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ǽ: 2026-07-15 01:27

2025-11-18 Tue

#6049. ޥ󳤤ޤǥư [dialectology][dialect][isogloss][new_zealand_english][australian_english][variety][geography][dialect_continuum]

˥塼ɱѸȥȥꥢѸδطˤĤƤϡ̻Ū˶Ūˤ͡ʵꡤͻ٤꤬¿ä˥˥塼ɱѸΤۤϡȥꥢѸˤɤۤɰ¸ƤΤ뤤ϤषΩƤΤȤˤơǥƥƥȴؤäƤΤǡǮʤ䤹Τξδ֤˲륿ޥ (the Tasman Sea) ϡξɤαѸѼӤĤƤ붶Τ뤤ϳ֤ƤƤɤʤΤ
εȴϢợ¤롥̾仳ʤɤμξɤϿ͡αˤߤ䤹ᡤ춭Ȥʤ뤳Ȥ¿Ȥ櫓ñ졦ˡʬۤǹͤʤС (isogloss) ξɤۤƤȤϤޤʤȸäƤ褤ޥ󳤤Τ褦Ū餫礭ϡȥꥢѸȥ˥塼ɱѸ֤Ƥ뼫ξɤȤʤϤ
Ȥ⤷Ȥˡġñ졦ˡˤäϰۤʤΤΡξѼˤƤξɤۤƤ㤬롥˥塼¦鸫СˤϤʤޥ󳤤Ϥäȥꥢ¦ˤ롤Ȥ̯ʸݤäƤ롥
Bauer ε󤲤Ƥ򸫤Ƥߤ褦 (413)

Interestingly enough, some of the isoglosses distinguishing New Zealand English regional dialects cross the Tasman into Australia. Turner . . . comments that the construction boy of O'Brien is also found in Newcastle, New South Wales. Crib is also found meaning 'lunch' in Australia. Small red-skinned sausages are called cheerios in New Zealand, as they are in Queensland, but not elsewhere in Australia . . . . Polony, mentioned above as an Auckland word, is also found in Western Australia . . . . Slater, which is a widespread New Zealand English word, though originally from the South Island, is also found in New South Wales . . . . Blood nose 'nose bleed' is normal in New Zealand, but restricted to Victoria and South Australia in Australia . . . . New Zealand can thus be seen as part of a larger Australasian dialect area in more ways than just sharing vocabulary with Australia.


ʤߤ˰ˤ polony ϡֹ򤿤äפ꤭סslater ϡ֥եʥॷ饸ॷפ̣롥ʪưʪʤɤϰ̤Ф䤹Ǿ嵭ؤΰŪʷ򼨤ƤȤˡӱۤƤ̣ͤ

Bauer L. "English in New Zealand." The Cambridge History of the English Language. Vol. 5. Ed. Burchfield R. Cambridge: CUP, 1994. 382--429.

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2020-08-06 Thu

#4119. isogloss ʤ heterogloss [isogloss][dialectology][dialect][me_dialect][variety][terminology][dialect_continuum]

(dialectology) Ǥϡΰ۷ (variants) ʬۤϿ޾˥ץåȤƤߤŪɽФѤ롥۷֤Ĥ礦ȤϡʤϿ޾ˤ϶餷ΤФ롥ϡˤʤ館 (isogloss) ȸƤФ롥
㤨С˾ͭ̾1ĤȤơ#1506. The Rhenish fan ([2013-06-11-1]) Ǽɥĸ maken maxen ˴ؤΤ󤲤褦Ͽޤܸʬ̤ꡤ2Ҳ (sgcs) ФȷФƤʤ줤ʬ䤵褦˰ܰƤ롥
פϰ츫ʬ䤹ǰѸ¤ϤʤΤԤǤ롥1Ĥˤϡɤñܤ뤫ˤΰۤʤäƤ뤫#1532. ȾóȻްռ (1) ([2013-07-07-1]) ɽǼȤꡤ嵭2Ҳܤ˴ؤϡmaken/maxen ˤȤϿ޾Ȥʤ뤬ik/ich ˤȤФޤ̤ξ뤳Ȥˤʤ롥#1505. ˤ "mouse"-line "house"-line ([2013-06-10-1]) ƱͤǤ롥ɤñŻ뤹٤ȤˤĤƤϡ#1317. פ ([2012-12-04-1]) 褦ˡ٤λɸϤȤϤǽŪˤؼԤŪȽǤǤ뤳Ȥˤʤ롥
⤦1ĤϡñܤǤ顤Ϥ꤭줤1Ͽ޾˰Ȥϸ¤ʤȤǤ롥㤨Сmaken ǤϤޤäѻʤȤСǤϤʤΤ鷺¦ǤѤƤƱ褦 maxen Τ鷺¦ǤѤƤϤǤ롥Ͽ޾ǤΤʤ1ƤȤƤ⡤ζϸ¤ˤƤäӤȤ¸ߤƤϤǤ롥ĤޤꡤȤ϶ΰȤäۤ褤ɤ̤ȤơζΰǤξ۷ѤƤ롥
maken maxen λʬۤʬ1ĤȤϡ۲줿򼨤Τˤʤ¤ˤ make ¤򼨤 maxen ̸¤򼨤Ρ碌2ܤꡤξԤ˶ޤ줿Ӥ¸ߤǰƬˤʤФʤʤСӤ򤤤֤ɤĤ֤1ܤΤ褦˸ΤȤȤؼԤϡư۷¤̸¤򼨤ơΤȤ"isogloss" 椵̣ "heterogloss" ȸƤǤ롥ˤĤơѸؤθ Williamson (489) ˼򷹤Ƥߤ褦

An isogloss is a cartographic construct, intended to show the geographical boundary between the distributions of two linguistic features. But the isogloss is problematic: it often distorts what typically happens when the bounds of two distributions meet, by sanitizing or idealizing the co-occurrence of the bounds. There is rarely a clear-cut line between the distributions of features. Rather, they may often overlap, so that there are areas when both forms are used to a greater or lesser extent in neighboring communities or used by the members of one community and understood by those of another. Where the boundaries of features meet, we find zones of transition. It is these zones of transition, shifting across space, which define the dialect continuum.
    . . . . An isogloss makes assumptions about what is or is not there. . . . I have resorted to a variant of the isogloss --- the "heterogloss". A heterogloss is a line which attempts to demarcate the bounds of the distribution of a single feature. Where the bounds of the distributions of two features meet, there will be two boundary lines --- one for each feature. Heteroglosses allow us to see where there are overlaps between the distributions.


Ѥˤ⤢̤ꡤϢ³ (dialect_continuum) θ¤򤹤Ǥ⡤"heterogloss" ȤǰѸƳϽפǤ롥Ϣơ#4114. äѸˤɤȤ館뤫 ([2020-08-01-1]) ⻲Ȥ줿

Williamson, Keith. "Middle English: Dialects." Chapter 31 of English Historical Linguistics: An International Handbook. 2 vols. Ed. Alexander Bergs and Laurel J. Brinton. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 2012. 480--505.

Referrer (Inside): [2020-08-10-1] [2020-08-07-1]

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2020-08-01 Sat

#4114. äѸˤɤȤ館뤫 [me_dialect][dialectology][dialect][variety][geography][isogloss][sociolinguistics][dialect_continuum]

(dialect) ɤߤ뤫ȤϡʼҲ˸ؤθŵŪʥơޤǤ롥ˤϡζ̤Ȥ¦̤⤢СɤζʬȤ¦̤⤢cf. #4031. ָ줫פεåȡ ([2020-05-10-1])#1501. Ϣ³Τϰ褫 ([2013-06-06-1])ˡ⤽ȤϸŪˤǤΤȤܼŪ䤤⤢롥
Ѹ˸ǤѸ (me_dialect) ĴƤߤʬθҤ1ͤȤäƤ褤 Williamson (481) ѸȤϲȤ˿Ū˸ڤƤ롥νȯȤʤꤽƶ٤Ŧ¿ΤǡĤѤƤ

The most significant and paradoxical finding of dialect geography has been the non-existence of dialects, the objects which it purports to study. A "dialect" is a construct: a reification of some assemblage of linguistic features, defined according to criteria established by the dialectologist. These criteria may be linguistic, extra-linguistic, or some combination of these two kinds.


A (Middle English) dialect can be considered to be some assemblage of diatopically coherent linguistic features which co-occur over all or part of their geographical distributions and so delineate an area within the dialect continuum. Adding or taking away a feature from the assemblage is likely to alter the shape of this area: addition might reduce the area's size, subtraction, increase it. Any text which contains that assemblage of features can be considered as having its provenance within that area.


Linguistic variation across space exists because languages undergo change as a natural consequence of use and transmission from generation to generation of speakers. A linguistic change takes place in a community and subsequently becomes disseminated through time and across space as the next generation of speakers and neighboring communities adopt the change. A "dialect continuum" emerges from the language contacts of speakers in neighboring communities as they share some features, but not others. A continuum is thus made up of a set of overlapping distributions of linguistic features with varied geographical extents --- some extensive, some local. A continuum is not static and is constantly shifting more or less rapidly through time.


ä2Ĥ3ĤΰѤϡϢ³ (dialect_continuum) ΤȤʤäƤ롥Ѥϡ#1502. Ⱦʤ̼ҳȻ ([2013-06-07-1]) Ȥ̤

Williamson, Keith. "Middle English: Dialects." Chapter 31 of English Historical Linguistics: An International Handbook. 2 vols. Ed. Alexander Bergs and Laurel J. Brinton. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 2012. 480--505.

Referrer (Inside): [2020-08-10-1] [2020-08-06-1]

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2013-11-11 Mon

#1659. ޥɥ˥μҲ [linguistic_area][map][slavic][history][dialect_continuum][sociolinguistics][ethnic_group]

Х륫 (the Balkans) ˤ̱²ʬۤʣʤȤϤ褯ΤƤ롥Х륫Ⱦϡ#1314. ([2012-12-01-1]) Ƥꡤ#1374. 衼åѳƹ¿ѹǤ ([2013-01-30-1]) ιȤʤäƤꡤ#1636. Serbian, Croatian, Bosnian ([2013-10-19-1]) ȤҲŪ󶡤ƤʤɤλˤꡤҲؾ塤ͭ̾ˤƽפϰȤʤäƤ롥ʲEncylopædia Britannica 1997 Ʊϰ̱²ʬۿޤʲ˷Ǻܤ롥ʬۿޤˤĤƤϡ˴ؤȤȤ Ethnologue Greece and The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia ȡ#1469. Хȡ᥹ָɡʰ²ˡ ([2013-05-05-1]) Ǹڤ Distribution of the Slavic languages in Europe 󤲤Ƥ

Ethnic Map of the Balkans

ޥɥ˥¹ (The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia) ϡ͸200ʤХ륫ȾΦǤ롥̱2/3ʾ夬ޥɥ˥ (Macedonian) ѤƤꡤѸȤʤäƤ뤬Ǻξ̱²Ǥ륢Х˥ͤˤꥢХ˥ (Albanian) äƤʿ͸ Ethnologue Macedonia 򻲾Ȥ줿ˡޥɥ˥ South Slavic 췲θǡSerbian Bulgarian Ϣ³Ƥ롥Ҥ褦ˡޥɥ˥ϡϢ³Τȡ°ˤ椨ˡߤ˻ޤǸ autonomy ˶줷Ƥ롥
ޥɥ˥ͤȤϤˤϸŤAlexander the Great (356--23 BC) ڽФޥɥ˥ Gibraltar Punjab ޤǤιۤޥɥ˥ (Ancient Macedonian) Ϥθޥɥ˥ (Macedonian) ȤϤޤäۤʤꡤޤꥷȤ̤ȸ뤬ꥷͤϸޥɥ˥򥮥ꥷ1ȤߤʤƤаޤ롥ꥷϥꥷ autonomy Фޥɥ˥ heteronomy Ȥ罾طŪѤơޥɥ˥򼫤˽°ΤȤߤʤƤΤǤ롥ꥷˤŪ Makedhonia ̾뽣⤢ꡤޥɥ˥ˤȤäƤܤ륮ꥷ礭ŪϤ򴶤ʤ顤򱿱ĤƤ뤳Ȥˤʤ롥ºݡꥷϥޥɥ˥¹Ω򡤼縢ȤߤʤƤ롥
ơä˰ܤ롥ޥɥ˥6˥ӥƥΰǤä550--630ǯδ֤ˡϤ˥ѥ̮̤饹̱²衤ޥɥ˥λŪʸϥꥷȥδ֤Ǹؤ15ˤϥޥΰȤ߹ޤ줿1912--13ǯΥХ륫Ǥϥӥͤλ۲ꡤ1944ǯˤϥ桼¹礵줿ν°ˤβǡޥɥ˥äƤϡӥͤˤȤäƤϥӥ1Ȥߤʤ졤֥륬ꥢͤˤȤäƤϥ֥륬ꥢ1Ȥߤʤ졤θŪ autonomy 뵡ĤȤǤʤäߤǤ⡤ӥ֥ͤ륬ꥢͤϥޥɥ˥μΩ򡤤ʤ¸ߤǧƤʤޥɥ˥ˤƤϡŪ°ˤϸŪ°ˤäȤäƤ褤
Τ褦ʣˤ򤿤ɤäƤˤ⤫餺ޥɥ˥ȤƾΤ̱̾̾²̾̾˶̤ѤƤ뤳Ȥ򸫤ˤƤ롥ޥɥ˥̱²ˤȸޥɥ˥̱²ˤϻؼоݤۤʤȤΤ䤳դ3ϡκѤƥޥɥ˥ؤŪϤ򤫤ƤΤǤꡤޥɥ˥ϡθȤʤϤΩȤΩȤʤäƤ⡤ޤ԰ΩΩƤ롥autonomy ˸ƤƻΤϸ
ʾ塤Romain (15--17) 򻲾ȤƼɮ

Romain, Suzanne. Language in Society: An Introduction to Sociolinguistics. 2nd ed. Oxford: OUP, 2000.

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2013-10-19 Sat

#1636. Serbian, Croatian, Bosnian [sociolinguistics][map][dialect][language_or_dialect][dialect_continuum]

3ǯβƤˡܥ˥إĥӥ (Bosnia and Herzegovina) ȥ (Croatia) ι޺λĤ륵饨 (Sarajevo) λԳ⤭줿ԥ (Zagreb) 򻶺֥ɥꥢοפȸƤФ仺˻ꤵ줿ջ׺Իԥɥ֥֥˥ (Dubrovnik) ǿᤷѸҤˤȤäƤʿ¤˸뤳ϰϡߤ˻ޤŪ褤䤨ʤʸ̤βˤǤ³ƤȤ櫓1990ǯƬ³桼ΰ衤ˤ⡤ϰ Language is a dialect with an army and a navy. ΰ⤤Ǥ褯θ롤ҲؤˤƺǤͭ̾ϰ1ĤȤʤäƤ롥
1918ǯ˷񤷤桼餫¿̱²¿ȤäΥϥ󥬥꡼ΥХ˥ޤྯ줬¿¸ߤȤäƤΤϤָ췲ʡ#1469. Хȡ᥹ָɡʰ²ˡפε[2013-05-05-1]򻲾ȡˤǤꡤߤϢ³ (dialect_continuum) Ƥޥɥ˥ȥ˥Ϥϡפ2̱²̾ȤäƸˤ Serbo-Croatian ȤҤȤ˸ƤФ줿
̱²ķܻؤιϡȤ̱²Ƚδ礭3ɤʬƤΥ (Croatia) ϥȥå̤ǡɽ˥ƥʸѤкŪˤŪ˭Ǥ롥Υӥ (Serbia) ϥꥷ̤ǤꡤʸѤŪˤϺǤ̤ͥǤʡ#1546. ʬۤȽʬۡ ([2013-07-21-1]) 򻲾ȡˡΥܥ˥إĥӥʤϥඵ̤¿ȼʸäƤʺǿǤϤʤϰνʬۤ򼨤Ͽޤʲ˷ǤˡΤ褦˼ҲŪطʤϰۤʤΤΡ3ԤϤƱ Serbo-Croatian äƤʸˡȯˤĤ礭ۤʤȤʤäˤƤ줾˹ߤ뤬򤬲ǽǤ롥įС1ĤθȤߤƺ٤ʤ

Map of Religions in Former Yugoslavia

1990ǯƬˡӥͤŪͥäơ¾̱²ΩΤΤ夲1991ǯ Slovenia Croatia Macedonia 1992ǯ Bosnia and Herzegovina Ωӥȥƥͥˤ뿷桼2006ǯ˥ƥͥ (Montenegro) Ωäƽᤷ2008ǯ˥ӥ饳 (Kosovo) ΩȤäʬФƤ롥
ߤΤϰθ𡤤Ȥ櫓̾ƱͤʣǤ롥桼Τʾ塤桼θθ̾Ǥ Serbia-Croatian Ѥ뤳ȤϤǤʤӥͤ Serbian ȸƤӤͤ Croatian ȸƤӤȻ¾Ʊäܥ˥ͤˤȤäƤϡθ Serbia-Croatian, Serbian, Croatian Τ̾ΤǻؤȤ⤿롥ǡBosnian ȤƾΤޤ뤳Ȥˤʤ롥Ĥޤꡤ桼ʬȤŪʲˤꡤŪˤ1ĤȤߤʤƤ褤ʼºݤ1ĤȤߤʤƤ˸줬̾ξ3Ĥΰۤʤ (Serbian, Croatian, Bosnian) ؤʬ줿ΤǤ롥ޤˡLanguage is a dialect with an army and a navy Ǥ롥
ŪʬΥƤϡӥȥϡ#1545. "lexical cleansing" ([2013-07-20-1]) ˽ߤθ۵äʹ䶵ʽ񤫤ӽȤײʤƤξԤϤޤȥ륳ϸäӽʤƤ뤬ܥ˥إĥӥʤǤϤषȥ륳ϸä򹥤ǻȤ褦ˤʤäƤ롥
ʾ塤Trudgill (46--48) Wardhaugh (27--28) 򻲾ȤƼɮ

Trudgill, Peter. Sociolinguistics: An Introduction to Language and Society. 4th ed. London: Penguin, 2000.
Wardhaugh, Ronald. An Introduction to Sociolinguistics. 6th ed. Malden: Blackwell, 2010.

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2013-06-27 Thu

#1522. autonomy heteronomy [sociolinguistics][dialect][variety][terminology][language_or_dialect][dialect_continuum]

ؤӼҲؤθŵŪ1Ĥˡ (language) (dialect) ζȤ꤬롥ζŪ뤳Ȥϡ¿ξ硤񤷤[2013-06-05-1]ε#1500. Ϣ³פ򻲾ȡˡζ̤򤢤ƤĤʤƺѤ褦 "a linguistic variety" ʸѼˤȤʽѸ줬¸ߤΤҲŪˤƳǰζ̤ĤȤ⤢롥ξ硤ѸȤƼ´ȼäָפȡפȤѸۤäƻȤ³ƤޤȤˡ⤢뤬ǤϳŪˤƶ̤ĤȤĥޤäƤޤ餤롥
ʤΤɸ autonomy heteronomy ȤФγǰautonomous ѼȤϡ⤫ϽѼΤʤǤȤ櫓ҤѼȤƤߤʤ졤ΩȤơʤ۲νѼ«ͤפѼؤheteronomous ѼȤϡ⤫⳰ΩȤƤϰ̤դ줺̤ˤ autonomous Ѽ˽°ѼؤŪˤСautonomy Ȥϱߤ濴ǤꡤߤΤǤ⤢Ȥheteronomy ȤϤαߤ濴ʳˤäơ濴ظɽǤ롥
гǰ褯Ǥ褦ˡTrudgill Ѹ콸򼨤

autonomy A term, associated with the work of the Norwegian-American linguist Einar Haugen, which means independence and is thus the opposite of heteronomy. Autonomy is a characteristic of a variety of a language that has been subject to standardisation and codification, and is therefore regarded as having an independent existence. An autonomous variety is one whose speakers and writers are not socially, culturally or educationally dependent on any other variety of that language, and is normally the variety which is used in writing in the community in question. Standard English is a dialect which has the characteristic of autonomy, whereas Cockney does not have this feature. (12)


heteronomy A term associated with the work of the Norwegian-American linguist Einar Haugen. Dependence --- the opposite of autonomy. Heteronomy is a characteristic of a variety of a language that has not been subject to standardisation, and which is not regarded as having an existence independent of a corresponding autonomous standard. A heteronomous variety is typically a nonstandard variety whose speakers and writers are socially, culturally and educationally dependent on an autonomous variety of the same language, and who look to the standard autonomous variety as the one which naturally corresponds to their vernacular. (58)


ѸȤƤΡָפȡפؼΤ򤽤줾 autonomy vs heteronomy ȤФƻ autonomous vs heteronomous ȤƵҤǤ褦ˤΤοǰѸζ̡ɸѼɸѼζ̤Ȥ򡤼ҲŪΩȰ¸ȤȤ館ľɾ롥ϢơRomain (14--15) βͭѡ

Trudgill, Peter. A Glossary of Sociolinguistics. Oxford: OUP, 2003.
Romain, Suzanne. Language in Society: An Introduction to Sociolinguistics. 2nd ed. Oxford: OUP, 2000.

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2013-06-06 Thu

#1501. Ϣ³Τϰ褫 [dialect_continuum][geography][dialect]

ε#1500 Ϣ³ ([2013-06-05-1]) ǡϢ³ (dialect continuum) ϰ (dialect area) δطŪ˿줿κݤ Heeringa and Nerbonne ˸ڤϷŪʼˡǤȤHeeringa and Nerbonne ϡޥϢ³Τΰʤߤ˱ä27¼оݤ20˹Ԥʤ줿ĴReeks nederlands(ch)e dialectatlassen (RND) comp. Blancquaert and Peé (1925--82)) Υǡ˴Ťơ125ĶùܤβѰۤܤʬϤܤ (dialectometry) Ѱۤ¬ꤹˡȤƤϡ"Levenshtein distance" ѤƤ롥
ʬϤξܺ٤ϳ䰦뤬ȤƤŪʵΥȲѰۤδ֤˶شط뤳Ȥ줿

There is a strong correlation between the phonological distance and the logarithm of geographic distance (.9), accounting for 81% of the variation in pronunciation. (396)


شطȤϤäƤ⡤شطǤϤʤʾ塤٤Ƥ¼ɤƱ褦˥ࡼϢ³Τʤ櫓ǤϤʤ¿ΤǤܤ롥Ĥޤꡤ٤礦2Ĥ¼δ֤ˤ٤䤬ǧ륱ꡤξ硤ξ¦ˤϰۤʤϰ褬äƤȹͤ뤳ȤǤ櫓Ǥ롥

. . . we see that phonological distances can mostly be explained by geographic distance. This justifies the continuum perspective. In those cases where a dialect distance between successive points is significantly higher than would be expected on the basis of geographic distances, we may encounter a dialect border. This justifies the area perspective. (387)


Ϣ³ΤϰȤŪƤʤǰΤ褦˻פ뤫⤷ʤγǰŪʺʬȤƤΤǤ롥κʬ¤ʤΤȤߤϢ³뤷Ū礭ΤȤߤ򡤤ʤϰ뤳Ȥˤʤ롥ĤޤȤǤꡤ٤ȤȤʤΤ⤷ʤHeeringa and Nerbonne η⡤Ū꤬Ȥ館Ǥ뤳ȤŦƤ롥

. . . the dialect landscape . . . may be described as a continuum with varying slope or, alternatively, as a continuum with unsharp borders between dialect areas. (399)


Heeringa, Wilbert and John Nerbonne. "Dialect Areas and Dialect Continua." Language Variation and Change 13 (2001): 375--400.

Referrer (Inside): [2020-08-01-1]

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2013-06-05 Wed

#1500. Ϣ³ [dialect_continuum][dialect][geography][isogloss][map][terminology][language_or_dialect]

ɤζʤ뤤ϻ˸ɤζˤϡɬΤ˰Ȥϸ¤ʤݡ¿ξ硤¿쾯ʤŪǤ롥#1317. פ ([2012-12-04-1]) ǽҤ٤褦ˡ isogloss «ʤȤ˶ȤΤŪǤϤ뤬ŪʴϤʤȤäƤ褤
ιԼԤŪϢ³ΤʤA¼Z¼ؤ⤤Ƥ椯ιȡA¼θB¼θȤ϶ϾʺʤB¼C¼C¼D¼ƱͤιԼԤϡơθŪʺۤˤϤۤȤɵդ⤤ƹԤĤZ¼ã롥ȤҴŪA¼Z¼θ٤ȡ餫礭ʺۤΤǤ롥¼¼ؤθ캹ϥǥǤϤʤʥǤꡤιԼԤθΤϢ³ (dialect continuum) ˤۤʤʤϤϢ³Τ¸ߤ뤬衼åѤ򸫤ƤʣϢ³Τ롥ʲϡRomain (12) οޤ򻲹ͤˤƺäϢ³ΤϿޤǤ롥

Map of Dialect Continua in Europe

Ͽޤϡ㤨ХꥢüեΥ졼ޤǡ뤤ϥॹƥफ饦ޤǡϢ³Τι뤳ȤǤȤȤ̣롥
Ϣ³Τ򼨤ϰθ³ϡǼ줿Ȱפ뤳Ȥ⤢аפƤʤȤ⤢롥ϡ٤礦2Ĥ¼񶭤򶴤Ǥ뤫Ȥäơɬ礭ۤʤѤƤȤ櫓ǤϤʤȤȤ򼨤ƱˡˤäƤƱ٤礦2Ĥ¼Ǥ䤬ȤȤ򼨤
Ϣ³Τ˴ؤƤϡŪ꤬롥A, B, C, . . . Z¼Ϣ³ΤƤꤷ硤줾¼Ǥϰͤʸ줬ԤʤƤȹͤƤ褤Τ뤤ϡ¼üüȤǤϥߥϢ³Τ¸ߤƤΤ⤷A¼B¼줾Ū˰ͤȲꤹʤСA¼1Ĥϰ (dialect area) B¼Ϥ⤦1ĤϰȤȤˤʤꡤA¼B¼δ֤ˤϢ³ΤǤϤʤʤ䤬ꤵȤȤˤʤʤϢ³ΤȤǰϰȤǰϤɤΤ褦˴ϢƤΤŪϡChambers and Trudgill ȤơHeeringa and Nerbonne ˤäƼ夲Ƥ롥

Chambers and Trudgill (1998) introduced an interesting puzzle, one that is related to whether dialects should be viewed as organized by areas or via a geographic continuum. They observed that a traveller walking in a straight line notices successive small changes from village to village, but seldom, if ever, observes large differences. This sounds like a justification of the continuum view . . . . (376)


Ϣ³Τ뤫ʤ¸ߤΤȤˤĤƤϡ#1303. ʤ¸ߤΤ --- Ⱦǥˤ ([2012-11-20-1]) ε⻲ȡ

Romain, Suzanne. Language in Society: An Introduction to Sociolinguistics. 2nd ed. Oxford: OUP, 2000.
Heeringa, Wilbert and John Nerbonne. "Dialect Areas and Dialect Continua." Language Variation and Change 13 (2001): 375--400.
Chambers, J. K. and Peter Trudgill. Dialectology. 2nd ed. Cambridge: CUP, 1998.

Referrer (Inside): [2013-06-27-1] [2013-06-06-1]

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2012-11-20 Tue

#1303. ʤ¸ߤΤ --- Ⱦǥˤ [dialect][family_tree][wave_theory][geography][isogloss][dialect_continuum][sobokunagimon]

ε#1302. ʤ¸ߤΤ --- ǥˤ ([2012-11-19-1]) ˰³ʤ¸ߤΤʤޤΤȤѤʵ롥Ҥ٤ǥ (family_tree) ˤη٤䤤ΤȾǥ (wave_theory)
Bloomfield (317) εҤڤơȾǥˤʬȤ褦

Different linguistic changes may spread, like waves, over a speech-area, and each change may be carried out over a part of the area that does not coincide with the part covered by an earlier change. The result of successive waves will be a network of isoglosses . . . . Adjacent districts will resemble each other most; in whatever direction one travels, differences will increase with distance, as one crosses more and more isogloss-lines. This, indeed, is the picture presented by the local dialects in the areas we can observe.


ȤƤΤϡ(1) ѲʸŪ׿ˤȾ˳Ȼ뤳Ȥȡ(2) ġθѲˤäȤãϰϤۤʤ뤳Ȥ2ˤꡤΥХˤϡʣȤ (isogloss) 뤳Ȥˤʤ롥Ǥդ2Ȥȡߤ˶ᤱжᤤۤɡθѲ¿ͭƤΤǡΤȤƸŪʶ¿ᤤäȤˤʤ롥դ˱󤱤б󤤤ۤɡŪ˶ͭƤѲϾʤΤǡΤȤư㤤礭äȤˤʤ롥ԤΥǤϡ֤ФƤзФĤۤɡŪʶʤʤꡤǽŪˤϸߤ̤ʤۤʤؤʬƤ椯
Τ褦ˡȾǥϡּ˱äʬȼѲ⡤ŪʵΥ˴ŤȤĴ롥ʬΤˤͥ줿ǥȤƤ뤬ǥ˴ŤӸؤƤΤϻ¤Ǥꡤξǥ䤤礦ΤȤƤȤ館ΤΥǥˤƤ⡤Ѳ׺ȤƤ뤳ȤõƤ
Bloomfield (317--18) ϾΰѤ³ơȾǥˤʬˤĤơͤùŪʻͿƤ롥ѤƤ

Now, let us suppose that among a series of adjacent dialects, which, to consider only one dimension, we shall designate as A, B, C, D, E, F, G, . . . X, one dialect, say F, gains a political, commercial, or other predominance of some sort, so that its neighbors in either direction, first E and G, then D and H, and then even C and I, J, K, give up their peculiarities and in time come to speak only the central dialect F. When this has happened, F borders on B and L, dialects from which it differs sharply enough to produce clear-cut language boundaries; yet the resemblance between F and B will be greater than that between F and A, and, similarly, among L, M, N, . . . X, the dialects nearest to F will show a greater resemblance to F, in spite of the clearly marked boundary, than will the more distant dialects. The presentation of these factors became known as the wave-theory, in contradistinction to the older family-tree theory of linguistic relationship. Today we view the wave process and the splitting process merely as two types --- perhaps the principal types --- of historical processes that lead to linguistic differentiation.


Bloomfield, Leonard. Language. 1933. Chicago and London: U of Chicago P, 1984.

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