ˲ݤIJǤ tenth ʽʬΰǡˤȸƤФ줿Τǡؤ䤳ʿ桤p. 16ˡ
椬ξǤ10%ˤʤȤȤǤС tithe ȸƤ֤٤ tenth ȸƤ֤٤
Τҡؿ⡡ƥ塼īˡ١Ͻн˼2011ǯ
#2927. סѡѸϰ̤θ ([2017-05-02-1])#2937. סѡѸϰ̤θ (2) ([2017-05-12-1])#3066. פȼΨ ([2017-09-18-1]) ϤȤ reformation ΤĤεǡ16ΥɽפѸϰ̤夵ˤĤƹͤƤפˡפʤ͡ˤȤäơŪʸҤäƥŨǤꡤषѸɥĸʤɳơ (vernaculars) Ż뤵٤Ȥʷϵ줿16ˤĤǤ줿αꡤ1549ǯ Thomas Crammer ˤ The Book of Common Prayer ʱѸ쵧ˤԻꡤפ줿Ѹϰ̤Τ˹ʡ#1427. פʱ˴ؤǯɽ ([2013-03-24-1])#1472. ͥθŪ ([2013-05-08-1])#2597. Book of Common Prayer (1549) ([2016-06-06-1]) ȡˡ
Τ褦ʱѸϰ̤θϡѸȤ륤ɤ¿ο͡ˤȤäƤϯäɤμǥȤθ졦ʸݤäƤɤˤȤäƤɬϯǤϤʤä (70) ϡդλ˿ʤ齡פȱѸϰ̤θˤĤƤ롥
ϥɤնϰˤɤΤ褦ˤƽפդ뤫Ȥ礭ȤäƤɥɼνפϡѸǤʤѸ쵧禱ƳȤʤäƤᡤɡ륺Ǥ⥳ʤɤαѸȰۤʤ줬ѤƤϰۤɤƳˤϺäȹͤ롥
ζ趵Ǥϥ졼ȡХ֥Ф붵̱δؿѹ⤯礭ʽʪμϤ˿꤬ͤǤۤɤǤäȤȥåοĤˤȤäƺǤפʥƥϡԤ٤ʶ͡ꤵ줿Ǥä̱οĤ̲˸Ȥߤʤ줿ץƥȤϥ衼åѳϤ˸ϸǤοդ뤳Ȥ
դΤϡɡ륺ʤɤαѸȤʤϰˤƤ⡤Ѹ䵧Ƴ줿ȤǤ롥Ĥޤꡤϰο͡ˤȤäƤߤСפɬָϸǤοդ뤳ȤפʤäΤǤ롥ˤȤäƤϡθ줬ƥ줫ѸإեȤˤǤȤǤϲѲʤäɤνפϡΥȷϤο͡ˤȤäơޤˤƥβĤäƤ줿Ԥ⤷ʤɤˤѸβĤ⤿餷ԤǤ⤢ä
(85) ۩֥֥ƥˤ뽡פϡѸȤλѤĤξǵ̳Ť뤳ȤˤĤʤäᡤθΥȷϽλѾˤ礭ʱƶͿΤȤסѸŪʤϡѸ줬Ȥʤä20--21ͭΤΤǤϤʤ16餽˨꤬줿Ȥ
Τҡؿ⡡ƥ塼īˡ١Ͻн˼2011ǯ
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15礫ʤ륹饤ɤǡܼϰʲ̤ꡥ
1. פȱѸ
2.
3. פȤϡ
4. Ūط
5. ɤνפȤð
6. ͥȤϡ
7. ɤˤ뽡פȥͥζ¸
8. ѸʸؤΥѥ
9. ץƥƥγ
10. űѸ츦γ
11. äᤰ
12. Ϣ
13. ޤȤ
14. ʸ
15. 䡧11:1--9 ʡ֥Х٥סˤζḽ8ܿƱ
̤Ρ֤ޤȤ饤ɡפȤơ#3058. ֱѸˤˤ¤ΰյפΤޤȤ饤ɡ ([2017-09-10-1]) ⤴
ǯϽ500ǯ롥1517ǯ1031륿åƥ٥륯ξ붵ˡ95վפŽפϤޤäȤ롥ʲˡ (122--25) ˤֽάǯɽפƸ衼åΤ˴ؤǯɽɤ䥹åȥɤμפʻޤޤƤʲǼˡפȱѸʻˡˤδطθݤΤȤˤɤ
| 1483 | 11.10 | ޥƥ륿?1546.2.18. |
| 1484 | 1.1 | ҡĥ?1531.10.11. |
| 1488 | 4.21 | ҡեեåƥ?1523.8.29? |
| 1509 | 7.10 | ?1564.5.27 |
| 1516 | 2. | 饹ॹع |
| 1516 | 4.16 | ĥꡤǥƻλһʺפȤʤ |
| 1517 | 10.31 | 륿95վפȯɽ |
| 1519 | 1.1 | ĥꡤ塼ҤλһʺפȤʤ |
| 1519 | 饹ॹإѥ饯졼ꥹȶůظδñܤȤƽ | |
| 1519 | 6.27--7.17 | 饤ץĥƤ |
| 1520 | 6.15 | 륿Фҳļּ衤ΩơפФ |
| 1520 | 8. | 륿֥ꥹȶβˤĤơɥḺ́Υꥹȶ²Ϳ |
| 1520 | 9.28 | եåƥإɥḺ́νʬͿʾ |
| 1520 | 10. | 륿ֶΥХӥˤĤơ |
| 1520 | 11. | 륿֥ꥹȼԤμͳ |
| 1520 | 11. | ɥijϤǥ륿νʪƤ |
| 1520 | 12.10 | 륿綼ļˡʤɤνҤƵ |
| 1521 | 1.3 | ļ֥Ĥˤդ路פˤ륿礵 |
| 1521 | ֿο֡סʥѥեåȡ | |
| 1521 | ե롦ǥ֥롤⡼Dzױư | |
| 1521 | 4.17 | 륿ॹIJ˾ |
| 1521 | 5.26 | 륿ॹļˤ |
| 1521 | 顼ʥϡإꥹȤμȥꥹȤμ | |
| 1522 | 9. | եåƥåΤȤȤˡȥʶ⤷Ԥʵ |
| 1523 | 1.29 | 塼ҤƤ |
| 1523 | 6. | ĥ67վιֲڡ |
| 1523 | 10.26 | 塼ҤƤ |
| 1523/24 | 륷奿åȡߥǤˤƵŪפ» | |
| 1524/25 | ɥ̱ | |
| 1525 | 1. | 塼ҹٳΥĥꥳ¼ǡɱư |
| 1526 | 1. | ޥɥɾ |
| 1526 | 5.21--6.8 | СǥƤʥǥॹIJ |
| 1526 | 5.22 | եĤȥ˥åƱ̾ |
| 1526 | 8. | ϡ襤 |
| 1526 | 8. | ѥIJפ˼ͳͿ |
| 1527 | 1. | եꥯޥġޥˤŮ |
| 1527 | 衼ϥֽ仡ԤΤηפȯ | |
| 1527 | 5. | 뷳Ϋå |
| 1527 | 12. | 塼ҡĤȡ֥ꥹȶԻƱ |
| 1528 | 1. | ٥Ƥ٥פƳơ֥ꥹȶԻƱפز |
| 1528 | 2. | ֥ѥåפ |
| 1529 | 4.22 | ѥIJॹļκƻܹ |
| 1529 | 4. | ȥꥢΥȥåˮȡ֥ꥹȶϢסʥĥաƱ |
| 1529 | 롼顼ʥϡΧˡʡ | |
| 1529 | 5. | 켡ڥ |
| 1529 | 8.3 | ֥ |
| 1529 | 9.26--10.15 | 켡 |
| 1529 | 10.1--3 | ޡ֥륯̡륿ɤȥĥɡǰפ |
| 1529 | 11.4--1536.4 | ɤǡֽIJ |
| 1530 | 1. | ֥ꥹȶԻƱפ˥ȥ顼֥륯 |
| 1530 | 6. | ֥륯IJ֥֥륯Ĺפϯ |
| 1530 | 8. | å֥ȥå |
| 1530 | 11. | 른պƵᤵ졤ɥظ» |
| 1531 | 2.27 | ޥ륫ǥƱ |
| 1531 | 10. | ڥ衤ĥ |
| 1534 | 8. | ʥƥǡ顤Ω |
| 1534 | 10.17--18 | ʸ |
| 1534 | 11. | ɵIJֹˡ |
| 1535 | إǥٴ | |
| 1535 | 7.6 | ȥޥ⥢跺 |
| 1536 | 2.7 | ͡٥Ʊ |
| 1536 | 2.26 | 쥹Ĺ |
| 1536 | 3 | إꥹȶס |
| 1536 | 5.21 | ͡Ƴ |
| 1536 | 5 | ɥĤʡɤȥ륿ɤΤˡ֥åƥ٥륯Ω |
| 1536 | 7 | ͡ǽױư˻ |
| 1537 | 1. | ֶȿ˴ؤ |
| 1538 | 4.23 | ̱ηˤԻԳ |
| 1539 | 6. | ϻվˡꡤʥ졼ȡХ֥ˡٴ |
| 1539 | 9. | ֥ɥ졼ȿؤ |
| 1541 | 9.13 | ͡ص |
| 1541 | 11. | ֥͡§פ |
| 1545 | ƥ硤͡ | |
| 1546/47 | ޥ륫ǥ | |
| 1547 | 1.28 | Ѳإ8 |
| 1547 | 4.24 | ߥ塼٥륯襤衼ϥեɥκˤʤ |
| 1547 | 3.31 | ʩե |
| 1548 | 6. | ֤夿ץ֥륯IJֲ |
| 1551 | ࡦܥ륻åͽ | |
| 1552 | 衡륫5 | |
| 1553 | 10.27 | ߥ롦ȥʲ |
| 1558 | ΥåؽδȿФåѤκǽιĤ | |
| 1555 | 9. | ֥륯ʿ |
| 1559 | ͡ǥߡ | |
| 1559 | 4. | ꥢν롤ȡ֥쥸µ |
| 1559 | 5. | ֥եĹ |
| 1560 | 3.15--16 | ܥα |
| 1560 | 8. | ֥åȥɿĹ |
| 1562 | 3. | 楰ΡϤޤ |
| 1566 | ֵǯ | |
| 1571 | 1. | ɡֻվˡ |
| 1572 | 8.23 | ХƥߤεԻ |
| 1573 | 7. | ֥֡˥βײɤϥ顦ʤɤԻԤҼǧ |
| 1578 | 7. | ֵΧˤν |
| 1579 | 1.23 | ȥҥƱ |
| 1588 | 5. | ֥Хꥱɤץѥ̱˪ |
| 1588 | 8. | ڥ̵Ũ⥤ɤ |
| 1589 | 8. | 3Ż졤ꡦɡ֥ܥ4Ȥ¨ |
| 1593 | ֹԽȳס֥ԥ塼ȳˡ | |
| 1598 | 4.13 | ʥȤβ |
| 1609 | 4.9 | Ω衤ȥڥȥڥǡǯ |
| 1618 | 11. | ɥȥҥȲġۥޥ륹ɤŪ |
| 1648 | 10. | ȥեꥢ |
פϡΨ˱ƶͿȤ롥#2927. סѡѸϰ̤θ ([2017-05-02-1])#2937. סѡѸϰ̤θ (2) ([2017-05-12-1]) Ǥߤ褦ˡפȰѤγѤͻӤǿŸǤ롥ºݡפǤ16ƬƱȤ٤ȡΨä褦ŪʼΨ뤳Ȥ͡ʿפäŦƤ롥
(40--42) ϡɥĤ衼åΤ˴ؤƼοפҲ𤷤Ƥ롥פˤС16ΥɥĤǤ3--4%ԻǤ5%ۤɤä1600ǯΥϥ֥륯Ǥ10%餽οܤο͡ʸΤäƤȤޤ衼åΤˤĤƤ⡤16ˤԻǼΨ50%ˤʤäƤȤ⤢롥͡ʿפơ (42) ϡȲȤơֽϻƬɤ߽ǤҤȤϸޥѡȰʲäνˤʤȡԻǤϻޡѡȶޤǾ徺פȤѤƤ롥
ΨäȤϤߤʤɤȤˤϤۤɱ֤Ǥ롥Τ褦Դʼ䤦ˡפοɤϡǵβɤΤ褦ʡֽɽפԤʤäꡤκҤDzǿ͡ؤ褦ȤΥǥάդơɥĤۤϰǽפŸƤäΤǤ롥
ʤϲä1900ǯΥ衼åѤμΨˤĤƤ⡤Τ褦ʿפ礤˽ФƤΤǾҲ𤷤Ƥְ塻ǯץɥĤμΨȬȬѡȡȥꥢϼѡȡեȬѡȡꥢϸѡȤǤסʱġp. 42ˡ̤˥衼åѤμδϴŤʬ̾ɤ߽Ǥ٤ǤʸΤäƤȤߤʤ줿Τǡ餫ɾɬפϤꤽ
ʰ졡ؽפο¡ȥåȥץƥȤμҲˡ١̼ҡҹ̼Ҹ忷ӡ2004ǯ
ε#3063. Sir John Cheke αѸ ([2017-09-15-1]) Cheke θŪ˾ƤѸ˾塤Cheke ϤΤۤˡֻˤؤäƤ뤳ȤΤƤcf. #1940. 16ֻԤη ([2014-08-19-1])#1939. 16ˡᤰ ([2014-08-18-1])ˡƤ⤦1ġCheke ϥꥷȯˤĤơҲŪʰյȤͭ̾Ǥ롥
ꥷȯäƤϡοʸ Desiderius Erasmus (1466?--1536) ƵƤΥꥷβɤǤϡۤʤ첻֤ƤƤƱ褦ȯȤäErasmus Ϥ줬ĤƤϰۤʤ첻ɽ路Ƥ˰㤤ʤȿ¬ȯʤΤä Dialogus de recta latini graecique sermonis pronuntiatione (1528)
Cheke ŰŪ˸ŵꥷȯ椷ƤCheke ϡ1540ǯ˥֥åؤΥꥷ춵ȤʤäƤ顤ŪʥꥷȯϸǤȤƲפɬ⤤֥åĹ Stephen Gardiner פä1542ǯ˲ȯؤΤǤ롥ѥǤ Erasmus βȯʸˡΰüפȤƶػߤ줿ȯݻ뤳ȤǸҤꤿ¦Υȥå¤ȯزפ褦ȤȿŪʥץƥȤĤȤޤǤ롥
Gardiner ϲƤΤKnowles (68) Ѥ롥
It is difficult to believe that Gardiner was threatened by sounds and the study of pronunciation. What did present a threat, and a serious one, was the precise study of texts. This point had been understood by the Lollard translators. The Bible was at this time increasingly proclaimed by reformers as the ultimate authority, and, the more scholarly and accurate the written text, the more effectively it could be used to challenge the traditional oral authority of the church.
Gardiner was extremely conservative not only in language but also in politics and religion. When, after 1553, Queen Mary sought to return the English church to Rome, Gardiner was her lord chancellor; and in this capacity he played a role in the burning of heretics, and one of his potential victims --- had he not recanted --- was Sir John Cheke. After Gardiner's death in 1555, Cheke published the correspondence between himself and Gardiner under the title Disputationes de pronuntiatione graecae linguae. What is important and perhaps surprising in this story is that the study of pronunciation could be regarded as a political issue.
ѤκǸǻŦƤȤꡤλǤ⤷ΤϡȯλȤ٤꤬ȽˤޤȯŸȤˤƤϡ1뤤1Τ̿äƤȤºݤˤꤦ롥ˤ⤷ˤ
colour 1ʸ color Ȥ뤳Ȥʤֻפʤ Noah Webster ⡤Ωꥫؤΰ˶ợ̿ƤΤǤϤʤä
Knowles, Gerry. A Cultural History of the English Language. London: Arnold, 1997.
14Ⱦ Wycliffe ʰˤˤϡѹˤˤΤߤʤ餺ѸˤˤƤפʤǤȤǤ롥ƥ츶ŵ鴰ȤƽΤΤǤꡤϤ뤫ꤷֽספΤΤä
Wycliffe ϡˤα褦Ȥθ夬Wyclif's Treatise, De Officio Pastorali (Chapter 15) ˸롥ѸƥȤιɤŬƤսȻפΤǡCrystal (198) ˷ǺܤƤ빻ƥȤѤ褦
Also the worthy reume of Fraunse, notwithstondinge alle lettingis, hath translated the Bible and the Gospels, with othere trewe sentensis of doctours, out of Lateyn into Freynsch. Why shulden not Engliyschemen do so? As lordis of Englond han the Bible in Freynsch, so it were not aghenus resoun that they hadden the same sentense in Engliysch; for thus Goddis lawe wolde be betere knowun, and more trowid, for onehed of wit, and more acord be bitwixe reumes.
And herfore freris han taught in Englond the Paternoster in Engliysch tunge, as men seyen in the pley of York, and in many othere cuntreys. Sithen the Paternoster is part of Matheus Gospel, as clerkis knowen, why may not al be turnyd to Engliysch trewely, as is this part? Specialy sithen alle Cristen men, lerid and lewid, that shulen be sauyd, moten algatis sue Crist, and knowe His lore and His lif. But the comyns of Engliyschmen knowen it best in ther modir tunge; and thus it were al oon to lette siche knowing of the Gospel and to lette Engliyschmen to sue Crist and come to heuene.
ҤΤǤ롥٤ΥեǤʤƤǤϤʤޤɽ̱ˤȤäƤ⡤ѸΤۤ䤹ǤϤʤβ桹ˤȤäƤϼ¤ͳŤ14ΥɤǤϡιͤϰüüä
ˡλˤϡŪʰü⤵뤳Ȥʤ顤⾰ʥƥȤɮΤ˱ѸäƤȤȼΤޤΩȤϤʤäƤʤäƱΥ硼ʸؤѸǽ櫓켫ΰǤꡤ¸äȤͤ롥ˤ뤬ֱѸǽפȤ٤ǤʤäȤϡΩĽѸǤ⤽ä³ѸǤꡥϢơ#2861. Cursor Mundi ԤѸǽͳ ([2017-02-25-1])#2612. 14˥եǤϤʤѸǽȤ櫓 ([2016-06-21-1])#1407. Ѹ3Ĥ ([2013-03-04-1])#2580. Ѹιռʳ ([2016-05-20-1]) ⻲Ȥ줿
Crystal, David. The English Language. 2nd ed. London: Penguin, 2002.
Ѹ calling ϡʼĥä쥸ǡŷȡפ̣롥ư call ̾ȤơָƤ֤ȡפθǤϽѸ줫ʸڤ뤬ŷפθ16ȾΤȤǤ롥OED ˤȡθ (8c) Ǥνϰʲ̤ꡥ
c. A profession devoted to the service of God; an office or position within the church. Hence in extended use: any profession or way of life which a person feels called or destined to pursue.
. . . .
1544 R. Tracy Supplycacion to Kynge Henry VIII sig. Bviiiv, As the byshop is ignorante in Godes worde, so he admytteth suche as be vnlerned in Gods worde, evyn suche as by noo possybylite can execute the office of their callinge.
ֿˤ뾤פǤ뤫顤ȷӤĤƤɽǤ뤳Ȥͽۤ롥ºݡ㤨 KJV 1 Cor. 7.20 ˡ"Let every man abide in the same calling wherein he was called." ȸ롥
ֿˤ뾤פŷפؤΰ̣ѲϡѸ calling Τߤʤ餺ɥĸ Beruf ˤ⸫롥䡤ΤˤСɥĸọ̇ѲбѸ˵ڤȤ٤Ǥ롥Ĥޤꡤΰ̣ (semantic_translation) beroepǥޡ kaldǥ kallelse ƱͤǤ롥
ɥĸϤȤ륲ޥǤΰ̣Ѳϡ16Υ륿ˤ뽡פȴˤƤϹͤʤץƥƥȤ礭ʼҲưȤȼΰ̣ѲζưԤǤ롥ޥåС̾إץƥƥȻܼ (96--97) ꡤBeruf θˤĤƲ⤷սѤ褦˵ǼƤˡ
ơֿ̡ȡפ̣ͥɥĸΡ֥٥롼աסBerufԤȤΤˡޤƱ̣礤ıѸΡ֥סcallingԤȤΤˤƤˡ뽡Ūʡ餢줿̿ (Aufgabe) ȤǰȤƤꡤġξˤθФۤɡ줬ˤʤäƤ뤳ȤϸȤ̻¤⡤θŪˤĤޤޤʸ̱θˤ錄äɵ椷ƤߤȡޤΤꤦΤϡȥå̤ͥʽ̱²ˤ⡤ޤŵξˤ⡤줬¯Ūʿȡʤϰ̡ϫƯΰȤ̣礤ƻȤäƤBerufԡŷפȤθĴĤ褦ɽФȤǤʤΤˡץƥȤͥʽ̱²ξˤʤ餺줬¸ߤ롤ȤȤΤꤦΤϡξ粿餫̱²ŪȤС֥ޥ̱²פθȤäΤͿƤΤǤϤʤơषθȤ줬ĸߤΰ̣礤ͳ褷Ƥꡤ⸶ʸǤϤʤԤͳ褷ƤȤȤåǤϡޤ֥٥ηáס̵ŵΰͤΰĽʰˤǸȤޤäƱ̣ѤƤ褦˻פ롥θޤʤθϡץƥȽ̱²¯ѸΤʤǸߤΰ̣Ĥ褦ˤʤäƤäˤϤ̱²¯Ūʸɤˤ⤳˨ϤޤäǧʤŪʸǤ⡤Τꤦ뤫ꡤɥĿȤΰͤΤۤˤϤǧ뤳ȤǤʤοȤåˤܤƶϼΤΤȤ
礭ʸŪ郎ʸΰ̣ѲǤ롥
ޥåСˡ ͺˡإץƥƥȻܼ١ȽŹ1989ǯ
[2017-05-02-1]ε˰³ƤꡥαѸ˾ˤϡԤɥĸˤˤƤΤᤤȤΤϡפѤɥĤˤƻϤޤäԥ륿 (Martin Luther; 1483--1546) ȡΩĻγǰѤȯԥƥ٥륯 (Johannes Gutenberg; 1400?--68) λǤ롥
륿Υɥĸ (1521) ¯ɥĸϰ̤¤ˤĤơ (35--36) β
륿ϡɥĸˤǤפʰ֤Ƥ롥ɥĸˤϡ¿ͤ¸ߤŪʶ̸ϤޤƤʤä륿ϡ˺ݤơ餷ʣɽǤϤʤäդ¿Ѥάϡ˼ǻȤƤˡΧθդǤʤ̱θˤ˭ɽȴơ¿Ѥ륿θդϡ߽Ф줿ΤǤϤʤƤɥĤΤ٤ƤθŪη褦Ǥä륿ϡïˤǤ狼ߤΤǤ롥Τ褦˽뤳Ȥˤäƥ륿ϡΤ̱Ω褦ȳƮ륿ϡʤȤƻԾ̤㤵졤̲ɤޤ뤿νʪȤʤäʹߥ륿Υɥĸϡɥĸؤ֤̱ζȤư졤ɥʸؤθΰĤȤʤꡤȤƤΥɥĸΩ˴ͿȤϴְ㤤ʤױư˲äƶŵǤ¯λѤ¥ʤΤǡ̤ȤƤΤȤǤϻŪǤäƥλϰϤᡤ¯ϰ̤뤳Ȥ˷Ҥäޤ륿ϡƥʤɤαˤʱƶͿΤǤ롥
륿ϡ¯ɥĸǽ뤳ȤˤäơưȻפƤƥθҤȤˤơɥĸ˾礭ʰյͭƤ롥ˡΤȥåθҤȷӤĤ졤Ūϰ̤³ƥθҤŪ˱ϤΤǤ롥αƶϤ˶ٹؤꡤɤˤƤ¯줿Ѹؤ˴褵졤ƤȤˤʤäꤷǰϥƥ٥륯ȯȾФơƻ˾Ϥᡤפ٤붯ϤʿϤȤʤäɥĸƱ͡ѸƥйҤȤɤθȤǧ褦ˤʤäƤ
ʾ (41) θդǤޤȤ褦
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०뤬ѤѤƾʸȤʸˤإ8̱˼줵褦ȤפǤ롥ơ줬ޡȥåȷӤĤƥǤϤʤǤ줿ѸǤäȤ˽פǤ롥ˤơסѡαѸ3ĤӤĤȤˤʤäפʤСޤޤ¿αѸ줬դƤϰ̤夹뤷Ѹϰ̤夷ư뵡Сפϩ줿츫ӤĤʤ褦͡ʸݤ16ΥɼҲ礭ưƤΤǤ롥
ޡˡ һҡˡػˡˤͤư줿ѡ١ֽŹ2016ǯ
ɤˤܳŪʸűѸ츦椬ϤޤäΤϡäƤǤ롥ѸˤϡűѸؤδؿϤۤȤɤʤäȤäƤ褤ǤϡʤȤߥǡŪˤ16ˤʤäƤ顤űѸ줬ǡȤƸ椹٤оݤȤʤäΤ
16ϽפλǤ롥Henry VIII 路ѹΩΤ1534ǯΤȤɤϡѹȤζȼŪ³ĥɬפäǻФ줿ΤŪʤѸˤǤäɤȤȤʬӤĤ줿ѸȤĹˤ錄ȼΤΤǤ³ȤΤɤˤȤäƤȹͤ줿ޤѸ̤Ȥİ٤ϡйºŪ˥ɤˡΧŪԤεõȤߵŬΤǤ⤢ä
űѸʸդ줿ǽΤΤϡÆlfric ˤⶵǡ1566--67ǯ A Testimonie of Antiquity Ȥ˽Ф줫1λ֤ơ1659ǯˤ William Somner ˤθűѸ켭 Dictionarium Saxonico-Latino-Anglicum Ǥ롥ǽθűѸʸˡ⡤George Hickes ˤä1689ǯ˽ǤƤ롥ơ1755ǯˤϥåեؤǺǽ "Anglo-Saxon" ؤζ Richard Rawlinson ˤꤵ줿ʱѸ˾1ʳȤƤѼɽ魯Τ "Old English" ǤϤʤ "Anglo-Saxon" ȤѸ줬ѤƤȤˤĤƤϡ#234. Ѹˤλʬ (3) ([2009-12-17-1])#236. Ѹˤλʬ (5) ([2009-12-19-1]) ȡˡ
Τ褦ˡ16--18ˤƸűѸ츦椬ֶƤطʤˤϡ˳ŪʹȤϡפüȯ뤹ŪʻǤäΤǤ롥ηаޤˤĤơʷˤ Baugh and Cable (280fn) ܤΡ8ϡɤΥػϡפȡ
Baugh, Albert C. and Thomas Cable. A History of the English Language. 6th ed. London: Routledge, 2013.
졡رѸʸˤΤ뤿15ϡ١ҡ2009ǯ
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