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romancisation - hellogѸ˥֥

ǽ: 2026-07-15 01:27

2015-11-07 Sat

#2385. OED ˤ롤ŵ줪ӥޥ󥹽줫μѸä (2) [oed][statistics][lexicology][loan_word][borrowing][latin][greek][french][italian][spanish][portuguese][romancisation]

#2357. OED ˤ롤ŵ줪ӥޥ󥹽줫μѸäס ([2015-10-10-1])#2369. Ѹˤˤ륤ꥢ졤ڥ졤ݥȥ줫θüѤˡ ([2015-10-22-1]) ǡCulpeper and Clapham (218) ˤ OED ١Υޥ󥹷ϼѸפҲ𤷤ʸδˡŪʿͤɽηǷǺܤƤΤǡˤ2ĥդʥǡϡHTML򻲾ȡˡ1Ĥ4ȾȤγƸ줫μѸ2ĤϤƱΤ򡤳ƻθФΤˤɴʬΨǼΤǤ롥

Classical and Romance Loanwords in OED

Classical and Romance Loanwords (%) in OED

ϢפȤơ#2162. OED ˤե󥹸졦ƥ줫μѸοܡ ([2015-03-29-1]) ǿ줿 Wordorigins.org "Where Do English Words Come From?" ⻲ȡ

Culpeper Jonathan and Phoebe Clapham. "The Borrowing of Classical and Romance Words into English: A Study Based on the Electronic Oxford English Dictionary." International Journal of Corpus Linguistics 1.2 (1996): 199--218.

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2015-10-10 Sat

#2357. OED ˤ롤ŵ줪ӥޥ󥹽줫μѸä [oed][statistics][lexicology][loan_word][borrowing][latin][greek][french][italian][spanish][portuguese][romancisation]

ɸ˴ؤ롤OED2 CD-ROM ǤѤܳŪŪȯCulpeper and Clapham ˤΤǡĴˡ򸫤뤫ꡤ츻󸡺εǽȤʤ٤κʤ褦忴褦OED ʤɤѤŪϾʤʤˡθ̩˴դߤơĴ⿮Τ̤ȤƼƤ褤ΤǤϤʤȹͤ롥äȤ⡤ɮԤȤ OED ѤƸפ뤳ȤΰյפˤĤƿŤƤꡤ̤⤽˱ƿŤ˲ᤷʤФʤȤ⤷Ƥ롥äơʲεҤ⡤â񤭤ʬ˰ռĤIJᤵ줿
Culpeper and Clapham ΰäŵ줪ӥޥ󥹽ȤϡŪˤϥƥ졤ꥷ졤ե󥹸졤ꥢ졤ڥ졤ݥȥ濴ȤǤ롥ͤȤƤ٤礭ˤʤΤϡǽ4ۤɤǤ롥ɮԤϡOED Ǻܤ2,314,82θФ줫顤θľθȤѸ77,335Ф̡̤׿Ȥ⡤Ȥ˽Фäˤ뤽μѸγŻ뤷ơƼθͤ򻻽Ф
ĤҤȤĤοͤŪǤꡤ줾̣ᤷƤΤ⤪⤷ΤǤ Culpeper and Clapham (215) ʸκǸ󤷤Ƥ礿ȯ7Ѥ褦

   (1) Latin and French have had a profound effect on the English lexicon, and Latin has had a much greater effect than French.
   (2) Italian, Spanish, and Portuguese are of relatively minor importance, although Italian experienced a small boost in the 18th century.
   (3) The general trend is one of decline in borrowing from Classical and Romance languages. In the 17th century, 39.3% of recorded vocabulary came from Classical and Romance languages, whereas today the figure is 15%.
   (4) Latin borrowing peaked in 1600--1675, and Latin contributed approximately 7000 words to the English lexicon during the 16th century.
   (5) Greek, coming after Latin and French in terms of overall quantity, peaked in the 19th century.
   (6) French borrowing peaked in 1251--1375, fell below the level of Latin borrowing around 1525, and thereafter declined except for a small upturn in the 18th century. French contributed over 11000 words to the English lexicon during the Middle English period.
   (7) Today, borrowing from Latin may have a slight lead on borrowing from French.


7ȤäƤ⡤θǤۣäĴ̤ϿͤȤƶβƤꡤ狼䤹(1) ϡե󥹸ȥƥǡɤ餬Ū¿μѸäѸˤ⤿餷ƤȤ䤤üŪΤǤꡤƥι׸Τ֤ۤä礭פȤƤ롥(7) ˤСΥƥ̤ͥϡ㴳κʤ⡤ѸˤĤƤ褦Ϣơ(6) 顤ι׸줬ե󥹸줫ƥڤؤäΤ16ȾǤ뤳ȤȽ뤷(4) 顤ƥΥԡ16Ȥ17Ǥ뤳Ȥ狼롥
(3) ǤϡʹߡˤѸΨäƤƤ뤳ȤƤ뤬ϡ#879. Algeo ο쥽Ĵ鼨̻Ū([2011-09-23-1]) ǤߤȤ礹롥(2) (5) Ǥϡƥȥե󥹸ʳν줫αƶϡΤȤƶϾ뤤λˤ串ȤʤäȤ٤Ǥ뤳Ȥ狼롥
ѸˤˤѸפˤĤƤϡcat:lexicology statistics loan_word γƵ򻲾Ȥ줿ܵȴϢơäˡ#2162. OED ˤե󥹸졦ƥ줫μѸοܡ ([2015-03-29-1]) 򻲾ȡ

Culpeper Jonathan and Phoebe Clapham. "The Borrowing of Classical and Romance Words into English: A Study Based on the Electronic Oxford English Dictionary." International Journal of Corpus Linguistics 1.2 (1996): 199--218.

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2014-12-29 Mon

#2072. Ѹäλع¤ [lexicology][loan_word][latin][french][register][synonym][romancisation][lexical_stratification]

Ѹäع¤ˤĤơ#334. Ѹäλع¤ ([2010-03-27-1])#335. ܸäλع¤ ([2010-03-28-1])#1296. ع¤ɲá ([2012-11-13-1])#1960. ѸäΥԥߥåɹ¤ ([2014-09-08-1]) ʤɡ¿εǸڤƤ#1366. Ѹ줬̱ŪʸȸƤФͳ ([2013-01-22-1]) Ǥߤ褦ˡäλع¤椨˱Ѹ̱ŪʸǤȤ뤳Ȥ뤬ѸäΤħϸˤäƤȤȤʤतΤΤǤ롥
Jespersen (121--39) 󤷤Ƥ롥ޤĹ꤫顥

(1) ʩͳ褹줬¿Ȥˤꡤ̣ "subtle shades" ɽ褦ˤʤä
(2) ʸŪŪɽ򤬲ǽˤʤä
(3) ѸˤĹñ줬¿ΤǡȤüԤϹθΤλ֤ݤ뤳ȤǤ롥
(4) ƥѸˤôݤ롥

ޤ (1) (2) ϴϢƤꡤɽϤ礭ȤϳΤȤ٤ܤܸäλع¤ӤСɽԤˤȤäƤΥåȤϼ´褦ʹؽԤˤȤäƤħȤ⤤ϤޤŪʤΤǤȤȤ˺ƤϤʤʤ(3) Ϥ⤷ŦǤ롥üԤȤƱѸäݤˤϡߥñ̡ʡˤΤϤʻֲԤǤΩĤȤ롥ĹñǻֲԤȤΤϡˤ뤬άȤƤϳΤˤΤǤϤʤ(4) ϥƥѸǤϤʤꥷѸˤĤƤϢơ#512. ̾ ([2010-09-21-1]) #1694. ʳظäˤƥꥷǤ˱ɤͳ ([2013-12-16-1]) ⻲Ȥ줿
ˡJespersen 󤲤Ƥû󤹤롥

(5) ɬסŬڤʥƥѸλѤˤꡤ̣ξܤ䤱뤳Ȥ롥
(6) ȯֻʤɤˤĤƵô롥㤨С#859. gaseous ȯ ([2011-09-03-1]) γƼΥꥨ#573. ̾ȷƻбطʣǤ3Ĥλ ([2010-11-21-1]) Ǥߤ labyrinth ƻʤɤǤ롥
(7) ʳؤﲽˤꡤϢäˤϹǤˤʬ䤹褦ˤʤäƤƤ롥㤨 insomnia sleeplessness Τۤʬ䤹ͭѤǤȤ롥
(8) ͳǤƳˤꡤ֤ζ֤꤬ (ex. Cánada vs Canádian)
(9) ƥʣ (ex. phenomena, nuclei) Ѹؤ⤽Τޤ޻ۤʤɤŪ줿
(10) ä̱Ūˤʤä

Ȥϥɽ΢δطˤꡤŪȽǤϲˤȤ狼ɤΤȤѸθù¤켫ΤȤϡѼԤ˻ȤȤʤΤѸθù¤ϡƻθܿʤɤ߽ФƤ͡ʸû񸻤Ūʪˤ켫ΤɤⰭʤäơ̱Ū뤤̱ŪȤ褦ɾäȤȤϡɾԤѸä򸫤뼫Ω֤ɽƤȤȤǤ롥Jespersen (139) ϼɾ򤯤Ƥ롥

While the composite character of the language gives variety and to some extent precision to the style of the greatest masters, on the other hand it encourages an inflated turgidity of style. . . . [W]e shall probably be near the truth if we recognize in the latest influence from the classical languages 'something between a hindrance and a help'.


ܸˤ̤줿ʥץ˴20ˤ⤿餵줿ʸˤ⡤褦ɾä뤳ȤǤʡ#1999. Chuo Online ε֥ʸΩŪ˻ס ([2014-10-17-1]) Ȥĥä򻲾ȡˡ
ѸȤ̱̱ȤˤĤƤϡ#134. Ѹ줬̱ŪʸȸƤФͳ ([2009-09-08-1])#1366. Ѹ줬̱ŪʸȸƤФͳ ([2013-01-22-1])#1845. Ѹ줬̱ŪʸȸƤФͳ (2) ([2014-05-16-1]) Ǽ夲Τǡ⻲Ȥ줿ޤѸäΥޥ󥹲 (romancisation) ˴ؤɾˤĤƤϡ#153. Cosmopolitan Vocabulary Asset ([2009-09-27-1]) #395. ѸΥޥ󥹸첽ˤĤƤɾ ([2010-05-27-1]) 򻲾ȡ

Jespersen, Otto. Growth and Structure of the English Language. 10th ed. Chicago: U of Chicago, 1982.

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2014-01-12 Sun

#1721. 2ĤθȤϲ [wave_theory][family_tree][language_change][romancisation]

2ĤθΤˤߤȤطȤΤϡäؤƤΤ2֤δطİǥȤŪǥ (family_tree) Ⱦǥ (wave_theory) 󵯤Ƥ2ĤΥǥδطΤоݤȤƤꡤޤξԤ礷ǥϺ³Ƥ롥##369,371,999,1118,1236,1302,1303,1313,1314 ۤŪǶǤϡ#1236. ڤȡ ([2012-09-14-1]) #1397. ³ʿեǥ ([2013-02-22-1]) Ǥ˴Ϣ򰷤äƤϥꥢθؼ Pisani ʸ򻲾ȤƹͤƤߤ褦
Pisani ˤȤäơ2ĤθΤ (parenté) Ȥϡ̤ƤŪǤ¿ˤäƷޤ롥

. . . à chaque moment nous nous trouvons en présence d'une langue nouvelle constituée par la confluence et le mélange toujours divers d'éléments de provenance diverse dans les innombrables créations des individus parlants; et parenté linguistique n'est autre chose que la communauté d'éléments que l'on constate ainsi entre langue et langue. (14)


ñʸΤ褦ǥˤȾǥˤ⤢ƸڤʤտŪʸ󤷤ʤΤǤ롥ǥ˽СܤϡΩʳбܤŪȯŸΤȤ롥ǡȾǥ˽СܤϡܤбܤڤꤿΤǤȤ롥ξˤ⡤θܤϴ¸бܤ˲餫ΰ̣ǡֻƤפˤϰ㤤ʤɤΥǥˤΤֻۤƤפΤŪ˷뤳ȤϤǤʤʤСֻƤٹ礤¬ǡŪʴطŻ뤷Ƥ褤ͳʤСդȾŪʴطͥƤ褤ͳʤȤȤˤʤ롥
ѸξͤƤߤȡŪˤϷǥ˽äƥޥɤ°Ȥ뤬ä˸äΥޥ󥹸첽Ѹʹߤ˷㤷äΤǡȾǥ˽äơåɤˤ­ƧƤȤ롥ĤޤꡤιԤϤäϡ§ȤƤϷǥιͤͥȤߤʤơŪ˥ޥɤ°ȾθȾǥιͤƳơŪ˥åŪǤ⤢ȾƤΤǤ롥ѸξˤϡŪ˭٤ʸĤäƤꡤˤѤλŪط⤢٤Ϥ狼äƤΤǡ嵭̤ͥǤȤ館ΤǤȤ䤹Ūʾ󤬤ۤȤʤˤơȲ餫٤ǻƤȤ¬ˤϡǥȤ뤳ȤǤʤȾǥȤ뤳ȤǤʤʡ#371. ƶɬ̤Ǥʤ ([2010-05-03-1]) 򻲾ȡˡܤˤΤϡ򼨤ܤΤߤǤ롥
Pisani ϡSchuchardt ˤäƿƻҴطȼѴطΤ˰̣̤ǧ᤺٤ƤθϺ (Mischsprachen) ǤȤΩΩäơ2֤褦ȤΤǤʴϢơ#1069. ե顼ɡɡ --- üԸĿͤοŤ󤸤ѡ ([2012-03-31-1]) ⻲ȡˡ2֤θܤͳϡƻҴط⤷ʤѴط⤷ʤˤ褽줾θˤơΤ˲餫θŪ׿ߤ̤äƤΥƤꤷƤ˰㤤ʤפʤΤϸŪ׿ΤߤǤꡤPisani ϡ֤줾줬ͭŸȤġ̡βʲΤʤˤǧʤäפΤǤʥڥp. 89ˡ

Pisani, Vittore. "Parenté linguistique." Lingua 3 (1952): 3--16.
󡦥ڥ Ϻⳤ ϯ δ Ͳ ظء١ҡʸ˥ӡ1972ǯ

Referrer (Inside): [2014-01-16-1] [2014-01-13-1]

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2013-09-07 Sat

#1594. Υޥ󡦥󥯥ȤϱѸޥ󥹲 [norman_conquest][romancisation][old_norse][substratum_theory]

ѸˤǤϡΥޥ󡦥󥯥 (the Norman Conquest) ȤʤꡤʹߡѸ줬ʤȤä̤礭ޥ󥹲 (romancisation) ȤȤȤʤäƤ롥(Norman) French Ѹ˵ڤܤŪӼҲŪʱƶϿǤꡤ⼫Τ˰۵Ĥ򾧤ϤۤȤɤʤ褦˻פ롥ˤ륤ꥹΥޥ󥹲θ̤ϡΤߤʤ餺ʸؤˤˤȿǤƤꡤޤޤƱ϶ǤʴפĤ˻äƤ롥
ǤƥΥޥ󡦥󥯥Ȥˤ륲ޥ (germanicisation) θ̤βǽͻ뤳ȤϡʤȤ¸Ūˤ̵̤ǤϤʤȤΤϡ#1568. Norman, Normandy, Norse ([2013-08-12-1]) Ǥǧ褦ˡīǤΩƤ William ΨΥޥͤϡ롼Ĥ̥ޥ췲 Old Norse äƤ̲ͤǤ롥Normandy ̲ͤEngland Υ󥰥͡ʤ꽻Ƥ̲͡ˤȤƤ⡤Ūޥ󿧤ޤϤϤʤषǻʤͽۤΤǤϤʤ
ˤСͽۤϳȤȤˤʤ롥Τ˥Υޥͤϥ롼ĤȤƤ̲Ǥ롥911ǯ˥ե󥹤򽱤äǡͤμ Rollo (860?--932?) ϡڹԤ뤳ȤȰؤˡե󥹲 Charles III Υޥǥ򾡤äʹߡRollo ϡ󥰥ɤˤ Cnut Ʊͤˡ˲Ԥʤ̺ƷԤȤʤꡤ͡ɤǰäƷޤ줿Rollo λ¹ϡȤû֤ˡ®˥ե󥹲ե󥹸ꥹȶ˲եˡѤ¤ۤ졤εѤǸѤϥΥޥ󡦥󥯥Ȥ礭ʾȤʤäΤ顤ϥΥޥͤե󥹲餳ǽˤʤäΤȤߤ뤳ȤǤ롥ʾηаޤƧޤȡΥޥ󡦥󥯥Ȥ˻150ǯۤɤδ֤ˡΥޥͤʸŪˤΥޥ󿧤뤤ϥ󥰿򤹤ä꼺ܴۤ˥ե󥹲Τ褦ˤߤ롥Υޥ󡦥󥯥ȤαѸؤαƶϡϤޥ󥹲ɾ٤Ǥꡤޥ󲽤뤤ϥޥŪǤζȤɾǤʤȤˤʤꤽ
(95--96) ϡ˼㴳ΰ򾧤Ƥ롥

ġĥե󥹤̤ơ泤ϤŪ¯Ĥʤɤήη̡󥰥̱²ˤϡŪǤŪǤĤή줳ߡ礷ͻ¤Ĵ¤Ȥ롥ʾϡؼԡʸظȡ˲ȤΤۤܰפոǤ롥
ɤ⡤겼ƹͤʤСΩκ򤬾ɤ餤Ǥ롥
(1) ΥޥͤϡǡͤηҤƤ롥󡤻塤ĤƤ֤ˡ˺졤ե󥹲ȤǤ̡ϡʥե󥹿ͤߤСüԤǤꡤ󥰤λ¹Ǥ롥餳ʿơηĬdzΩĤΤ򤫤󤸤ʤ顤̱²ȤơꥹϤäΤǤ롥
(2) 󥰥ͤϡޥ̱²ưκݡ̳Ϥꡤ轻̱²षơڤ᤿ΤǤ롥⡤ĤͤǤ롥θ塤ǡͤϡԤȤơ٤ˤ錄꿯ά򷫤֤ͤηʤǻǤ롥
(3) ΥޥǥΥե󥯷٤ꥹ٤ε޷ȯã¥ʤΤϻ¤ξԤϡȤơǥޡ٤ƧޤƤ褦˻פ
̱²ŪʤȤˤʤȡ󥰥ϡŪǤ뤷ǻǤ롥̤­dzȤäĴҤǤϡޤäĤ̡


θ˥󥰤ФޥåɾޤޤƤ뤳ȡޤ̱²ŪʤȸŪʤ̤ΤǤ뤳ȤˤդʤФʤʤξ̤ˡΥޥͤˤϱѸʥޥ󥹡ŪǤƳΤߤǤȷŤƽäƤ褤ΤȤϻĤ롥ŪˤСե󥹲Υޥͤ롼ĤȤݤäƤ̥ޥŪʸܤľܱѸȤϤʤ褦˻פ롥⤽ Norman French Old Norse ¤Υե󥹸Ǥ뤷δظ줿 Old Norse θŪħNorman French Ѹʤɤ̤ƴŪ˱Ѹؤ߽ФƤ㤬äȤƤ⡤ۤɶä٤ȤǤϤʤ

͡إ󥰡ˤѤΡ١ҡӡ1968ǯ.

Referrer (Inside): [2014-10-31-1]

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2013-05-29 Wed

#1493. Ѹʤ̱ [latin][borrowing][semantic_change][word_formation][sign][loan_translation][lexicology][terminology][neo-latin][morphology][romancisation][false_friend][waseieigo]

ε#1492. ֥ǥ󥦥פѸ줫 ([2013-05-28-1]) ǡѸȸƤФˤĤ̻ŪŪξͻ¤ΤȤιͻϱѸäˤۤȤɤΤޤƤϤޤ롥ܸȱѸδطϱѸȥƥδط
ѸˤˤơǤĹؤäƤϥƥǤ롥Φˤäޥλƥ줫äѤƤűѸ졤Ѹ졤ѸˤƥƥѸäΰӤ뤲ʹߤϥꥷȤȤ˼Ȥ neo-classical compounding Ȥ̤ơѸä˱ƶڤܤ³Ƥ (##1437,32,120,1211,478γƵ򻲾) ơѸϤĹܿˤΤʤǡƥθ§򼫤η˼Ǥ[2013-02-08-1]ε#1383. ƥñѸ첽ֵ§סˡ
ơε (1) Ǥϡ˥ǥȤʤ signe ¸ߤĤ줬Ȥ줿ɤǡѸ줫Ѹ줫̤ȽҤ٤ƱȤϡѸȥƥˤĤƤ롥Ѹ줬ηϤⲽƥ쵬§˴Ťȼ˥ƥñ夲硤ϱǤ[2010-05-24-1]ε#392. antidisestablishmentarianism ˤߤѸΥޥ󥹸첽פ򻲾ȡˡƥ˴¸Υǥ򻲾ȤƼϡƥѸǤ롥ξüδ֤Ūʥ졼󤬹äƤΤܸξƱͤǤ롥ܸξϡεǡֱѸ첣ʸʥʡ˸פȤ٥¨ʤ󼨤Ѹξ "Latinate word" ʥƥñˤȤѸ줬ѰդƤ롥ϱޤषƥѸޤषΤ狼ʤƥγäޤࡥ
ε (2) Ǥϡ֤¦̤顤ѸδĤƷ줿ܸñ4ĤʬषƱͤˡƥδĤƷ줿ñ4Ĥʬष褦

(a) ƥб signe ¸ߤ륿סʼѸŵŪ
(b) ƥб signifié ¸ߤ뤬 signifiant ϰۤʤ륿סѸŵŪ
(c) ƥб signifiant ¸ߤ뤬 signifié ϰۤʤ륿ס"false friends" 뤤 "faux amis" ŵŪ
(d) ƥб signe ¸ߤʤסʱŵŪ

Ѹ򤵤ʤƥüԤꤹȡüԤϱѸüԤˤäȯ줿 (c) (d) Τ褦ʸʹȡƬξ˥ϥƥʤ⤫֤ȤϡѸüԤѸʹȤƱȿǤ롥ѸˤƤ⡤Ѹ˰̣㤨Ƥ (c) Ǥ tradition ([2011-11-27-1]ε#944. ration reasonפ򻲾ȡˤ䡤(d) Ǥ antidisestablishmentarianism [2010-05-24-1]ε#392. antidisestablishmentarianism ˤߤѸΥޥ󥹸첽פ򻲾ȡˤΤ褦ʸä䤷Ƥ椯Ȥˤäơ˭ɽϤ˻äΤǤ롥
ܸꡥ¾줫θüѤŪǤˤäƤϡ(a)--(d) Τ٤ƤΥפ¿쾯ʤ츫ΤʤΤǤϤʤѸϡ̣򤽤ȥԥåȤƤФм夲뤬̸ŪˤϷ褷ðۤʸݤǤϤʤΤ

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2013-02-08 Fri

#1383. ƥñѸ첽ֵ§ [morphology][latin][loan_word][neo-latin][romancisation][-ate]

[2013-01-05-1]ε#1349. procrastination פǡƥñ줬Ѹ˼ޤݤŬѤֲ§ˤĤơBloomfield ˵äƵε§ϡѸޤǤ˻ƥȤĹ̤̻ܿŪ˰ޤ졤Ū夷ΤǤ롥§ȤȾмȯãƤȸƤ褤⤷ʤ򤢤ռŪꤷ§Ǥ뤫Τ褦˲⤷Ҥ롥Thomas Blount Glossographia (1656) ǤGlossographia ޤ൭򻲾ȡˡBrengelman (353) ˡ Blount εҤޤȤޤäƤΤǡƸ롥

LATINENGLISHEXAMPLES
-io-ioninquisition, ablution, abortion
-or-oragressor
-tura-tureabbreviature
-ista-istagonist
-isma, -ismus-istagonism, aphorism
Verb + o-ateabdicate, adumbrate
Verb + o (generally with long vowel)-#abduce, adjure, allude
Adj + is, us-#abject, abortive, angular, annual
-abilis-ablearable
-ibilis-ibleplausible
-us, -osus-ousabstemious, pernicious
Noun + a, um, us-#abysse, accent, alphabet
(rum, ra, rus)-eramber, alabaster
-ul--leangle
-i + us, um, a, as-yarbitrary, anatomy, adultery, acclivity
-entia-encyadolescency
-ans-antadjutant
-ens-entadjacent


ε§ϡBrengelman (353) ˤС3ǤȤ

(1) retain and Anglicize derivational endings; (2) delete purely inflectional endings; (3) leave prefixes and bases unchanged.


ε§˱ʤ㤬뤳Ȥ18ˤŦƤ뤬 (ex. explain, proceed, labour) Τ褦ʸϡǤ˼ˤƸ경ƤޤäƤΤ
ʤBlount ε§ϡ§Ū˸Ѹ Neo-Latin ¤ˤŬѤƤ롥Neo-Latin ¤ˤĤƤϡ#392. antidisestablishmentarianism ˤߤѸΥޥ󥹸첽 ([2010-05-24-1]) 򻲾ȡ

Bloomfield, Leonard. Language. 1933. Chicago and London: U of Chicago P, 1984.
Brengelman, F. H. "Orthoepists, Printers, and the Rationalization of English Spelling." JEGP 79 (1980): 332--54.

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2013-01-05 Sat

#1349. procrastination [morphology][french][latin][derivation][word_formation][diachrony][combining_form][loan_word][romancisation][neo-latin]

procrastination /prə(ʊ)ˌkræstɪˈneɪʃən/ Ȥƥͳ褹Ǥʤ줬롥ٱפ̣ǡѸǤν1548ǯȤʤäƤ롥츻ȤƤϡŵƥ̾ prōcrāstinātiō ѤΤǤ롤ȽҤ٤ƺѤޤȻפкѤޤ뤬ñ procrastination η֤ȯܳŪ褦ȤСѸ줬˥ƥե󥹸ηֵ§䲻§ǤȤˤҤ٤ʤˤϡѸʹߡ򤫤̻Ū˰ޤƤŪŪʷֵ§䲻§ȤƸ경ƤˤǤ롥
Bloomfield ˤСѸüԤϥƥñѤݤˡ"a fairly well-fixed set of habits" (493) ƤȤ

[T]hese habits are composed of (1) the adaptations and phonetic renderings that were conventional in the French use of book-Latin words round the year 1200, (2) adaptations that have become conventional in the English usage of Latin-French forms, and (3) phonetic renderings due to English sound-changes that have occurred since the Norman time.


procrastination ƤϤƤߤ褦ե󥹸Ǥϡƥ̾ϼʤǤϤʤгʤåʤη֡ΤˤϤȤ֤ǼΤǤ롥äơƥ prōcrāstinātiō ϡʷΤޤޥե󥹸ΤǤϤʤprōcrāstinātiōnem ʤɤμгʷ -em 줿֤ǡprocrastination Ȥƥե󥹸롥⤷13դ˥ե󥹸äƤʤСե󥹸Ǥ *[prokrastinaˈsjoːn] ʤɤȤʤäƤȤοꤵ벻 (1) ν˴Ť
ˡѸüԤϡ(2) ν˽äơե󥹸ͳƱѸäƤñȯѸ첽롥嵭οˤ2첻 *[a], 4첻 *[a], ľ *[sjon] 򡤤줾Ѹ [æ], [eɪ], [ʃən] ؤ֤ΤǤ롥νϡѸ줬̤Υե󥹼Ѹʤۤ夲Ƥαʩб§Ǥ롥
Ǹˡ(3) νʤѸˤ붯ưˤ뵬§Ѳ˽äơ1ǽᤫ餽ΰذư
Bloomfield ܿͤ p. 450 ǧƤ褦ˡ(2) (3) ζܤɬΤǤϤʤ嵭ϡѸ졤ե󥹸졤ƥ3Ԥδ֤̻Ū˰ޤƤб§̻ŪƤѲȤαѸˤ붦Ūʷֵ§ʤ뤤ϷֽˤȤƳΩƤȤŪǤ롥Ѹ줬16ȾФˡƥ prōcrāstinātiō ѤȤ뤤ϻȤƼ˼ȤȾ̵ռ (1), (2), (3) νŬѤ졤Ѹβ procrastination 줿ΤǤ롥ˤϡñʤѰʾβѤƤ롥
Ĺ֤Τ˷֤ŤƤвϩĤΤޤˤ®ϩȤʤäơľŪŤ褦ˤʤäȤǤѸäμȤϡˤ diachrony synchrony ȤǤ⼨ͿƤ줽

Bloomfield, Leonard. Language. 1933. Chicago and London: U of Chicago P, 1984.

Referrer (Inside): [2014-01-31-1] [2013-02-08-1]

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2012-07-15 Sun

#1175. ޥ󥹷ưѰ [romancisation][lexicology][latin][french][adverb][synonym][japanese][onomatopoeia][lexical_stratification]

Ѹäع¤ˤĤơ#334. Ѹäλع¤ ([2010-03-27-1]) ϤȤ뵭Ǽ夲Ƥȥޥ󥹷ϼѸȤκϡ̣ˡ̯ʺȤƸ뤳Ȥ¿㤨Сư beat "to defeat, to win against sb" ǤΤФơե󥹸ư vanquish "to defeat sb completely" Ǥ롥ޤư wet "to make sth wet" ǤΤФơե󥹸ƻ줫ư moisten "to make sth slightly wet" Ǥ롥ưˤĤƤС֤κۤϡ¿ξ硤Ū˸ˤκ̵ۤͭǤ뤳Ȥ¿
ΤȤդߤСޥ󥹷ư줬ѤλʸűѸѸˤˤϡϼǤꡤɽϤΤǤСˤˤ걪ŪɽʤäȤȤˤʤ롥äʸؤʸΤˤ礭ä˰㤤ʤDonner (2) ϡΤ褦˻ŦƤ롥

In a period of the language antecedent to the influx of Latin verbs that allow modern authors so readily both to designate an act and to characterize its quality within a single word, modal qualifiers are likely to play rather a more important role than they currently do in literary rhetoric, which largely avoids them . . . .


Ѹʹߡˡ (mood) ްդ䤬礭ʤäƤ뤳ȤϡKillie (127) ʤɤθڤƤ "adverbialization process" Ȥǧ뤬λˤ⡤Ȥϰۤʤ̣ˤƤǤϤ뤬嵭ưäϼ夵ȤδϢˤơϽפäȹͤ롥
ǻפФΤϡܸˤưϼ夵ȵ˭٤¸ưŪʤ¿ϴư֤פղäŪưǤ롥줬ѤܸǤϡҤνѸξƱͤˡɽϤ뤫ꡤŪĸ˰¸ʤäܸξ硤ŪĸȤơ줬۾ȯãƤȤϹΤƤ롥Ρ֥ס֥䥹ס֥ꥸס֥ץץס֥ȥȡס֥٥٥ư줬줿⤳εϰ仺ȤưѤ졤礹餷ưɽϤ䤦ȤƤϡŪ˸ƤΤ⤷ʤƱͤˡѸϥޥ󥹷ư̼Ѹ仺ȤưѤ졤礹餷ưɽϤ䤦ȤƤϡŪ˸ƤΤǤϤʤ
ϡDonner ⿨ƤȤꡤ"literary rhetoric" Ȥ쥸ˤƤΤͭʵ⤷ʤ䡤줹Ѹܸε¿ѤդʰݤͿͤʤǡˤɽ϶äۤɰŪʽ߽ФȤ⤢뤫ϡѸˤˤȤäƤ⡤ѸӤˤȤäƤ⡤ƥ󥰤ʥơޤȤʤ˰㤤ʤ

Killie, Kristin. "The Spread of -ly to Present Participles." Advances in English Historical Linguistics. Ed. Jacek Fisiak and Marcin Krygier. Mouton de Gruyter: Berlin and New York: 1998. 119--34.
Donner, Morton. "Adverb Form in Middle English." English Studies 72 (1991): 1--11.

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2011-09-17 Sat

#873. ѸοˤʣΥХ [romancisation][compound][derivation][lexicology][pde][word_formation][productivity][statistics][pde_language_change]

Ѹäˤϡ븻Ȥ顤绨Ĥ˼Τ褦˳礵롥űѸǤʣ (composition) (derivation) äѸ줫ѸˤƤϼ (borrowing) ѸʹߤϺƤʣĥƤθûˤήơϿζ븻򡤼Ѥ¸ǡʤ켫ΤȤϸ¤ʤˤκѤ¿äƤȤȤˤʤ롥ǤϡѸħŤȤʣ2ĤθǤϡɤ餬⤤ȤPotter (69--70) ϡξԤΥХ󥹤Ϥ褯ƤɾƤ롥

German and Dutch, like ancient Greek, make greater use of composition (or compounding) than derivation (of affixation). French and Spanish, on the other hand, like classical Latin, prefer derivation to composition. Present-day English is making fuller use of both composition and derivation than at any previous time in its history.


ξԤΥХ󥹤Ƥ뤫Ȥä¾ͥ줿ȤȤˤϤޤäʤʤޥɤȥޥ󥹸ɤθħƤ뤳ȤˤꡤѸ줬Ω줫ֶᤤ׸ȴȤ̤Ϥ뤫⤷ʤʴϢ[2010-05-27-1]εֱѸΥޥ󥹸첽ˤĤƤɾפ򻲾ȡˡޥϤǤ⤢ޥ󥹷ϤǤ⤢ȤѸħϡ˸¤餺Τˤ뤳ȤǤ롥
ơPotter Ͼ嵭Τ褦ʣιХ󥹤ŦŪ¬ä櫓ǤϤʤ¾μפʥ衼åѸ줢뤤ϸŤѸȤӤˤɾˤʤˤĤƤҴŪĴΤBauer (32--33, 36--39) Bauer The Supplement to the Oxford English Dictionary (1972--86) Ѥ̵ɸĴǡоݤФ줿Ǥ뿷1559ǯˤ (1) 1880--1913, (2) 1914--38, (3) 1939--82 3˶ʬơ¤ˡ̤˸̤줿¤ˡȤϡAbbreviations, Blends, Shortenings, Compounds, Prefixation, Suffixation, Names, Neo-classical compounds, Simultaneous prefix and suffix, Other 10Ǥ롥
Bauer (38) ηǤɽΥǡ Log-Likelihood Tester, Ver. 2 ꤲ׽ƤߤʥǡHTML򻲾ȡդϰʲ򻲾ȡˡΤȤƻ̤κ p < 0.05 Υ٥ͭդǤꡤʬ̻ۤŪѲѻȸäƤ褤¤ˡ̤Ѳ򸫤ƤߤȡAbbreviations p < 0.01 Υ٥ͭդä򼨤Suffixation Neo-classical compounds 줾 p < 0.05 Υ٥ͭդʸ򼨤¾¤ˡˤĤƤϡ3ˤ錄ɤϸϰȤȤˤʤ롥Bauer (37--38) ϡBlends äͭդǤȼƤꡤФлŦƱݤηٻƤ褦׻ p < 0.05 Υ٥ǤͭպǧʤäΤդɬפǤ[2011-01-18-1]εblending γפ򻲾ȡˡ

Processes of Word-Formation: Changes over a Century

ʣ (Compounds, Neo-classical compounds) (Prefixation, Suffixation, Simultaneous prefix and suffix) ٤ȡ3̤ƸԤγԤγ2.7٤ǰݤƤʰʲΥդ򻲾ȡˡŪˤϡΤۤ˥Х󥹤ФäƤ褦

Composition and Derivation: Changes over a Century

Bauer, Laurie. Watching English Change: An Introduction to the Study of Linguistic Change in Standard Englishes in the Twentieth Century. Harlow: Longman, 1994.
Potter, Simon. Changing English. London: Deutsch, 1969.

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2011-07-02 Sat

#796. Ѹ˵ӱƳ줿Ūװ [rhyme][alliteration][meter][stress][prosody][romancisation][french]

ѸαΧηϡѸθŪѲΤΤϢưƤ롥
űѸŵŪʱΧϡԤ˰ζۤΧ (accentual meter) ǤꡤĸƬҲ碌Ƭ (alliteration) ħŤƤȤѸˤʤȱΧμήϸűѸζΧ˲äԤ˰β᤬ۤᱤΧ (syllabic meter) ǤǤ롥ʤġ첻ʡܻҲˤ碌ӱ (rhyme) ӤˤСűѸ줫ѸˤƱΧ180٤žиΤ褦ǤꡤžظˤθŪѲäΤǤϤʤȵ롥
űѸ줫ѸˤƤλϡѸˤˤƷŪѲλΧžˤܤаʲ2˹ʤ롥

(1) ޤοȼñ줬
(2) ե󥹸줫̤μѸˤꡤǽᤢ뤤ϺǸ夫2ܤβ˶ĸ줬

ޤ (1) ˤĤƤűѸθζϡƬ§Ȥ1 ([2009-10-26-1], [2009-10-31-1]) ħƬˤȤäƤԹ礬褫äӱˤȤäƤԹäӱôʬΤʤ޸ˤ뤳Ȥ¿äȤѸˤƶޤषƤȡ켫Ȥñ줬¿ʤ롥ƬˤȤääˤʤѲǤϤʤӱˤȤäƤͭѲȤʤäޤޤοտŪֻưȯãߤŪˤֻ̾פֽưưפΤ褦ʼ嶯 (iamb) äӱˤȤäƹԹʾ郎äƤä
(2) ˤĤƤϡե󥹸줫̼ѤˤꡤѸ˥ե󥹸췿ζѥ󤬤⤿餵줿ȤȤ̣ ([2011-04-15-1], [2009-11-13-1]) θ˶ĥե󥹼ѸϵӱˤϤäƤĤκȤʤä (1) (2) װˤäơΤȤƸνΤۤ˶ĸ줬ӱѤǤû񸻤˭٤ˤʤä
Ѹλˤ벻ᱤΧȵӱϡľŪˤϥե󥹡ꥢäƤƳǤ롥ŪμäƤʤСѸˤߤ줿褦ʱ߳ƳϤʤäűѸ줫ѸˤƤθѲϡΧѶŪ˸ƤӴ󤻤ȤϸȤ⡤줬ꤷȤϸ

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2011-04-15 Fri

#718. ѸζѥѸѼ [stress][romancisation][prosody][french][latin][loan_word][diatone][gsr][rsr]

Ѹζѥε§ϡ§Ȥ "left-prominent and morphologically governed" Ǥꡤ Germanic Stress Rule (GSR) ȸƤФ롥ϡ[2009-10-26-1], [2009-10-31-1]ǥޥħ1ĤȤָ촴1˶פ[2009-11-13-1]εǸ褦ˡѸʹߡե󥹡ƥѸ줬̤ˤ⤿餵褦ˤʤꡤѸαΧ "right to left and phonologically governed" §Ȥ Romance Stress Rule (RSR) ääʹߤαѸ챤Χˤϡȿ2Ĥζ§ߤ˴ĤˤǤ롥ơϸߤˤޤ³Ƥ롥
Halle and Keyser βŪʸʹߡѸƳ줿 RSR ѸαΧѳפ⤿餷Ȥ롤嵭Τ褦ʸͭϤȤʤäƤ뤬Minkova ˤСѸǤ RSR θ̤ϲɾƤ뤭餤ȤषGSR Ϥɾ٤ǤȤոΤ褦˹ͤ뺬ϤĤ롥Minkova (169--73) εޤȤ褦

(1) RSR GSR ɬȿΤǤϤʤ㤨С3Ǥϸ̤ɽŪ˰פ㤬롥máidenhòod (by GSR) and víolènt (by RSR) ʤɡ
(2) Ƭ˶֤ʤ൬§ GSR ϡФХޥ󥹼ƬˤŬѤ졤äưѸǤ̤Ǥ롥Ѹ confirm, deduct, displease, enlist, expose ʤɤζ֤򻲾ȡʤ̾ƻǤ϶1˰ܹԤ̾ưפˤĤƤϡ[2009-11-01-1], [2009-11-02-1]򻲾ȡ
(3) ѸŪᤤ˱Ѹäե󥹼ѸϡƱƤꡤGSR ˤäƶ1˰ܹԤƤ
(4) ѸǤ RSR GSR ζˤե󥹼Ѹ줬ͤ˶֤ɤ򼨤Τ褦ˤ뤳Ȥ롥򼨤ŵŪȤƵ󤲤ΤϡChaucer λ "In dívers art and in divérse figures" (FrT 1486) Ǥ롥ܤĴ٤ȸˤäɤ٤ϰۤʤ뤷Χΰ֡ʲ֤ˤ뤫ݤ) ȶɤʬۤĴȡ¿ɤ줬Χ˵ΤǤ뤳Ȥ狼롥ºݤäդǤϡŦƤ빭ϤɤϤʤäȹͤ졤GSR ŬѤˤꤹǤ1˶ƤѸ¿ä

RSR ƳˤѸ챤Χưɤϸۤ˲ŪʤΤǤϤʤäȤRSR Ȥϰۤʤ׿Ūʶѥ⤿餷ȤϳΤǤ롥ä˸ʳ׿Ūѥϡ3ᤫʤѸǿβ˶륱Ǥ롥ʲθϡʤȤѤ줿2˶Ƥcalendar, sinister, memento, placebo. ޤ3äǽ᤬ü2ˤʤäƤ⶯ΰ֤Ѥ餺2ޤޤθ⾯ʤʤädivers(e), legend(e), maner(e), honour(e), montayn(e), natur(e), tempest(e), sentenc(e), solemn(e). θϡαѸ챤Χ餹Ȱۼʶѥ˽äƤꡤRSR ѸαΧ˰ξ׷⤿餷ȤϳΤǤ롥
Minkova ϡѸʳǤΤȤƽ GSR ޤŪǤꡤRSR ˲ŪʱƶϤƤʤȼĥ롥Ѹ챤Χ礭ưɤäȤС̤Υƥ ([2010-08-18-1], [2009-08-19-1]) Ф Renaissance ʹߤΤȤ

. . . in spite of the influx of 10,000 Romance loanwords, words of Germanic origin continued to constitute the bulk of the core vocabulary of Middle English, accounting for seventy-five to ninety-five per cent of the wordstock, depending on register. It was only during the Renaissance that the balance began to shift in favour of non-Germanic patterns, bringing about the co-existence of two typologically different systems of stress in modern English. (172--73)


ưɤ顤ߤˤޤ³κޤ줿Ҥ̾ư⤽Ʊ֤Ǥζ֤κۤ⤽Ǥ롥ʲϸԤˤĤƤ Minkova θڡ

Seen in the larger context of prosodic typology, however, the accentuation of derived Romance words introduced a major new paradigm of stress-shifting in English. For the first time in the history of the language words derived from the same root started to exhibit disparate prosodic contours: móral--morálitèe, párish--paríshonèr, sólemn--solémpnitè, vólume--volúminòus. (173)


Halle, M. and S. J. Keyser. English Stress: Its Form, Its Growth, and Its Role in Verse. New York: Harper and Row, 1971.
Minkova, Donka. "The Forms of Speech" A Companion to Medieval English Literature and Culture: c.1350--c.1500. Ed. Peter Brown. Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2007. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell, 2009. 159--75.

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2010-06-26 Sat

#425. ޥ󥹤饲ޥؤβ󵢸 [germanic][romancisation]

ѸϡѸѸˤƹϤʥޥ󥹸줫αƶե󥹸졤ƥ줫μѸ˭٤˼ƤȤϡΥ֥Ǥ٤ȤʤꤢƤ ( see french, latin, and loan_word ) äǤʤˤĤƤ⤢٤αƶƤȤϸᤴȤϤǤʤ㤨С

(1) Ʊδط ( which ʤ ) λѤγ
(2) s-genitive ä of-genitive ʬۤ򹭤Ƥ
(3) ̾ A ̾ BפȤʣ줬̾ B of ̾ AפȤɽ뤳Ȥ¿ʤä
(4) 첻ʳ줬ƱѸ prosody ƤƤ
(5) ӵ顦Ǿ˶޷ ( -er, -est ) ǤϤʤ ( more, most ) Ѥ褦ˤʤä

ʤɤϥޥ󥹸ŪħȿǤƤȤ롥Ѹ鸽Ѹˤơ嵭5˴ؤ¤ꡤޥ󥹸Ūħ졤ޥŪؤȲ󵢤褦ˤʤäƤƤ롥

(1) ε[2010-06-25-1]ǤߤȤꡤƱ wh- طϸˤ
(2) s-genitive Ϥ򹭤ĤĤȤƤ
(3) 1750ǯʹߤϺʸˤ̾Ϣ뤬äȤ𤬤 ( Leonard, p. 4 quoted in Leech and Smith, p. 202 )
(4) ޥ󥹷ϼѸǤ⶯˸Ƭ˰ܤäƤƤ
(5) [2010-06-04-1]εǤߤ褦˶޷ӵ顦Ǿ ( -er, -est ) ʬۤ򹭤ĤĤ

(1), (2), (3) ˤĤƤ Leech and Smith (197) 򻲾ȡޥؤβ󵢸ݤѸĬήǤȤǽٻ褦ϡۤˤ

Leech, Geoffrey and Nicholas Smith. "Recent Grammatical Change in Written English 1961--1992: Some Preliminary Findings of a Comparison of American with British English." The Changing Face of Corpus Linguistics. Ed. Antoinette Renouf and Andrew Kehoe. Amsterdam and New York: Rodopi, 2006. 185--204.
Leonard, R. The Interpretation of English Noun Sequences on the Computer. Amsterdam: North Holland, 1984.

Referrer (Inside): [2010-06-29-1]

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2010-05-27 Thu

#395. ѸΥޥ󥹸첽ˤĤƤɾ [romancisation]

[2010-05-24-1]εǡѸ줬ޥ󥹸첽ȤˤĤ Gachelin ɾѤѸˤȤäƥե󥹸ϥƥ䥮ꥷäȥϤǤȤϡͥ줿ȤȤ¾ǤѤƤΤɤȤ롥Gachelin ʸǤ̾ȯޤǤˡɾ򤤤ȵä褦ǡʸϰαѸΥޥ󥹸첽ˤĤƤθϿȤǤ⤤٤ΤˤʤäƤ롥
ΤޤްѤƤФ첿ѤǤ뤫⤷ʤȻפäΤǡˤĤ󤲤ƤGachelin ѤƤ븵ʸνϾά

In Lezzioni sul lessico inglese (p. 53), V. Pisani underlines the Romance character of English, due pre-eminently to all those French loan-words giving the language 'un aspetto in parte net-latino', which in its own turn increases the 'facilità di acclimatazzione' of Latin words, exactly as in a genuine Romance speech. (Gachelin 10)


English has dived into the Latin stream, 'both naked and wearing the clothes of Old French' (Burgess, Language Made Plain, p. 169), . . . . (Gachelin 11)


On 22 Feb 1850, Thomas Watt read a paper to the Philological Society, 'On the probable future position of the English language', in which he stated that 'English is essentially a medium language' uniting, 'as no other language unites, the Romanic and the Teutonic stocks', concluding that such a language might become 'the most widely spoken language on earth'. (Gachelin 12)


Chenevix Trench also praised English as 'the one language of Europe which thus serves as connecting link between the North and the South, between the languages spoken by the Teutonic nations of the North and by the Romance nations of the South', acting as 'a middle term betwe[e]n them' (English Past and Present, pp. 36--37). (Gachelin 12; the insertion of [e] mine)


. . . Jakob Grimm celebrated in English 'a surprisingly intimate union of the two noblest languages in modern Europe, the Teutonic and the Romance', prophesying its role as a 'world-language' (Gachelin 12)


Since English is more than half Latin in its vocabulary, the whole American continent might be said to be predominantly Latin, whatever dictionary, diccionario, diciónario or dictionnaire you may consult. (Gachelin 12)


'English-speaking peoples are helped in learning the vocabulary of both Romance and Germanic languages by their own twin heritage' (Anthony Burgess, Language Made Plain, p. 145). (Gachelin 13)


. . . as Sir Francis Palgrave once put it, 'the warp may be Anglo-Saxon, but the woof is Roman as well as the embroidery. (Gachelin 14)


Gachelin ȤϡޥȥޥĤʤͤȤƤαѸʸáˤŪˤȤ館Ѹ줬ȤƤդ路Ȥ⤤Ƥ롥
丫ǤϡϤޤǸդηǤ롥Ѹϸäޥ󥹲Ƥ椨ˤʤĤĤ櫓ǤϤʤˤʤĤĤ뺣ˤ򿶤֤äƤߤ顤ѸϸŪ˥ޥ󥹲ƤȤ狼äȤȤǤϤʤޤGachelin ͤƤͤϡޤǥޥȥޥ󥹤βͤǤäơβͤǤϤʤդ˥衼å濴ȯۤǤ褦˻פ롥

Gachelin, Jean-Marc. "Is English a Romance Language?" English Today 23 (July 1990): 8--14.

Referrer (Inside): [2014-12-29-1] [2011-09-17-1]

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2010-05-24 Mon

#392. antidisestablishmentarianism ˤߤѸΥޥ󥹸첽 [word_formation][loan_word][french][latin][greek][neo-latin][lexicology][romancisation]

ε[2010-05-23-1]Ǽꤢ antidisestablishmentarianism ȤѸˤλߤȡѸΥޥ󥹸첽ǤȤɽŪʥ٥ǤϤʤε§ȤŪʥ٥ˤޤߤǤȤյ
̤˱Ѹ줬ޥ󥹸첽ȤȤˤϡѸΥեñ̼ѤȯȤǰƬˤΤǤϤʤΤ˸űѸ䤽ΦˤѸϥƥܤƤΤǡޥ󥹸ؤδ¿ϤäȤ뤬ܳŪʥޥ󥹸첽ΰΤѸΥե󥹸Ȥܿ¾ʤʤե󥹸줬ϤΥޥ󥹸첽Ȥ˾뤫Τ褦ˡνѸ˥ƥñ줬̤˱ѸήˡΥե󥹸ȥƥήˤϡ¤ϥꥷǤⱣ¿ޤޤƤꡤѸ鸽ߤޤǤ¿ΥꥷǤѸض뤵줿ѸαѸäΥޥ󥹸첽Τˤ Greco-Latin ϡ[2010-05-16-1]εǤҤ٤̤ꡤThe Great Vocabulary Shift ȤǤ̾դʤ뤯餤˱ѸγѤѤ
ʩ塦ñ˸ǤѸ˶뤷ǤϤʤѸĹܿȱƶˤꡤƥ䥮ꥷθ§§ȾХͥƥ֤Ǥ뤫Τ褦˳ƤޤäΤǤ롥ߡƤʳѸѸ˼ȤѤƤŪ꥽ Neo-Latin ȸƤФ뤬ϥƥ䥮ꥷηǤƥ䥮ꥷηֵ§ˤΤäȤäȤߤȤäƤ褤ɸ antidisestablishmentarianism Greco-Latin ǤȤȤ߹碌§ˤΤäȤäŵŪ Neo-Latin θǤ뤬եñƥñȤƤǤϤʤޤDZñȤ¤줵줿ݥȤǤ롥ѸΥޥ󥹸첽ϡäΤߤɽŪʸݤȸʤ뤳Ȥ뤬Ѹˤ礭׸ƤǡäѶŪɾƤ⤤ΤǤϤʤ
ե󥹸줬ȤʤѸ줬ޥ󥹸첽ƤаޤȰյˤĤƤϡGachelin ɾ̯Ǥ롥

French acted as the Trojan horse of Latinity in English, the sluice gate through which Latin was able to pour into English on a scale without any equivalent in any Germanic language. The process of 'classicization' which had originated in Greece was to spread from Latin to Romance languages, and via French to English. (9--10)



Gachelin, Jean-Marc. "Is English a Romance Language?" English Today 23 (July 1990): 8--14.

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2010-05-23 Sun

#391. antidisestablishmentarianism ȿ񶵲ѻ߼ [word_formation][japanese][lexicology][romancisation]

[2009-06-30-1]εǡѸǺǤĹñȤ45ʸ19ᤫʤ pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis Ҳ𤷤ϰ̤μˤϺܤäƤʤռŪ˹줿ĶǤ롥̤μ˺ܤäƤ뤳Ȥ¿ĹñȸΤ antidisestablishmentarianism Ǥ롥28ʸ12ƲĹǤ롥
OED ˤȽФ1900ǯǡΤ褦ͿƤ롥

 Properly, opposition to the disestablishment of the Church of England (rare): but popularly cited as an example of a long word. So antidisestablishmentarian.


ꥹ1920Ƭ˵ä񶵲ѻ ( disestablishment ) αưȿФ͡μؤEngland ǤϤμƹ񶵲ϸߤ˻ޤǼƤ뤬Wales, Scotland, ޤޡȥå̤¿ Ireland ǤѻƶϤʬΥʤ
ǤȤƤ anti-, dis-, establish, -ment, -arian, -ism 6ʬʬǤ롥Τʤ˷Ǥ򤳤ۤĹĤʤˤǤΤȶä뤫⤷ʤܸΡȿ񶵲ѻ߼פä餱ƤʤܸüԤϤμοĤʤˤϴäΤϤǤ롥ե٥å28ʸܤΤϳΤǤ롥
⤷ΤϡξȤˡĤʤǤͳηǤǤ뤳ȤѸ6ǤϤ٤ơʵŪˤϥꥷ⤢뤬˥ƥ줫ե󥹸ͳ褹ǤǤꡤܸ8Ϥ٤ƴǤ롥ĹŪʸϡθǤΦΡ֥٥ι⤤׷ǤΩäƤΤ̤Ǥ롥[2010-03-27-1], [2010-03-28-1]εξθäλع¤ߤѤθʸӤ϶̣

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2009-11-15 Sun

#202. Ѹδܸ600εȳ [loan_word][lexicology][statistics][pde][romancisation]

ε[2009-11-14-1]˰³Ѹθä˴ؤͤꡥϡѸ˸ꤷΥŪ򼨤դǤϡѸޤ᤿ѸθΤܸ600Фθ츻򥽡줴Ȥ˿夲ȤڤˤפҲ𤹤롥ʲοͤȵνŵϡƱ Hughes ˤ롥
ͤߤˡܸ ( core vocabulary ) ҴŪΤ񤷤Ȥ˿ƤäդǹͤΤ񤭸դǹͤΤġäꡤ񤭼ˤäƴܸäȤϰۤʤΤǤϤʤΤѸΤɤѼ ( variety ) оݤ˹ͤΤꥹѸ줫ꥫѸ줫ʳФơHughes ϡLDOCE3 ٥٥뤬 S1 W1 ǤΡʤäդǤ񤭸դǤ1000äƤӽФȤˤ600Ǥꡤ "the kernel of the core" (392) ȤĴоݤˤʲϡ̤γ򥰥ղΤǤ롥

Etymological Sources of PDE Core Vocabulary


ĴŪʱѸ˴ѤϡAnglo-Saxon ͳγϤäȹ⤤ϤǤϤʤ6?7ˤͽۤȤճˤ5ڤäƤ롥äդεҤϤƤ LDOCE3 ˴Ť̤Ǥˡʤ餳η̤ϰճǤ롥
⤦Ķ̣ΤϡAnglo-Saxon Norse 碌 Germanic Ϣ緳ȡNorman French Latin Greek 碌 Latinate-Classic Ϣ緳Ȥ褽ȾäƤ뤳Ȥä˴ؤƤϡѸʹߡѸϥޥϤޥ󥹷ϤؤɤڤäƤȤȤѸˤǤϤ褯롥ˤơäΥޥ󥹲ηϰݻƤΤߤʤ餺षޤäƤƤȤȤ򡤤ΥǡϼΤǤϤʤ

Hughes, G. A History of English Words. Oxford: Blackwell, 2000. 391--94.
Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English. 3rd ed. Harlow: Longman, 1995.

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2009-11-13 Fri

#200. Ȥΰ֤襤 --- ޥϤޥ󥹷Ϥ [stress][orthoepy][romancisation][prosody][gsr][rsr]

[2009-10-26-1] (4) Ǹ褦ˡޥϤθȤơ衤ѸΥȤϸ1ϤǤ롥ȤűѸꡤƥե󥹸줫餪ӤμѸ줬Ѹή1˥Ȥפθ§ƤȤΤϡƥե󥹸ʤɤΥޥ󥹷ϤθǤϡषβ˥ȤΤ§Ǥ롥Ūˤϡޥ󥹸ˤϡβνŤ˱ơǽ ( ultima )ܤβ ( paenultima )黰ܤβ ( antepaenultima ) Τ줫˥ȤȤ뵬§롥Ѹϡޥ󥹷ϽȤĹܿˤ顤GSR ( Germanic Stress Rule ) RSR ( Romance Stress Rule ) ʣ˹碌ĸؤȯŸƤΤǤ ( Lass 125 )
ޥ󥹽줫μѸϡѸäƤ⡤ȤθΤȤ RSR ¨Ȥ򼨤Ƥͽۤ뤬ɬ⤽ǤϤʤ㤨СѸˤϡθ췲 GSR ¨Τ褦ʸƬȤʤ줿ȤǧƤ (Lass 128--29)ä Lass ͤˤνǯǤ롥

abbreviation (1764), academy (1665, 1687), acceptable (1746), accessory (1687, 1746), accommodate (1764), adjacent (1665, 1710), allegorical (1764), complacency (1665), contribute (1570), controversy (1665), conuenient (1570), corruptible (1746), defectiue (1570), delectable (1570), distribute (1570), diuert (1570), excusable (1570), mischance (1570), obseruance (1570), perspectiue (1570), phlegmatic (1784), proclamation (1570), quintessence (1710), refractory (1687), sequester (1570), splenetic (1784), suggestion (1570), unawares (1710)


ɸѸǤϡ嵭ΤñˤƤ⥢Ȥ1ˤʤȤդLass ˤС1780ǯ GSR षϤᡤRSR ͥˤʤäƤȤޤܤϼƤʤΤΡNevalainen ˤСѸΡŪ٤㤤͡פä GSR 򹥤Ȥ
Ǥ⥢Ȥΰ֤˷ΤĤƤʤ¸ߤ롥˵󤲤 controversy ϡ cóntroversy Ȥ contróversy Ȥȯ줦뤬ƥ쵯Ǥ뤳ȤͽۤȿơGSR ˽äԤפȸʤƤ롥ǯޤˡפƤǤ롥
űѸ˻ϤޤꡤѸˤ¿ؼ ( orthoepist ) ضΩƤޥХޥ󥹤Υзϡޤ˴ʷߤʤޤޡѸüԤΤߤʤ餺ѸؽԤǺޤ³Ƥ롥

Lass, Roger. "Phonology and Morphology." 1476--1776. Vol. 3 of The Cambridge History of the English Language. Ed. Roger Lass. Cambridge: CUP, 1999. 56--186.
Nevalainen, Terttu. An Introduction to Early Modern English. Edinburgh: Edinburgh UP, 2006. 130.

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2009-09-27 Sun

#153. Cosmopolitan Vocabulary Asset [pde_characteristic][romancisation]

[2009-09-25-1], [2009-09-26-1]ȸѸ5ħˤĤƽҤ٤Ƥ¤ϡBaugh and Cable 5ħĹû ( Assets and Liabilities ) ʬ󼨤Ƥ롥

Asset 1: Cosmopolitan Vocabulary
Asset 2: Inflectional Simplicity
Asset 3: Natural Gender
Liability 1: Idiomatic Expressions
Liability 2: Spelling-Pronunciation Gap

ˤĤơε[2009-09-26-1]ΥȤ˱Ԥ䤬󤻤줿

Cosmopolitan Vocabulary Assets ΰĤȤȤԻ׵ĤǤؽԤˤȤäƤϸäʤۤؤӤ䤹顤ष Liabilities ΰĤǤ٤פäƤޤ


Baugh and Cable Τ Cosmpolitan Vocabulary ϡäο¿ȤȤǤʤäμब˭٤ȤȤä˶ĴƤ뤳ȤդǤ⤳ε䤬ԤȻפΤϡ⤳ˤĤƼ¤ϤޤǼƤʤäѸΡħפǤ뤳Ȥϴְ㤤ʤĹפǤ뤫ɤϵ˻פäƤϤˤĤƹͤƤߤ
⤽ĹûȤΤϡɤΤ褦˷줦ΤĹûŪƱꤹ뤳Ȥϰճ񤷤ȽǤؼԤŪΩˤä¿ʬ˥ХȻפ뤫Baugh and Cable ȽǴϡüԤˤȤäƤγؤӤ䤹פǤ롥

How readily can English be learned by the non-native speaker? Does it possess characteristics of vocabulary and grammar that render it easy or difficult to acquire? (10)


Baugh and Cable Ȥ⡤ؤӤ䤹Ȥ Assets Liabilities ҴŪȽǤ뤳Ȥ񤷤ǧƤ뤷ؽԤȤŪǤ뤳Ȥ⾵ΤƤ롥֤ˤ⤫餺Cosmopolitan Vocabulary ˤĤƤ "an undoubted asset" ǤǸƤΤǤ롥κϤȤȡ

Studies of vocabulary acquisition in second language learning support the impression that many students have had in studying a foreign language: Despite problems with faux amis---those words that have different meanings in two different languages---cognates generally are learned more rapidly and retained longer than words that are unrelated to words in the native language lexion. The cosmopolitan vocabulary of English with its cognates in many languages is an undoubted asset. (12)


Baugh and Cable ñ㲽ƸСѸθäˤϼ˥ޥ󥹷Ͻ줫μѸ줬¿ޤޤƤꡤüԤˤȤäơѸϳؽ䤹ȤȤǤ롥Ǥȡޥ󥹷ϽüԤǤʤȤ⡤㤨ܸüԤˤåȤ뤳Ȥˤʤ롥ʤʤСѸˤϤǤܸ줫餽ʤ̤μѸ줬äƤ ( see [2009-09-16-1] )ܸüԤˤȤäƱñȤƤ fujiyama tsunami ϳФ䤹Ǥ롥ˡϤФƤʤܸμѸο϶ǯ¿ʤäƤƤȤϤޥ󥹷Ͻ줫μѸοȤ٤٤ʤ
äȶŪˤСե󥹸üԤˤȤäƤϰŪ˱Ѹäؽ䤹ȤȤ϶餯ܸüԤˤȤäƤϤΤ褦ʰѤʤϤǤ롥󡤤ǤܸΤʤˤѸ줫μѸ줬˭٤ˤꡤñϰŪˤʤ߿ȤݤϡܸüԤΤˤ¿쾯ʤ줢뤳ȤϳΤBaugh and Cable ϡե󥹸̲ʤɡѸ礭ʸŪƶͿƤ衼åѽȤΥͥǰƬ֤ƤΤǤꡤƳФ줿Cosmpolitan Vocabulary = an undoubted assetפϡε[2009-09-26-1]ǤȤꡤϤʼ˥衼åѽˤλФꤹǤϤʤ
ȤơܸüԤȤѸؽԤλϡCosmopolitan Vocabulary ϸѸΡħפǤϤȤƤ⡤ɬĹפǤϤʤȹͤƤ

Baugh, Albert C. and Thomas Cable. A History of the English Language. 5th ed. London: Routledge, 2002. 10--15.

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