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false_friend - hellogѸ˥֥

ǽ: 2026-08-30 01:44

2026-01-10 Sat

#6102. űѸȸѸ "false friends" [false_friend][semantic_change][borrowing][loan_word][cognate][oe]

ե󥹸 faux amis ȤΤ졤ܸŪС۵פȤʤ false friends Ȥ¸ߤˤĤƤϡܥ֥Ǥ false_friend γƵǶ夲ƤѸˤѸʸ̮ǤϡƤե󥹸줫μѸȡΥꥸʥΥե󥹸ñȤδ֤ǰ̣ƤڥΤȤؤѸ magazine ʻˤʩ magasin Źˤʤɤ false friends ŵǤcf. #4899. magazine ϡֲˡפä ([2022-09-25-1]
̾ false friends ȤˤϡΤ褦˼ѸˤĤƸΤȻפäƤ뤬Ѹ˸¤餺˰̤˹ƹͤ뤳ȤǤ롥㤨2ĤθˡʼѤˤʤƱ줬ꡤ줾̣ۤʤäƤ륱Ѹ gift £ʪˤȥɥĸ Gift ǡˤʤɤŪˤϡ줫뤤ξθǰ̣Ѳ (semantic_change) äˡ̤ȤƤΤ褦 false friends ޤ뤳Ȥˤʤ
false friends ϰϤ򹭤СűѸñȤθѸˤȯãȤδ֤ǰ̣ۤʤ륱ˤѤǤ"diachronic/historical false friends" ȤǤƤ֤٤ʪʤ Barney ˤűѸä Word-Hoard δˡΰ̣Ǥ false friends Ƥ롥Barney (87) Ǥפ21ڥȤƵ󤲤ƤΤѤƤ

          False Friends

The "Index to the Groups" shows several examples of ModE reflexes of OE words which no longer have the same meaning, and which frequently confuse the beginning student. Here is a list of some which appear in this Word-Hoard. (Note that the pret.-pres. verbs are special offenders.)

cræftiġ normally means not"crafty"BUT"powerful"
cunnan"can" "know (how)"
dōm"doom" "judgement"
drēam"dream" "festivity"
drēoriġ"dreary" "bloody" or "grieving"
eorl"earl" "warrior", "nobleman"
folc"folk" "army"
grimm"grim" "fierce"
magan"may" "can, be able"
mōd"mood" "mind, spirit"
*mōtan"must" "may, be permitted"
rīċe"rich" "powerful"
sār"sore" "grievous"
scēawian"show" "look at, examine"
sculan"shall" "ought to"
sellan"sell" "give"
slēan"slay" "strike"
þynċan"think" "seem"
willan"will" "wish"
winnan"win" "contend"
wiþ"with" "against"


Barney, Stephen A. Word-Hoard: An Introduction to Old English Vocabulary. New Haven: Yale UP, 1977.

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2025-10-07 Tue

#6007. νɾ --- khelf ߷󤬾Ҳ𤹤αѸθ [khelf][hellive2025][review][voice_review][kenkyusha][heldio][voicy][bible][false_friend][terasawashiho]



khelfʷѸ˥եˤΥСϤ Voicy heldio Ρνɾץ꡼3ƤϤޤ khelf ر߷ˡ߷˧ͺˡαѸθ١ʸҡ2016ǯҲ𤷤Ƥ餤ޤ
߷ˤСܽαѸ졤ä1611ǯζThe Authorised Version (The King James Version [KJV]) αѸ˾ƤŪƤǤʤ顤ʴĥС˰̤ɼԤˤɤǤ̥ϤȤΤȤǤѸ˴ؿΤ䡤ˤؤӤˤȤäɬȤΰȸޤ
ä˶̣ΤϡѸȸѸǰ̣ۤʤñǤ㤨 quick Ȥñ줬ĤƤϡƤפȤ̣ǼѤƤȤʤɡŪ㤬˭٤˵󤲤ƤޤΤ褦μϡѸʸΤɤ߲򤯾ǡؤΩޤ
ˡˤ䡤ǤˤȤä΢äˤ⿨Ƥꡤ¿οͤμФƤʪפǤ뤳ȤäƤޤŪθ˴Ťʤ⡤ɼԤŪ񿴤ɷ㤹ɮפϤȤۤޤ
ʾ塤ȤܻؤرʤǤϤλǡܽβͤŪΤƤ줿νɾǤ#1591. νɾ by khelf ߷ --- ߷˧ͺˡαѸθ١ʸҡ2009ǯˡǤİޤҥꤤޤ


Terasawa-Seisho.png



߷ ˧ͺαѸθ١ҡ2016ǯ

Referrer (Inside): [2026-03-09-1]

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2024-03-28 Thu

#5449. ؤդ󤹡٤DZѸϢܤϤޤޤ [hakusuisha][french][loan_word][notice][rensai][furansu_rensai][voicy][heldio][false_friend]


furansu_202404.png

  *

ܤͣΥե󥹸졦եʸפȤʸҤ괩ԤƤؤդ󤹡١ȯԤ줿ؤդ󤹡2024ǯ4ʿǯٳϹˤꡤ12ˤ錄ֱѸˤįե󥹸פȤ꡼ȥ2ڡϢܵϤޤ
Ȥʤ뺣ϡֱѸˤϥե󥹸̣פꤷơΤ褦ʾФǹƤޤ

ʤѸˡ
1066ǯξ׷
ѸäΤʤΥե󥹸ñ
ðʳؤΥե󥹸αƶ

ؤդ󤹡٤λDZѸʻˡˤȤϲȤߤ⤢뤫Ȼפޤ⤽ҤԽԤϢܼɮΤ򤤤ݤλ伫Ȥδ֤ۤʤפǤϡܥ֥Ǥ⤽¾ΤǤѸȥե󥹸̩ܤʴؤˤĤơ˱Ѹˤδ͡ȯƤޤܥ֥ french 򥯥åƤߤȡ¤313εҥåȤޤ줯餤ʩŪطĴƤ櫓Ǥޤե󥹸ʸˤȤ뻨˱Ѹˤ˴ؤʸϤܤȤϻפޤǤä򤤤Ȥˤϡ嵭Τ褦ˤϵ⤷ĤĤ֥󥹡פȶӤĤġǤǤ
ؿΤˤϡ1ǯ֤դ礤Ф¸ޤϤȤ櫓ǽξФ֤ʤѸˡפˤܤ
Ϣܤ򵡤ˡ伫Ȥե󥹸ȥե󥹸ˤäٶʤФȵƤޤե󥹸ˤȤСֻƲΤȤФΥˤ򤭡ե󥹸ʸˡʥե󥹸춵顡ʸˡɡˡǤ46ޤ³ƤĹ꡼ǤˤѸʻˡˤȥե󥹸ʻˡˤδطܤबĤޤ㤨С18֤ʤѸȥե󥹸ϻƤΡϡΡؤդ󤹡٤˷Ǻܤȸ˥󥯥ޤcf. #4175. ֤ʤѸȥե󥹸ϻƤΡפεҲ ([2020-10-01-1]
1ǯ³ϢܡֱѸˤįե󥹸פǤϡѸˤȥե󥹸ϤȤˤ褤ȤȤ⤷³褦ȻפäƤޤֱѸʻˡˤȥե󥹸ϥڥǤȤ館ΤȡסΤȤʤƤޤ
ǯؤλǡǯ٤ե󥹸ؽĩ路褦Ȥ⾯ʤʤȻפޤΤ褦ˤϡ嵭ϢܤΤߤʤ餺 Voicy ֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio)ʲ3ܤᤷƤޤ礦Ҥ⤪İС

#26. Ѹä1/3ϥե󥹸졪
#329. ե󥹸ؤӻϤʤСұѸ˳碌ơ
#327. ǯ٤˥ե󥹸ؤӻϤƤ볧ءѸˤ碌Ƴؤ֤Ф˳ؤӤ⤷ʤ«ޤ

ʰʲ嵭2024/04/02(Tue)
41 heldio #1036. ؤդ󤹡٤DZѸˤϢܤϤƤޤۿޤ



δ졡ֱѸˤįե󥹸졡1󡡱Ѹˤϥե󥹸̣סؤդ󤹡2024ǯ4桤ҡ2024ǯ32362--63ǡ

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2024-02-18 Sun

#5410. A Dictionary of Japanese Loanwords --- Ѹäܸñμ [review][loan_word][japanese][lexicography][lexicology][false_friend][semantic_change][oed][dictionary]


Toshie M. Evans, ed. ''A Dictionary of Japanese Loanwords''. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood, 1997.



įƤǤ⤷褷˰ʤξҲǤToshie M. Evans ˤԽ줿ѸäܸñϿ뼭 A Dictionary of Japanese Loanwords Ǥ1997ǯ˽ǤƤޤ hellog Ǥ#142. Ѹ˼Ѥ줿ܸʬۡ ([2009-09-16-1]) ǻȤ̤Ǥ820ܸͳΡֱñפȥ꡼Ƥޤñ˸Ф줬󤵤ƤǤʤ¿θˤϡ1964ǯ1995ǯδ֤˥ꥫǽǤ줿줿ʸդƤꡤؤ󵮽ŤǤ
ʷϵΤäƤˡֲȭפ hibachi Υȥ꡼Ƥߤޤ礦

hibachi [hibɑːtʃi] n. pl. -chi or s, 1. a brazier used indoors for burning charcoal as a source of heat.
In an old-style shop, the selling activity took place in a front room on a tatami (straw mat) platform about one foot above the ground level. Customers removed their shoes, warmed themselves by sitting on the floor next to a hibachi (earthen container with glowing embers) and were served tea and sweets. (Places, Summer 1992, p. 81)
2. a portable brazier with a grill, used for outdoor cooking.
Double stamped steel hibachi, lightweight & portable. Goes with you to the backyard or even the beach for tasty cookouts? (Los Angeles Times, Jul. 7, 1985, Part I, p. 13, advertisement)
[< hibachi < hi fire + bachi < hachi pot] 1874: hebachi 1863 (OED)


1ܤΡֲȭפΤΤʤΤǤ2Ρ֥С٥塼פˤϤޤƤޤޤ͡θȤΰ̣ѲˤĤƤϡ#4386. ֲȭפ hibachi, ڡפ senpai ([2021-04-30-1]) ǤⰷäƤΤǡȤ
ܸ줫ѸäѸ˴ؿΤϡҰʲεɤ

#126. 7ˤѸؤαƶӡ ([2009-08-31-1])
#45. ѸäˤޤĤ͡ ([2009-06-12-1])
#2165. 20ȾμѸ쥽 ([2015-04-01-1])
#3872. Ѹ˼Ѥ줿ܸμǯ ([2019-12-03-1])
#4140. Ѹ˼Ѥ줿ܸΡ֤ġפȡ֤ɤΤ餤ס ([2020-08-27-1])
#5055. Ѹˤˤܿ --- 8+3ˡ ([2023-02-28-1])
#5147. ֤إ饸׽б3 --- إ˥¼ŵ6Ǥɤǿ줿 ([2023-05-31-1])

Toshie M. Evans, ed. A Dictionary of Japanese Loanwords. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood, 1997.

Referrer (Inside): [2025-01-01-1] [2024-02-26-1]

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2022-09-25 Sun

#4899. magazine ϡֲˡפä [etymology][arabic][french][false_friend][semantic_change][italian][spanish][portuguese][borrowing][loan_word]

ʩ "false friends" (= "faux amis") ŵ1Ĥ˱Ѹ magazine ʻˤʩ magasin Źˤ롥餫˴طƤ褦˸Τ˰̣ޤǰ㤦ΤǡξؽƤ̿äƤޤȤʤե󥹸ˤֻפ̣ magazine ȤñϤˡ
OED ˤ츻򤿤ɤäƤߤ褦ñϤȤ򤿤ɤȥӥǡҸˡפ̣ mákhzan ˹Ԥ夯ʣ makhāˊzin ޤࡼͤΥ٥ꥢȾ翯η̡ڥݥȥäҸˡפ̣륹ڥ almacénݥȥ armazém ϡƬ˥ӥ괧 al-, ar- դǼѤ줿ΤǤ롥ڥǤνФ1225ǯᤤ
ñ줬̾롼ȤФơ괧ʬ줿ǡ1348ǯ˥ꥢ magazzino Ȥơ1409ǯ˥ե󥹸 magasin ȤƼޤ줿1389ǯ maguesin ⤢ˡơѸϥե󥹸ͳ16ȾˡҸˡפ̣뤳ñäФ1583ǯǡ˽ФƤꥹͤμΤʤ Magosine ȤֻǸƤ롥

1583 J. Newbery Let. in Purchas Pilgrims (1625) II. 1643 That the Bashaw, neither any other Officer shall meddle with the goods, but that it may be kept in a Magosine.


Ѹäᤤʳ顤ΡҸˡפǤϤʤҸˡˡפʤɤηỤ̄ȯãƤꡤҸˤ˳Ǽ¢ʪפΤΤ̣褦ˤʤä
ΰ̣Ѳ⤸˵ä1639ǯ˷طΥȥȤơĤޤפۤɤΰ̣ "Animadversions of Warre; or, a Militarie Magazine of the trvest rvles..for the Managing of Warre." Ѥ줿ΤǤ롥ַμҸˡפۤɤΤĤʤΤ
ơ1塤Ĥ˻䤿Τֻפΰ̣Ф롥1731ǯ˻ΥȥȤ "The Gentleman's magazine; or, Trader's monthly intelligencer." ǧ롥ֻפΰ̣ȯãϱѸȼΤΤǤꡤ줬ե󥹸1650ǯ magasin Ȥơ1776ǯ magazine ȤƼޤ줿ʤߤˡե󥹸ǤΡŹפΰ̣ϥե󥹸ǤȼȯãΤ褦
ʩδ֤Ԥä褿ꤷơ˳Ƹȼΰ̣Ѳ뤲ʤɤơǤϤ䤳ˤʤäƤ롥ֻפˤŹפˤ衤ǻʽȤüȯȤϡĴ٤ƤߤޤǤޤäΤʤääǤ롥

Referrer (Inside): [2026-01-10-1]

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2021-06-03 Thu

#4420. ѤȤøŪʤꡩ [borrowing][contact][suffix][french][loan_translation][false_friend]

ܿ (contact) γ񤤤Ƥ Winford ϡʸˡܤμѲǽϤƤʤΤΡŦƤʸˡѤλ¿ϡ̾θüѤ١ȤΤǤꡤȯŸǤȤ٤ΤΤǤϤʤȤͤ򼨤Ƥ롥
㤨С̤Ѹˤϥե󥹸줫¿ܼѤ줿Ȥ롥 (suffix) ˸¤äƤ -acioun, -age, -aunce, -erie, -ment, -ite; -ant, -ard, -esse, -our; -able, -al, -iv, -ous, -ate, -ify, -ize ʤɤ󤲤 (Winford 57) ѸüԤϡե󥹸äԥݥȤڤäƼƤ櫓ǤϤʤޤǤñ̤˼ƤθڤФơѸθŬѤΤŪ˥ե󥹸줫ܼѤΤ褦˸뤬ºݤΥץϡüѤθܼڤФŬѤȤȤʤΤ
Ʊͤˡ츫ŪʼѤ˸⡤칽¤ùܤμѤޤϢưǷŪ칽¤ΤΤ⥳ԡ줿̤ȤߤʤȤǤ뤫⤷ʤ
㤨СWinford (66) Silva-Corvalán 1994ǯθ򻲾ȤơɸॹڥȡѸǻܿƤ󥼥륹ڥιʸӤƤ롥ѸǤ they broke my jaw 칽¤ԤǤͿ me ȼ y me quebraron la mandibula ȤʤΤΡԤǤϱѸ° mi ȼ y quebraron mi, mi jaw ȤʤȤ󥼥륹ڥιʸˤƱѸ줫ѤƤ褦ˤߤ뤬̩ˤСּѡפȤϡѸ칽¤򻲾ȤǤΥ󥼥륹ڥȤƤˡγĥȤ٤⤷ʤȤΤϡɸॹڥǤ⡤Ԥι¤ԼǤϤ뤬ƶоݤ֤פΤ褦ʿΤ̤ǤϤʤΤڤΥ̤νͭʪξˤϡ̤Ѥ뤫ĤޤꡤȤȤΥڥˤäѡŪ¤бѸ칽¤˿ȯơˤޤäΤ褦˻פ롥ּѡפȸƤ֤ȤǤΤȡФ Winford η (68)

Silva-Corvalán (1998) discusses several other examples like these, and argues that the changes involved are not the outcome of direct borrowing of a syntactic structures or rules from one language into another (1998: 225). Rather, what is involved is a kind of "lexico-syntactic calquing" (ibid.) triggered by partial congruence between Spanish and English words. This results in Spanish words assuming the semantic and/or subcategorization properties of the apparent English equivalents (faux amis). Her findings lead her to the conclusion that "what is borrowed across languages is not syntax, but lexicon and pragmatics" (1998: 226) This claim certainly seems to hold for cases of language maintenance with bilingualism such as that in LA.


ѡפ "lexico-syntactic calquing" (cf. loan_translation) Ȥơ뤤Ū "faux amis" (cf. false_friend) ȤƤȤ館ϤޤǤˤʤäܤ줿

Winford, Donald. An Introduction to Contact Linguistics. Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2003.
Silva-Corvalán, Carmen. Language Contact and Change: Spanish in Los Angeles. Oxford: Clarendon, 1994.
Silva-Corvalán, Carmen. "On Borrowing as a Mechanism of Syntactic Change." Romance Linguistics: Theoretical Perspectives. Ed. Shwegler, Armin, Bernard Tranel, and Myriam Uribe-Etxebarria. Amsterdam: Benjamins, 1998. 225--46.

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2021-05-07 Fri

#4393. ޤ false friends --- photogenic ȡ֥եȥ˥å [khelf_hel_intro_2021][japanese][loan_word][false_friend][suffix][worf_formation][semantic_change]

ֱѸƳ2021ΰĤȤƳꥳƥ֥եȥ˥åʥĤ photogenic ʥǥåפ줿ŪǡܿȤθ̤ꥢ륿įƤ뤫Τ褦ɸ崶ƤȤʤäƤ롥
ñ photogenic ΰ̣ˤĤƤϾ嵭ƥĤ˾ܤ3ĤγؽԱѱѼ򼨤мΤ褦ˤʤ롥

OALD8: looking attractive in photographs
LDOCE5: always looking attractive in photographs
CALD3: having a face that looks attractive in photographs

ǤϡΡפθϤʤƤʤͤǤʪǤ褤Ϥ󤲤ƤʸϤ٤ƿ͡ʤƻѡˤоݤȤƤ롥ѥǸ줿¿ʸįƤߤƤ⡤ʪäʡˤоݤȤϤˤϤ뤬¿㤬̿Ĥɤֿ͡פ˴ؤΤǤ롥Ĥŵ󤲤褦

She is very photogenic but fortunately she knows that being photogenic is not enough in this business.
There were many pictures of the family as well, they must be a photogenic kind of family because there was so many family shots of them all dressed up.
Sarah's eye for a photogenic face has made her fortune.

Ȥܸ˼ޤƥʸȤʤäƤ֥եȥ˥åפϡ󥹥Ρ֥󥹥ǤפǤ뤫Τ褦¿ѤƤ롥κݤΤϡ٤ϿͤѤ뤳ȤϵǡŪʪоݤȤƤΤ⤷
photogenic ȡ֥եȥ˥åפϡʤ˸츻ӡּ̿ǤפȤŪͭƤΤΡƻȤƵҡ̤оݤȤƤΤŵŪԤǤϿ͡ԤǤʪǤȤǡˡ߽ФƤ롥ǿα˴ؤ "false friends" (Fr. "faux amis") 㡤뤤ϾʤȤ⤽򸫤ƤƤȤʤ
Ȥǡ-genic Ϥᡤƥ gēns (clan, race) ƱǤꡤıѸäƤñ¿gentle, genteel, jauntry, ƺ -genic ʤɸݥƥʡʤžˤΤ¿Τ϶
ʤ֥ƥӱǤ꤬ɤפ
telegenic, ֥饸ʹʡˤɤפ radiogenic Ȥ褦ǡ-genic'' ǥ̾˸³ (suffix) Ȥ¸ߴ򼨤ϤƤͻҤ롥θܤΥʤ

Referrer (Inside): [2021-07-24-1]

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2021-05-05 Wed

#4391. kamikaze bikini --- 略魯ΰ̣Ѳ [japanese][loan_word][semantic_change][khelf_hel_intro_2021][metaphor][false_friend]

ֱѸƳ2021˥åפ줿Υƥ֤ʤΤkamikazeϡ֤뤪⤷ǤꡤƱ˿ĤǤ⤢ä
ǶΡ#4386. ֲȭפ hibachi, ڡפ senpai ([2021-04-30-1]) ǤȤʤä褦ˡǯǤܸñ줬Ѹ˼ѤϾʤ餺ꡤ⤽θܸΥꥸʥθѲƤޤäƤΤ¿夲줿 kamikaze ʿˤ⤽1ĤǤ롥
ñȤƤ kamikaze Ȥơֿܸפθ򼨤Ϥ롥13θޤܤäƤ줿ΡֿפθϤäݻƤ뤷ʿΡֿùפθݤäƤ롥嵭ƥˤ⤵Ƥ褦ˡŪˡִܤߤͤùǤ͡פȤܸˤǧʤѸͭθ줪ळȤ԰٤Ǥۤɤٿ⤤Ȥ᥿ե˴Ťå١ΥƥؤȤơܸǰ̤ΤƤȤ⤤ʤ
ε#4386. ֲȭפ hibachi, ڡפ senpai ([2021-04-30-1]) ǤŦ褦ˡ¾˼ޤ줿ñΰ̣äʸ̮Ѥ˵ڤ礭ƤȤȤӤǤȽҤ٤ false_friend ϽФǤ롥θˤȤäƤ⤪ߤͤθݤǤꡤ񤷤饭꤬ʤȤȤҤ٤ȤƤ⡤Ϥ굤ˤʤäƤޤΤüԤǤ롥¾ä̯ʰ̣ѲФƤȤʤС䤫ʤ̤Ȥ⤢ֿפ᥿եȤϤƥ̾ΤˤʤäƤȤΤϡϤ꿴略魯롥ȤƤϡС󥿡 kamikaze ʸ뵤ˤϤäȤʤʤؼԤȤƸΰ̣ѲҴŪפŤɬפǧĤĤ⡤Ω줫ΥС˿Ū񹳴롥
Ʊ褦ʥ略ﴶ򡤤Ĥ̤ñˤĤƴȤäȻפФ¸ϤȤŪΤ֥ӥ˴ľ̡פȽѿ֥ӥˡפδطǤ롥#537. bikini ([2010-10-16-1]) ǾҲ𤷤ͭϤʸ츻ˤȡbikini ֡ʽѿ˥ӥˡפθȯϡ1946ǯƱ夬ƥѥΥ硼Ǹ줿Ȥξ׷ƱǯΥӥ˴ľ̤Ǥο¸ξ׷ȤäȤͳ褹ȤǤθѲΥᥫ˥ϡŪˤ kamikaze ξƱ͡ˤ᥿եȤäƤ褤Ȥ̤ˡ⿴ϤޤäựԶ࿵ʸžѤȤΰݤ̤ʤ
kamikaze ninja, samurai, fujiyama ʤɤȤ̼ΡʸפȤƱѸ˼ޤ졤ѸˤȼθŸ򼨤ȤȤϡѸ˾θѲȤƤϽܸüԤȤƲȤ⿴略魯롥

Referrer (Inside): [2023-05-31-1] [2021-05-21-1]

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2021-04-30 Fri

#4386. ֲȭפ hibachi, ڡפ senpai [japanese][loan_word][false_friend][semantic_change][khelf_hel_intro_2021]

ܸǡֲȭפȤСʸŪѸʤĤĤΤΡֳ졤úФ򤤤ƻȤ˼סʡشȹ켭ŵϻǡ١ˤǤ뤳Ȥܥ֥ɼԤˤλ򤵤褦ܸñ򥽡ȤƱѸ˼Ѥ줿 hibachi ϡʤȥӤ⥵ӤʤС٥塼ƻؤѸȤʤ겼äƤȤ¸LDOCE 22ˤС"a small piece of equipment for cooking food outdoors, over burning charcoal" Ȥ̤Ǥ롥
ȤϤΡֲȭפѶ hibachi ȤƱѸѤƤȤΤ϶ä٤ȤΤ褦ʿ㤤ϡºݤˤϸ֤θμѤˤƤФФߤ뤳ȤǤ롥ʸͭñ줬̤ʸ˸򤵤ƵۼƤȤΤϤޤäӻǤ롥ֲȭפ hibachi Τ褦ʴطɽ魯Τ "false friends" (Fr. "faux amis") Ȥ̾ĤƤۤɤΤ褦ʻ֤ФƼѸθüԤĤ뵤ʬʤǤʤθˤäޤƤޤС⤦٤ȤΤˤѤΤʤ餤Ǥ롥ˤĤƤϡߤͤȤۤʤ
߿ʹȤܤȤơsenpai ڡפ󤲤뤫⤷ʤֱѸƳ2021Τ˺ꥢåפ줿ƥ֡ڡ٤Ѹˤʤäɤ̣ȻפޤǤϡܸȯαñ줬夲Ƥ롥
Ʊƥˤ褦ˡsenpai ڡפϡѤκǽˤƤϡܸθ¤ˡֳعҤʤɤμҲĤˤƼʬǯοͤ䡤ʬ᤯餽δĶ˿Ȥ֤Ƥ͡פ̣ΤȤƼѤƤ褦俷֡ŵŪʳرΤξޥ󥬤ˤ˻ҤڤΤ褦ˡ˼ʬε˵ŤƤʤ͡פȯãĤĤȤν̤פ󤻤˻̤ senpai ڡפȸƤ֡ͭʷϵƤΤ餷ñ senpai ϡ䥢˥եγˤƿΥơĤġäˡȯãƤ褦ʤΤ
äȤ⡤senpai Ȥ䤽οȴФơ깭Ѥ뤳Ȥˤʤ뤫ɤʬʤޤפʱѸ켭ˤϿƤ餺ܸ줫μѸκüλȤhibachi Ȼ褦ʸŸ򤿤ɤäƤΤŸڤߤǤ롥
Ϣơ#142. Ѹ˼Ѥ줿ܸʬۡ ([2009-09-16-1]) ⻲ȡ

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2020-07-31 Fri

#4113. ܸΥʴϢϿ [japanese][neologism][waseieigo][katakana][borrowing][shortening][false_friend][semantic_change][lexicology][word_formation][sociolinguistics]

衤¤ʤɶλˤϡȤޤƤܲΥʲҤǤϸβѤΤǤˤĤ䤬󤲤褦ˤפ
ȤСѸǤС#4105. Ƽ˲űPCʪۡ ([2020-07-23-1]) Ǥߤ褦ˡBLMưȤδϢǿͼﺹ̤򴭵θɽ̤ˤ줿ꡤŪִȤ֤Ƥ롥ϸ̩ˤХʲҤľŪʱƶˤΤǤϤʤ¸μҲ꤬ʲ԰¤ʰΤʤȯ̤ȤߤʤʤСŪˤϴͿƤȤ롥
ܸǤϡ͡ʥʴϢɽû֤Τޤ夷ƤȤϡȩȤ˴725ڡˤ俷ʹī̡11̡ˤˡ֥ʻθդפꤹýǺܤƤи˵󤲤Ȥ⤷֤ϰռ˰ǤƤߤ롥

3̩8︺10ߵաGo To ȥ٥롤PCRSkypeWHOZoomĿġӥ󡤥٥ΥޥޥӥޥӥСġʡܡ⡤å󥷥С塼ȡ饤ȡ饹롼 (COVID-18)ƥۡࡤڥ١㡼ءƥɥ饤֥롼˥塼Ρޥ롤ѥǥߥåեɡ饤֥ϥ⡼ȥޥåå󡤰ٹⴶϩˤߡٶ۵޻ޤưθươƤ롤ͷٻҲŪΥʥ롦ǥ󥹡ˡޥؾǡ«©иάͼͺݡǰ졤ܿǧץꡤܿȲġ㤴ꡤǥ롤2ȡ֤ۡ륫饪ž䡼顼ȡǻܿ㤤ᡤԵޤγм͡ʬй̵ѵҡγ׻ٹ


ʶˤηˡȤƤϡѸ줢ꡤѤꡤϸ줢ꡤάȡʤʤ˿ˡ򤸤ä䤫褷Ƥ롥ʶˤȤϡ¸θʶˤ˿ʸդä줿ꡤ˥奢󥹤ѲȤ̣Ѳλ¿ΰѤƸ̣δܤֵǤΤǤϤʤȤ鴶

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2019-09-15 Sun

#3793. դ٤ʸ졦Ѹΰ [waseieigo][japanese][katakana][borrowing][semantic_change][word_formation][lexicology][false_friend]

ѸˤĤƤϡ#1624. Ѹΰ ([2013-10-07-1]) ϤȤ (waseieigo) γƵǼ夲ƤѸ˾ֱסֱʩסֱפʤɤǧƤꡤѸפϷ褷ܸΤߤΥäǤϤʤҤȤʤ̸üѤˤ򤿤ɤäƤˤϡФи븽ݤǤ롥
ǤεѸΰ򼨤شۤΡرѸŵ٤ӡդ٤ʸ졦Ѹ (pp. 450--53) ꤹ볺äΤǡƸƤܸȤƤŤΡʤȤ졩ˤʤʤ褦ʡ

ơground; ʱѡearth
åȥޡat sign
ɥХ륤advertising balloon
˥animation
ѡơapartment house; ʱѡblock of flats
եӥafter-sales service
ߥۥtinfoil; aluminum foil
󥫡anchor(man/woman)
amplifier
semi-tailored
ޥyes-man
ʥ᡼󥸡makeover
illustration
󥯥åȥץ󥿡ink-jet printer
󥿡ۥintercom
եޡʾ󥳥ޡinfo(r)mercial
եinfrastructure
󥫡ơturn signal; ʱѡindicator
ޥwomen's liberation
air conditioner
extract
ͥ륮åenergetic
󥲡engagement ring
󥸥󥭡ignition key
󥹥engine stall; engine failure
󥿥entertainment
custom-made; tailor-made; made to order
ȥХmotorcycle
ץ󥫡convertible
饦ɤΡŪơall-around; ʱѡall-round
եhydrogen peroxide
Хsacrifice bunt
ơsuspender; ʱѡgarter
ɥޥ(security) guard
ʥcar navigation system
ʥ˥졼racing driver
󥹥ơgas station; ʱѡpetrol station
ơcatalog; ʱѡcatalogue
åĥܡvictory pose
ޥʼ̿ȡphotographer
ޥʱDzʤɤΡcameraman
˥cheating
̥ӡcanned beer
åkeyboarding
ۥkey chain; key ring
ޡhickey; kiss mark
եȥɡʥեȷgift certificate
㥹ʲԡnewscaster
åܡ򤹤play catch
åۥtelephone with call waiting
顼˼֡air conditioner
(car) horn
ꥹޥ (X'mas)Xmas; Christmas
ॻ󥿡ơ(penny) arcade; amusement arcade
åcoin-operated locker
go-kart
ϥcoke highball
goggle
all-clear; green light
ȥåtraffic signal
ҡscoffee bar
ݥ饹condominium
ǥ󥢥prime time
ɥޡcold wave
Хrubber band; ʱѡelastic band
grounder
󥻥ơ(electrical) outlet; ʱѡ(wall) socket
party; get-together
ѥ˥ʰⷸescort; guide
combination
ӥconvenience store
soda
ɥӥͥʥХȡsideline
ɥߥ顼ơside(view) mirror; ʱѡwing mirror, door mirror
ʽ̾signature
ͭ̾ͤʤɤΡautograph
ȥsound track
󥪥off season
Хjeans
åȥroller coaster
system administrator
ƥ७åbuilt-in kitchen unit
㡼ʥס˥ڥơmechanical pencil; ʱѡpropelling pencil
jersey
塼꡼cream puff
Сʤǯsenior citizen
Сpriority seat
ѡʻٻԡsympathizer
åsquash
󥷥åphysical contact
ɥץ졼grandstand play
ƥå(walking) stick
ƥʥ쥹stainless steel
ȡheater
ѥơstudded tire; ʱѡstudded tyre
ԡɥslowdown
ԡɥ᡼speedometer
ڥߥspelling error; misspelling
ޡȤstylish; dashing
åmules; scuffs
եƥХdrag bunt
ϥsexual harassment
celeb(rity)
ơadhesive tape; Scotch tape
եȡʥԥ塼software
ץߥtypo; typographical error
ߥådeadline
time clock
ơdinner suit; ʱѡtuxedo
personality; star
ץơdump truck; ʱѡdumper truck
??????????fastener; ?米??zipper; ?????zip (fastener)
硼ʼ֤Ρchoke
ơ֥륹ԡafter-dinner speech
ơơtail light; ʱѡtail lamp
ǥdigital camera
ǥʼұưdemonstration
ƥۥ󥵡ӥtelephone information service
Żҥmicrowave oven
ɥܡdoorman
ɥإmedi-copter
ɥåȥץ󥿡dot matrix printer
ȥåץХålead-off batter; lead-off man
ȥ󥯡ʼ֤Ρơtrunk; ʱѡboot
ȥ(playing) card
????????????米??sweat pants; ?????track-suit trousers
ʥnight game
ʥСץ졼ơlicense plate; ʱѡnumber plate
˥塼㥹anchor(man/woman)
˥塼եnewcomer
͡¥塼recognition value
??????negative
Ρ꡼֡ʤΡsleeveless
ΡȡĢ̡notebook
Υquota
Υ󥹥ƥåץХkneeling bus
Хbuffet; buffet-style dinner; smorgasbord
Хmotorcycle; motorbike
ϥƥlate teens
??????????high tech(nology)
ϥӥhigh-definition TV system
ϥޥ̥sales clerk
Хơbathrobe; ʱѡdressing gown
ѥpersonal computer
Хååסʻٱbacking; support
Хåͥåbackstop
Хåޡkickback
Хåߥ塼åbackground music
Хåߥ顼rear-view mirror
Хå饤ơbackup light; ʱѡreversing light
Хåܥåbatter's box
ϥåԡhappy ending
ѥͥ顼panelist
Хꥫhair clippers
ϥơemployment agency; employment bureau
ѥơflat tire; ʱѡpuncture
ϥ󥹥hunger strike
ѥ󥹥ơpantyhose; ʱѡtights
ϥɥޥơbullhorn; ʱѡloudhailer
ϥɥʼ֤Ρsteering wheel
??????????green pepper
ԥå®١pace
ӥˡplastic bag
??????flyer; flier
ӥʷʪbuilding
եܡbase on balls
ץåۥpush-button phone; touch-tone phone
֥饤ɥåtouch typing
ץǥplastic model
֥ʪbrand-name goods
ե꡼one size fits all
ե꡼job-hopping part-timer worker
ե꡼ơtoll-free; ʱѡfreephone; freefone
ץpudding
ץ쥤ticket agency
֥졼brake light
֥쥹åbracelet
ץ쥼presentation
եåflexible working hours; flextime; flexible time
???????????prefabricated house
֥åblock signal
ץ쥹professional wrestling
եơfront desk; ʱѡreception
եȥ饹ơwindsheeld; ʱѡwindscreen
ڥdeposit insurance cap; deposit payoff
١åơ(pay) raise; ʱѡ(pay) rise
ڡѡƥwritten test
ڡѡɥ饤Сdriver in name only; driver on paper only
٥åɥbedroom scene
٥åɥbedroom suburb
ڥåȥܥȥplastic bottle; PETʥԡƥbottle
إåɥ饤ơheadlight; ʱѡheadlamp
٥ƥexpert
٥ӡơstroller; ʱѡpushchair
٥ӡ٥åbaby crib
إ륹᡼bathroom scales
ڥ󥷥resort inn
ۥ륭åhub cap
ܡʥۥƥʤɤΡpage; bellboy; bellhop
ۡʱؤΡplatform
ۡɥfamily doctor
ۡإѡơcaregiver; ʱѡcarer
ܡڥơball-point pen; ʱѡbiro
??????positive
ۥåstapler
ܥǥåbody search
ۥƥޥhotel employee
ܥͥåơhood; ʱѡbonnet
ޡcomputerized answer sheet
ޥowned car; private car
ޥåmug
ޥmother complex
ޥåmarker, marking pen, felt-tip (pen)
ޥmass communication(s), (mass) media,
ޥˡʤͤ߹ּpyramid selling
ޥ󥷥condominium
ߥsewing machine
ߥtype; typographical error
ߥ륯ƥtea with milk
᡼ʵơˡʱѡˤȤ meter
᡼ȥʵΥơmeter; ʱѡmetre
ɥsoap opera
⡼˥󥰥wake-up call
⡼˥󥰥ӥbreakfast special
ӥubiquitous
饱åȡʥԥݥΡơpaddle; ʱѡbat
դʡʥcasual; informal
ϥӥrehabilitation
ӥ󥰥åliving room with a kitchenette
եहʲȤʤɡremodel
ॸХlimousine
remote control
ȥretort
ƥtea with lemon
ƥearly teens
ץword processor
(dress) shirt
磻ɥ硼variety program
ܥåvan
ޥautocrat
롼ޥ󥷥studio apartment; one-room apartment


ش۳켭ŵԽԡˡرѸŵ١شۡ2006ǯ

Referrer (Inside): [2019-11-19-1]

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2015-10-28 Wed

#2375. Anglo-French Ȥ (2) [semantics][semantic_change][semantic_borrowing][anglo-norman][french][lexicology][false_friend][methodology][borrowing][law_french]

ε ([2015-10-27-1]) ˰³Ѹ˸ Anglo-French κɾˤĤƤꡥRothwell ϡѸäѸʸθˤơAnglo-French äȽŻ뤷ʤФʤʤ⤹롥ƻȤƤ MED θ³ˤڤ֤ʤɡѸʸؼԤ˰ռפĥ٤֤ⷫ롥ե󥹸äΡּѡ (borrowing) ȤǰˤѳפäƤꡤİͤ롥ĤʸϤѤ

The MED reveals on virtually every page the massive and conventional sense and that in literally thousands of cases forms and meanings were adopted (not 'borrowed') into English from Insular, as opposed to Continental, French. The relationship of Anglo-French with Middle English was one of merger, not of borrowing, as a direct result of the bilingualism of the literate classes in mediaeval England. (174)

The linguistic situation in mediaeval England . . . produced . . . a transfer based on the fact that generations of educated Englishmen passed daily from English into French and back again in the course of their work. Very many of the French terms they used had been developing semantically on English soil since 1066, were absorbed quite naturally with all their semantic values into the native English of those who used them and then continued to evolve in their new environment of Middle English. This is a very long way from the traditional idea of 'linguistic borrowing'. (179--80)

[I]n England . . . the social status of French meant that it was used extensively in preference to English for written records of all kinds from the twelfth to the fifteenth century. As a result, given that English was the native language of the majority of those who wrote this form of French, many hundreds of words would have been in daily use in spoken English for generations without necessarily being committed to parchment or paper, the people who used them being bilingual in varying degrees, but using only one of their two vernaculars --- French --- to set down in writing their decisions, judgements, transactions, etc., for posterity. (185)


εǤ bachelor Ρȿפθ apparel Ρְפθ󤲤⤦1 Anglo-French DzǤȤơRothwell (184) ε󤲤Ƥ rape Ȥ夲褦MED ˤȡֶפΰ̣Ǥ rāpe (n.(2)) ϡѸǤ1425ǯ㤬ФǤ롥ΦΥե󥹸ǤϤθϸʤΤAnglo-French Ǥ rap ȤƤθˤ13ʸڤ롥

[A]s early as c. 1289 rape is defined in the French of the English lawyers as the forcible abduction of a woman; in c. 1292 the law defines it, again in French, as male violence against a woman's body. Therefore, for well over a century before the first attestation of 'rape' in Middle English, the law of England, expressed in French but executed by English justices, had been using these definitions throughout English society. rape is an Anglo-French term not found on the Continent. Admittedly, the Latin rapum is found even earlier than the French, but it was the widespread use of French in the actual pleading and detailed written accounts --- as distinct from the brief formal Latin record --- of cases in the English course of law from the second half of the thirteenth century onwards that has resulted in so very many English legal terms like rape having a French look about them. . . . As far as rape is concerned, there never was, in fact, a 'semantic vacuum' . . . .


Rothwell (184) ϡۤˤ larceny Ϥ¿ˡΧѸ˻褦ʾƤϤޤȽҤ٤Ƥ롥ѸθäθˤĤơޤޤ٤Ȥ¿ĤƤ褦

Rothwell, W. "The Missing Link in English Etymology: Anglo-French." Medium Aevum 60 (1991): 173--96.

Referrer (Inside): [2021-07-04-1] [2015-12-18-1]

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2015-10-27 Tue

#2374. Anglo-French Ȥ (1) [semantics][semantic_change][semantic_borrowing][anglo-norman][french][lexicology][false_friend][methodology]

Ѹǡȿפ1ĤȤƤ bachelor ˴ؤợδ#1908. ɽ魯ΰ̣ΰ (1) ([2014-07-18-1])#1968. ΰ̣ʬʬϡ ([2014-09-16-1])#1969. ΰ̣ʬʬϤ ([2014-09-17-1]) Ǽ夲Ƥ13˥ե󥹸줫Ѥ줿θϡּ㤤Ρԡפạ̈žơȿפȯŸȤ롥
OED bachelor, n. θ4aˤȡǤνФ Chaucer Merchant's Tale (c1386) Ǥꡤl. 34 "Bacheleris haue often peyne and wo." ȸ롥MED bachelēr (n.) θ1(b)ˤȡʲ̤ꡤ14ˤޤ̤롥"c1325(c1300) Glo.Chron.A (Clg A.11) 701: Mi leue doȝter .. Ich þe wole marie wel .. To þe nobloste bachiler þat þin herte wile to stonde.
嵭ΰ̣Ѳϡбե󥹸ñ bachelier ˤʤäȤ졤ߤǤϱʩδ֤ "false friends" (Fr. "faux amis") δطȤʤäƤ롥Τ褦ˡΰ̣ѲŪ˱ѸȼȯãȹͤƤȤRothwell (175) ϡѸȼȯãˡAnglo-French ȤĤʤΥ饯о줵ơԤڤ

Chaucer's use of this common Old French term in the Modern English sense of 'unmarried man' has no parallel in literature on the Continent, but is found in Anglo-French by the first quarter of the thirteenth century in The Song of Dermot and the Earl and again in the Liber Custumarum in the early fourteenth century. It is a pointer to the fact that the development of modern English, at least as far as the lexis and syntax are concerned, cannot be adequately researched without taking into account the whole corpus of Anglo-French.


The Anglo-Norman Dictionary Ĵ٤Ƥߤȡbacheler θ2Ȥ "unmarried man" ꡤ嵭νŵȤȤ˳Τ㤬󤲤Ƥ롥ѸȼȯãǤϤʤޤƤΦΥե󥹸ȯãǤʤ¤ Anglo-French ˤȯãǤꡤ줬Ѹˤܿ줿ˤʤȤʤȤñǤϤ뤬ܤڤ褦ʷǤ롥ְפθıѸ apparel ȡ⤿ʤե󥹸 appareil false friends Ʊͤ Anglo-French ͳȤȤ
Rothwell ʸǤϡAnglo-French ȤפȤˤꡤѸä˴ؤ¿λ¤餫ˤʤꡤ꤬褹뤳Ȥ⤵롥Ѹ˸Ǥ⡤ե󥹸ȤФޤѥɸŪʥե󥹸Ѽפ⤫١Ȥƥե󥹼ѸʤɤΤäAnglo-French ȤѼɾ뤳Ȥˤäơ̤ȤƤѸ˾¿꤬򤫤ǽȡRothwell ⤯Rothwell ΤΥ󥹤ϡ#2349. Ѹ˥ե󥹼Ѹ줬ȯΤϤʤ (2) ([2015-10-02-1])#2350. Prioress Anglo-French ϰ̤Ϥۤ㤯ʤä ([2015-10-03-1]) ǻȤʸǤӤƤꡤȯŪǤ롥

Rothwell, W. "The Missing Link in English Etymology: Anglo-French." Medium Aevum 60 (1991): 173--96.

Referrer (Inside): [2015-12-18-1] [2015-10-28-1]

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2015-04-20 Mon

#2184. ñȥեñ (2) [french][norman_french][loan_word][borrowing][lexicology][norman_conquest][false_friend]

ε#2183. ñȥեñ (1) ([2015-04-19-1]) ˰³Ƥꡥϡʩбη̣Υ򤯤٤(1) äμѲ (borrowing) ˵꤬ʸݤܤϡ(2) ե󥹸äμѤλȤθθѲ(3) ѤоݤȤʤäե󥹸Ȥ2ĤλƳ롥
ޤ (2) ˤĤơѸȥե󥹸бӤȤ´κθϡֺǤ롥䤿ӤƤΤϡ̾Ѹȸե󥹸бǤ롥եñ줬ѸؼѤ줿Τϡ¿ѸˤƤǤ (cf. #117. ե󥹼Ѹǯʬۡ ([2009-08-22-1])) Ĥޤꡤ6--8ۤΥե󥹸ä6--8ۤαѸήεǤߤ褦ˡμѲˤƤ model Ȥʤեñ loan ȤʤñΤ¿ΥåפΤ̤äΤǤ뤫顤ޤƤФˤξбɤ̣ˤƥԥäȰפʤΤ϶äȤǤϤʤ6--8Τˡθη̣ϡե󥹸¦ǤѸ¦ǤȼѲƤǽ⤤
㤨СѸ doubt ϥե󥹸 douter б뤬ֻϰۤʤ롥ñֻ <b> ƤΤϱѸˤ׿Ǥꡤֻϥե󥹸Ǥ夷ʤä (cf. #1187. etymological respelling ζ ([2012-07-27-1])) ޤե󥹸 journée ϡ1פΰ̣бѸ journey ϡιԡפǤ롥ѸǤѸˤϡ1פθäˡ1ΰưΥפФơιԡפθȯŸȤȤθѤ줿λ֤СäȤ줬ΤϤΤȡ鸫ǤϤбΤȵ虜ʤۤɡߤˤΥ줿ؤȯŸǽ롥
ˡ(3) ѤоݤȤʤäե󥹸Ȥ˽פǤ롥ǯǤϤʤäȤΥåפ⤵뤳Ȥʤ顤ե󥹸Ѥθɬե󥹸ɸե󥹸ˤǤϤʤȤ¤롥䤿ؽ븽ե󥹸Υե󥹸ͳ褷Ƥ뤬Ȥ櫓Ѹ˱Ѹ줬Ѥե󥹸ä¿ϼ¤ϥե˹ԤƤΥޥ󡦥ե (norman_french) Ǥ (cf. #1209. 1250ǯ򶭤Ȥե󥹼Ѹζʬ ([2012-08-18-1])) פˡΡ¤äץեñ줬ñȤƼѤƸߤ˻äƤΤǤꡤȸɸե󥹸ȤӤȤˡ줬ΤǤ롥Υե󥹸üԤλ鸽Ѹбįȡ֤ʤѸΤΡ¤äեñѤƤΤפȼ򤫤ʤ롥ŪʻˤĤƤϡ#76. Norman French vs Central French ([2009-07-13-1])#95. ޤ롪 Norman French Central French Ÿ ([2009-07-31-1])#388. äȤ롪 Norman French Central French Ÿ ([2010-05-20-1]) ʤɤ򻲾Ȥ줿
ʾ塤2ˤ錄äƱñȥեñθˤĤƲ⤷ƤξԤΥåפϡ(1) ѲΤΤ˵Τ⤢С(2) Ѥ夬ΤȤǤꡤθξŪȯŸη̤ȤƤȤ館⤢뤷(3) μѥե󥹸ɸäȤ¤ˤΤ⤢롥ñȸեñȤʿŪįƤǤϸƤʤΩŪʱԤ򡤱Ѹˤ̤ƴƤ餤

Referrer (Inside): [2015-05-07-1]

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2015-04-19 Sun

#2183. ñȥեñ (1) [french][loan_word][borrowing][lexicology][norman_conquest][false_friend]

Ѹ˳μȤʤɤǡѸθäˤ¿Υեñ줬ޤޤƤ뤫ˤȡʹϰͤ˶ä绨ĤˤäƱѸä1/3ե󥹸줢뤤ϤοƸǤƥ줫μѸǤ롥Ϣ뤤ĤפˤĤƤϡ#110. ѸμѸεȳ ([2009-08-15-1]) ӡ#1645. ܸθʬۡ ([2013-10-28-1]) Ƭĥä󥯤򻲾Ȥ줿
λ¤ʹȡѸȥե󥹸˶̤ä¿Τϡñ줬ե󥹸̤¿褦ߤαѸŪͥޤܸˤ¿αѸäήƤ¤ͤСե󥹸줬¿αñѤƤϤȤΤ̵Ϥʤ
Ѹˤ򻲾ȤмºݤˤϵդǤ뤳Ȥ狼롥Ū˱Ѹ줬եñ̤˼ѤƤ椨ˡ̤Ȥξ˶̤θä¿ΤǤ롥üŪˤС1066ǯΥΥޥ (norman_conquest) ˤꡤ󥰥ɤΰҿ줬Ѹ줫ե󥹸ذܤäˡ̤Υե󥹸줫̤αѸؤȸä̤ήȤȤǤ롥ʱѸ줬ե󥹸ͿƶȤλϡŪˤŪ˵Ǥ롥#1026. 18Ѹ줫ե󥹸äѸ ([2012-02-17-1])#1012. ˤѸ줫ե󥹸ؤαƶ ([2012-02-03-1]) 򻲾ȡ
ե󥹸򾯤Ǥ⤫äȤΤԤǤСʩǶ̤ϳΤ¿ɡ̣ߤˤƤȤ㤬ʤʤȤ˵ŤбäϤΤ̩ˡƱפǤ櫓ǤϤʤˤꡤfalse_friend (Fr. "faux amis") ꤬뤳Ȥˤʤ (cf. #390. Cosmopolitan Vocabulary Asset (2) ([2010-05-22-1])) ե󥹸¦ model ȱѸ¦ loan Ȥδ֤ˡ̣Τ줬ƤޤΤϡäʤmodel loan ȤѸˤĤƤϡ#901. ʬ ([2011-10-15-1]) 򻲾ȡˡ
䤤ˤϡ(1) äμѲ (borrowing) ˵꤬ʸݡ(2) ե󥹸äμѤλȤθθѲ(3) ѤоݤȤʤäե󥹸Ȥ3ˤĤ򤷤Ƥɬפ롥ϡ(1) ܤ褦äμѲ˵꤬ʸݤȤϡѸˤη̣¿ʤȤĤƼإԡΤ̤Ǥ뤳ȤޤܤСѸϡȤȯֻ¿쾯ʤηϤŬ礵ήΤ̾Ǥ롥㤨Сե󥹸α߿첻 /y/ Ÿɡ /ɲ/ ϡɬ⤽ΤޤޤηDZѸ˼줿ΤǤϤʤ¿ξ礽줾 /ɪʊ/, /nj/ ȤƼޤ줿 (cf. #1222. ե󥹸줬ѸβǤͿʱƶ ([2012-08-31-1])#1727. /ju:/ ε ([2014-01-18-1])) ̯ʺۤǤϤ뤬μѤˤ model Τޤ˥ԡ櫓ǤϤʤȤ򼨤Ƥ롥Ѹ /ʃəːt/ (shirt) ܸ /shatsu/ ʥġˤȤƼޤʤɡäդäȤܤǤϡΤ褦ʥ줬Τ϶ˤ̤Ǥ롥
˰̣ܤƤ⡤model loan δ֤ˤϤФХåפѻ롥Ȥ櫓ѤˤƤ model θΰΤߤѤ뤳Ȥ¿̣ϰϤȤƤ model > loan δطΩĤȤ¿ͭ̾ưʪ󤲤ȡѸ beef ϸťե󥹸 boef, buefѤǤ롥model ˤϵȵξθޤޤ뤬loan ˤϵθޤޤʤǤϥեñ줬̣̾DZѸؼѤƤʤ#331. ưʪȤɽñ ([2010-03-24-1])#332. ưʪȤɽñפοá ([2010-03-25-1]) ⻲ȡˡƱͤˡѸ room ϡ֥롼פȤθˤܸäƤ뤬;Ϥθϡ֥롼פˤϤʤ
ǵ󤲤ƤǤϡñȥեñδ֤κۤϤäȤƤŪΤäե󥹸ؽˤƽвñαʩ֤ΥȰ´ϡФФä礭õˤϡ(2) (3) λȤɬפǤ롥ˤĤƤϡεǡ

Referrer (Inside): [2015-05-07-1] [2015-04-20-1]

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2013-10-07 Mon

#1624. Ѹΰ [waseieigo][japanese][katakana][borrowing][semantic_change][word_formation][lexicology][false_friend]

921--22ˡϢܸʸرdz줿޲桦ܸʸݥե˻äؤƱνȥȤǡָѤʤط---츦ʸظˤĤơפꤹѥͥǥåԤäϡѸμԼפȤܤǾä򤷤糰ǤϤ뤬ܸؤˤѸ䳰θϡѸθԤˤΤʤʤȤȤʤΤǡ⤽Ω줫鷺Ф껲ͿƤȤǤ롥
ȯɽΤˡ˵󤲤褦ʻͿ޽ѸȤƤɽ̤Ȥ231ĤޤäơѸ줫ݤȤˤĤƤϡ#1492. ֥ǥ󥦥פѸ줫 ([2013-05-28-1]) ǿ줿褦ˡ衤ܺ٤ʸŪĴɬפϤޤǤϷ겼ƤʤޤѸθ̩񤷤Ȥ⤢롥äơʲθġˤĤƤϵ䤬褵뤫⤷ʤ嵭Τ褦â񤭤Ĥǡ᤿ΤȤƸƤȤΩĤ
ѸʬˤĤƤϡޤΤΤˤʤʲΤ褦 (1) ŪѸ졤(2) ̣ŪѸ졤(3) ŪѸ3ʬषƤߤʬ̲ϺβȤ

Ѹʬ

(1) ŪѸ
ǥ (popsicle)ɥ󥰥ȥå (shutting off the engines)ȥ (outside)ѡ (apartment, apartmenthouse)եեӥ (after-sales service, after-the-sale service)ե쥳 (post recording)ꥫʥҡ ((regular) coffee)᡼å (improve one's image)᡼ (change one's image)ȥХå (fanny bag, bum bag) (beauty salon, beauty spa, beauty-treatment clinic)å (dirty-minded, sex-mad, have a one-track mind, indecent, salacious, pervert, abnormal)ʥեǥ (office worker)᡼ (custom-made, made-to-order)ȥХ (motorbike, motorcycle)ӡ (alumnus, alumna, graduate)֥ȡ (toaster oven)ץ󥫡 (convertible)Хå (combed (straight) back, combed towards the back)եܥ (cuff links) (overpass)ɥޥ ((security) guard, watchman)󥹥 (gas station)åĥݡ (victory pose)åڡѡ (paper towel)åԡ (slogan)åۥ (call-waiting)åܡ (play catch)顼 (air conditioner)ӥ (glamour photos, cheesecake, Page Threes)졼ɥå (upgrade)ॻ󥿡 (amusement arcade)ɥ꡼ (launderette)ȥ (lower costs, reduce costs)󥻥 (outlet, outlet box, receptacle, wall outlet, wall socket)ӥ (drugstore, grocery)ǥ󥢥 (prime time)ǥ󥦥 (holidays in May)ɥӥͥ (side job)꡼ޥ (company employee)󥪥 (off-season) (canned tuna)ץå (become thin, lose weight)ƥ७å (organized kitchen)ƥۥƥ (big hotel)㡼ڥ (mechanical pencil, automatic pencil)å (the right moment on film)С (holidays in November)С (priority seat) (denim jacket, jeans jacket)ѥ (jeans)åȥ (roller coaster)塼 (blender)ѡ (supermarket)󥷥å (touching, bonding, physical contact)륫顼 (the traditional feature of a school)å (economies of scale) (starting lineup)ɥץ졼 (grandstand play)ԡɥ (slow down)꡼ ((bust-waist-hip) measurement)ͥ (big construction company, large construction company)顼ƥ (solar power)ե (software)եȥ꡼ (soft-serve ice cream, ice cream cone, swirl ice-cream cone)ߥʥۥƥ (station hotel)ॵӥ (blue-light special, limited time offer (special))꡼ҥå (RBI hit)å (tagged and out)˥󥰥å (kitchenette)ץ (dump truck) (cheerleader a)󥹥᡼ (table setters)ơ֥륹ԡ (speech at a party)ƥӥ (video game)ƥ󥭡 (numeric keypad)ǥ졼󥱡 (birthday cake, decorated cake)ǥåɥܡ (hit by (a) pitch)ǥХ꡼إ륹 (massage parlor)ȥ졼˥󥰥ѥġʥȥѥ (sweat pants)ɥȥå (doctor's orders)ɥ饤֥ (rest area, rest stop)ʥ (night game)˥塼ϡ (drag queen, transvestite)ͥƥå (proof reader, native-speaking proof reader)ͥåȥåԥ (on-line shopping)Ρå (uncut (movie))Ρ꡼ (sleeveless dress)ΡʥΡͥ (without a tie)Ρȥѥ (laptop)Υ󥹥ƥåץХ (bus without steps)Υ󥻥 (trivia)ϡȥե (heartwarming)ϡ (someone of mixed race)ϥå (knee socks)ϥƥ (late teens)ϥƥ󥷥 (excitable, overexcited, carried away)ϥ (Job Centre)Хåߥ顼 (rearview mirror)Хȥ󥬡 (baton twirler)Хȥ󥿥å (baton pass, hand over)ѥʡ (pattern maker)ѥȥ (police car)ѥͥ顼 (panelist)ѥѡ (tight-perm, short-perm)ӡѥ饽 (beach umbrella)ӥͥۥƥ (economy hotel, budget hotel)եɥå (obstacle course)եܡ (base on balls, walk)ե饤ɥݥƥ (French fries, chips)ե饤 (false start)ե꡼ (one-size-fits-all)ե꡼ (toll-free number)եȥ饹 (windshield)֥åС (book jacket, dust jacket)ץ졼 (booking office)إ̡ (full-frontal nudity (photo))إǥ󥰥塼 (header)إ륹᡼ (bathroom scale)١å (raise of the wage base)٥åɥ (bedroom suburb)٥ӡ (playpen)ڡѡѥˡ (shell company)ڡѡɥ饤С (person with a driving licence but no practice, driver in name only)ڥå (dressed in matching outfits)ڥåȥܥȥ (plastic bottle)ۡ (platform)ۥåȥڥå (electric carpet)ۥåȥ (pancake)ܥǥå (frisk, security check, body search)ޥ (one's own car)ޥʥ᡼ (negative image)ޥڡ (go one's own way)ޥ˥ (spaghetti Western)ޥå (mug)ޥ (mummy's boy)ޥġޥ (one-on-one (one-to-one) lesson, private lesson)ߥ (sewing machine)ߥ˥ (free paper)ߥ륯ƥ (tea with milk)᥿ (big, overweight, fat)⡼˥󥰥 (wake-up call)⡼˥󥰥ӥ (breakfast special)饤֥ϥ (club with live music, live music club)֥ۥƥ (hot-pillow hotel, no-tell motel)˥󥰥 (undershirt)˥󥰥ۡ (inside-the-park home run)ꥯ롼ȥ (suit for an interview)ꥵ륯륷å (secondhand shop, recycled-goods shop)åץ꡼ (lip balm, chapstick)եƥ (keepy-uppy)롼å (loose-fitting socks)ƥ (early teens) (additional time, injury time, stoppage time)磻 (business shirt)磻ɥ硼 (talk and variety (TV) show, tabloid show, TV magazine show)ѥ (predictable, routine)

(2) ̣ŪѸ
ɥ (pop idol)åȥۡ (cozy, homey)Х (irresponsible)ʥ٥ȡ˥ѥ˥ (booth girl, promotional model, trade show model)˥ (cheating)饯 (car horn)졼 (complaint) (autograph, signature) (sticker) (grandstand)ʥå (bar, pub)ޡ (slender, slim)󥹡 (good dress sense, well-dressed, stylish)ס¯ (bordello, house of ill repute, whorehouse, knocking shop) (celebrity, entertainer, TV personality)å磻 (blow-up doll)å (zipper, zip-fastener)ȥ ((playing) cards)ɥ饤 (businesslike)ɥ饤Сʹ (screwdriver)ʥ (uncorrupted, unspoiled)ͥå (weak link, dead wood, disadvantage, burden)ϥɥ ((steering) wheel)Сɡȱ (Bobby Charlton)Х (buffet)ѥå (build)ե (Go for it, Do your best)ե (front desk, reception)֡ (fad)ץ (handout, printout)ץǥ塼 (coordinator)ޥå (felt tip pen, marker pen)ޥ󥷥 (condominium, apartment)åȡǥå (pros and cons, advantages and disadvantages)˥ (test user, product tester)󥭡 (good-for-nothings, layabouts, hooligans, thugs)ե (alteration, refurbish, renovate)٥ (rematch)롼 (lax, careless, negligent, irresponsible)

(3) ŪѸ
(flat iron) (accelerator)ץ (application)ݡݥ (appointment)륹 (virus)󥹥 (engine stall)󥶥å (on the rocks)졼饤 (curry and rice, curry with rice)ӡ (corned beef) (connection)󥪥 (suntan oil)⡼ϥ (smoked ham)ϥ (sexual harassment)åȥ (setting lotion)ǥѡ (department store)ȥ (bathroom, restroom)ɥޥ (Don't worry about it, Never mind)˥ (varnish)֥͡ (navel orange)Ρ (notebook)Υץ (nonprofessional)ѡ (permanent)ѥ (personal computer)ѥ (flat tyre, puncture)ӥߥ (vitamin)ӥ (building)ե󥿥å (fantastic)ץ (pudding, custard pudding)ץ쥹顼 (professional wrestler)ޥ (microphone)ޥ (mass communication, mass media, the media)ޥ˥ (maniac, fan)ꥹȥå (list)ꥹȥ (restructuring, corporate downsizing)쥸 (cash register)

ƥ֥󡦥륷塡ѤѸ١׼ҡ2005ǯ
꤫إʸ졦ŵ١ʸҡ2006ǯ
ؿܸ춵ŵ١ܸ춵ز ԡ罤۽Ź2005ǯ
ǥӥåɡ󡡡ܿͤĤְ㤨NGʱѸ١ؤҡ2012ǯ
ܸظŵ١ ʸۤ ԡ񱡡2007ǯ
ܸɴŵ١İ ɧۤ ԡ罤ۡ1988ǯ
¼ סإʸ줪⤷ŵ١˼1990ǯ
ع줪⤷ȯ֡졦Ѹ١2012ǯ

[ | ѥڡ ]

2013-05-29 Wed

#1493. Ѹʤ̱ [latin][borrowing][semantic_change][word_formation][sign][loan_translation][lexicology][terminology][neo-latin][morphology][romancisation][false_friend][waseieigo]

ε#1492. ֥ǥ󥦥פѸ줫 ([2013-05-28-1]) ǡѸȸƤФˤĤ̻ŪŪξͻ¤ΤȤιͻϱѸäˤۤȤɤΤޤƤϤޤ롥ܸȱѸδطϱѸȥƥδط
ѸˤˤơǤĹؤäƤϥƥǤ롥Φˤäޥλƥ줫äѤƤűѸ졤Ѹ졤ѸˤƥƥѸäΰӤ뤲ʹߤϥꥷȤȤ˼Ȥ neo-classical compounding Ȥ̤ơѸä˱ƶڤܤ³Ƥ (##1437,32,120,1211,478γƵ򻲾) ơѸϤĹܿˤΤʤǡƥθ§򼫤η˼Ǥ[2013-02-08-1]ε#1383. ƥñѸ첽ֵ§סˡ
ơε (1) Ǥϡ˥ǥȤʤ signe ¸ߤĤ줬Ȥ줿ɤǡѸ줫Ѹ줫̤ȽҤ٤ƱȤϡѸȥƥˤĤƤ롥Ѹ줬ηϤⲽƥ쵬§˴Ťȼ˥ƥñ夲硤ϱǤ[2010-05-24-1]ε#392. antidisestablishmentarianism ˤߤѸΥޥ󥹸첽פ򻲾ȡˡƥ˴¸Υǥ򻲾ȤƼϡƥѸǤ롥ξüδ֤Ūʥ졼󤬹äƤΤܸξƱͤǤ롥ܸξϡεǡֱѸ첣ʸʥʡ˸פȤ٥¨ʤ󼨤Ѹξ "Latinate word" ʥƥñˤȤѸ줬ѰդƤ롥ϱޤषƥѸޤषΤ狼ʤƥγäޤࡥ
ε (2) Ǥϡ֤¦̤顤ѸδĤƷ줿ܸñ4ĤʬषƱͤˡƥδĤƷ줿ñ4Ĥʬष褦

(a) ƥб signe ¸ߤ륿סʼѸŵŪ
(b) ƥб signifié ¸ߤ뤬 signifiant ϰۤʤ륿סѸŵŪ
(c) ƥб signifiant ¸ߤ뤬 signifié ϰۤʤ륿ס"false friends" 뤤 "faux amis" ŵŪ
(d) ƥб signe ¸ߤʤסʱŵŪ

Ѹ򤵤ʤƥüԤꤹȡüԤϱѸüԤˤäȯ줿 (c) (d) Τ褦ʸʹȡƬξ˥ϥƥʤ⤫֤ȤϡѸüԤѸʹȤƱȿǤ롥ѸˤƤ⡤Ѹ˰̣㤨Ƥ (c) Ǥ tradition ([2011-11-27-1]ε#944. ration reasonפ򻲾ȡˤ䡤(d) Ǥ antidisestablishmentarianism [2010-05-24-1]ε#392. antidisestablishmentarianism ˤߤѸΥޥ󥹸첽פ򻲾ȡˤΤ褦ʸä䤷Ƥ椯Ȥˤäơ˭ɽϤ˻äΤǤ롥
ܸꡥ¾줫θüѤŪǤˤäƤϡ(a)--(d) Τ٤ƤΥפ¿쾯ʤ츫ΤʤΤǤϤʤѸϡ̣򤽤ȥԥåȤƤФм夲뤬̸ŪˤϷ褷ðۤʸݤǤϤʤΤ

[ | ѥڡ ]

2013-05-28 Tue

#1492. ֥ǥ󥦥פѸ줫 [japanese][borrowing][semantic_change][word_formation][terminology][sign][loan_translation][lexicology][morphology][false_friend][waseieigo]

#1471. golden ߽ФѲ ([2013-05-07-1]) εǡ֥ǥ󥦥 (Golden Week) Ȥܸɽ˿줿ȤѸȤƾҲ𤷤ƱؤΥȤꡤѸ춵˴ؤͭȤIs ǥ󥦥 wasei-eigo?ȤؤΥ󥯤򤤤ʤ꤬ȤޤˡεˤȡGoogle Books Ngram Viewer (see [2010-12-25-1]) Ǹ򤫤ȡgolden week Ȥɽ1951ǯ˱Ѹ¸ߤȤȤ狼Υڡ򻲾ȡˡ[2010-12-25-1]εǽҤ٤褦ˡľΤȤ Google Books ΥѥȤƤɾϤˤȹͤƤ뤬ʤȤƱ¸ߤϻ¤ǤȼƤ褤Ѹ golden week ˡ緿Ϣ١פʤä櫓ǤϤʤޤǡ֡ʲΤ褦ˡ餷֡פۤɤΰ̣ѤƤ褦ơΤ褦ʾ˴դߤơϤܸΡ֥ǥ󥦥פѸȤߤʤƤ褤Τɤ
䤤ˤ͡¦̤Ȼפ뤬 (1) ̻֤¦̤ (2) ֤¦̤롥֥ǥ󥦥פѸ줫ɤȤ䤤ϡäѤ (1) λȯ䤤Ǥꡤܸûˤܸ츻ؤˤƤϽפ(2) λϤ䤤ϤޤܼŪǤϤʤΤΡŪܸŪꤲȤǤƱ餤̣ʲ (1) (2) Τ줾ˤĤƵ

(1) ̻֤¦
ܸѸȤѸθ̩ǤΤϤĤѸ켭ŵ򻲾ȤƤȽȤʤäѸŵȤƵ󤲤֥ʥס֥Хåߥ顼פΤ褦㤫餽ħФСֱѸͳˤηǤѸε§˳§äȤ߹碌뤳ȤˤäƷܸȤƤθפȤȤˤʤꤽϡ (signifiant) ܸηǹԤʤƤѸΥǥ򻲾ȤƤʤ˾ƤǤ롥ޤϡθ̣ѲɤѸصռѤ줿ɤʤɤθȯŸˤϸڤʤǤꡤäѤܤȤ롥
ѸΩϡ (borrowing) Ǥ롥Ѹ¦ΥǥȤʤ뵭 (signe) 򻲾ȤۤܤΤޤܸηϤΤʤ˼Ǥ롥
ơѸܸ礬ѸǤ뤫ѸѸǤ뤫ϡ¸αѸǥ򻲾ȤɤˤäƤ롥֥ǥ󥦥פǤСѸˤǤ¸ߤƤ餷ǥ golden week 򻲾ȤѤΤ뤤ϱѸ¦Υǥ̵ͭϤɤǤ졤Ȥܸȼ˺夲ΤʤΤѸ¦˥ǥ뤬ʾ塤򻲾ȤȹͤΤȻפ줫⤷ʤɬ⤽ȤϤʤnighter ʤɤηֵ§ΤޤΤȤϰۤʤꡤgolden week 쵬§ΤޤΤǤꡤΤ褦ŪɽѸ¦ܸ¦ΩȯǽϽʬˤ롥θó׿Ԥǥ¸ߤΤʤäȤǽΤƤʤΤǤϤʤɤΤȤؤϡθó׿ԤѸǥ¸ߤΤäƤꡤ򻲾ȤݤȤˤäƤΤǤꡤΤ뤳ȤŪˤ񤷤ʾ塤䤤ˤϡ֤狼ʤפȤ褦ʤˤСθó׿Ԥǥ¸ߤΤäƤ뤫ݤ⡤ºݤΤȤyes no ڤʬǤϤʤ⤷ʤѸ golden week ɤǸʹȤ褦ʡȤܤʵˤʤ⤷ʤ⤽ѸˤϤäȥǥ뤬ꤽȤФѸηƧڤˤϽʬʤΤǤ롥
츻ؾ塤֥ǥ󥦥פܸǤηȹͤ뤫Ѹ줫μѤӰ̣ü첽ȹͤ뤫礭ʰ㤤Ǥ롥츻˽񤯤٤ȤѤäƤ뤫Ѹ˥ǥ뤬¸ߤʤ֥ʥפΤ褦ˡ餫Ѹ㤬üˤ롥Ѳ狼äƤ֥ѥפΤ褦ˡ餫ʼѤ㤬¾üˤ롥ξüδ֤ˡŪ𤬤褯狼ʤ졼󤬹äƤꡤɿŪʸ츻ؼԤǤ̵ˤɤ餫˽°뤳ȤˤˡѸ줫Ѹؤ³Ϣ³ΤΤΤ˲٥ƤȤΤ1Ĥβˡˤʤ뤫⤷ʤǥ뻲Ȥ̵ͭˤ餺 signifiant ѸǤȤΤǡֱѸ첣ʸʥʡ˸פʤɤȤƤΤ̵񤫤⤷ʤ

(2) ֤¦
δ֥ǥ󥦥פͤȡҤȤϰäǽˤʤ롥ѸδĤƷ줿ϡ (signe) δ4ĤΥפʬव롥

(a) Ѹб signe ¸ߤ륿סʼѸŵŪ
(b) Ѹб signifié ¸ߤ뤬 signifiant ϰۤʤ륿סѸŵŪ
(c) Ѹб signifiant ¸ߤ뤬 signifié ϰۤʤ륿ס"false friends" 뤤 "faux amis" ŵŪ
(d) Ѹб signe ¸ߤʤסѸŵŪ

(c) "false friends" Ȥϡ춵ʤɤǻŦƤֽ֤ǡ֤б뤬̣ϰۤʤ뤿դפפǤ롥ԴʼѲ䡤Ѹ̣ѲˤäƤ⤿餵뤳Ȥ¿ǥ¸ߤ˵Ť˺줿ѸʤɤǤΥפ°Τ뤫⤷ʤ
ѸˤޤȤĤ᡼ȤơֱѸǤ̤ʤΡפ뤬ºݤˤϡֱѸǤ̤ʤΡפϡ(c) (d) ˶̤ªƤɬפ롥(c) ˤϡ֡ʼư֤Ρ˥ϥɥסȤ򥵥ܤΰդǤΡ֥פס˿ڤˤؤ֥եߥ˥ȡפʤɤ(d) ˤϡ֥꡼ޥס֥Хåס֥٥åɥס֥Сȡפʤɤꡤ̤ʤμۤʤ롥෿˽С֥ǥ󥦥פ (c) Ȥʤ෿ϤޤǶŪ෿Ǥꡤ(1) ǰä˽Ť֤̻ŪʴȤоȤդ줿

ǤϡĤγ٤Ѹ¾θáʲˤŪ˰֤Ť褦ȻߤƤ˵ɬפѸפȤܼŪ (1) δ̾դ줿ѸǤ餷Ȥ狼äƤֱѸǤ̤ʤΡפȤϡ(2) °Ǥ롥ѸפȡֱѸǤ̤ʤΡפȤϡ̻֤ȶ֤ζ̤ƱͤˡäڤʬƵۤ褤ΤǤϤʤ
ϡϢѸ夲롥

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2010-05-22 Sat

#390. Cosmopolitan Vocabulary Asset (2) [french][loan_word][false_friend][pde_characteristic]

[2009-09-27-1]εǡѸ5ħ ( [2009-09-27-1] ) ΰ Cosmopolitan Vocabulary ѸؽԤˤȤä Baugh and Cable Τ褦 asset ǤϤʤष liability ʤΤǤϤʤBaugh and Cable εǤϡե󥹸üԤʤɡѸθä礭ʱƶͿüԤѸؽΤȤǰƬˤƤ᤬롥ե󥹸üԤϡѸؽݤˤʤ߿˽в񤦳Ψ⤯ŪˤºŪˤؽ䤹ϤȤ
εˤĤ Granger ̣ʸ񤤤Ƥ롥̤Υե󥹼Ѹ¸ߤե󥹸ȤѸؽԤˤȤäɬץ饹˵ǽƤȤϸ¤ʤ⤷ʤȤݤʸǤ롥
Ѹʹߡ¿Υեñ줬Ѹ˼ѤƤߤޤǤξΩựѲƤ̡ʩ֤ǰ̣ο㤤򼨤бڥ̻ƤޤäڥϳؽѼʤɤǤ false friends ( F "faux amis" ) ȤΤƤ롥󤲤СѸ fabric ϡֿʪݡפ̣뤬бե󥹸 fabrique ϡ¤פ̣롥ѸؼѤ줿ϡֽʪפȤ̣ΰפä֤ȤȤ˰̣Ϥޤä̤θѲƤޤäե󥹸ȤѸؽԤˤȤäơϷ֤ۤƱ餳äܤ򵽤ΤȤʤ롥
Granger ˤȡɤʹȤ perception ˤĤƤϡե󥹼Ѹ¸ߤϥեüԤ˥ץ饹˵ǽ褦Ȥperception Ǥϡʸ̮ä false friends ˵ǽ뤫餫⤷ʤȤ񤤤äꤹ production Ǥϡɬץ饹ƯƤȤϸʤȤ̤ФICLE ( the International Corpus of Learner English ) ΰǡե󥹸üԤˤѺʸѥ˴ŤĴ̡ѸüԤ٤ƥե󥹼Ѹλ٤ճˤ㤫äȤषޥϤ٤⤫äΤǤ롥
Granger ϤȤĤβǽŦƤ롥ĤϡȤƱѸؽԤˤȤäƤϡǤŪʰפäѤۤdzμ¤ȤάƯƤȤΤǤ롥⤦Ĥϡե󥹸üԤȤ false friends 櫤˽ʬ˵դƤꡤοʤˤϥե󥹼ѸλѤ򤢤򤱤뿴ƯƤȤΤǤ롥ǡαѸؽԤǤ false friends ˤ꤬ˤ˵뤳ȤǧƤꡤѸؽɤˤʤäƤ뤳Ȥ⼨Ƥ롥
ޤȤСե󥹸򤹤ѸؽԤˤȤäơʤȤ production ˴ؤ¤ꡤѸΥե󥹼Ѹ¸ߤϰճȤäʤΤǤȤǽ⤫Ӿ夬äȤ롥βǽξܺ٤ĴdzΤСCosmopolitan Vocabulary ѸĹȤȤ館 Baugh and Cable ε뤳Ȥˤʤ
ä˭ѸΡħפǤ뤳ȤѤʤĹפǤϤʤȤĥ򥵥ݡȤˤʤꤽǤ롥

There is no doubt that the strong Romance influences exerted on the English language over the centuries have made it a richer language. From the foreign language learner's perspective, however, it seems as though it has also made it more difficult to master, creating lexical choices which they make at their peril. ( Granger 118 )


Granger, Sylviane. "Romance Words in English: from History to Pedagogy." Words: Proceedings of an International Symposium, Lund, 25--26 August 1995, Organized under the Auspices of the Royal Academy of Letters, History and Antiquities and Sponsored by the Foundation Natur och Kultur, Publishers. Ed. Jan Svartvik. Stockholm: Kungl. Vitterhets Historie och Antikvitets Akademien, 1996. 105--21.

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