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ǽ: 2026-07-15 01:27

2014-04-21 Mon

#1820. c-command [syntax][generative_grammar][terminology][ppcme2][ppceme][ppcmbe]

#310. PPCMBE ǹѸ̻ ([2010-03-03-1]) ǡPenn Parsed Corpora of Historical English Ҳ𤷤Helsinki Corpus ١Ȥʤĥä˱Ѹ쥳ѥǡܺ٤˹ʸϤ줿 Penn-Treebank format ˤĥ꡼Ȥ⸡ǤΤħǤ롥ηϤʣǡCorpusSearch ʤüʥץѤƸɬפ⤢ꡤ鿴ԤȤʤˤߵ郎⤤ŪΤ˵ꤵ줿ʸ򽸤ȤäӤǤϡΤȤ Penn Ϥιʸϥѥ (PPC) ˤʤΤϤʤ
PPC ιʸϤŪפʸˡѤѸü첽ΤΤǤϤʤŪŪʤΤʤΤǡ̤ƤʤȤⲿȤѤϤǤ롥㤨СCorpusSearch ̿ᷲˡ"Dominates", "iDominates" (=immediately dominates), "HasSister", "IsRoot" ʤɤ뤬ĥ꡼ΤϤΤäƤСѸ줬ؤط򤹤뤳Ȥ񤷤ʤ
˵󤲤Τ⾯ä̿ˡ"CCommands" ȤΤ롥c-commandc-Ȥϡ1980ǯȯŸ« (binding theory) ˤƹڤ줿طǤ롥«ϡUG (universal grammar) ΰ̸§ΤʤǤˤʤΤȤäƸ椵줿ǤꡤȤ櫓Ƶ̾ʤɤɽȱ (anaphora) ̾졤¾̾ȡԻȤδطꤹ븶§ɵ椷ŪȯŸβǡȤ櫓פȤ褦ˤʤäط1Ĥc-Ǥ롥ۤˡϢοΤ« (binding) Ψ (government) 롥
ʲǡc- (c-command) « (binding) ˤĤƳ⤷褦βͶĥ꡼ˤơ

Syntax Tree for C-Command 1

B C F c-椷Ƥ
C F ϤȤ B, D, E c-椷Ƥ
D E E D c-椷Ƥ

ȸ롥ˤС X ۤƤǽλʬ̤ Y ۤƤȤX Y c-command סաp. 86ˡ
ʸˡ c-椬׻뤵줿ΤϡƵ̾Ȥ줬ؤԻδطꤹ뤿ˡc-ȤطṲ̄Ȥ狼äƤʲ2Ĥʸͤ褦

(1) *John's mother criticized himself.
(2) John's mother criticized herself.

Syntax Tree for C-Command 2

ʸ (1) Ǥϡ"John" NP ۤƤǽλʬ TP Τ NP Ǥ뤫顤"John" "mother" c-command Ƥ뤳ȤˤϤʤäƤ⡤"himself" c-command Ƥ뤳ȤˤϤʤʤ"himself" Ω줫餤С"John" c-command ƤʤȤˤʤ롥Τ褦ʾ硤ʤ "himself" "John" «ƤʤˤϡȱΩʤȤΤѸǤΥ롼Ǥ롥
ʸ (2) ǤϡƵ̾ "herself" "John's mother" ɽ NP ԻȤƤ뤬 NP ۤƤǽλʬ TP Ǥ뤫顤"John's mother" "herself" c-command Ƥ뤳Ȥˤʤ롥"herself" Ω줫餤С"John's mother" c-command Ƥꡤ«ƤΤǡȱΩġʸˡȤϡc-桤«Ȥطε̤ơѸξȱ˴ؤ̸§줿ȹͤ
PPC äȡ㤨 his ouermoch fearinge of you Τ褦̾򸡺Τˡ"CCommands" Ȥ̿ˤ̾줬̤̾ c-椷Ƥ褦̾פȤꤹФ褤ʣΤȤǡ authentic ʸФȤˡPPC CorpusSearch ϰϤȯ롥

ʸˡ١ҡ2009ǯ

Referrer (Inside): [2022-08-24-1]

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2014-02-12 Wed

#1752. interpretor interpreter (2) [spelling][suffix][corpus][emode][hc][ppcme2][ppceme][archer][lc]

ɸηˤĤƤϡ#1740. interpretor interpreter ([2014-01-31-1]) ȡ#1748. -er or -or ([2014-02-08-1]) ǿƤνȯǤ롤16 interpretor interpreter ִ줿ȤڤˤĤơ¤ɤǧƤɬפ롥θڤϡرѸ츻ŵ٤ǤʤƤꡤ餯 OED "In 16th cent. conformed to agent-nouns in -er, like speak-er" ˰͵򤷤ƤΤȻפ뤬ˤ16λΤĤΥѥ򸡺ܺ٤Ĵ٤Ƥߤ
ޤϡMED ѸֻΤƤߤ褦 Wycliffite Bible, Early Version (a1382) ޤᡤ33ޤǤ -our 뤤 -or ޤߡ-er 򼨤Τ Reginald Pecock ˤ Book of Faith (c1456) 2ΤߤǤ롥а衤ѸΰŪֻϡ-o(u)r äȤäƤ
ƱѸξPPCME2 ǤߤƤߤȡPeriod M4 (1420--1500) Interpretours 1Τߵä
ˡѸ (1418--1680) 45줫ʤʥѥΥץ CEECS (The Corpus of Early English Correspondence Ǥ⸡Ƥߤ2˶ʬ줿ѥ2ʬ (1580--1680) interpreter interpretor 줾1㤺Ĥäˤʤ
³ơMEMEM (Michigan Early Modern English Materials) Υ饤󥳡ѥϡΥڡΤȤꡤѸ켭ԻΤ˽줿ȤˡưΤʸǡ١ؤʥѥȤѤǤ롥ĤֻǸȤinterpretour 2㡤1535? Thomas Elyot ˤ The Education or Bringing up of Children 줿Ū interpreter(s) ֻϡ9ΰۤʤƥȡ3Ĥ166Ĥ17ˤ16ǧ줿Τˡ16餸露 -er ӤƤƤ褦
LC (The Lampeter Corpus of Early Modern English Tracts) ϡ1640--1740ǯ罰ʪ119Υѥ줿7Ϥ -er ֻä
Ʊͤη̤330ζḽѸ쥳ѥ ARCHER 3.2 (A Representative Corpus of Historical English Registers) (1600--1999) Ǥǧ줿1672ǯǽȤơ13㤬 -er Ǥ롥
ǸˡѸ줫Ѹˤ̻ŪˤߤƤߤ褦HC (Helsinki Corpus) ˤȡE1 (1500--70) Henry Machyn's Diary ꡤ"he becam an interpretour betwen the constable and certein English pioners;" 1Τ߸줿HC 礵 PPCEME ˤȡ嵭ޤ17λʬۤϰʲ̤ꡥ

 -o(u)r-er(s)
E1 (1500--1569)21
E2 (1570--1639)35
E3 (1640--1710)06


ʾ礹ȡΤ16ˡ餯ƱθȾˡŪ -er ͥˤʤäƤΤȻפ롥ʤOED Ǥϡ1840ǯǸ -or ϻѤäƤ롥

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2013-03-25 Mon

#1428. ye = the [palaeography][spelling][thorn][th][pub][alphabet][graphemics][ppcme2][ppceme][ppcmbe][corpus]

#13. ѹΥѥ֤ ye äƤ椷 ([2009-05-11-2]) ǡye yethe Ѥ뵼ŪֻˤĤƿ줿
þ (thorn) y Ȥλˤ뺮ƱѸ鸫줿κ𤬤дΤ þ षƤǤ롥þ ѤƤäΤϡ#1329. Ѹˤˤ eth, thorn, <th> ([2012-12-16-1]) #1330. Ѹˤ eth, thorn, <th> ([2012-12-17-1]) dzǧ褦ˡHelsinki Corpus λʬˤME4 (1420--1500) ʹߤǤ롥˸ƱơŪ괧 ye ϶ѸäƤ٤ƤOED 򻲾Ȥȡye λѤѸ줫17ˤơȤ롥
ǤϡѸ줫ѸˤơŪˤɤ ye Ѥ줿ΤĴ٤뤿 PPCME2, PPCEME, PPCMBE POSե뷲 "ye/D" 򸡺ƤߤME1ΤߡEModE1259㡤LModE5㤬󤬤äƥѥϤ褽130졤180졤100줫ʤ뤬ͤȤ⡤ȤƤ롥Ѹǵ޷˸쵤˿ȤȤǤ롥PPCEME 1259Τ975ϡThe Journal of George Fox (1673--74) Ȥ1ʤǤ롥ۤˤ10ʾ帽ƥȤ4ĤΤߤǡĤ20ƥȤ˾㤺ĻФäƤˤʤȤʬۤǤϤ롥δˤ᤿Ȥϡ̣ήԤȤä
ɥˬ줿ݤˡ145 Fleet St Ϸޥѥ "Ye Olde Cheshire Cheese" 42 Ludgate Hill "Ye Olde London" δĤ򻣱ƤƤǰʤ餳ǥդ뵡Ϥʤäɤ⡤̤Υѥ֤ǤϰաʤǤϤʤˤޤ

Ye Olde Cheshire Cheese Ye Olde London

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2013-03-20 Wed

#1423. Ѹ3ʣ -s (2) [verb][conjugation][emode][corpus][ppceme][ppcbme][number][agreement][analogy][3pp]

#1413. Ѹ3ʣ -s ([2013-03-10-1]) ε³εǤϡPPCEME ˤ븡ǡ3ʣ -s 50ۤɼФȤǤȽҤ٤ʸ̮򸫤ʤȤȤ52㤬ǧ줿ʥǡΥƥȥեˡ
PPCEME ǤϡE1 (1500--1569), E2 (1570--1639), E3 (1640--1710) 3ʬƤ뤬ζʬȤ3ʣ -s 򼨤ȰʲΤ褦ˤʤʳƴΥѥ⼨ˡ

PeriodTokensWordcount
E1 (1500--1569)13567,795
E2 (1570--1639)18628,463
E3 (1640--1710)21541,595
Total521,737,853


Queen Elizabeth I's Boethius (E2), Thomas Middleton's A chaste maid in Cheapside (E2), Celia Fiennes's journeys (E3) ʤɤΥƥȤ˿ʾȤϤΤȤƾʤʤ⡤褽ʤʬۤƤȤϸ뤫⤷ʤʸįƤߤȡʲΤ褦˼ư֤ߤΤĤꡤѸΡthere is + ʣ̾פΤ褦ʹʸ۵롥

and after them comys mo harolds,
Here comes our Gossips now,
Now in goes the long Fingers that are wash't Some thrice a day in Vrin,


ơLass (166) 3ʣ -s ˤĤƴϢڤ򸫤ĤΤǡҲ𤷤ƤLass ϡ3ʣ -s εˤĤơñ٤л٤줿ΤΡŤȹͤƤ褦

The {-s} plural appears considerably later than the {-s} singular, and if it too is northern (as seems likely), it represents a later diffusion. The earliest example cited by Wyld ([History of Modern Colloquial English] 346) is from the State Papers of Henry VIII (1515): 'the noble folk of the land shotes at hym'. It is common throughout the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries as a minority alternant of zero, and persists sporadically into the eighteenth century.


1617̤ƹԤʤƤȤȤϡ嵭 PPCEME dzΤǧ줿ʤѸ򥫥С PPCMBE 18ʹߤξĴ٤Ƥߤȡ6󤬤äΤοȴǰξǾȤ԰פɤΤޤޤƤ[2012-06-14-1]ε#1144. Ѹˤ԰פפ򻲾ȡˡѸǤ3ʣ -s ϳ̵˶ᤤȹͤƤ褵


Lass, Roger. "Phonology and Morphology." 1476--1776. Vol. 3 of The Cambridge History of the English Language. Ed. Roger Lass. Cambridge: CUP, 1999. 56--186.

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2013-03-10 Sun

#1413. Ѹ3ʣ -s [verb][conjugation][emode][corpus][ppceme][number][agreement][analogy][3pp]

ɸˤĤ Baugh and Cable (247) ˿Ƥꡤܤ椤3ñʤ3ʣˤ -s ϡѸǤʤѸǤϡ#790. Ѹˤư޸ʬۡ ([2011-06-26-1]) βϿޤǼ褦ˡľˡ3;ʣǤ -es ܤäѸɸѼˤ3ʣ -s ȤΤԻ׵ĤǤ롥ȤΤϡλʸؤʸȿǤɸѼǤϡѸ East Midland -e(n) ṳ̈ȤƤΥͽۤ뤷ºݤʬۤȤưŪ3ʣ -s ϳΤ Shakespeare Ǥ⻶롥
ˤĤơBaugh and Cable (247) ϼΤ褦˻ŦƤ롥

Their occurrence is also often attributed to the influence of the Northern dialect, but this explanation has been quite justly questioned, and it is suggested that they are due to analogy with the singular. While we are in some danger here of explaining ignotum per ignotius, we must admit that no better way of accounting for this peculiarity has been offered. And when we remember that a certain number of Southern plurals in -eth continued apparently in colloquial use, the alternation of -s with this -eth would be quite like the alternation of these endings in the singular. Only they were much less common. Plural forms in -s are occasionally found as late as the eighteenth century.


ǡ3ʣ -s αƶǤϤʤȤ Baugh and Cable θϡWyld, History of Modern Colloquial English, p. 340 θڤäƤ롥षλ3ñ -s -th θؤʣˤŪӲФ̤ȹͤƤ롥ʤGörlach (89) ϡ餭Τñ餭ΤᤫͤƤ롥
ͻˤäơϤȤ⤢졤Ѹˤ3ʣ -s ʤ -th ʤ꤬ŪˤɤΤ餤٤ǸΤǧƤɬפ롥ǡThe Penn-Helsinki Parsed Corpus of Early Modern English (PPCEME) ˤꤶäȸƤߤ180ȤϤΥѥ3ʣ -s 50ۤɡ3ʣ -th 60ۤɤ󤬤äʷ̥ƥȥեϺ򥯥åˡǯʸ̮ʤɤξܺ٤ʬϤϤƤʤŵŪ򾯤󤲤Ƥ


and all your children prayes you for your daly blessing.
but the carving and battlements and towers looks well;
then go to the pot where your earning bagges hangs,
as our ioyes growes, We must remember still from whence it flowes,
Ther growes smale Raysons that we call reysons of Corans,


now here followeth the three Tables,
And yf there be no God, from whence cometh good thynges?
First I wold shewe that the instruccyons of this holy gospell perteyneth to the vniuersal chirche of chryst.
and so the armes goith a sundre to the by crekes.
And to this agreith the wordes of the Prophetes, as it is written.
Also high browes and thicke betokeneth hardnes:


Baugh, Albert C. and Thomas Cable. A History of the English Language. 5th ed. London: Routledge, 2002.
Görlach, Manfred. Introduction to Early Modern English. Cambridge: CUP, 1991.

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2011-05-05 Thu

#738. inclusive superlative [superlative][contamination][syntax][corpus][ppceme]

εֹʸ contamination ([2011-05-04-1]) ǺǸ˼夲 "inclusive superlative" ˤĤơBNCweb ǤɤΤ餤ҥåȤ뤫Ƥߤ"(most _AJ0 | _AJS) (_{N})* of (any)? other" Ǹȡʲ7ФȤǤֻϰѼԡˡ

- Chang's speed was the best of any other player.
- Perhaps the most notable of other attempts to describe parents in this fashion was undertaken by Earl S. Schaefer.
- This percentage is the largest of any other constituency in England.
- But centuries of migration, conquest, occupation, intermarriage, trade and cultural exchange - not to mention the tendency of artists to copy or reinterpret the most successful facets of other artists' work - have eroded much of this exclusivity.
- Commander Keen has the largest fan club of any other shareware game available.
- 'In proportion to the kiwi's size the egg is the largest of any other bird.
- I say in particular our union because everyone here knows we probably have the largest and best training programme of any other union in Britain today.


Ѹˤ⸫줿ȤȤʤΤǡThe Penn-Helsinki Parsed Corpus of Early Modern English (PPCEME) ǤäĴ٤ƤߤȡJohn Fryer (b. c1650, d. 1733) ʤʪιԵ˼1㤬ä

They yet retain a Warlike Disposition, being still accounted the best Gunners here of any other places in Persia;


̯ʹʸεˤõˤϡΤȤȤʤäƤ2Ĥιʸ comparative + than any other superlative + of all ٤ʸ̮ޤФɬפ

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2010-09-01 Wed

#492. ѸζѲưɤ [emode][verb][conjugation][variation][corpus][ppceme]

Ѹˤϡưβʬ˿ΰ۷֤äȤΤƤ롥ä첻Ѳ ( ablaut, or vowel gradation ) ˤäƲʬäűѸζѲưͳ褹ưϡ-ed ؤε§ηȤؤäѰۤμब¿ä
ѸǤʬѰۤΤưϤʤ櫓ǤϤʤ㤨 bid -- bid / bade / bad -- bid / bidden, prove -- proved -- proved / proven, show -- showed -- shown / showed, sow -- sowed / sown -- sown / sowed ʤɤ롥Ѹΰ۷ִ֤ɤϸѸǤϤʤ18̾ʵʸˡ Robert Lowth (1710-87) ǤɤƤƤۤɤ顤ĤʤäȤȤ ( Nevalainen, pp. 93--94 )
Ϥ˴ؤơ[2010-03-03-1]ǾҲ𤷤 PPCEME ( Penn-Helsinki Parsed Corpus of Early Modern English, second edition ) ˤꡤפưʤȤʣưˤβˤĤư۷֤򤶤äȸƤߤñ˰֤ȹͤΤ⤢뤬餫˸촴첻βΰۤʤΤ⤢ꡤɤη㤷ʬå١

awake : awaked (1), awoke (3)
bear : bar (6), bare (133), barest (2), beare (1), bore (24)
begin : be-gane (12), be-gayne (1), began (281), began'st (1), begane (13), begann (1), beganne (27), begannyst (1), begayn (1), begayne (1), begon (1), begun (10)
break : brak (6), brake (60), brakest (2), break (2), broake (7), brok (4), broke (49), brokest (1)
come : bacame (1), becam (5), became (79), become (1), cam (475), came (2170), camest (11), camst (4), com (27), come (55), comst (1), ouercame (4), ouercome (2), over-cam (1), overcame (2), overcome (1)
drink : drancke (3), dranckt (1), drank (19), dranke (21), dronke (3), drunk (1), drunke (2)
eat : ate (15), eat (11), eate (12), ete (2)
fall : befel (1), befell (6), fel (15), fele (1), fell (306), felle (4), ffell (1)
find : fande (4), ffond (1), ffonde (1), ffound (1), find (1), fond (2), fonde (2), found (344), founde (63)
get : begat (67), begate (60), begot (3), begott (2), forgat (3), forgate (2), forgot (8), forgote (1), forgott (2), gat (10), gate (15), gatt (4), gatte (1), got (101), gote (23), gott (23)
give : forgaue (2), gaue (261), gauest (9), gave (364), gavest (12), gayff (4), gayffe (2), geve (1), misgaue (1)
help : help'd (2), help't (1), helped (5), helpt (1), holp (1), holpe (1)
know : knew (419), knewe (88), knewest (3), knewyst (1), know (1), knowe (1), knowethe (1), knue (1), knwe (1)
ring : rang'd (1), rong (1), rung (1), runge (1)
run : ran (77), rane (7), rann (3), ranne (38), run (12), rune (1), runn (1)
see : saw (627), saw (1), sawe (237), sawest (14), sawiste (1), see (5)
sing : sang (7), sange (5), song (11), songe (3), sung (13)
sink : sanke (1), sunke (1)
speak : bespake (2), spak (2), spake (318), spoak (1), spoake (8), spock (1), spoke (61), spokest (2)
spring : sprang (1), sprange (5), spronge (1), sprung (3), sprunge (1)
swear : sware (55), swoare (1), swore (56)
take : betoke (1), betook (4), betooke (4), mistook (1), mistooke (2), ouer-tooke (1), ouertoke (2), ouertooke (3), overtook (2), overtooke (2), take (1), taked (3), tok (2), toke (333), tokened (1), tokest (2), took (296), tooke (333), tooke (1), undertook (8), undertooke (2), vnd=er=tooke (1), vndertooke (2)
write : wrat (1), wrate (7), wret (32), wrett (49), writ (19), write (2), writt (8), writte (1), wrot (21), wrote (106), wrote (1), wrott (7), wrotte (3), wryt (1), wryte (1), wrytt (2)


ѸζѲưβʬɤ͡˸椵Ƥ뤬Nevalainen References ʲ2θ򸫤ĤΤǥ⤷Ƥ

Nevalainen, Terttu. An Introduction to Early Modern English. Edinburgh: Edinburgh UP, 2006.
Gustafsson, Larisa O. Preterite and Past Participle Forms in English, 1680--1790. Studia Anglistica Upsaliensia 120. Uppsala: Uppsala U, 2002.
Lass, Roger. "Proliferation and Option-Cutting: The Strong Verb in the Fifteenth to Eighteenth Centuries." Towards a Standard English, 1600--1800. Ed. Dieter Stein and Ingrid Tieken-Boon van Ostade. Berlin and New York: Mouton de Gruyter, 1993. 81--113.

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