530ʶˡYouTube ʸ麽սPLUS ͥˤơԤ2ˤ錄ꡤֱѸ˴ؤѤʵפʤѸˤƳȡޤեʥζƣᤵȤȤˡ60ʬۤɤäƤޤ
Ԥ֡know K ϤʤȯʤֱѸˡפDZѸΥʥ狼۹ͣɬܡøѸϤϤ̸500̤ʾ֤꤬ñ"ƴ""ҿ"ѸѲꤷơ35ʬۤɤäޤưѤ֤ʤΤˡʲʸϤȤƤϤޤ
ΥȡȡԡˤǤϡѸˤ̥ϤؤӤΤ⤷ä˸Ѹ줬͡ʵʤ顤ƳŪ˲⤷Ƥޤhellog ɼԤγˤ⡤äȳڤǤƤȻפޤ
⤽ѸˤȤϡñ˱ѸȤˤɤǤϤޤθäƤ͡μҲʸˡĤޤˤ̩ܤ˷ӤĤ¤˱ʬǤϱѸˤϡֱѸפȡˡפǤȹͤƤޤ
ʤѸˤؤ֤ΤǤ礦ϡѸؽʤï⤬Ѥʵ䡤ȤСʤ3ñ -s ĤΤʤԵ§ưϤʤˤ¿ΤƤȤ櫓֤ʤѸֻȯϤۤɤޤǤ˿㤦ΤפȤä䤤ФơŪʻ¤䤫ͿƤ뤫Ǥ伫ȡˤΡ祤״Ф̥λ졤Ѹ˸ƻؤȿʤळȤˤʤޤȤǤϡΤ⤷ΰüǤ⤪ǤФȻפäƤޤ
ơȤ濴ŪȤʤäΤϡѸֻȯЪΥǤѸˤ1600ǯ֤ۤɤꡤޤ˸űѸ449--1100ǯˡѸ1100--1500ǯˡѸ1500--1900ǯˡѸ1500--ߡˤ4˶ʬޤѸǤСѤѸͥƥ֤ʤʤȤɲǽǤűѸ˻äƤϡѤƤʸۤʤꡤϤ䳰ˤʤǤ礦
ĹˤΤʤǡֻȯδ֤ˤ줬븶¿ޤȤǤϡװ3ĤۤɾҲ𤷤ޤ1ܤϡκǤäѸˤϡ¿ͤäƤɸפȤ٤Τ¸ߤޤǤλɸಽʤǤǡñֻϤȤѤ졤ȯ̤Ѥ롤Ȥ褦ʥߥޥåΤǤ㤨 busy /ˈbɪzi/ Ȥñ <u> ֻϥͳ褷/ɪ/ Ȥȯͳ褷ޤbuild <ui> Ȥֻ⡤ƱͤκʪǤ
2ܤϡͥγؼԤˤ֤ޯפʲѤǤ16ŵǤƥ䥮ꥷؤƴ줫顤ܤؼԤñθ츻ֻȿǤ褦Ȼߤޤη̡ȯʤʸ츻äưտŪ뤳ȤˤʤäΤǤŵŪ㤬 doubt <b> ʥƥ dubitāre ͳˤ receipt <p> ʥƥ recepta ͳˤǤɤ߽μʪäᡤηֻפΤȤ夷ƤޤޤΤ褦ֻϡ̤夫ؤȼѤ졤٤ȤƸ경Ƥޤֻױư깭뤳ȤФФ⤢ޤۤܤ٤Ƥ˸ߤ˻ޤ
3ܤϡʲѲǤknow knife θƬ <k> ȯʤΤϡǤĤƤ /kn/ ȯƤλҲϢ1718ˤƼޤꡤ䤬 /k/ βæޤβѲλֻ경ƤޤäƤᡤȯʤ <k> ֻˤƤϸ˻ޤǻ¸ƤȤ櫓Ǥ
ȤǤϡѸˤȤ櫓˭ֻΥꥨñȤ through ޤ䤬ĴȤǤϡñˤϼ¤516ֻޤޤűѸѸѤƤʸ <þ> (thorn) ʤ虜虜 <th> Ȥ2ʸȤ߹碌֤ƤޤäΤȤˤޤˤϡ1066ǯΥΥޥʹߤ˱Ѹήեñ줬äƤҿطޤեˤϤʤʸ <þ> ϡäפȤ졤ե <th> ѤΤ֤ޯפȸʤ褦ˤʤäΤǤѲȤϡɬǶưΤǤϤʤ֥եåפȤ٤Ūװˤ礭롤¤˿ʹֽĤߤʤΤǤ
Τ褦ˡѸˤɳȤǡѸԲIJ¦̤˸Ƥ뤳ȤǤޤѸˤμϡѸؽԤե饹ȥ졼ŪʹؤžϤäƤȤΤǤ
ȤϡѸˤƳȤơ뤤ϱѸȤؤδؿ뤭äȤơ¿ˤйǤ
ε#5804. ܤɤߴְ㤨䤹ʸ --- ߽ͩФ ([2025-03-18-1]) ǡSkeat ޤȤɤ߰㤤䤹ʸˤΰܤιԤϸ§ȤʸؤΥץǤϤ뤬ΥץǤϤޤäƤޤʸ櫤¿ȤȤSkeat ϡΤ褦櫤ˤϤޤäԤޤ餺߽ФƤޤäͩ (ghost_word) οȤʸκǸƤ (373--74) ̤ΤʤֻSkeat ιͤȤˤͩŪǤʤֻǤ롥
abacot (a bicocket)
abofted (abosted)
allryn (alkyn)
belene (beleue)
beuen (benen)
bewunus (bewunne)
bolueden (bolneden)
bouchen (bonchen)
char (thar)
chek yn a tyde (chek-matyde),
chesse (chese)
chichingis (thithingis, error for tithingis)
clamupe (claurnpe)
cleue (clene)
conise (comse)
conisyng (comspg)
coppin (croppin)
corves (cornes)
couuen (coxmen)
cronde (croude)
culde (tulde)
culpis (cuupis ? for coupis ?),
degontit (degoutit)
desouled (defouled)
dimnede (diuinede)
dolf (douf)
dolp (doup)
drinen (driuen)
dymnede (dyuinede)
eftures (esteres, estres)
enchausyt (enchaufyt)
encortif (encorcif)
flocced (flotted)
folloke (wilfolloker)
forbusur (forbusne)
forgalbed (forgabbed)
fonngit (foriugit)
fouk (fonk)
founed (fonned)
galbert (gabbert)
golk (gouk)
gramity (graunty)
havin (harm)
hetheued (heued)
holk (houk)
howen, howne (howue)
kimes (knives)
lath (lay)
lessyt (leffyt)
lohe (lome)
maused (mansed)
monelich (menelich)
morse (nurse)
moyt (mo þat)
nalle (ualle)
nolt (nout)
onen (ouen)
ouershuppe (ouerhuppe)
owery (dwerþ)
palke (pakke)
palpis (paupis)
panfray (paufray)
pantener (pautener)
pavade (panade)
polien (þolien)
polk (pouk)
porcours (portours)
punniten (permuten)
rendit (vondit)
rentful (reuful)
renthe (reuthe)
reuk (renk)
rolkis (rokkis)
roned (roued)
sangtle (saughtle)
satoure (fatoure)
scharpe (schappe)
sharter (Charter)
skowurand (skownrand)
slalk (slakk)
soket (Coket)
sordid (fordid)
spelk (spekk)
stone (schon)
succh (sutth)
suten (sitten)
Syvewarm (Fysewarin)
talbart (tabbart)
tavart (tabart)
thame (tharne)
treryn (temp)
tyre (cyre)
ulode (correct; u=v)
ullorxa (?)
vyt (rycht)
walk (wakk, later wauk)
walkrif (wakkrif, later waukrif)
walknit (wakknit, later wauknit)
watte (waite)
wayne (wayue)
wok (woux)
ytoped (ycoped)
yvete (ybete)
Skeat ϡԤΥߥˤä뤳Τ褦ͩ줬夷˺ϿޤǤƤޤǽ˶ƤʸؤΥץȤƤʤΤ
Skeat, Walter W. "Report upon 'Ghost-words,' or Words which Have no Real Existence." in the President's Address for 1886. Transactions of the Philological Society for 1885--87. Vol. 2. 350--80.
ǶᤤĤεǡͩ (ghost_word) 夲ƤѸߤοƤǤ Skeat ϡͩʸΤʤǡͩνиظˤܾʸˤɤ߰㤤ܺ٤Ƥ롥Ȥ櫓ɤߴְ㤨䤹ʸˤΥꥹȤƤΤǡʬѤ褦 (372)
I now proceed to make a list of the symbols which, in the foregoing examples, have been misread and confused. The following groups denote the confused symbols: b, v; c, t; d, o; e, o, s; f, s; k, lr; m, ui, in; n, u; o, d, e; p, þ (th); r, v; s, C, e, f; y, þ (th). Also mi, un; mu, um; ni, in; rp, pp; tt, it; ur, ne; unn, erm; vin, rm. Also lb, bb; lk, kk. Very few of these mistakes result from the misreading of marks of contraction. If I were to add examples of this character, the number of ghost-words would be very largely increased.
ʤ㤬 (minim) ǹʸˤޤǤ롥minim γʡˤ˴ؿäϡ#4134. unmummied --- ֤äƤѤʤȤˤʤäƤñβԡ ([2020-08-21-1]) #5215. ư줫ʻžʤ褦ˤߤ̾졦ƻΰ ([2023-08-07-1]) ʤɤɤ
ޤ<th> űѸ졦Ѹʸ <þ> (thorn) ˤĤƤϡ#1428. ye = the ([2013-03-25-1]) ʤɤȤ
Skeat, Walter W. "Report upon 'Ghost-words,' or Words which Have no Real Existence." in the President's Address for 1886. Transactions of the Philological Society for 1885--87. Vol. 2. 350--80.
hellog 5000ǰȤȤǡͤǵǰ٥ȤŤƤޤ䤬ܳФƤӤ˸¤ޤ @chariderryu Ȥ Twitter ˤ #Ѹ˾ͥ 뤤 #Ѹˤδ֤ Ȥϥå奿դĤġhellog βɳդ餫Τ⤷ƤȤǤȺȤ¿ɤȿޤơդƤޤ
24ΥĥȤƤͽǤ¿ȿĴҤ˥Υޤơ2֤26ΥĥȡʤӼĥȡˤɽޤޤǺǤ¿ȿΤ19ܤǤϡhellog β#1428. ye = the ([2013-03-25-1]) ɳդѸ˾ͥǤ

2֤ǤɾȤȤ⤢ꡤϤϤޤޤޤΤǡĴҤ˥Υä3ܤȻפޤͥϤäƤ³ȥ꤬ʤȤȤꡤȤǤ(^^;;αѸˤϤޤΤǡ͡ĥȡؾĥǤ #Ѹˤδ֤ 夲ƤйǤޤ Twitter @chariderryu Υե⤪ꤤפޤ
嵭δΰܥ֥λǤǤ겻Ǥ Voicy ֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio)īóۿƤޤī6˹ĹѸˤȯƤޤۿϤ1ǯ7ۤɤȤʤޤ3000ĶΥꥹʡγ˥եƤޤʤ꤬Ȥޤˡ
ϡ饤ˤĤƼҲŪʴڤǤޤ#585. 饤ʿͤ饤ʸؤӻϤƤäƤɤȡ --- ȤȸʣʴطǤhellog, heldio, Twitter ʤɤΤǡѸˤľܡܤ˴ؤϤƤޤΤǡꤤޤ
줿餷Ѥʵ䡥ʤ <th> 2ʸʤΤ1ĤλҲбƤΤʤѤο1ʸѰդʤäΤȤ䤤Ǥ
Ѹ <th> ȤֻӤбȯ /θ, ð/ ϡƹ٤ǸޤѸǺǹ٤θǤ괧 the Ϥᡤthey, their, that, then, though ʤɡ"th-sound" ϤʤʤȯʤѸΥñˤ褯ޤѸؽԤˤȤäơάʤ櫓ˤϤʤֻǤȯʤ櫓Ǥ"th-sound" ˤĤƤϡth γƵǼ夲ƤΤǡ
<th> ɽ魯̵ /θ/ ˤͭ /ð/ ˤ衤ȯȤƤϤޤ1ҲбƤ櫓ʤΤǡֻȤƤ1ʸƤ٤ȤͤϡΤޤ1ĤλҲ /t/ Ф1ĤλҲ <t> б1ĤλҲ /f/ Ф1ĤλҲ <f> бΤƱ褦ˡ1Ĥ "th-sound" Ǥ /θ/ 뤤 /ð/ Фơ餫1ĤλҲбƤƤԻĤϤʤϤǤȤξˤϤʤ <th> 2ʸ䤷Ƥ櫓Ǥ֤ȤƤϡٸ˸ˡ<th> 2ʸǤϤʤ1ʸǽФ֤ڤʤΤˡȻפΤ̵̤ȤǤ
ɸ䤤⤷ΤϡѸ˾νפäƤ뤫Ǥ¤ϡűѸ졦ѸλˤϡФ "th-sound" б1ĤʸäΤǤ2ѰդƤꡤ1Ĥ "thorn" Ȥ̾ʸ <þ> Ȥ⤦1Ĥ "edh" Ȥ̾ʸ <ð> ȤǤԤϸΥޥ줬Ƥ롼ʸ (runic) ήѤΤǤꡤԤϥ <d> ˲դΤˤʤäƤޤűѸˤ̤ѤƤޤѸˤʤä <ð> Ѥ졤<þ> ͥȤʤޤƱѸ˥ƥեˡαƶˤꡤѸƱҲФ2ʸ䤹 <th> ֻƬƤޤơѸˤϡѤȯڤ˺ݤ <th> ͥŪФ줿Ȥ⤢ꡤ1ʸ <þ> ϤĤ˿ह˻äΤǤդηаޤˤĤƤϡ#1329. Ѹˤˤ eth, thorn, <th> ([2012-12-16-1])#1330. Ѹˤ eth, thorn, <th> ([2012-12-17-1]) Ȥ
ɸѤʵκˤռϡ֤ʤ <th> 2ʸʤΤ1ĤλҲбƤΤʤѤο1ʸѰդʤäΤפȤȤǤѸŪˤߤȡ¤ϤҤä֤䤦ͤΤפʤΤǤĤޤ"th-sound" ФƸűѸ졦ѸǤ1ʸ <þ>, <ð> äѰդƤΤˡʤѸˤ2ʸʤ <th> ˤ虜虜֤줿ΤפȤȤʤޤ
ѸΥե٥åȤ26ʸȷޤäƤ뤬Ѹˤγʳǥե٥åȤʸμοϡ¿֤Ƥ㤨иűѸǤϡѸˤʸΤ3ĤȤƤ餺դ˸űѸͭʸ4Ĥۤɤä26 - 3 + 4 = 27 ȤȤǡűѸΥե٥åȤˤ27ʸäȤˤʤ롥
| PDE | a | b | c | d | e | f | g | h | i | j | k | l | m | n | o | p | q | r | s | t | u | v | w | x | y | z | ||||
| OE | a | æ | b | c | d | e | f | g | h | i | (k) | l | m | n | o | p | (q) | r | s | t | þ | ð | u | ƿ | (x) | y | (z) |
ʸؤεϥƥȤȤС鷺Ȥ줿 Geoffrey Chaucer (1340--1400) νʡʤ The Canterbury Tales Ǥ롥ʸػˤήʤΥƥȤɾϡʤ⤤ʸؤμ̤̾ȸ Sir Gawain and the Green Knight Τ̵̾λͤνƥȤʸŪɾϹ⤤ʸػ˾ΰ֤Ť Chaucer 椷ƼŪǤ롥ϡSGGK ƥȤ˸ʤäȤ䡤ͤѤ줬Ѹή鳰줿ɸŪΤ륤ΤΤäȤؤäƤΤ褦ˡѸʸؤ˲餫ε̵ռΤǧƤ븽ιԤɼԤΤ Chaucer Gawain ͤФ븫ˤϡ¿ʬѤޤޤƤǽ롥
Horobin (106) ϡѤιԤơΥƥȤˤֻɤΤ褦˹Ȥ餫ˤ褦ȤHorobin ϡThe Canterbury Tales "The General Prologue" ͭ̾ƬʬˤĤơɸŪʹǤǤ Riverside Chaucer ΤΤȡǤ⸢Ҥܤ1 Hengwrt ܤΤΤȤ椷ơ˹Ԥܤˤäֻ˲ѤƤ뤫㤨Сܤ˸ <þ> ϹܤǤ <th> ֤ƤꡤξάۤΤŸƤꡤ⸽ɼԤ˼˸褦ղäƤ롥
SGGK ǤϡԤϼܥƥȤˤۤɲѤäƤʤ<þ> <ȝ> ϤΤޤݤƤꡤܤǤܤθɤȤϤ鷺Ȥʤ٤»ʤʤ褦ˤȤθȤ
Horobin (106) ϡξʤֻιˡΰ㤤ϸ幻ԤξʤФʸػ˾ɾȿǤΤǤȹͤƤ롥
The tendency for editors to remove the letter thorn in modern editions of Chaucer is quite different from the way other Middle English texts are treated. The poem Sir Gawain and the Green Knight, for instance, written by a contemporary of Chaucer's, is edited with its letters thorn and yogh left intact. This difference in editorial policy is perhaps a reflection of different attitudes to the two authors. Because Chaucer is seen as central to the English literary canon, there is a tendency to present his works as more 'modern', thereby accentuating the myth of an unbroken, linear tradition. The anonymous poet who wrote Sir Gawain and the Green Knight, using a western dialect and the old-fashioned alliterative metrical form, is further cut off from the literary canon by presenting his text in authentic Middle English spelling.
Τ褦ʸ幻Ԥˤϡä˰դϤʤ⤷ʤʤȤⲿ餫αʸػ˾ɾ˴ؤ٤ϤȤȤ
Horobin, Simon. Does Spelling Matter? Oxford: OUP, 2013.
#13. ѹΥѥ֤ ye äƤ椷 ([2009-05-11-2]) ǡye ye 괧 the Ѥ뵼ŪֻˤĤƿ줿
þ (thorn) y Ȥλˤ뺮ƱѸ鸫줿κ𤬤дΤ þ षƤǤ롥þ ѤƤäΤϡ#1329. Ѹˤˤ eth, thorn, <th> ([2012-12-16-1]) #1330. Ѹˤ eth, thorn, <th> ([2012-12-17-1]) dzǧ褦ˡHelsinki Corpus λʬˤME4 (1420--1500) ʹߤǤ롥˸ƱơŪ괧 ye ϶ѸäƤ٤ƤOED Ȥȡye λѤѸ줫17ˤơȤ롥
ǤϡѸ줫ѸˤơŪˤɤ ye Ѥ줿ΤĴ٤뤿 PPCME2, PPCEME, PPCMBE POSե뷲 "ye/D" ƤߤME1ΤߡEModE1259㡤LModE5㤬äƥѥϤ褽130졤180졤100줫ʤ뤬ͤȤ⡤ȤƤ롥Ѹǵ˸쵤˿ȤȤǤ롥PPCEME 1259Τ975ϡThe Journal of George Fox (1673--74) Ȥ1ʤǤ롥ۤˤ10ʾ帽ƥȤ4ĤΤߤǡĤ20ƥȤ˾㤺ĻФäƤˤʤȤʬۤǤϤ롥δˤȤϡ̣ήԤȤä
ɥˬ줿ݤˡ145 Fleet St Ϸޥѥ "Ye Olde Cheshire Cheese" 42 Ludgate Hill "Ye Olde London" δĤƤƤǰʤ餳ǥդ뵡Ϥʤäɤ⡤̤Υѥ֤ǤϰաʤǤϤʤˤޤ

ε[2012-12-16-1]ǡHelsinki Corpus Ѥơ#1329. Ѹˤˤ eth, thorn, <th> פѤդˤȡ<þ> <ð> ΤĹΤϡM1 (1150--1250) M2 (1250--1350) ˤƤλǤꡤλˤĤƾܺ٤Ĵˤ LAEME äƤĤǤ롥ˤ뺹ۤʤɤǧǤȹͤ®绨ĤĴƤߤ绨ĤȤΤϡ㤨С1ĤθΤʤ <þ> 2ʾ帽줿ȤƤ1ȿʤɡưԹ礬뤿Ǥ롥
ʲϡ̡Ⱦñ̡ˤ̤ʬۤդǤʿͥǡϡHTMLȡˡʤͿˤĤƤϡ[2012-03-19-1]ε#1057. LAEME Index of Sources θġ Ver. 2פǿ줿褦ˡΤΤǤ롥COUNTY DIALECT βбɽȡ


LAEME ˤ̤Ĵ̤ϡ Helsinki Corpus ˤĴ̤礹롥C13a C13b δ֤ <ð> θ <þ> äѻ롥ʹߡǯ֤ <ð> λȤäƤ褤̤ˤߤȳ <þ> ŪNWM ˤƤ <ð> ⤢٤ϷƮƤ뤳Ȥ狼롥̤ʬۤϡܺ٤Ĵɬפ⤷ʤ
űѸѸǤϡѸ <th> /θ, ð/ ʸȤơ<þ> "thorn" <ð> "eth" or "edh" ˤѤ줿Ѹʹߤ <th> ξԤ֤Ƥ椯Ȥˤʤä롼ʸͳ褹Ԥϡ[2012-01-28-1]ε#1006. 롼ʸѼפȡˡѸ桤Ȥ櫓Ǥ֤ȤĤä17ΰܤ˸뤳Ȥ餢äȤ (Schmitt and Marsden 159)
Ǥϡ<þ>, <ð>, <th> ˴ؤεҤϡHelsinki Corpus ˤäդܤλʬCOCOA <C ɽ part of corpusˤˤƤޤ٤ƻΨǥղͥǡϡHTMLȡޤʬˤĤƤޥ˥奢ȡ

ѸǤ <þ> λѤ Helsinki Corpus ǤϳǧǤʤäΤΡ˳Ѥ3ʸǤϤ褽դ줿ȤäƤ褤űѸ줫 M2 (1250--1350) ˤơ<ð> Ҥ鸺ǡ<þ> ʬۤƤĺĤδ֡λʹߡ<þ> <th> ˵®֤Ƥ椯
ѸǤϤȤ櫓 <þ> ³ȤǧȤHelsinki Corpus Ѥ¾ĴȤƤϡ#381. oft often ʬ̻ۤŪѲ ([2010-05-13-1]) ⻲ȡ
Schmitt, Norbert, and Richard Marsden. Why Is English Like That? Ann Arbor, Mich.: U of Michigan P, 2006.
ѹΥѥ֤ɤɤ٤ƤȤʹɤѡ˽Фʰ¤Υӡ롤кԶ륳Ǥ餷1ʿ6郎٤ƤȤε˾ܤѥ֤ʤǤϲᤴʤäαػפФȡΤ椷֤òʤ
ѥ֤ "public house" άǤꡤѹŪʼΤȤǤ롥ʪˤޤƤѥ֤¿㤨СɥǺǸŤΥѥ֤ȤΤƤΤ1528ǯ϶Ȥ "Ye Olde Cheshire Cheese" Ǥ롥
ϡ˸ǽñǤ롥ŹδĤβŤѥ֡뤤ϸŤäƤѥ֤ˤϡ Ye ǻϤޤΤ¿ȯ/ji:/Ȥɤޤ뤬¤Ϥ괧 the ΰ۷Ǥ롥ˤŪطʤ롥
űѸˤϡѸˤʤե٥åʸĤ¸ߤΤΰĤˡ<þ> "thorn" ȤʸäϡѸǤ<th>Ȥʸ /θ/ /ð/ ɽ<þ> ϸűѸʹߤȤϤե줫ä<th>˽˼äƤääơѸ the ФƤϡȤ <the> ŷȤ <þe> ʻ¸뤳ȤȤʤä
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| thorn | thorn | y |
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