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dialect_levelling - hellogѸ˥֥

ǽ: 2026-07-15 01:27

2025-09-04 Thu

#5974. New Zealand English Υᥤ [new_zealand_english][maori][history][cockney][sociolinguistics][variety][founder_principle][dialect_contact][dialect_mixture][dialect_levelling][australian_english][100_places]

˥塼ɱѸˤĤƤϡ#1799. New Zealand ˤѸˡ ([2014-03-31-1])#402. Southern Hemisphere Shift ([2010-06-03-1])#278. ˥塼ɤˤޥγ ([2010-01-30-1]) ޤ new_zealand_english εǼ夲ƤϺǶᤪ A History of the English Language in 100 Places 52 "WAITANGI --- the English Language in New Zealand (1840)" ꡤNew Zealand English Υᥤ󥰤ˤĤƤβɤߤ (129--31)

On 6 February 1840, at Waitangi, Aoteoroa, Maori chiefs signed a treaty with the representatives of the British government. The Maori were agreeing to permanent white settlement in their islands. The treaty of Waitangi signalled the moment when the British, not the French, asserted possession of what was renamed New Zealand; it was also the moment when English was destined to become the dominant European language of Aotearoa.
   After 1840, European migration to New Zealand came almost exclusively from the British Isles. A census in 1871 showed that of these various migrants, 51 per cent came from England, 27 per cent from Scotland, 22 per cent from Ireland. The majority spoke regional dialects unlike the upper-class English of the colony's administrators. That division shaped linguistic attitudes and accents until the 1960s at least. At the same time, the Maori language provided many terms for local animals, plants and landscape features.
   The proportions of the 1871 census suggest the founding elements of New Zealand English, but they do not take account of the fact that there was a continuous movement back and forth between New Zealand and Australia. Some 6 per cent of the 1871 white population was born in Australia, and very large numbers of those who came from the British Isles first landed in Australia before deciding to move to New Zealand. Australian English had then --- and continues to have --- a strong influence. . . .
   As in Australia, school inspectors, administrators and leaders of opinion complained from the beginning about the kind of English that they found widespread in New Zealand. A major complaint was that many New Zealanders said 'in', not 'ing', a the ends of words; they added and dropped 'h's improperly; and generally sounded Cockney.
   New Zealand linguists challenged the idea that there were large numbers of Londoners among the immigrants to New Zealand. Moreover, within England and the Empire, Cockney was the accent most disliked by upper-class English speakers, and there was a tendency to label any disliked accent as Cockney. Arguing for a levelling of the nineteenth-century English, Irish and Scottish immigrant dialects, New Zealand linguists claim that a distinctive voice appeared about 1900 and spread rapidly through the country. It was initially noted in derogatory terms as a colonial drawl or twang. However, modern-day New Zealanders have homogenized their speech, eroding the once unacceptable drawl as well as the once superior vowels.


˥塼ɱѸϡѸüԤΥꥹͳν١ȤĤĤ⡤ϤηȤƤΥȥꥢѸαƶꡤΥޥθä¿Ѥʤ麮򤷤ƤȥꥢѸƱͤˡ̤ Cockney αƶζѼȤߤ뤳Ȥ¿ϡCockney ɸŪʽѼפȤ绨Ĥ˴ŤǤǽ⤤˥塼ɤǤϡ20ˤޤǤ˹ԤʤƤ͡Ѽ郎ʿˤĤʤ˥塼ɤ餷ѸѼ郎ޤƤȹͤ롥


Lucas-Mulvey-History_front_cover.png



Lucas, Bill and Christopher Mulvey. A History of the English Language in 100 Places. London: Robert Hale, 2013.

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2021-06-29 Tue

#4446. Ͻ줬Ѹ˵ڤܤðʳαƶ --- TH-stopping 3ñΥ [th][phonetics][dutch][flemish][low_german][contact][me_dialect][dialect_levelling][3sp][aave]

濴ȤϽαѸؤαƶˤĤơϢ#4444. Ѹĺ15 ([2021-06-27-1]) ȡ#4445. ʤѸˤˤϽ줫αƶᾮɾƤΤ ([2021-06-28-1]) Ǽ夲ƤϸðʳؤαƶˤĤ Hendriks λŦƤ2夲褦
ޤ1ܤϡѸFlemish üԤαƶˤꡤѸλ໤ [ð] бĺ [d] ֤줿ΤǤϤʤȤˤĤơνнǤ Samuels 򻲾Ȥ Hendriks (1668) ˤСѸ Kent, East Sussex, East Surrey ꡤ"the" de Ȥơthick dykke Ȥơ"this" dis ȤʸڤȤSamuels ˤС "TH-stopping" Ͼ嵭ϰ15ƬޤǤ˵äƤꡤߤǤؼ˸¤ΤΡθ̤ĤäƤȤ
2ܤϡTrudgill θΤ褦ˤʤä East Midland ˤ3ñΥǤ (cf. #2310. 3ñΥ ([2015-08-24-1])ˡTrudgill ϡϰDZѸϽ줬ܿưޤ¿Ͳʣ̡ǽŪ˿ʿDzߤȤˤ긽ߤ3ñΥ褦ȤƤ롥Hendriks (1668) ˤꡤεΥ˥奢󥹤⤦ǫɤäƤߤ褦

In an article first published in 1997, Trudgill (2002) seeks to understand why the present-tense, third person singular verb forms lack -s in the East Anglian dialects. Surviving evidence suggests that from the 11th to the 15th century, Est Anglian dialects had the original -th form, but by 1700, the zero form had become a typical feature of these dialects. Noting a number of zero forms in the early 17th letters of Katherine Paston, he situates the emergence of the zero forms in the 16th century. This time-frame corresponds to massive migration into East Anglia from the Low countries and France as a result of the Dutch Revolt in the southern Netherlands and civil wars in France. Trudgill concludes that the zero from is due to contact at a time when the East Anglian system itself was in flux and this is the key to his argument. There is evidence of variation between the native southern -th forms and the northern -s forms at the same time that this region experience[d] a massive influx of immigrants who would have found the typologically highly marked third person singular verb forms difficult to acquire. In this situation of dialect contact, Trudgill (2002: 185) asserts, "natural forms tend to win out over non-natural ones".


ä˸ԤΡ3ñΥ aave εˤƤ⸰ȤʤȥԥåǤꡤѸ˾夭ƽפǤ롥

Hendriks, Jennifer. "English in Contact: German and Dutch." Chapter 105 of English Historical Linguistics: An International Handbook. 2 vols. Ed. Alexander Bergs and Laurel J. Brinton. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 2012. 1659--70.
Samuels, Michael L. "Kent and the Low countries: Some Linguistic Evidence." Edinburgh Studies in English and Scots. Ed. A. J. Aitken, Angus McIntosh, and Hermann Pálsson. London: Longman, 1971. 3--19.
Trudgill, Peter. "Third-Person Singular Zero: African-American English, Anglian Dialects and Spanish Persecution in the Low Countries." East Anglian English. Ed. Jacek Fisiak and Peter Trudgill. Cambridge: D. S. Brewer, 2002. 179--86.

Referrer (Inside): [2024-11-09-1]

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2021-06-23 Wed

#4440. 1418ޤǡɸಽĹ [standardisation][dialect_contact][dialect_mixture][dialect_levelling][emode]

ѸˤǤϡѸɸಽĹ֤ˤ錄äȿʹԤȤΤƤ롥ĹɸಽβλϤޤȽɤ֤ԥݥȤǻŦ뤳Ȥ񤷤14Ⱦ Chaucer λ˨꤬ߤ졤18εϼλˤ褽뤲줿ȤƤ
ɸಽȤϡδ餤С¿ȤȤǤ롥ֻǤСƱñФʣ֤֤ͣۤɸŪȤȤ14Ⱦ18ޤDZѸ줬ɸಽӾˤäȤȤϡʤλˤ¿쾯ʤ¿äȤȤǤ롥
Trudgill (2047--48) ѸɸಽӾˤߤ줿Ū¿ˤĤơ̾̾ʸԤ꼡Τ褦ȯ򼡡ȰѤƤ롥

"the precise regional dialect constituents of London English were not finally fixed in their present proportion and distribution during the 15th century, nor indeed for some time after the beginning of the following century" (Wyld)
"in London circles during the 16 c and 17 c many different usages [...] were jostled together" (Strang)
"the modern standard has a heterogeneous dialect base" (Lass)
"coexisting subsystems" (Samuels)
"rival pronunciations" (Wells)
"it is tempting to ask what dialects were not present in this Londonish-East Midlandish-Northernish-Southernish 'single ancestor' of Standard English" (Hope)

Ǥϡ¿ϲͳ褹Τ͡Trudgill ˤС (dialect_mixture) ȤΤȤǤ롥Ĺ֡󥰥ڤɥ¿οܽ͡³ƤɥޤäͤϤषɤǤꡤˤĤƸХɥϤޤΤĤܤäΤǤ롥Τ褦ʾǤϡκ礬֤Ǥꡤʿ (dialect_levelling) ˤ֤פȤȤ
ĹɸಽϡḽѸˤŪԵ§ȵ§ΤޤͤƤ褦˻פ롥ѸΤʬ§Ūǡ̤ʬԵ§ŪʤΤϡ¿嵭λ˵ȤäƤ褤

Trudgill, Peter. "Varieties of English: Dialect Contact." Chapter 130 of English Historical Linguistics: An International Handbook. 2 vols. Ed. Alexander Bergs and Laurel J. Brinton. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 2012. 2044--59.

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2020-12-30 Wed

#4265. ʤꥫǤϱѸ줬礿ȤäƤΤǤ --- hellog 饸 [hellog-radio][sobokunagimon][sociolinguistics][history][ame][official_language][history][koine][dialect_levelling][sociolinguistics]

ɸϡ䤦ޤǤʤȻפ褦ʵ䤫⤷ޤ󤬡λ¤طʤõ뤳Ȥ˰̣롤ȤϾʤޤ󡥸ߤǤϡѸȤбѹƹΤȤפ⤫٤ͤ¿ȻפޤŪˤƹϸȯαѸǤ17Ƭ˥ꥹο̱ϤȤƥȤѸѤϰȤƤˤǤ
ƹ̱ιǤ뤳ȤϤ褯ΤƤޤɤޤ।ꥹ礫ΰ̱ˤȤɤޤ餺17ȾϥɥĤʤɥ衼åѽ񤫤ΰ̱¿äƤޤ19Ⱦϥ䥢եꥫ20ˤ椫͡󤻤ޤΰۤʤä͡ꥫɥ꡼ƹܻؤΤǤ
ȤȡѸɮƬȤĤĤʣΰۤʤ줬¤Ω̾¤Ȥ¿ȤȤʤǽ⤢äϤǤ¡ƹǤ¿ѤǧƤޤԤʤƤ⤤ޤŪˤСѸ줬ŪͭϤͣθǤȤǤ礦ϤʤʤΤǤ礦Ū˹ͤƤߤޤ礦



͡ʸüԤƹ˰̱ȤƤäƤȤϳΤǤǽ˰̱ʸβߤäΤϡȤäƤ⥤󥰥ɡåȥɡɤʤɥꥹпȤο͡ĤޤѸüԤǤǽߤ줿Ѹ쥤ե餬塹ޤDZƶڤܤȤȤǤޤˡλ¤Ƥޤ
⤦1ġɽѥ˥΢դ줿̱ΰưư (mobility) ƤޤҲΤʤǹư͡ȤΤϡޤʸʿಽ͡Ǥ⤢ޤΤ褦ʼҲǤϡơϤ˸ͭθȯãˤषΤȤʿIJƤޤȤ¿ΥäƤѸϤΤ褦ʿIJΥޥͥåȤȤƵǽФ¾νϳȻ뵡ʤäΤǤ
ˤС¾ν¸ߴĤıѸݤμҲؼ̤ƤˤơѸʿIJƤޤ (dialect_levelling) ꥹѸ٤ƥꥫѸϰˤʤΤ⡤̱ҲȤ𤬴ͿƤޤ
դϡ˼ҲŪˤؤ󤪤⤷Ǥؿäϡ##2784,158,591εå

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2018-02-06 Tue

#3207. ɸѸȸɸಽ˴ؤ뤤ĤνѸ [terminology][sociolinguistics][standardisation][koine][dialect_levelling][language_planning][variety]

ΤȤѸɸಽ (standardisation) ˤΤߤʤ餺ɸಽˤĤưŪ˹ͤ뵡¿äƤ롥˴ϢѸȳǰ褦ȡҲؤѸ콸 (Trudgill) 򳫤Ƥߤ齸᤿ĤνѸȤ˺Τ˵Ƥ
ޤϡѸ˴ؤƤФ "Standard English" ȤѸ줫ʡ#1396. "Standard English" Ȥϲ ([2013-02-21-1])#2116. ֱѸפεۣ ([2015-02-11-1]) ⻲ȡˡ

Standard English The dialect of English which is normally used in writing, is spoken by educated native speakers, and is taught to non-native speakers studying the language. There is no single accent associated with this dialect, but the lexicon and grammar of the dialect have been subject to codification in numerous dictionaries and grammars of the English language. Standard English is a polycentric standard variety, with English, Scottish, American, Australian and other standard varieties differing somewhat from one another. All other dialects can be referred to collectively as nonstandard English.


ǻȤƤ "polycentric" ȤѸˤĤƤϡ#2384. polycentric language ([2015-11-06-1]) ȡ#2402. polycentric language (2) ([2015-11-24-1]) ⻲ȡ
ˡ"standardisation" ȤѸ줫Ť뼰ˤĤѸ򤿤ɤäƤߤ

standardisation The process by which a particular variety of a language is subject to language determination, codification and stabilisation. These processes, which lead to the development of a standard language, may be the result of deliberate language planning activities, as with the standardisation of Indonesia, or not, as with the standardisation of English.


status planning [language determination] In language planning, status planning refers to decisions which have to be taken concerning the selection of particular languages or varieties of language for particular purposes in the society or nation in question. Decisions about which language or languages are to be the national or official languages of particular nation-states are among the more important of status planning issues. Status planning is often contrasted with corpus planning or language development. In the use of most writers, status planning is not significantly different from language determination.


codification The process whereby a variety of a language, often as part of a standardisation process, acquires a publicly recognised and fixed form in which norms are laid down for 'correct' usage as far as grammar, vocabulary, spelling and perhaps pronunciation are concerned. This codification can take place over time without involvement of official bodies, as happened with Standard English, or it can take place quite rapidly, as a result of conscious decisions by governmental or other official planning agencies, as happened with Swahili in Tanzania. The results of codification are usually enshrined in dictionaries and grammar books, as well as, sometimes, in government publications.


stabilisation A process whereby a formerly diffuse language variety that has been in a state of flux undergoes focusing . . . and takes on a more fixed and stable form that is shared by all its speakers. Pidginised jargons become pidgins through the process of stabilisation. Dialect mixtures may become koinés as a result of stabilisation. Stabilisation is also a component of language standardisation.


focused According to a typology of language varieties developed by the British sociolinguist Robert B. LePage, some language communities and thus language varieties are relatively more diffuse, while others are relatively more focused. Any speech act performed by an individual constitutes an act of identity. If only a narrow range of identities is available for enactment in a speech community, that community can be regarded as focused. Focused linguistic communities tend to be those where considerable standardisation and codification have taken place, where there is a high degree of agreement about norms of usage, where speakers tend to show concern for 'purity' and marking their language variety off from other varieties, and where everyone agrees about what the language is called. European language communities tend to be heavily focused. LePage points out that notions such as admixture, code-mixing, code-switching, semilingualism and multilingualism depend on a focused-language-centred point of view of the separate status of language varieties.


diffuse According to a typology of language varieties developed by the British sociolinguist Robert B. LePage, a characteristic of certain language communities, and thus language varieties. Some communities are relatively more diffuse, while others are relatively more focused. Any speech act performed by an individual constitutes an act of identity. If a wide range of identities is available for enactment in a speech community, that community can be regarded as diffuse. Diffuse linguistic communities tend to be those where little standardisation or codification have taken place, where there is relatively little agreement about norms of usage, where speakers show little concern for marking off their language variety from other varieties, and where they may accord relatively little importance even to what their language is called.


Ǹ˵󤲤2 "focused" "diffuse" ϸ춦ƱΤѼˤĤѤеηƻǡ¤ʳǰȴȿͤȤȻȤľŪɽǡɸಽ٤ιؤƤ롥Ѹˤʸ̮ǤСѸ a diffuse variety Ǥꡤʶ˸ѸűѸ focused varieties ǤȳɽǤ롥"focused" ΤʤǤ٤ꡤ٤ι⤤Τ "fixed"㤤Τ򶹤̣Ǥ "focused" ȤʤСʶ˸ѸԡűѸϸԤɽǤfixed focused ζ̤ˤĤƤϡ#929. Ѹ󥰥ɸδפȤʤäͳ ([2011-11-12-1]) ⻲ȡ

Trudgill, Peter. A Glossary of Sociolinguistics. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003.

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2018-01-08 Mon

#3178. ȳ̿ԻѼ [lmode][industrial_revolution][history][sociolinguistics][dialect][dialectology][variety][koine][dialect_levelling][bre]

18--19 Industrial Revolution ʻȳ̿ˤϡѹҲι¤礭ѤμҲŪʵϡüŪˤ (traditional dialects) ԻѼ (urban varieties) ؤΰܹԤȤäƤ褤̡͢ʤȯãˤꡤ͡ιưͼҲŪͥåȥѤꤷϰˤŪʿʹִطλޤꡤοʿ (dialect_levelling) ȶ̸첽 (koinéization) ʹԤǡϤ˸줿巿ԻԤϰҲεῴϤȤʤꡤʤԻѼ郎ޤƤԻѼϰ°Ҳ񳬵궯ȿǤ뷹ǡȤϰۤʤ¸ߤǤ롥
Gramley (181) դλʲΤ褦Ƥ롥

[The Industrial Revolution and the transportation revolution] were among the most significant social changes of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. Partly as a prerequisite for and partly as an effect of industrialization there were fundamental changes in transportation. First, in the period after 1750 there was the establishment of turnpikes, then canals, and finally railroads. Among their consequences was the development of regional and supra-regional markets and, concomitant with this, greater labor force mobility in a money rather than barter economy with the potential for consumption. It hardly seems necessary to point out that this led to a weakening of the rural traditional dialects and an upsurge of new urban varieties in the process of dialect leveling or koinéization.
   As industrialization continued, new centers in the Northeast (mining) and in the Western Midlands (textiles in Manchester and Birmingham and commerce in Liverpool) began to emerge. Immigration of labor from "abroad" also ensured further language and dialect contact as Irish workers found jobs in the major projects of canal building in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries and then in the building of the railways. Enclaves of Irish came into being, especially in Liverpool. Despite linguistic leveling the general distinctions were retained between the North (now divided more clearly than ever between the English North and Scotland), the East Midlands and the now industrializing West Midlands, and the South. The emergence of a new, mostly working-class, urban population in the North in the nineteenth century was accompanied by a literature of its own. Pamphlets, broadsides, and almanacs showed local consciousness and pride in vernacular culture and language. As the novels of Elizabeth Gaskel demonstrate, language --- be it traditional dialect or working-class koiné --- was a marker of class solidarity.


Τ褦ˡѹζḽŪʼҲŪѼΤϡȤƻȳ̿λʪȤäƤ褤
ϢȤơ#1671. dialect contact, dialect mixture, dialect levelling, koineization ([2013-11-23-1])#2028. ܤȥ󥰥ɤˤξ ([2014-11-15-1])#2023. England θѸʬ (3) --- Modern Dialects ([2014-11-10-1]) ⻲ȡ

Gramley, Stephan. The History of English: An Introduction. Abingdon: Routledge, 2012.

Referrer (Inside): [2020-03-12-1]

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2017-09-06 Wed

#3054. ¤ˤҲήưȽοʿ [black_death][reestablishment_of_english][history][demography][me_dialect][sociolinguistics][dialect_levelling]

ѸˤǤˤѸȴϢơƤ¤ΤȤ롥ñ˸ڤˤȤɤޤꡤͤùΤʤΤ¿Τʤǡ̸αѸܤ路 Gooden (67--68) ϡ¤Ф1䤯ۤɤδؿ򼨤Ƥ롥ɤʪȤƤ⤷ΤǰѤƤʤѤ21ϡBlack Death θ츻ȴϢơ#2990. Black Death ([2017-07-04-1]) Ǥꤢ

The Black Death had a devastating effect on the British Isles, as on the rest of Europe. The population of England was cut by anything between a third and a half. Probably originating in Asia, the plague arrived in a Dorset port in the West country in 1348, rapidly spreading to Bristol and then to Gloucester, Oxford and London. If a rate of progress were to be allotted to the plague, it was advancing at about one-and-a-half miles a day. The major population centres, linked by trading routes, were the most obviously vulnerable but the epidemic had reached even the remotest areas of western Ireland by the end of the next decade. Symptoms such as swellings (the lumps or buboes that characterize bubonic plague), fever and delirium were almost invariably followed within a few days by death. Ignorance of its cause heightened panic and public fatalism, as well as hampering effectual preventive measures. Although the epidemic petered out in the short term, the disease did not go away, recurring in localized attacks and then major outbreaks during the 17th century which particularly affected London. One of them disrupted the preparations for the coronation of James I in 1603; the last major epidemic killed 70,000 Londoners in 1665.
   The term 'Black Death' came into use after the Middle Ages. It was so called either because of the black lumps or because in the Latin phrase atra mors, which means 'terrible death', atra can also carry the sense of 'black'. To the unfortunate victims, it was the plague, or, more often, the pestilence. So Geoffrey Chaucer calls it in The Pardoner's Tale, where he makes it synonymous with death. The words survive in modern English even if with a much diminished force in colloquial use: 'He's a pest.' 'Stop plaguing us!' Curiously, although pest in the sense of 'nuisance' has its roots in pestilence, the word pester comes from a quite different source, the Old French empêtrer ('entangle', 'get in the way of').
   The impact of the pestilence on English society was profound. Quite apart from the psychological effects, there were practical consequences. Labour shortages meant a rise in wages and more fluid social structure in which the old feudal bonds began to break down. Geographical mobility would also have helped in dissolving regional distinctions and dialect differences.


¤ˤ͸ˤꡤĤäϫƯԤ¶⤬夬ꡤμҲŪϰ̤徺ȤȤǤѸμҲŪϰ̤徺ȤΤ¤αѸ˾ΥѥȤȸ롥ѤκǸˤ褦ˡ͡ҲŪˤŪˤήưȤˤܤ٤Ǥ롥ˤꡤ͡ޤޤ򤷡Ȥ櫓ɥΤ褦ԲǤϽʿƤ椯Ȥʤä (cf. dialect levelling) ¤ϡΤ˱ѸιԤ˴ŪʱƶͿȤ

Gooden, Philip. The Story of English: How the English Language Conquered the World. London: Quercus, 2009.

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2017-03-04 Sat

#2868. ˤƸűѸޤ줿 [oe_dialect][dialectology][anglo-saxon][dialect_levelling]

˻θűѸʤ700ǯ夫ʸڤűѸνѼϡˤΩΤ5Φޥ̱²֥ƥ˿ƤΤȤ餬ơ¿Ѳ뤲ˤ衤ŪˤϤΤޤݤơ8ʹߤʸ˸Ƥ롤ȤȤʤΤ
űѸηˤĤ Crowley ϡΤ褦ˤϹͤƤʤCrowley ϡष8ʹߤ˳ǧűѸνϡ餬֥ƥذܽν礿װȤΤǤƤ롥5ΰܽˤäơޥν̱²ϳơȤƤȤȤϤä֥ƥϤäƤϡ̱²Ϥ䤬ͻ礷Ūʺۤ⤤äϤ褽ʿ줿ǽ⤤ (cf. dialect levelling) θ塤Ƥӥ֥ƥˤư˻λϤޤޤǤˡ䤿ѻǤűѸνޤƤΤǤϤʤCrowley ϡβη˴ؤװȤơפʽˡϷˡꥹȶ顤ܿ󤲤Ƥ롥Crowley (97--98) ľܸäƤ餪

   In the genesis of the Old English dialects, post-migration factors appear to have been more important than pre-migration factors. For the most part, the dialects were not brought over from the continent. While there is historical and archaeological evidence to support Bede's statement that the principal peoples in the settlement were the Angles, Saxons, and Jutes . . . , there is even more evidence, archaeological, documentary, and onomastic, to indicate that more tribes than these three took part in the migration and that the settlement groups were heterogeneous --- that there were rarely coherent, homogeneous, separate areas of settlement exclusively for the Angles or Saxons or Jutes. Though it is a fact that certain distinct regional groups in sixth-century Anglo-Saxon jewelry correspond to particular cultures of the continental Angles and Saxons respectively, this proves nothing about the dialect divisions of Old English in that period. The linguistic features which differentiate Old English dialects, except for ǣ1/ē . . . and perhaps breaking/retraction, seem to have developed in England after the migration and primarily because of isolative geographical and political conditions. The invaders probably spoke various dialects of Germanic, but the differences between those dialects were not (ǣ1/ē excepted) those that by c. 750 AD (the time our witness documents begin) distinguished the Old English dialects. Most of the division between the continental tribes were probably lost in the mixing and social reorganisation of the migration and settlement.
   The chief factors, then, in shaping the attested Old English dialects seem to have been forces in post-migration England: physiography, military and political history, Christianity and education, and contacts with other languages --- in order of descending importance. . . . Once regional differences in phonology and inflections developed during the proto-Old English period, the spoken dialects were probably not radically modified by later political and educational changes, for such factors directly affected the speech of only a minority of the population.


űѸʬˤĤƤζʽŪʵҤϡ#1433. 10θűѸƥȤʬۡ ([2013-03-30-1]) ε򻲾ȡ

Crowley, Joseph P. "The Study of Old English Dialects." English Studies 67 (1986): 97--104.

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2016-11-08 Tue

#2752. dialect ȤѸˤĤ [greek][terminology][dialect][standardisation][koine][literature][register][language_or_dialect][dialect_levelling]

Haugen (922--23) ˤСdialect Ȥñϡͥ󥹴˥ꥷ줫ؽѸȤƼѤ줿Ǥ롥OED ΡפθǤν1566ǯȤʤäƤꡤǤϱѸޤΡפɽ魯ȤѤƤ롥ե󥹸ؤϤΩ16ǯۤä褦ǡǤϥꥷɾ abondante en dialectes ɽƤ롥1577ǯαѸǤϡ"Certeyne Hebrue dialectes" ȸŵ˴ؤΤǤꡤ1614ǯ Sir Walter Raleigh The History of the World Ǥϡꥷ "Æeolic Dialect" ڤƤ롥ѸǤλȤȤƤϡΤ褦˸ŵΡפؤ dialect ȤѸ줬Ȥ뤳Ȥ¿ä褦顤ˤбѼñ̤ˤѤ褦ˤʤäΤ
ꥷä᤹ȡŵˤ줷ɸ८ꥷʤΤϤʤɸŪʽפνΤΤߤäդ٤ϡΡפϡäդȤƤФƤǤϤʤ񤭸դȤƤФͿ줿̾äȤǤ롥Τˤ̾̾ˤ䤫äΤǤϤäºݾϡˤäƻȤʬ񤭸դζʬɽ魯Τä㤨С˽ˤ Ionicβλˤ Doricˤ Attic ʤɤȤäǤ (see #1454. ꥷɡʰ²ˡ ([2013-04-20-1]))
Υꥷν񤭸դνϡϡäդν˴פäƤ˰㤤ʤԤϡӸŪ˺ƷǤŤʳ "Common Greek" ʬ줷̤νǤ롥ŵ᤮ȡäդνϾäꡤܼŪ˥ƥͤǤꡤ٤ä koiné ˤä֤Ƥä (= koinéization; see #1671. dialect contact, dialect mixture, dialect levelling, koineization ([2013-11-23-1])) ơ줬ꥷ줽Τ (the Greek language) ǧ褦ˤʤä
ĤޤꡤŵˤޤȤȡ"several Greek dialects" "the Greek language" ȿܤȤˤʤ롥פΰ㤤äơƸŪ줷Ρ줬ָפʤΤǤ롥褳Ūʰ̣򤵤٤ dialect ʤ languageˤȤѸ줬˱ѤڤӡѸ츯ʣ⤿餹ȤˤʤäʣˤĤƤϡεǡ

Haugen, Einar. "Dialect, Language, Nation." American Anthropologist. 68 (1966): 922--35.

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2013-11-23 Sat

#1671. dialect contact, dialect mixture, dialect levelling, koineization [koine][dialect][accommodation_theory][terminology][variation][geography][demography][me_dialect][koineisation][dialect_mixture][dialect_levelling][dialect_contact]

ߤ̤뤬ۤʤäԤɤܿˤϡФиߤ˼ħ¤ܤߴ餻 accommodation κѤѻ롥Τ褦ʸήĿͥ٥ǤϤʤ礭ʽĥ٥褦ˤʤȡdialect contact ܿ) ȸƤ֤٤ݤȤʤ롥dialect contact ϡŵŪˤϡǤθήˤơޤԻԲ̱ϲ̱Ȥäˤ롥
dialect contact η̡ܤϤѤ̤θܤϤѤȤä˸ʤ dialect mixture Фơ͡δ֤κΤޤ롥
κΤ1--2ФȡƸܤμѰ۷졤ΡŵŪˤ1ĤΡ˷֤ؤ夯ꥨ󤬸Ƥ椯οʿϡdialect levelling ȸƤФ롥
dialect levelling ʤʿԤ뤳Ȥ¿ά (simplification) βˤФơο koiné ȤȯŸ뤫⤷ʤ (koinéization) ˡ koiné ϡɸδפˤʤ뤳Ȥ⤢롥
ơdialect contact koinéization ޤǤΰϢήTrudgill (157) ˤ꺣ɤäƤߤ褦

The dialect mixture situation would not have lasted more than a generation or possibly two, and in the end everybody in a given location would have ended up levelling out the original dialect difference brought from across the Atlantic and speaking the same dialect. This new dialect would have been 'mixed' with respect to its origins, but uniform in its current characteristics throughout the community. Where dialect levelling occurs in a colonial situation of this type --- or in the growth of a new town, for instance --- and that leads to the development of a whole new dialect, the process is known as koinéization (from the Ancient Greek word koiné meaning 'general, common').


Ū˳ǧ koinéization 󤲤ƤѸεȤʤäƤ뤬奮ꥷ Attic ŵŪ koiné Ǥ롥ƥ¯ƥ⡤koinéization ˤޤ17˥ꥹ饢ꥫغǽο̱ʤ줿塤δ֤˿̱ϤΤ⡤koinéization Ǥ롥Ʊ͡ʱѸüԤˤ륪ȥꥢ̱˥塼ɿ̱ΤȤˤˡԻԲη̤ȤԻ⡤¿ koiné Ǥ롥
Ѹ˾ dialect contact, dialect mixture, dialect levelling, koinéization βꤵΤϡ14ȾΥɥѸˤƤ͡üԤԻԥɥ˽ޤꡤdialect mixture dialect levelling äη̤ȤơɸؤȯŸѼθΩΤǤϤʤѸ busy, bury, merry ֻȯδط𤷤Ƥطʤˤ⡤嵭ΰϢβͿƤΤ
busy, bury, merry ˤĤƤϡ#562. busy ֻȯ ([2010-11-10-1])#563. Chaucer merry ([2010-11-11-1])#570. bury 첻ʬۡ ([2010-11-18-1])#1245. ʣŪβȤƤν񤭤ȤɸѸȯŸ ([2012-09-23-1])#1434. left hemlock Kentish ([2013-03-31-1])#1561. 14Norfolk ̱μҲŪ ([2013-08-05-1]) 򻲾ȡ

Trudgill, Peter. Sociolinguistics: An Introduction to Language and Society. 4th ed. London: Penguin, 2000.

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