#310. PPCMBE ǹѸ̻ ([2010-03-03-1]) ǡPenn Parsed Corpora of Historical English Ҳ𤷤Helsinki Corpus ١Ȥʤĥä˱Ѹ쥳ѥǡܺ٤˹ʸϤ줿 Penn-Treebank format ˤĥȤ⸡ǤΤħǤ롥ηϤʣǡCorpusSearch ʤüʥץѤƸɬפ⤢ꡤ鿴ԤȤʤˤߵ郎⤤ŪΤ˵ꤵ줿ʸȤäӤǤϡΤȤ Penn Ϥιʸϥѥ (PPC) ˤʤΤϤʤ
PPC ιʸϤŪפʸˡѤѸü첽ΤΤǤϤʤŪŪʤΤʤΤǡ̤ƤʤȤⲿȤѤϤǤ롥㤨СCorpusSearch ̿ᷲˡ"Dominates", "iDominates" (=immediately dominates), "HasSister", "IsRoot" ʤɤ뤬ĥΤϤΤäƤСѸ줬ؤط뤳Ȥʤ
˵Τ⾯ä̿ˡ"CCommands" ȤΤ롥c-command 뤤 c-Ȥϡ1980ǯȯŸ« (binding theory) ˤƹڤ줿طǤ롥«ϡUG (universal grammar) ΰ̸§ΤʤǤˤʤΤȤäƸ椵줿ǤꡤȤ櫓Ƶ̾ʤɤɽȱ (anaphora) ̾졤¾̾ȡԻȤδطꤹ븶§ɵ椷ŪȯŸβǡȤ櫓פȤ褦ˤʤäط1Ĥc-Ǥ롥ۤˡϢοΤ« (binding) Ψ (government) 롥
ʲǡc- (c-command) « (binding) ˤĤƳ⤷褦βͶĥˤơ

B C F c-椷Ƥ
C F ϤȤ B, D, E c-椷Ƥ
D E E D c-椷Ƥ
ȸ롥ˤС X ۤƤǽλʬ̤ Y ۤƤȤX Y c-command סաp. 86ˡ
ʸˡ c-椬뤵줿ΤϡƵ̾Ȥ줬ؤԻδطꤹ뤿ˡc-ȤطṲ̄Ȥ狼äƤʲ2Ĥʸͤ褦
(1) *John's mother criticized himself.
(2) John's mother criticized herself.

ʸ (1) Ǥϡ"John" NP ۤƤǽλʬ TP Τ NP Ǥ뤫顤"John" "mother" c-command Ƥ뤳ȤˤϤʤäƤ⡤"himself" c-command Ƥ뤳ȤˤϤʤʤ"himself" Ω줫餤С"John" c-command ƤʤȤˤʤ롥Τ褦ʾ硤ʤ "himself" "John" «ƤʤˤϡȱΩʤȤΤѸǤΥ롼Ǥ롥
ʸ (2) ǤϡƵ̾ "herself" "John's mother" ɽ NP ԻȤƤ뤬 NP ۤƤǽλʬ TP Ǥ뤫顤"John's mother" "herself" c-command Ƥ뤳Ȥˤʤ롥"herself" Ω줫餤С"John's mother" c-command Ƥꡤ«ƤΤǡȱΩġʸˡȤϡc-桤«Ȥطε̤ơѸξȱ˴ؤ̸§줿ȹͤ
PPC äȡ㤨 his ouermoch fearinge of you Τ褦̾Τˡ"CCommands" Ȥ̿ˤ̾줬̤̾ c-椷Ƥ褦̾פȤꤹФ褤ʣΤȤǡ authentic ʸФȤˡPPC CorpusSearch ϰϤȯ롥
ʸˡ١ҡ2009ǯ
ɸηˤĤƤϡ#1740. interpretor interpreter ([2014-01-31-1]) ȡ#1748. -er or -or ([2014-02-08-1]) ǿƤνȯǤ롤16 interpretor interpreter ִ줿ȤڤˤĤơ¤ɤǧƤɬפ롥θڤϡرѸ츻ŵ٤ǤʤƤꡤ餯 OED "In 16th cent. conformed to agent-nouns in -er, like speak-er" ˰͵ƤΤȻפ뤬ˤ16λΤĤΥѥܺ٤Ĵ٤Ƥߤ
ޤϡMED ѸֻΤƤߤ褦 Wycliffite Bible, Early Version (a1382) ޤᡤ33ޤǤ -our 뤤 -or ޤߡ-er Τ Reginald Pecock ˤ Book of Faith (c1456) 2ΤߤǤ롥а衤ѸΰŪֻϡ-o(u)r äȤäƤ
ƱѸξPPCME2 ǤߤƤߤȡPeriod M4 (1420--1500) Interpretours 1Τߵä
ˡѸ (1418--1680) 45줫ʤʥѥΥץ CEECS (The Corpus of Early English Correspondence Ǥ⸡Ƥߤ2˶ʬ줿ѥ2ʬ (1580--1680) interpreter interpretor 줾1㤺Ĥäˤʤ
³ơMEMEM (Michigan Early Modern English Materials) Υ饤ѥϡΥڡΤȤꡤѸ켭ԻΤ˽줿ȤˡưΤʸǡ١ؤʥѥȤѤǤ롥ĤֻǸȤinterpretour 2㡤1535? Thomas Elyot ˤ The Education or Bringing up of Children 줿Ū interpreter(s) ֻϡ9ΰۤʤƥȡ3Ĥ166Ĥ17ˤ16ǧ줿Τˡ16餸露 -er ӤƤƤ褦
LC (The Lampeter Corpus of Early Modern English Tracts) ϡ1640--1740ǯ罰ʪ119Υѥ줿7Ϥ -er ֻä
Ʊͤη̤330ζḽѸ쥳ѥ ARCHER 3.2 (A Representative Corpus of Historical English Registers) (1600--1999) Ǥǧ줿1672ǯǽȤơ13㤬 -er Ǥ롥
ǸˡѸ줫Ѹˤ̻ŪˤߤƤߤ褦HC (Helsinki Corpus) ˤȡE1 (1500--70) Henry Machyn's Diary ꡤ"he becam an interpretour betwen the constable and certein English pioners;" 1Τ߸줿HC 礵 PPCEME ˤȡ嵭ޤ17λʬۤϰʲ̤ꡥ
| -o(u)r | -er(s) | |
|---|---|---|
| E1 (1500--1569) | 2 | 1 |
| E2 (1570--1639) | 3 | 5 |
| E3 (1640--1710) | 0 | 6 |
#13. ѹΥѥ֤ ye äƤ椷 ([2009-05-11-2]) ǡye ye 괧 the Ѥ뵼ŪֻˤĤƿ줿
þ (thorn) y Ȥλˤ뺮ƱѸ鸫줿κ𤬤дΤ þ षƤǤ롥þ ѤƤäΤϡ#1329. Ѹˤˤ eth, thorn, <th> ([2012-12-16-1]) #1330. Ѹˤ eth, thorn, <th> ([2012-12-17-1]) dzǧ褦ˡHelsinki Corpus λʬˤME4 (1420--1500) ʹߤǤ롥˸ƱơŪ괧 ye ϶ѸäƤ٤ƤOED Ȥȡye λѤѸ줫17ˤơȤ롥
ǤϡѸ줫ѸˤơŪˤɤ ye Ѥ줿ΤĴ٤뤿 PPCME2, PPCEME, PPCMBE POSե뷲 "ye/D" ƤߤME1ΤߡEModE1259㡤LModE5㤬äƥѥϤ褽130졤180졤100줫ʤ뤬ͤȤ⡤ȤƤ롥Ѹǵ˸쵤˿ȤȤǤ롥PPCEME 1259Τ975ϡThe Journal of George Fox (1673--74) Ȥ1ʤǤ롥ۤˤ10ʾ帽ƥȤ4ĤΤߤǡĤ20ƥȤ˾㤺ĻФäƤˤʤȤʬۤǤϤ롥δˤȤϡ̣ήԤȤä
ɥˬ줿ݤˡ145 Fleet St Ϸޥѥ "Ye Olde Cheshire Cheese" 42 Ludgate Hill "Ye Olde London" δĤƤƤǰʤ餳ǥդ뵡Ϥʤäɤ⡤̤Υѥ֤ǤϰաʤǤϤʤˤޤ

Ѹʹߤ apostrophe s ϡ̾ˤĤȤߤʤϡ̾ˤĤܸ (enclitic) ȤߤʤۤΤǤ롥ȤΤϡthe king of England's daughter Τ褦° (group genitive) ȤƤˡǧ뤫Ǥ롥apostrophe s ϡ³˷Ūñ̤Ȥϡ췲³Ūñ̡ʤܸ (clitic) Ȥߤʤɬפ롥
apostrophe s εȹͤ -es ϡѸˤϡΤ̾ˤĤä줬̾ܤ°ʤˡΤϤʤηϲäΤѸˤǤ˵ƤǤ롥
Ĥθ (Janda) ˤС°ʤؤȯŸʳǡ#819. his °ʡ ([2011-07-25-1]) ȤƺѤΤǤϤʤȤñ㲽ƼС(1) °ʸ -es ȿ;̾ñ° his Ȥ̵ƱȤʤ¤ȡ(2) ľ̾̾ȤƤ his °ʤȤ2ؤäơΤ褦㼰ǽȤʤäΤǤϤʤȤ
king his doughter : king of England his doughter = kinges doughter : X
X = king of Englandes doughter
Allen ϤƱդʤPPCME2 䤽¾ѸƥȤͿ뤢Ƥ̡his °ʤȤʤäƷ°ʤȤ븫ˤϡڵ塤̵Ȥ롥Allen ϡȤ櫓"attached genitive" Ū -es °ʡˤ "separated genitive" his °ʡˤȤδ֤ˡĶ˱Ƥʬ۾κʤȤˡѸ his °ʤ "just an orthographical variant of the inflection" (118) Ǥȷ롥
Ǥϡ°ʤȯã his °ʤȤΤǤϤʤäȤȡ¾ˤɤΤ褦ʷꤨΤAllen ϤȤơ"the gradual extension of the ending -es to all classes of nouns, making what used to be an inflection indistinguishable from a clitic" (120) ƤƤ롥14ޤǤ°ʸΧ -(e)s 褦ˤʤꡤ줬ϤȤƤǤϤʤ̵Ѳܸª˻äΤǤϤʤȤޤǽη°ʤϡThe grete god of Loves name (Chaucer, HF 1489) þe kyng of Frances men (Trevisa's Polychronicon, VIII, 349.380) ˸褦ʡм of ȼä귿Ǥꡤʣ̾ȤǤ褦ɽǤ롥줬Ȳ졤ľ˽ͭ -(e)s ĤȤΤϤޤäԻĤǤϤʤ
Allen ϡ16Ⱦ鸽 his °ʤʿŪ her °ʤ their °ʤˤĤƤϡǤ-(e)s ˤ뷲°ʤΩʬ (metanalysis) η̤ǤꡤŪɽˤʤȸƤ롥ΰʬϤ"spelling pronunciation" ʤ "spelling syntax" (124) ȸڤƤΤ̣
Allen ηѤ褦 (124)
A closer examination of the relationship between case-marking syncretism and the rise of the 'group genitive' than has previously been carried out provides evidence that the increase in syncretism led to the reanalysis of -es as a clitic. There is evidence that this change of status from inflection to clitic was not accomplished all at once; inflectional genitives coexisted with the clitic genitive in late ME and the clitic seems to have attached to conjoined nouns and appositives before it attached to NPs which did not end in a possessor noun. The evidence strongly suggests that the separated genitive of ME did not serve as the model for the introduction of the group genitive, and I have suggested that the separated genitive was an orthographic variant of the inflectional genitive, but that after the group genitive was firmly established there were attempts to treat it as a genitive pronoun.
Allen Appendix I ˤơMustanoja (160) his °ʤȤƵƤűѸѸ줫[2011-07-25-1]ǵˤ¿路ǤƤ롥
ʤ°ʤˤĤƤϡBaugh and Cable (241) ˤñʸڤ롥
Janda , Richard. "On the Decline of Declensional Systems: The Overall Loss of OE Nominal Case Inflections and the ME Reanalysis of -es as his." Papers from the Fourth International Conference on Historical Linguistics. Ed. Elizabeth C. Traugott, Rebecca Labrum, and Susan Shepherd. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 243--52.
Allen, Cynthia L. "The Origins of the 'Group Genitive' in English." Transactions of the Philological Society 95 (1997): 111--31.
Mustanoja, T. F. A Middle English Syntax. Helsinki: Société Néophilologique, 1960.
Baugh, Albert C. and Thomas Cable. A History of the English Language. 5th ed. London: Routledge, 2002.
ѸˤϡǾ most mest Ȥ첻ȼäƸ뤳ȤʤʤѸʹߡԤѤƤäξεʬϤɤˤΤ
most Proto-Germanic *maistaz ̤뤳ȤǤޥǤ Du. meest, G meist, ON mestr, Goth. maists ʤɤʸڤ롥§˽СűѸ māst ȤʤϤǤꡤºݤˤη֤ Northumbrian dzǧΤΡǤϳǧʤǤϡ첻ȼ West-Saxon mǣst Kentish mēst Ѥ줿OED ˤС첻ϡlǣst "least" ȤȤ롥첻ηȤ mest(e) Ȥ֤ѸؤѾ졤Ǥ15ޤǻȤ줿
˵ķ֤ϡѸǤϸ첻ηȯãȤ most(e) Ȥ֤¿Ѥ줿Ǥ̲ȤλΰŪʿ˲äӵ mo, more 첻ȤäΤǤϤʤ롥
ŪˡѸʹߤˤϥޥĸ줫ε§Ūȯã most ɸŪȤʤäƤ椭űѸ줫ѸˤѤ줿 mest ɸफϼƤäְΡפ̣Ѹ formest (cf. ӵ former) 15 foremost ȤƺʬϤ줿طʤˤϡҤ most ˤ mest ִͿƤ뤫⤷ʤäȤ⡤űѸꡤǾ -est Τ -ost Ȥ褯Ʊ줿ΤǤꡤǾ˴ؤˤơξ첻θؤϾˤȤʤΤ⤷ʤ
ʤPPCME2 Ǥäȸ첻 (ex. most) 첻 (ex. mest) ʬۤĴ٤ƤߤȡԤ354㡤Ԥ168ҥåȤHelsinki Corpus ǤñĴѸǤ⸽ɸѸƱͤ most ήäȤϴְ㤤ʤ褦
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