ɸϡǤˡ#1307. most mest ([2012-11-24-1]) Ǥ⡤OED most (ADJECTIVE, PRONOUN, NOUN, & ADVERB)ȤĤĿ줿Ȥ뤬 OED βäɤǤ
Old English māst, the normal Old English development of the Germanic form, is attested only in Northumbrian, but it is not certain whether it existed only in that region. The vowel quality of the usual Old English form (West Saxon mǣst, Kentish mēst) is unusual. It may have been formed by analogy with lǣst least adj. (or perhaps by i-mutation from an earlier form in ā, although this presents phonological difficulties). The reflex of this form survived in the south until the 15th cent. The establishment of the (originally northern) form most as the only form in the midlands and south was probably due to the influence of the related mo adv.1 and more adj.
űѸ West Saxon ʤɤǼ첻ȿиǤ lǣst 䤫⤷ʤȽҤ٤ĤġѸʤɤǤ첻̲Ƥطʤˤϡ٤ mo, more 䤬äΤǤϤʤȽҤ٤ƤʤɡӤ褦Ǥ롥
OED ˤϡ첻̤˴ؤڤ⤢ΤǡͤޤǤ˰ѤƤ
Some forms show early shortening of the vowel before the consonant cluster -st (e.g. masst in the β forms, must in the γ forms). Some early Middle English examples of mast from southern texts probably also show a shortening of Old English ǣ (compare α forms). Occasional forms (e.g. Older Scots mest, messt in the β forms) probably show the influence of early Scandinavian.
Ǿ -est ϡ#6170. ƻӵ -er ȺǾ -est εơ ([2026-03-19-1]) Ǹ褦ˡȤʤ륲ޥĸˤ2ĤΥפΤ첻ķ̲ΤȤäƤ褤Ǿ most ϡष첻ķ̲ˤζȤϻפ뤬űѸǤ -est -ost κߤ䡤ѸǤȤƤ -mest -most κƱʤɤλ¤ǰƬˤȡ̣
Ϣơʲε⻲Ȥ줿
#1320. LAEME Ǹ most ΰ۷֤ʬۡ ([2012-12-07-1])
#2346. more, most ѤӤȯã ([2015-09-29-1])
űѸ Mercia ǽ줿ʸϤޤĤäƤʤ¾٤Ƥ⸽¸ʸ̤ʤľܤˤʬʤȤ¿Ȥ¤Ϥ䤿ؤǤ븽ɸѸΥ롼ĤȤʤäƤΤ
Ϣ⤷ɤǤ Lucas and Mulvey 3 "HAMMERWICH --- Mercian English, our ancestor dialect (c. 700)" Ѥ (21)
And it is Mercian English, not West Saxon nor Northumbrian English, from which Standard Modern English has descended. Mercian is the ancestor of the prose that you are reading at this moment.
Mercia was greatest in the eight century, and its scholars were sufficiently learned for King Alfred of Wessex to recruit them to embellish his court in the ninth century. It seems that Danish raids destroyed Mercian records as they destroyed the kingdom. When Alfred reached his compromise with the Danes in 880, Mercia was divided in two.
Two forms of Mercian English evolved, described by the great Victorian scholar, Walter W. Skeat, in this way: 'The West Midland does not greatly differ from the East Midland, but it approaches more nearly, in some respects, to the Northumbrian.' The East Midland dialect became the speech of London, Oxford and Cambridge, and for that reason became the dialect of privilege. The West Midland dialect, says Skeat, was superseded by the East Midland dialect.
űѸΥޡѸʹߤȸƤФ뤳Ȥˤʤ뤬줬2ʬ줿ΤĤޤʹߤ˰ҿɸѼؤȯŸƤ椯ȤˤʤɥѸؤϢʤäΤǤ롥Υ롼ĤȤ⤤űѸΥޡǤޤƤȤϤ鷺Ȥ⡤ܤȤޤ¿ΤƤʤȤΤϡȤɤ롥

Lucas, Bill and Christopher Mulvey. A History of the English Language in 100 Places. London: Robert Hale, 2013.
530ʶˡYouTube ʸ麽սPLUS ͥˤơԤ2ˤ錄ꡤֱѸ˴ؤѤʵפʤѸˤƳȡޤեʥζƣᤵȤȤˡ60ʬۤɤäƤޤ
Ԥ֡know K ϤʤȯʤֱѸˡפDZѸΥʥ狼۹ͣɬܡøѸϤϤ̸500̤ʾ֤꤬ñ"ƴ""ҿ"ѸѲꤷơ35ʬۤɤäޤưѤ֤ʤΤˡʲʸϤȤƤϤޤ
ΥȡȡԡˤǤϡѸˤ̥ϤؤӤΤ⤷ä˸Ѹ줬͡ʵʤ顤ƳŪ˲⤷Ƥޤhellog ɼԤγˤ⡤äȳڤǤƤȻפޤ
⤽ѸˤȤϡñ˱ѸȤˤɤǤϤޤθäƤ͡μҲʸˡĤޤˤ̩ܤ˷ӤĤ¤˱ʬǤϱѸˤϡֱѸפȡˡפǤȹͤƤޤ
ʤѸˤؤ֤ΤǤ礦ϡѸؽʤï⤬Ѥʵ䡤ȤСʤ3ñ -s ĤΤʤԵ§ưϤʤˤ¿ΤƤȤ櫓֤ʤѸֻȯϤۤɤޤǤ˿㤦ΤפȤä䤤ФơŪʻ¤䤫ͿƤ뤫Ǥ伫ȡˤΡ祤״Ф̥λ졤Ѹ˸ƻؤȿʤळȤˤʤޤȤǤϡΤ⤷ΰüǤ⤪ǤФȻפäƤޤ
ơȤ濴ŪȤʤäΤϡѸֻȯЪΥǤѸˤ1600ǯ֤ۤɤꡤޤ˸űѸ449--1100ǯˡѸ1100--1500ǯˡѸ1500--1900ǯˡѸ1500--ߡˤ4˶ʬޤѸǤСѤѸͥƥ֤ʤʤȤɲǽǤűѸ˻äƤϡѤƤʸۤʤꡤϤ䳰ˤʤǤ礦
ĹˤΤʤǡֻȯδ֤ˤ줬븶¿ޤȤǤϡװ3ĤۤɾҲ𤷤ޤ1ܤϡκǤäѸˤϡ¿ͤäƤɸפȤ٤Τ¸ߤޤǤλɸಽʤǤǡñֻϤȤѤ졤ȯ̤Ѥ롤Ȥ褦ʥߥޥåΤǤ㤨 busy /ˈbɪzi/ Ȥñ <u> ֻϥͳ褷/ɪ/ Ȥȯͳ褷ޤbuild <ui> Ȥֻ⡤ƱͤκʪǤ
2ܤϡͥγؼԤˤ֤ޯפʲѤǤ16ŵǤƥ䥮ꥷؤƴ줫顤ܤؼԤñθ츻ֻȿǤ褦Ȼߤޤη̡ȯʤʸ츻äưտŪ뤳ȤˤʤäΤǤŵŪ㤬 doubt <b> ʥƥ dubitāre ͳˤ receipt <p> ʥƥ recepta ͳˤǤɤ߽μʪäᡤηֻפΤȤ夷ƤޤޤΤ褦ֻϡ̤夫ؤȼѤ졤٤ȤƸ경Ƥޤֻױư깭뤳ȤФФ⤢ޤۤܤ٤Ƥ˸ߤ˻ޤ
3ܤϡʲѲǤknow knife θƬ <k> ȯʤΤϡǤĤƤ /kn/ ȯƤλҲϢ1718ˤƼޤꡤ䤬 /k/ βæޤβѲλֻ경ƤޤäƤᡤȯʤ <k> ֻˤƤϸ˻ޤǻ¸ƤȤ櫓Ǥ
ȤǤϡѸˤȤ櫓˭ֻΥꥨñȤ through ޤ䤬ĴȤǤϡñˤϼ¤516ֻޤޤűѸѸѤƤʸ <þ> (thorn) ʤ虜虜 <th> Ȥ2ʸȤ߹碌֤ƤޤäΤȤˤޤˤϡ1066ǯΥΥޥʹߤ˱Ѹήեñ줬äƤҿطޤեˤϤʤʸ <þ> ϡäפȤ졤ե <th> ѤΤ֤ޯפȸʤ褦ˤʤäΤǤѲȤϡɬǶưΤǤϤʤ֥եåפȤ٤Ūװˤ礭롤¤˿ʹֽĤߤʤΤǤ
Τ褦ˡѸˤɳȤǡѸԲIJ¦̤˸Ƥ뤳ȤǤޤѸˤμϡѸؽԤե饹ȥ졼ŪʹؤžϤäƤȤΤǤ
ȤϡѸˤƳȤơ뤤ϱѸȤؤδؿ뤭äȤơ¿ˤйǤ
egg פˤĤܥ֥ϤȤƼǥDz٤夲ƤѤ뤿ˡޤرѸ츻ŵ٤εҤǧƤOED egg, n.' ⻲ȡˡ

Ҥ̤ꡤűѸǤŪ ǣġ ѤƤѸťΥɸ (old_norse) ͳ egg ˸졤֤ƤäȤץФƤ롥ޤCaxton Eneydos (1490) νʸˤ롤ȿζ¸˴ؤѸ˾ͭ̾ʰäˤĤƤƤ롥
egg ᤰ뤳2ĤˤĤơޤǾʤ̥ƥĤäƤΤǡޤȤƤʤ֡heltube YouTube: heltube --- Ѹ˥ͥؤΥƤƤΤǡǽ˵Ƥˡ
(1) ťΥɸͳ egg
heltube #182. egg פϸťΥɸ줫μѸ졪 (2025/01/18)
heldio #182. egg פϸťΥɸ줫μѸ졪 (2021/11/29)
hellog #340. ťΥɸ줬ѸͿƶ Jespersen ɾ ([2010-04-02-1])
hellog #2625. ťΥɸ줫μѸ ([2016-07-04-1])
hellog #3982. ťΥɸѸβŪħ ([2020-03-22-1])
hellog #4820. ťΥɸϱѸ˾äȤפʸ ([2022-07-08-1])
inohota ֤⳰졩Ѹͥƥʤ֤ΤʤѸ줿 (2022/07/08)
(2) ᤰ Caxton ΰ
heltube heldio #183. 륭㥯ȥͭ̾ʰá (2025/01/19)
heldio #183. egges/eyren륭㥯ȥͭ̾ʰá (2021/11/30)
hellog #337. #337. egges or eyren ([2010-03-30-1])
hellog #4600. egges or eyrenʤ egges եȴ㤤ΤǤ礦 ([2021-11-30-1])
hellog #4831. رѸ˿ʹ2022ǯ7泰 --- βǤ ([2022-07-19-1])
߷ ˧ͺԽ紴ˡرѸ츻ŵٿǡҡ2024ǯ
Ѹˤϡ§Ȥ괧 the դΤʤޤֻ of ޤ̾ۤȤɤʤǡ¾ΤĤΥ衼åѽȤϰۤʤä
ˤ֤ȡѸˤϡ̾ʤɤΰ̾ͳ褹ϰ̾ȤѤƤ괧줬դ⳧̵ǤϤʤäof ʤɤֻդ̾ʤɤ̤ˤäѸϡФХեδѤ˽äȤ⤢ꡤ̤ۤʿƤ櫓ǤʤäΤ
ȤѸפȾˤơϰ躹⤢褦괧ֻ줬ڤȤ褦ˤʤäƤȤFransson (25) ɤǤߤ褦
Surnames of occupation and nicknames are usually preceded by the definite article, le (masc.) or la (fem.); the two forms are regularly kept apart in the earlier rolls, but in the 15th century they are often confused. Those names in this book that are preceded by the have all been taken from rolls translated into English, and the has been inserted by the editor instead of le or la. The case is that the hardly ever occurs in the manuscripts; cf the following instances, which show the custom in reality: Rose the regratere 1377 (Langland: Piers Plowman 226). Lucia ye Aukereswoman 1275 1.RH 413 (L. la Aukereswomman ib. 426).
Sometimes de occurs instead of le; this is due to an error made either by the scribe or the editor. The case is that de has an extensive use in local surnames, e.g. Thom. de Selby. Other prepositions (in, atte, of etc.) are not so common, especially not in early rolls.
The article, however, is often left out; this is rare in the 12th and 13th centuries, but becomes common in the middle of the 14th century. There is an obvious difference between different parts of England: in the South the article precedes the surname almost regularly during the present period, while in the North it is very often omitted. The final disappearance of le takes place in the latter half of the 14th century; in most counties one rarely finds it after c1375, but in some cases, e.g. in Lancashire, le occurs fairly often as late as c1400. De is often retained some 50 years longer than le: in York it disappears in the early 15th century, in Lancashire it sometimes occurs c1450, while in the South it is regularly dropped at the end of the 14th century.
ŪʲǤʤ괧ֻ줬ڤȤ뤳ȤˤʤäΤˤϿƤʤƤ٤Ѥʵ䤬1̾ˤֻˤĤƤϡ#2366. ʤѸ̾νϡ̾פʤΤ ([2015-10-19-1]) Ǿ줿Ȥ롥⻲Ȥ줿
Fransson, G. Middle English Surnames of Occupation 1100--1350, with an Excursus on Toponymical Surnames. Lund Studies in English 3. Lund: Gleerup, 1935.
2ָ107ڡˤ 15:30--18:45 ˡī㡼ɶˤƥֺ¡ʸֻαѸˡפ3ȤʤѸֻ --- ɸʤ˱ɡ֤ޤ

ιֺ¤ϡ4Υ3ȤʤޤΥ饤ʥåפϰʲ̤Ǥ
1ʸεȯã --- ե٥åȤγȤʽա429
2űѸֻ --- μʤʲơ729
3Ѹֻ --- ɸʤ˱ɡʽ107
4Ѹֻ --- ɸಽܻؤơߡ̤
ޤǤ2ιֺ¤ǤϡޤѸ˰ʸե٥åȤεȯãǧ˸űѸ449--1100ǯˤˤѤμºݤѻƤޤ3ܤѸ1100--1500ǯˤǤλޤǤ˱ѸüԤϥˤϤäǤޤ1066ǯΥΥޥη̡ɸѸפüñ֤ȤѸ˾Ǥޤʻ֤ŸƤޤ礲˸СġαѸν꤬פפ˹ʤ褦ñ֤äǤȤߤХͥƥȤʤޤͳȤߤХݥƥǤϤƤξϡαѸѸΥڥˤʤƶͿΤǤ礦Ѹ쥹ڥˤˤơäȤ㥯ʻǤ餳⤷Ƥޤֺ¤ΤʤǤѸ츶ʸɤߤʤ顤λΥڥįƤߤȻפޤ
ֺ¤λäˤؿΤϡΥڡꤪߤ̤Τۤ饤ǤλäǽǤޤϿ줿ˤϡƨۿȤƥưؤΥͽǤԹΤ褤ˡǤä4ΥΤǤϤޤƲƤΩƤޤΤǡñȯǤΤäⴿޤǤ
ܥȴϢơʲ hellog Voicy heldio ۿ⤴Ȥ
Ρ1ʸεȯã --- ե٥åȤγȤꡡ
heldio #668. īֺ¤οʸֻαѸˡפ429Ϥޤޤ2023ǯ330
hellog #5088. īֺ¤οʸֻαѸˡפ429Ϥޤޤ ([2023-04-02-1])
hellog #5119. īֺ¤οʸֻαѸˡפ1ޤ ([2023-05-03-1])
Ρ2űѸֻ --- μʤ
hellog #5194. 729ڡˡīΥֺ¡ʸֻαѸˡפ2ָűѸֻ --- μʤס ([2023-07-17-1])
heldio #778. űѸʸ --- 729ڡˤīΥֺ2˸ơ2023ǯ718
hellog #5207. īΥֺ¡ʸֻαѸˡפ2ָűѸֻ --- μʤפޤ ([2023-07-30-1])
Ρ3Ѹֻ --- ɸʤ˱ɡϡʰʲ2023/09/26(Tue)θ嵭
heldio #848. Ѹɸʤֻ --- 107ڡˤīΥֺ3˸ơ2023ǯ926
#193. 15 Chancery Standard through ΰ֤14̤ ([2009-11-06-1]) ǾҲ𤷤̤ꡤѸ⽪˶Ť15θŪʸǤ顤ֻˤϤޤѰۤɤ줬ä14˻Ϥޤ꤫ƤֻɸಽϡޤǤäȿʹԤƤΤǤ롥An Anthology of Chancery English ΥåįƤȡthrough ʳˤ⡤֤δ餪⤷ñϤĤ⤢롥ܤˤĤ3ñ (England, merchant, notwithstanding) 夲֤վޤƤߤ褦ο٤Ǥ롥
England (35), Englande (10), Engeland (7), Englond (28), Englonde (3), Engelond (1), Inglond (6), Ingelond (3), Ingland (1), Yngelond (2), Ynglond (1)
merchant (1), marchant (8), marchaunt (6), merchaunt (4); (pl.) marchauntȝ (10), merchauntȝ (6), marchaunts (4), merchauntes (3), marchantes (3), merchantes (2), marchantȝ (2), merchandes (1), marchandes (1), marchauntes (1), merchantȝ (1)
notwithstanding (3), notwithstondyng(e) (16), natwiþstandyng (6), notwiþstandyng(e) (3), notwiþstanding (2), notwithstonding (1), notwyþstandyng (1), notwythstondyng (1), notwistanding (1), natwithstandyng (1), naughtwithstandinge (1), nogthwithstondyng (1), nottewithstondyng (1), notwythstondyng (1)
Ǥ餳ɤƤȤΤ̣3ɹΰѤǤ롥¾䤷Τ٤
Ϣ England ˤĤƤϡ#1145. English England ̾Ρ ([2012-06-15-1]) ȡ#2250. English θƬ첻ʻˡ ([2015-06-25-1]) notwithstanding ˤĤƤϡ#5064. notwithstanding ([2023-03-09-1]) ȡ
Fisher, John H., Malcolm Richardson, and Jane L. Fisher, comps. An Anthology of Chancery English. Knoxville: U of Tennessee P, 1984. 392.
ǯ226ˡƱνΰʼ YouTube ְͥʼδѸظإͥϤޤʹߡ轵쥮顼ǿ塦θ6ۿƤޤǿưϡ줿91Ƥ֤~αѸǤ֤ϥޥ롼롩through Υڥ515̤ꡪŪ뤵٥10Ǥ
Ѹ˾塤ֻ졦 through ϤɤΤ褦֤ƤΤǤ礦Ѹ1300--1500ǯˤ濴˻䤬Ĵƿ夲̡515̤ΰۤʤֻǧƤޤOED MED Τ褦˱Ѹ켭Helsinki Corpus, LAEME, LALME Τ褦˱Ѹ쥳ѥ˱ѸϿޤʤɡȤäƤߤ̤ǤõФäȤȻפޤ
ɸѸ줬ԺߤäѸˤϡ̻ (scribe) ȸƤФϡȯ˽äơνʤ˱ơֻ͡ñȤޤƱ̻Ʊñۤʤ뵡˰ۤʤֻ֤뤳ȤӻǤȤ櫓 through Ȥˤäȯ͡äᡤҲ첻Ȥ߹碌˭٤ǡ515̤ȤʤֻƤޤäΤǤ
Ϣ hellog Ǥ⤷Фм夲ƤޤʲȤ
#53. Ѹ through ֤515̤ ([2009-06-20-1])
#54. through ֤٥10ʥ10ˡ ([2009-06-21-1])
#3397. Ѹ through Υֻ ([2018-08-15-1])
#193. 15 Chancery Standard through ΰ֤14̤ ([2009-11-06-1])
#219. eyes ɽ172ֻ̤ ([2009-12-02-1])
#2520. Ѹ134 "such" ΰֻ ([2016-03-21-1])
#1720. Shakespeare ֤ ([2014-01-11-1])
515̤ through YouTube ǤϤǤμϿäơ־ƻפѰդޤäǤΤǡʲ PDF ǸƤޤ
֤A4ѻ10515̤ through ֻߤͤ (PDF)
֤A4ѻ11̤ through ֻ礭515ڡλ (PDF)
Ĥ֥֡٥ȡʥȡ10פ through ֻ10ڡλ (PDF)
ֻȴϢơƱ YouTube ͥŪǶᥢåפ줿83֥СȡɥRobert CawdreyˤαѱѼϤ뤤⤴Фȡcf. #4978. æϷϼΥ --- Cawdrey ˤѸ˾αѱѼϥե٥åȽ礬Ǥ ([2022-12-13-1])ˡ
DzإʥȡʤΤǡϢαDz褪ӤθإФεΡ (Sir Gawain and the Green Knight) ˤĤƤϤƤޤDzλƽ̳줿ܹΩ̿ءȡVoicy ֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio)פˤ̤ԤʤޤޤİǤʤϥ#544. ܹȡإʥȡ٤Ȥθθᤰä̤ޤİ褯DzվޤΤ褤ͽˤʤȻפޤ
ϡ#4890. ѸʡإФεΡ٤ФεΤо줹륷 ([2022-09-16-1]) ȡ#4931. ѸʡإФεΡ٤Ƭ2 ([2022-10-27-1]) ˰³ Sir Gawain and the Green Knight ̾ɤ߾夲ĤľҲ𤷤ޤФεΤڤꥲդä륷Ǥ
DzξҲȤA24£եإʥȡ١פʥ졼̳ưءȤ YouTube ư3ʬ15áˤƤޤư0ʬ50դ꤫顤DzΤΥѸƥȤƳޤϤѸƥȤޤ1 (ll. 279--300) 夲ޤ
ī Voicy ֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio)פǤ#545. إФεΡ٤ФεΤڤꥲդä륷Ѹ츶ʸɤ߾夲ޤȤƸʸɤƤޤΤǡҤİ
ʲѸ츶ʸAndrew and Waldron ǡˤܸӾˤǤޤ
'Nay, frayst I no fyȝt, in fayth I þe telle;
Hit arn aboute on þis bench bot berdlez chylder.
If I were hasped in armes on a heȝe stede,
Here is no mon me to mach, for myȝtez so wayke.
Forþy I craue in þis court a Crystemas gomen,
For hit is Ȝol and Nwe Ȝer, and here are ȝep mony.
If any so hardy in þis hous holdez hymseluen,
Be so bolde in his blod, brayn in hys hede,
Þat dar stifly strike a strok for anoþer,
I schal gif hym of my gyft þys giserne ryche,
Þis ax, þat is heué innogh, to hondele as hym lykes,
And I schal bide þe fyrst bur as bare as I sitte.
If any freke be so felle to fonde þat I telle,
Lepe lyȝtly me to and lach þis weppen---
I quit-clayme hit for euer, kepe hit as his auen---
And I schal stonde hym a strok, stif on þis flet,
Ellez þou wyl diȝt me þe dom to dele hym anoþer
Barlay,
And ȝet gif hym respite
A twelmonyth and a day.
Now hyȝe, and let se tite
Dar any herinne oȝt say.'
֤䡤ľ˿ơ襤˾ǤΤǤϤʤΤդʤˤϡҤƤʤҶʤˤ̤褦ʡ路ɤȤˤޤȤ礭ϤǤ٤ʤСǤ路Ωϰͤ⤪ޤ顤路ε˾ΤϥꥹޥͷӤȡޤ礦ɥꥹޥȿǯλǡˤϸΤ褤̡뤫ʡδۤDz椳ϤȻפԤʤ顤㤷ԤꡤŨˤǷǤ魯ԤʤС˫ʤȤƤθƤ뤾ϤȽŤĤǡפ褦˰Τ路˺äƹɤĤǽΰ뤳Ȥˤ褦路θäȤƤߤ褦ȤΤΤäۤʤСӤƤƤ˼ʤСʵפ˾ϤĤʪˤƤξ˺äƶޤĤΰ褦路Ĥ֤ΰä븢ĤȤȤǡ
路֤ˤϡ
ͱͽ֤Ϳ褦
ǯȰΡ
ޤꡤˡ
̾ФۤϤˤϤΤ
Andrew, Malcolm and Ronald Waldron, eds. The Poems of the Pearl Manuscript. 3rd ed. Exeter: U of Exeter P, 2002.
Ӿ 鹰ˡء֥͡ФεΡ١콤ؽǶɡ2009ǯ
ѸޥηإФεΡ (Sir Gawain and the Green Knight) ݰƺʤȤʤDzإʥȡ1125ޤεƨءʱˤμȤʤɤ SGGK θʸɤǤޤ
hellog Ǥ#4890. ѸʡإФεΡ٤ФεΤо줹륷 ([2022-09-16-1]) Ҳ𤷤Ĥ Voicy ϢȤɤ߾夲ƤߤޤİƤߤƤˡϡƱǤƬ2 (ll. 1--36) Ѹ츶ʸAndrew and Waldron ǡˤ˴Ť Voicy #514. إФεΡ٤Ƭ2Ѹ츶ʸɤ߾夲ޤɤ߾夲ޤʲθʸȤȤˤİ
Siþen þe sege and þe assaut watz sesed at Troye,
Þe borȝ brittened and brent to brondez and askez,
Þe tulk þat þe trammes of tresoun þer wroȝt
Watz tried for his tricherie, þe trewest on erthe.
Hit watz Ennias þe athel and his highe kynde,
Þat siþen depreced prouinces, and patrounes bicome
Welneȝe of al þe wele in þe west iles.
Fro riche Romulus to Rome ricchis hym swyþe,
With gret bobbaunce þat burȝe he biges vpon fyrst
And neuenes hit his aune nome, as hit now hat;
Ticius to Tuskan and teldes bigynnes,
Langoberde in Lumbardie lyftes vp homes,
And fer ouer þe French flod, Felix Brutus
On mony bonkkes ful brode Bretayn he settez
Wyth wynne,
Where werre and wrake and wonder
Bi syþez hatz wont þerinne
And oft boþe blysse and blunder
Ful skete hatz skyfted synne.
Ande quen þis Bretayn watz bigged bi þis burn rych
Bolde bredden þerinne, baret þat lofden,
In mony turned tyme tene þat wroȝten.
Mo ferlyes on þis folde han fallen here oft
Þen in any oþer þat I wot, syn þat ilk tyme.
Bot of alle þat here bult of Bretaygne kynges
Ay watz Arthur þe hendest, as I haf herde telle.
Forþi an aunter in erde I attle to schawe,
Þat a selly in siȝt summe men hit holden
And an outrage awenture of Arthurez wonderez.
If ȝe wyl lysten þis laye bot on littel quile,
I schal telle hit astit, as I in toun herde,
Wyth tongue.
As hit is stad and stoken
In stori stif and stronge,
With lel lettres loken,
In londe so hatz ben longe.
̣ǧ뤿 Bantock θ層ʸӾˤܸƤޤ
When the assault on Troy and the siege had come to an end,
The ramparts smashed to a heap of smouldering ruins,
And that treacherous man Antenor brought to trial
For treason worse than has ever been known on earth,
Then noble Aeneas, with his clan of kindred knights,
Subdued the lands and at length became the lords
Of well nigh all of the wealth in the Western Isles.
Then swiftly, courageous Romulus swept into Rome,
His first concern to found, with fast-growing pride,
The noble city that now upholds his name.
Then Ticius with tents built interim towns in Tuscany,
And Langeberde laid out new homes in Lombardy.
Then the Channel was challenged from France by Felix Brutus,
Who boldly established Britain on her broad green slopes ---
In gladness long ago!
Though hatred, war and hell
Brought turmoil, tears and woe,
Their fortunes rose or fell
In endless ebb and flow.
The famous warrior founded Britain thus,
And bred a race of battle-loving men,
Who caused great torment in those troubled times.
More heart-enthralling things have happened there
Than anywhere else on earth since the ancient days.
But of the rulers reigning there, I have heard,
The noblest of all in honour was Arthur the king.
So now one great adventure will I make known,
Which many men will think a miracle ---
The most astounding tale of Arthur's time.
And if you'll listen to this legend a little while,
I'll tell it as I heard it told in town
In spoken song;
Inspired, I will expound
A story bold and strong,
With letters linked by sound,
As minstrels have made for long.
ȥϹ⤬ĤԤ˵Ƥ顤ȿդƤΤڤκƺȽˤ줿äǤ롥ϲҥ͡Ȥιʰ²ǡϤθνκۤȤɼˤۼԤȤʤäʥ륹ϥޤ˰®ȡޤϤˤԻԤߤ̾Ȥä̿̾Ǥ⤽̾ǸƤФƤ롥ƥϥȥ뤭ơХɤϥХǥ˲ȲĤꡤեʹʡʡˡ֥롼ȥϤϤ뤫եۤ¿ιʵͤ˥֥ƥϤä
ͦǡ
ƮԻĤʤȤ
ꤪꤽǵꡤ
ӤᤷߤȤθ塤ߤˤȤƤ롥
ι֥ƥȡʼԤɤ⤬졤ߡ٤ʶιǤϤΤꡤ䤬ΤäƤɤι˶ä٤ȤФеäƤ롥ϤȤ⤫ι˵ޤ٤ƤΥ֥ƥΤǡǤⵤ⤤ǤäʹƤ롥Ǵ̯ʸʤȻפҤȤ⤤褦ˤ˴ؤäΤǤʤѤä̤ĤߤʤФδ֡ʪ˼ƤʤСޤ˵²δۤʹȤ˸ꤿȻפ
դȤ
ͦԤ϶ʪ
α夷
ʸǷФơ
ιĹ줿Ρ
Andrew, Malcolm and Ronald Waldron, eds. The Poems of the Pearl Manuscript. 3rd ed. Exeter: U of Exeter P, 2002.
Bantock, Gavin, trans. Sir Gawain & the Green Knight . Pearl: Two Middle-English Poems. Brimstone P, 2018.
Ӿ 鹰ˡء֥͡ФεΡ١콤ؽǶɡ2009ǯ
褿1125˸ͽDzإʥȡϡѸƥ Sir Gawain and the Green Knight ʡإФεΡ١sggkˤܳŪݰƺʤǤλƽܹΩ̿ءˤôƤޤβ轵 Voicy ̤뤳ȤˤʤäƤޤΤǡҤİܤϡ#4885. ֱѸʥ顼̵ʲܹδˡפΤΤ餻920ʲС14:50--15:50 Voicy ˡ ([2022-09-11-1]) Ȥ
ΩäơSGGK Ѹ츶ʸҲ𤷤ƤȻפޤκʤϡChaucer ʤɤƱ14ȾΤΤȤ British Library MS Cotton Nero A.x ˤΤ߸¸ 2530ԡ101ʤαʸƥȤǤ륢ʪȤκʤǤƱܤˤϡ¾ Pearl, Cleanness, Patience ȤʤƤޤѸǽƤޤƥϡƬƧ12--37ĹԤθˡ5Ԥ "bob and wheel" ȸƤФ ababa ûӱԤ³ȤˤʤäƤޤ
ϡƬ˶ᤤ ll. 130--50 ꡤФεΤо줹ŪʥƤߤ뤳Ȥˤޤ礦Andrew and Waldron ǤΰѤǤ
Now wyl I of hor seruise say yow no more,
For vch wyȝe may wel wit no wont þat þer were.
Anoþer noyse ful newe neȝed biliue,
Þat þe lude myȝt haf leue liflode to cach;
For vneþe watz þe noyce not a whyle sesed,
And þe fyrst cource in þe court kyndely serued,
Þer hales in at þe halle dor an aghlich mayster,
On þe most on þe molde on mesure hyghe;
Fro þe swyre to þe swange so sware and so þik,
And his lyndes and hys lymes so longe and so grete,
Half-etayn in erde I hope þat he were,
Bot mon most I algate mynn hym to bene,
And þat þe myriest in his muckel þat myȝt ride;
For of bak and of brest al were his bodi sturne,
Both his wombe and his wast were worthily smale,
And alle his fetures folȝande in forme, þat he hade,
Ful clene.
For wonder of his hwe men hade,
Set in his semblaunt sene;
He ferde, as freke were fade,
And oueral enker grene.
Voicy ֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio)פ#473. إФεΡ٤ФεΤо줹륷Ѹ츶ʸɤ߾夲ޤǡѸ츶ʸɤ߾夲ƤޤΤǡ碌Ƥİ
̣ǧ뤿 Bantock θ層ʸꡤƱ ll. 130--50 βսѤޤ
I've told you enough about the tables there
For you to guess how gorgeous that feast was.
But now another new uproar quickly approached,
That stirred Aurthur's spirit so strongly he started to eat.
For, just as the joyful music was fading away
And the first of the festive dishes was duly being served,
The doors crashed open wide with a terrible din
And a hideous giant charged boldly into the hall!
His body was strong and so broad from neck to waist,
And his legs and arms and thighs so long and thick,
He might have been half a giant and half a man,
But if a man, the biggest of all on this earth
That ever rode on horse; and most handsome too;
For though his breast and back were broad and stout,
His waist was slender and his belly lithe and slim,
And all of his features followed this twofold form ---
Both lust and lean!
By his colouring the court was amazed,
The most staggering sight they had seen,
For the body of that bold knight blazed
Head to foot with flaming bright green!
ܸȤƤϡӾ (p. 9) Ѥޤ
ƿΤƤʤͻҤʾΤϤ⤦ƤҤȤķ礱ΤʤäȤïǤ褯ʬ뤳Ȥ顥ޤ̤οʲڤʹƤΤǡǤɤ鲦ȤΤǤϤʤȻפ줿ΥȥڥåȤβ䤨ǽˤȽФȤ繭֤鶲εΤ褯Ǥؾ椬ǺǤ⤤ˤǤäޤǤҤɤĥꤺȤȼĹƤäꤷƤꡤˤϸȾͤǤϤʤȻפäȤˤʿʹ֤ǤꡤϤ˾ԤλѤäȤƤϺǤüʿʪȸäƤοΤǤȶΤʢȹϤȤ褯ۤäꤷơΤ¾ʬ⤹٤Ʊ褦˻Ѥζ褯Ȥ졤
ʹ褫ä
ƤˤϤä긫
οˤߤʤӤäŷʡʶΡΤΤ褦˿
ȿ䤫ФǤä
Andrew, Malcolm and Ronald Waldron, eds. The Poems of the Pearl Manuscript. 3rd ed. Exeter: U of Exeter P, 2002.
Bantock, Gavin, trans. Sir Gawain & the Green Knight . Pearl: Two Middle-English Poems. Brimstone P, 2018.
Ӿ 鹰ˡء֥͡ФεΡ١콤ؽǶɡ2009ǯ
礦1ΤȤˤʤޤ2022ǯ101ڡ15:30--18:45ˡī㡼ɶˤ4ΥֱѸˤѸפ3ֺ¡ֱƤαѸפ֤ޤ̡饤Υϥ֥åɹֺ¤ȤƳ֤ͽǤؿΤϡһäƤֺ¤ǤϤޤΩֺ¤ȤʤäƤޤΤǡ12˻äƤʤ⤴¿ܺ٤Ȥߤθڡɤ3ֺ¤γפϰʲ̤Ǥ
ΡѸפ뤵ޤޤѼϡѸνȤߤ뤳ȤǤޤºݡѸˤˤϾ¿ͤʷ¸ߤ³ƤƤꡤ褷ƸͭθݤǤϤޤꥫѸˤ¿ꥹѸˤϤ¿ޤ⤢ޤĤޤѸפϡŪʱѸαĹˤ븽ݤʤΤǤӽжˤˤɸˤܤޤ
21Ѹ (World Englishes) ⡤Ѹˤ̤¸ߤ³ƤѸ⡤͡ʱѸνΤȤǤѤꤢޤ¿Ÿ椳֥ƥ礫鹭ϵؤȳȤäƤޤܼŪ˿ȤƤ櫓ǤϤޤDZѸƤϡŪˤɬ̤ʤΤǤϤʤΤǤ
ȤϤ٤ƤƱ櫓Ǥ⤢ޤΤ褦ʰƱͤ뤳ȤǡѸ츽ݤü⤭ĦˤƤȻפޤĤƤαѸ¿֤äơ2ѸǤƤν˾Ƥޤ
3ֺ¤ˤĤƤ⤦ܤΤꤿϡͽԤȤ Voicy ֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio)פ̤#454. īֺ¤3ֱѸˤѸ --- ƤαѸסۿƤޤΤǡİ
ֺ¤12ˤĤƤϡʲ hellog heldio Ǥ夲Ƥޤ⻲ͤޤǤˤɤ
hellog #4775. ֺ¡ֱѸˤѸ --- ѸפΥϤޤޤ ([2022-05-24-1])
heldio #356. Ѹ --- ī뿷ɶǡֱѸˤѸפΥϤޤޤ (2022/05/22)
heldio #378. īǡѸפ֤ޤ (2022/06/13)
hellog #4813. īֺ¤2ֱѸˤѸ --- ˤƱѸϳ礷ΤפΤ ([2022-07-01-1])
heldio #393. īֺ¤2ֱѸˤѸ --- ˤƱѸϳ礷Τס (2022/06/28)
ε#4748. ѸΥڥѰۤȽդμΩ ([2022-04-27-1]) ǤϡѸΥڥѰ߽ۤФ줿طʤȤʤ5ѥҲ𤷤̻θŪѡȥ̻ο˴ؤΤǤ롥μ̻οȤΤˤ͡ʥѥ뤬McIntosh and Samuels ˤСޤ3ѥ̤ȤLALME General Introduction (3.1.3) ꡤ3ѥ
A. He may leave the language more or less unchanged, like a modern scholar transcribing such a manuscript. This appears to happen only somewhat rarely.
B. He may convert it into his own kind of language, making innumerable modifications to the orthography, the morphology, and the vocabulary. This happens commonly.
C. He may do something somewhere between A and B. This also happens commonly.
üŪˤСA μ̻ "literatim-copyist"B "translator"C ϡŪʼ̻פȸƤǤƤ褤
ܥƥȤɽ蘆ƤηѾȤȤ館ʤСA ϼܸ⤦1ʤ館̻B ϤޤǤŪѤĢäˤƿϻϤ̻C ʬŪ˵ѾʬŪ˿ϻϤ̻ȤȤˤʤ롥
̻ŻɬפС̷ּСפȤ⤤ A κȤᤵ褦ʻ֤λȤϵʤ B 䡤 C λŻ֤ˤʤäƤȤʤºݡѸˤƼܺξȲʤˤĤ졤B פμ̻γ礬礭ʤäƤäȤβ¸ԤǤϤʤϻϼԤƬƤäǤ롥
McIntosh, Angus, M. L. Samuels, and M. Benskin. A Linguistic Atlas of Late Mediaeval English. 4 vols. Aberdeen: Aberdeen UP, 1986.
ѸΥƥȤˤ¿¿ͤʥڥߤƤ롥ޤѰۤλѸäդѰۤĴХեޥȤ˿ҤͤʤɼҲؾμˡѤ뤳ȤǤ뤬꤬ѸνդǤСʤ٤ȤѤäƤ롥եޥȤĤޤʤФ꤫ȯˤɤ夯ȤΤǡѸΥڥѰۤˤĤĴ٤褦ȻפСȼˡȯ¸ʤФʤʤ뤲ΤA Linguistic Atlas of Late Mediaeval English (= LALME) Ի Angus McIntosh Michael L. Samuels Ǥ
McIntosh and Samuels ˤ LALME General Introduction (3.1.2) ˤȡѸΥڥѰ߽ۤФ줿طʤȤơ5ब̤Ȥ
(i) Normal dialect variation, e.g. as in border areas . . . .
(ii) Variation of textual or codicological origin, e.g. layers of variants resulting from successive copyings.
(iii) Sociolinguistic variation, especially in writers affected by the spread of Standard English.
(iv) The combination of two separate dialects in a writer of mixed upbringing.
(v) Especially in the fifteenth century, an unusually wide range or eclectic combination of spellings in a single writer.
Ѱ (variation) ȤϲȤʱѡ˸äդȤǤϤʤѸνդȤįʤǡƱ꤬ɤ˭ӤӤ뤳Ȥ(i), (iii), (iv) äդˤΤ뤬(ii), (v) ˤĤƤϽդͭλͳ褹Ѱۤȹͤ롥
ؤˤƤϽդФäդͥȤΤQŪȯۤǤ롥ʸؤ칶ƤΤ褦ʼԤˤȤäƤϡξQŪȤɤդμΩȤΤƤ뤫Ǥ롥ˤĤƤϲεǤ͡˵Ƥ㤨аʲεɤ
#1829. եƥȤ3Ĥεǽ ([2014-04-30-1])
#2339. դμΩ˴ؤ Vachek ε (1) ([2015-09-22-1])
#2340. դμΩ˴ؤ Vachek ε (2) ([2015-09-23-1])
#2431. դμΩ˴ؤ Bolinger ε ([2015-12-23-1])
#2508. դμΩ˴ؤ Samuels ε ([2016-03-09-1])
#2819. ä濴æĤĤء ([2017-01-14-1])
#3886. äȤФȽȤ (6) ([2019-12-17-1])
McIntosh, Angus, M. L. Samuels, and M. Benskin. A Linguistic Atlas of Late Mediaeval English. 4 vols. Aberdeen: Aberdeen UP, 1986.
ιֱ "English" "Englishes" ءǤäˤʤäΩ̿ؤܹꡤؤ⤷Ƥ餤ޤWilliam Caxton (1422?--91) egges/eyren ΰäˤơʤפα¤ǤʤǤʤ֥եפȴ㤤ΤȤǤ
ñطʤ⤷Ƥޤȡ˾αѸΰȤǤ Caxton 1490ǯ˽Ǥ Eneydos νʸΤʤǡѸ˴ؤäҲ𤵤ƤޤпȤȤܤͤΥƥॺαΦ˾夬äơפα˿ȤäǤͤ egges ˤ˾ΤǤϤñեʬʤޤͤϾͤǥեʤäƤʤʤ egges ǤʤΤܤäȤ̤μԤäꡤͤäƤΡ egges ȤϡʱǤȤΡ eyren ΤȤȲ⤷ƤưȤääǤ
αѸŦƤȤȤơѸˤǤϤ褯ΤƤäǤܥ֥Ǥ#337. egges or eyren ([2010-03-30-1]) ǤΤѸθʸǰѤޤơʲ˰ѤƤޤ
And one of theym named Sheffelde, a mercer, cam in-to an hows and axed for mete; and specyally axed after eggys. And the goode wyf answerde, that she coude speke no frenshe. And the marchaunt was angry, for he also coude speke no frensche, but wolde have hadde egges, and she understode hym not. And thenne at laste a nother sayd that he wolde have eyren. Then the gode wyf sayd that she understode hym wel. Loo, what sholde a man in thyse dayes wryte, egges or eyren?
εϡʤפα¤ǤʤǤʤ֥եפȴ㤤ȤΤǤȤƤ⤪⤷Ȼפʤ˹ͤƤߤޤ
ޤŪǤΰäϻ¤˴ŤäȤϡCaxton ˤϺǤϤʤȤǰޤegges ˤ eyren ˤʬۤϻ¤ǤΤǡդʤǤϤʤȤϤäȤƤޤǤƤ봶ꡤ¿쾯ʤ Caxton äץͥǤǽ⤤ȹͤƤޤʸ촴ʣξǤ֤ۤʤ뤳ñտŪΤǤϤʤȤǡˡ⤷ϺȤƤ⡤ƱɼԤδ֤θ졦μͭƤ뤳ȤȤʤäƤϤʤΤǡ֥եפ礤ˤưäˤߤä褦ȤΤΤϡɤ߲ͤꤽǤ
Ǥϡʤ egges եȴ㤤ΤǤ礦餯ͤ¤ "Can I ask for eggs?" ȯΤǤϤʤޤϡο eggs ʬǤȤ⡤¾ʬ¤äƤ뤱ɤѸϱѸǧǤϤʤΤǡʤοͤϴοʬǽñɽΤȤ֤פä˰㤤ޤǡϡǽñΥɤˤɮƬǤեñ˰㤤ʤȵäƤߤΤǤϤʤǤ礦
egges ʹơǽ˱ѸñǤϤʤեñȴäդ꤬äȤƤϤ⤷ȤǤüԤαˤȤäơǤեѸΤۤǽäȤȤˤʤ뤫ǤۤɤޤǤ˱ѸϰۤʤΤȤȤCaxton ϼäΤǤϤʤǤ礦ĥȤиĥΤ褦ˤⴶޤ
ޤΰäϡѸΥɤˤɮƬ줬եäȤ⼨Ƥ褦˻פޤΥޥ3ʾФäƤꡤϤ䥤ɤˤƥեϸξȤ˼Ѹϰ̤ܴۤ˼Ѹ줬뤲ƤǤϤޤեϤޤʸȤƤΰҿݤäƤޤ礦ɸܤˤƱѸ줬ݸȤưҿݤäƤΤȻ褦ʾǤܤDZѸ줬ɮƬȤư֤ŤƤΤƱͤˡѸΥɤǤϥե줬ɮƬȤư֤ŤƤ櫓Ǥcf. #2622. 15˥ɿͤեؤͳ ([2016-07-01-1])ˡ⾦ͤեϤǤʤä褦Ǥե줬ɤ1ǤȤǧ϶ͭƤꡤ餳ե줬礤˽Ф줿ȤȤǤϤʤǤ礦
ʾ塤βǤߤʤǤ礦
ʤߤˡϢươֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio)ˤơ嵭ΰäѸθʸɤ߾夲ƤߤޤҤİ
ɸϡ#3701. Ѹ3;ʣг̾ es ϥ줫μѤ (1) ([2019-06-15-1]) ӡ#3702. Ѹ3;ʣг̾ es ϥ줫μѤ (2) ([2019-06-16-1]) Ǽ夲ƤǤ롥
̤˥줬Ѹ˵ڤܤʸˡŪƶϤۤȤɤʤȤ뤬βǽ뵩ʸܤȤơѸΥɳ߽ǹԤʤƤ;̾ es ŦƤʤۤˡ#140. եޥ줫Ѥؾ -kin ([2009-09-14-1])⻲ȡˡ
ΥƶˤĤơThomason and Kaufman (323) ʳ̣θĴǾҲ𤷲⤷ƤΤǡѤ褦
[T]here was a striking grammatical influence of Low Dutch on ME that is little known, because though introduced sometime before 1150, it is found in certain dialects only and disappeared by the end of the fourteenth century . . . .
In the Lindsey (Grimsby?), Norfolk, Essex, Kent (Canterbury and Shoreham), East Wessex (Southampton?), and West Wessex (Bristol?) dialects of ME, attested from just before 1200 down to at least 1375, there occurs a pronoun form that serves as the enclitic/unstressed object form of SHE and THEY. Its normal written shape is <(h)is> or <(h)es>, presumably /əs/; one text occasionally spells <hise>. This pronoun has no origin in OE. It does have one in Low Dutch, where the unstressed object form for SHE and THEY is /sə/, spelled <se> (this is cognate with High German sie). If the ME <h> was ever pronounced it was no doubt on the analogy of all the other third person pronoun forms of English. We do not know whether Low Dutch speakers settled in sizable numbers in all of the dialect areas where this pronoun occurs, but there is one striking correlation: all these dialect areas abut on the sea . . ., and after 1070 the seas near Britain, along with their ports, were the stomping grounds of the Flemings, Hollanders, and Low German traders. These facts should remove all doubt as to whether this pronoun is foreign or indigenous (and just happened not to show up in any OE texts!).
ѤκǸǽҤ٤Ƥ̤ꡤֵʤפȤʤ궯Ω줬ɽƤ롥p. 325 Ǥ "this clear instance of structural borrowing from Low Dutch into Middle English" ȤҤ٤Ƥ롥ȤƤϤȤƤ⤪⤷λεǤ줿褦ˡ⤦ŤɬפȻפ롥West Midland ΦǤ㤬ĤäƤꡤƱñ˻ٻ뤳ȤϤǤʤϢѤƤ Hendriks (1668) ⡤Thomason and Kaufman ΤˤϲŪΩäƤꡤȤƼ夲ƤʤȤոƤ
Thomason, Sarah Grey and Terrence Kaufman. Language Contact, Creolization, and Genetic Linguistics. Berkeley: U of California P, 1988.
Hendriks, Jennifer. "English in Contact: German and Dutch." Chapter 105 of English Historical Linguistics: An International Handbook. 2 vols. Ed. Alexander Bergs and Laurel J. Brinton. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 2012. 1659--70.
濴ȤϽαѸؤαƶˤĤơϢ#4444. Ѹĺ15 ([2021-06-27-1]) ȡ#4445. ʤѸˤˤϽ줫αƶᾮɾƤΤ ([2021-06-28-1]) Ǽ夲ƤϸðʳؤαƶˤĤ Hendriks λŦƤ2夲褦
ޤ1ܤϡѸFlemish üԤαƶˤꡤѸλ [ð] бĺ [d] ֤줿ΤǤϤʤȤˤĤơνнǤ Samuels Ȥ Hendriks (1668) ˤСѸ Kent, East Sussex, East Surrey ꡤ"the" de Ȥơthick dykke Ȥơ"this" dis ȤʸڤȤSamuels ˤС "TH-stopping" Ͼ嵭ϰ15ƬޤǤ˵äƤꡤߤǤؼ˸¤ΤΡθ̤ĤäƤȤ
2ܤϡTrudgill θΤ褦ˤʤä East Midland ˤ3ñΥǤ (cf. #2310. 3ñΥ ([2015-08-24-1])ˡTrudgill ϡϰDZѸϽ줬ܿưޤ¿Ͳʣ̡ǽŪ˿ʿDzߤȤˤ긽ߤ3ñΥ褦ȤƤ롥Hendriks (1668) ˤꡤεΥ˥奢⤦ǫɤäƤߤ褦
In an article first published in 1997, Trudgill (2002) seeks to understand why the present-tense, third person singular verb forms lack -s in the East Anglian dialects. Surviving evidence suggests that from the 11th to the 15th century, Est Anglian dialects had the original -th form, but by 1700, the zero form had become a typical feature of these dialects. Noting a number of zero forms in the early 17th letters of Katherine Paston, he situates the emergence of the zero forms in the 16th century. This time-frame corresponds to massive migration into East Anglia from the Low countries and France as a result of the Dutch Revolt in the southern Netherlands and civil wars in France. Trudgill concludes that the zero from is due to contact at a time when the East Anglian system itself was in flux and this is the key to his argument. There is evidence of variation between the native southern -th forms and the northern -s forms at the same time that this region experience[d] a massive influx of immigrants who would have found the typologically highly marked third person singular verb forms difficult to acquire. In this situation of dialect contact, Trudgill (2002: 185) asserts, "natural forms tend to win out over non-natural ones".
ä˸ԤΡ3ñΥ aave εˤƤ⸰ȤʤȥԥåǤꡤѸ˾夭ƽפǤ롥
Hendriks, Jennifer. "English in Contact: German and Dutch." Chapter 105 of English Historical Linguistics: An International Handbook. 2 vols. Ed. Alexander Bergs and Laurel J. Brinton. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 2012. 1659--70.
Samuels, Michael L. "Kent and the Low countries: Some Linguistic Evidence." Edinburgh Studies in English and Scots. Ed. A. J. Aitken, Angus McIntosh, and Hermann Pálsson. London: Longman, 1971. 3--19.
Trudgill, Peter. "Third-Person Singular Zero: African-American English, Anglian Dialects and Spanish Persecution in the Low Countries." East Anglian English. Ed. Jacek Fisiak and Peter Trudgill. Cambridge: D. S. Brewer, 2002. 179--86.
hellog 饸22ϡ̤פؤ¿αѸؽԤϤѤʵǤư not ξά n't դϡƤȥ졼Ȥȯֻޤcan/can't, could/couldn't, should/shouldn't, is/isn't, are/aren't, have/haven't, does/doesn't, did/didn't ʤɡʤޤ̤衦ջ֤νưȤ٤ι⤤ will ˤĤƤϡʤ첻礭ۤʤ won't ȤʤäƤΤǤޤ l äƤޤäƤޤϤäʤʤΤǤ礦βɤ
hellog 饸ΥꥹʡǤС18ˤϤ#4135. ʤ one ϡ֥פȯΤǤ --- hellog 饸ǡ ([2020-08-22-1]) Dz⤷ΤƱͳʤȻפ뤫⤷ޤΤ褦ɸѸ줬ޤäƤʤäѸˤϡ¿ΩƤꡤƱñǤ͡ʡ¤פȯԤʤƤޤ¤פä첻˸뤳Ȥ¿νưˤĤƤ⡤ˤä will, well, wall, woll ʤ͡첻ʹޤθ塤ѸˤƱѸ줬ɸಽƤǡϤ will ̤ woll ˴Ť won't ɸȤФƤޤäȤ櫓ǤΥϥߤԹʥޥåθʤΤǤ
¤Ϻ夲Ѹͳ褹ȤΤۤˡŪʴΰ⤢ޤޤޤơ##89,1298εå
hellog 饸18ϡʤ <w> ֤Τʤ one /wʌn/ ȯΤǤȤѤʵǤѸֻȯδطϥ㥯ȸޤone ۤɤδܸǤ줬ѻȤȤϡϤꤿǤϤޤ⡤ź <w> ʸʤ /w/ ȯñʤ¾˻פĤޤäȤҤɤñȤȤˤʤޤǤϡŪطʤƤߤޤ礦
<one> = /wʌn/ ϡ鸽Ūʴ鶦ŪäƤ褷ޤѸȯȤθΥڥɸಽβͳ褹롤ŪǤϤΤ褦ˡޤäŪ¸ߤʤΤǤ
ϳΤηϤȤƤ¦̤ޤ餳ؤΩäƤΤǤ줬٤ƤǤϤޤħΤʤˤϡ夫Ѥ졤ɬ⸽Ū˺Ԥ줿ηϤˤŬΤޤĤäƤΤ⤢ޤθˤϡꤷħʬŪȿǤƤޤϡ头ȤˤäȥХȥ졼֤Ƥ̻Ū¸ߤʤΤǤ
/aːn/ one ȤδϢˤˤβǴĶ˱ /oʊn/, /wʌn/, /ən/, /ə/ ʤɤȯŸ餬ߤȤƶ¸ƤΤǤ
ˤȾʬŪޤ⤦ȾʬˤεǤǤȤϤäǤʤȤˤεȤƼ롥Ϥ줯餤δˤΤʤΤȻפޤ
ȴϢơ##86,89,3573,831,2723,3551εå
(dialectology) Ǥϡΰ۷ (variants) ʬۤϿ˥ץåȤƤߤŪɽФѤ롥۷֤Ĥ礦ȤϡʤϿˤ϶餷ΤФ롥ϡˤʤ館 (isogloss) ȸƤФ롥
㤨С˾ͭ̾1ĤȤơ#1506. The Rhenish fan ([2013-06-11-1]) Ǽɥĸ maken maxen ˴ؤΤ褦Ͽޤܸʬ̤ꡤ2Ҳ (sgcs) ФȷФƤʤ줤ʬ䤵褦˰ܰƤ롥
פϰ츫ʬ䤹ǰѸ¤ϤʤΤԤǤ롥1Ĥˤϡɤñܤ뤫ˤΰۤʤäƤ뤫#1532. ȾóȻްռ (1) ([2013-07-07-1]) ɽǼȤꡤ嵭2Ҳܤ˴ؤϡmaken/maxen ˤȤϿȤʤ뤬ik/ich ˤȤФޤ̤ξ뤳Ȥˤʤ롥#1505. ˤ "mouse"-line "house"-line ([2013-06-10-1]) ƱͤǤ롥ɤñŻ뤹٤ȤˤĤƤϡ#1317. פ ([2012-12-04-1]) 褦ˡ٤λɸϤȤϤǽŪˤؼԤŪȽǤǤ뤳Ȥˤʤ롥
⤦1ĤϡñܤǤ顤Ϥ꤭줤1Ͽ˰Ȥϸ¤ʤȤǤ롥㤨Сmaken ǤϤޤäѻʤȤСǤϤʤΤ鷺¦ǤѤƤƱ褦 maxen Τ鷺¦ǤѤƤϤǤ롥ϿǤΤʤ1ƤȤƤ⡤ζϸ¤ˤƤäӤȤ¸ߤƤϤǤ롥ĤޤꡤȤ϶ΰȤäۤ褤ɤ̤ȤơζΰǤξ۷ѤƤ롥
maken maxen λʬۤʬ1ĤȤϡ۲줿Τˤʤ¤ˤ make ¤ maxen ̸¤Ρ碌2ܤꡤξԤ˶ޤ줿Ӥ¸ߤǰƬˤʤФʤʤСӤ֤ɤĤ֤1ܤΤ褦˸ΤȤȤؼԤϡư۷¤̸¤ơΤȤ"isogloss" 椵̣ "heterogloss" ȸƤǤ롥ˤĤơѸؤθ Williamson (489) ˼Ƥߤ褦
An isogloss is a cartographic construct, intended to show the geographical boundary between the distributions of two linguistic features. But the isogloss is problematic: it often distorts what typically happens when the bounds of two distributions meet, by sanitizing or idealizing the co-occurrence of the bounds. There is rarely a clear-cut line between the distributions of features. Rather, they may often overlap, so that there are areas when both forms are used to a greater or lesser extent in neighboring communities or used by the members of one community and understood by those of another. Where the boundaries of features meet, we find zones of transition. It is these zones of transition, shifting across space, which define the dialect continuum.
. . . . An isogloss makes assumptions about what is or is not there. . . . I have resorted to a variant of the isogloss --- the "heterogloss". A heterogloss is a line which attempts to demarcate the bounds of the distribution of a single feature. Where the bounds of the distributions of two features meet, there will be two boundary lines --- one for each feature. Heteroglosses allow us to see where there are overlaps between the distributions.
Ѥˤ⤢̤ꡤϢ³ (dialect_continuum) θ¤Ǥ⡤"heterogloss" ȤǰѸƳϽפǤ롥Ϣơ#4114. äѸˤɤȤ館뤫 ([2020-08-01-1]) ⻲Ȥ줿
Williamson, Keith. "Middle English: Dialects." Chapter 31 of English Historical Linguistics: An International Handbook. 2 vols. Ed. Alexander Bergs and Laurel J. Brinton. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 2012. 480--505.
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