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gsr - hellogѸ˥֥

ǽ: 2026-07-15 01:27

2024-09-27 Fri

#5632. ե󥹸ϱѸβФѤ --- ؤդ󤹡٤Ϣܵ7 [hakusuisha][french][loan_word][notice][rensai][furansu_rensai][phonology][phoneme][stress][prosody][rhyme][alliteration][me][rsr][gsr]


furansu_202410.png

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925Ҥηؤդ󤹡10ԤޤΡؤդ󤹡٤ˤơǯ١ϢֱܵѸˤįե󥹸פ񤫤ƤƤޤϢܤ7Ǥ֥ե󥹸ϱѸβФѤפꤷƵɮޤʲФȤ󤷤ޤ

1. Ҳȯؤαƶ
ե󥹸줫μѸ줬ѸȯͿƶˤĤƳƤޤä /v/ γΩ䡤/f/ /v/ βΩηˤĤƲ⤷ޤ
2. 첻ȯؤαƶ
ե󥹸ͳ첻2첻ѸβηϤͿƶƤޤ/ɔɪ/ Ƴʤɡ󤲤ʤβǤ
3. Ȥؤαƶ
ե󥹸ѸˤäƱѸζѥ󤬤ɤΤ褦ѲƤޤۤʤ붯ѥζ¸ʤɡѸˤδ鶽̣󶡤ޤ
4. Ѹ餷η
Ѹϥե󥹸αƶĤĤ⡤ȼβηϤȯãƤޤβǷƤȯΡֱѸ餷פˤĤȽŪ˹ͻޤ

εǤϡե󥹸줬ѸΡʸäǤϤʤȯͿƶ򡤶򤨤ʤ⤷Ƥޤե󥹸θŪʱƶˤĤƤΤäƤȤ⡤ȯؤαƶˤĤƤϰճʹȤʤΤǤϤʤǤ礦̾٥ԤѸˤȤʤäƤޤ
ҡؤդ󤹡10˼äƤФȻפޤ6Ϣܵ hellog ǾҲ𤷤ƤޤΤǡɤȤ

#5449. ؤդ󤹡٤DZѸϢܤϤޤޤ ([2024-03-28-1])
#5477. ʤʩѸˤϻƤñ줬Ρ --- ؤդ󤹡٤Ϣܵ2ơ ([2024-04-25-1])
#5509. Ѹ˼Ѥ줿ǽʩñ --- ؤդ󤹡٤Ϣܵ3ơ ([2024-05-27-1])
#5538. ե󥹼Ѹή --- ؤդ󤹡٤Ϣܵ4ơ ([2024-06-25-1])
#5566. ѸΥե󥹼Ѹ줬ѸäͿ׷ --- ؤդ󤹡٤Ϣܵ5ơ ([2024-07-23-1])
#5600. ե󥹸촷줷ƤѸ --- ؤդ󤹡٤Ϣܵ6ơ ([2024-08-26-1])

δ졡ֱѸˤįե󥹸졡7󡡥ե󥹸ϱѸβФѤסؤդ󤹡2024ǯ10桤ҡ2024ǯ92554--55ǡ

Referrer (Inside): [2025-01-01-1] [2024-09-30-1]

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2022-09-17 Sat

#4891. δñѸ in English٤Ϣ19֤ʤñ줴Ȥ˥Ȥΰ֤ޤäƤΡ [notice][sobokunagimon][rensai][stress][prosody][french][latin][germanic][gsr][rsr][contact][borrowing][lexicology][hellog_entry_set]

δñѸ in English٤10椬ȯȤʤޤϢܡˤ򤭡ѸΥܥʵפ19ϡ֤ʤñ줴Ȥ˥Ȥΰ֤ޤäƤΡפǤ

δñѸ in English2022ǯ10



ñΥǤñ줴Ȥ˥Ȱ֤ޤäƤޤˤ100%ε§ʤǤʵ§ʤȤǡͽ¬ǤȤΤ¤ʤΤǤϤǤϤޤ
㤨Сnature mature 1ʸ㤤Ǥʤȯʤ˰ۤʤΤǤפȤ̣Ȥޤ hellog ǡ#3652. nature mature 1ʸ㤤Ǥʤȯʤ˰ۤʤΤǤ ([2019-04-27-1]) ε񤤤ƤޤλϤȤƤ⤪⤷ΤǺϢܵΤʤǤ夲Ǥ
ñʥεϥΥޥǤθűѸǤϡȤΰ֤ϸ§Ȥ1˸ǡΤʵ§ޤΥޥ˻ϤޤѸ³Ѹˤơե󥹸ƥ줫̤ñ줬ѤƤޤμѸϡħѤơɬ1˥Ȥ⤿ʤΤ¿äᡤˤѸΥηϤϺ˴٤뤳Ȥˤʤޤ
ϢܵǤϡդλפߺդƲ⤷ޤ10ƥȤ˼äƤФȻפޤ
ѸΥȰ֤ˤĤƤϡhellog εå stress γƵɤߤ

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2019-04-27 Sat

#3652. nature mature 1ʸ㤤Ǥʤȯʤ˰ۤʤΤǤ [sobokunagimon][pronunciation][spelling_pronunciation_gap][stress][gsr][rsr][gvs][phonetic_change]

Ф줿⤷ǤռȤϤޤǤڥ󥰤ǤϸƬ <n> <m> ΰ㤤ǤȯϤ줾 /ˈneɪʧə/ /məˈʧʊə/ Ȥʤ礭ۤʤäƤޤŪʥڥ󥰤ǤʤȯۤʤȤȤϡξԤ11бƤ櫓ǤϤʤʣʴطͭƤ뤳ȤξںǤ
ξñϤ줾ƥ nātūra ܼˤ mātūrus ʻˤˤΤܤޤƥʳǤϡξñ˴ؤƥڥ󥰤ȯŪʴطˤꡤѸΤ褦ʰۤʤϤߤޤǤȤ餬ѸȤƱѸäƤˡ郎ޤ
ƥ nātūra ϡťե󥹸 nature ФơѸ13Ⱦ natur(e) ȤƱѸäƤޤѸäƤϡťե󥹸 /naːˈtyːr/ 2˶򤪤ȯƤޤȯͼѸ첽Ƥ뤳ȤˤʤޤȯαѸ첽Ȥϡ绨ĤˤС1֤褦ˤʤꡤ֤ʤʤä2벻岽ûؤޤˤ /naːˈtyːr/ /ˈnaːtyːr/ Ȥʤꡤ˶Ѹˤ첻 (gvs) ޤतĤβѲФƸ /ˈneɪʧə/ ˤޤȯŸΤǤ
ƥ mātūrus ϡ15ȾФľܱѸ mature ȤƼѤޤѸǤȯ /maːˈtyːr/ ˶ᤤΤäȻפޤȤñˤĤƤϡθ nature ǤϵäȯͼαѸ첽ʤ֤ưʤäΤǤη̡֤ʤ1ϼޤ뤳ȤˤʤꡤѸ /məˈʧʊə/ ȯ˻äΤǤ
Ĥޤꡤnature mature ʬϡѸ˼Ѥ줿ȯͼαѸ첽äʤääΤǤǤϡʤ nature ǤϱѸ첽ꡤmature ǤϵʤäΤǤ礦ϴñˤޤ󤬡ȤƤϡᤤ˼Ѥ줿ǤФۤɡߤޤǤ˱Ѹ첽Τ˽ʬʻ֤ݤƤꡤºݤ˱Ѹ첽Ƥǽ⤤ȤȤϤޤnature 13Ⱦmature 15ȾФμѤǤ顤λֺطƤǽϤޤޤѻѸ˶ŤжŤۤɡƥե󥹸줫μѸϡȯͼΤޤޤˤȤɤޤ뷹ȤΤƤޤ
ƥ졦ե󥹸ζ§ (Romance Stress Rule; rsr) ȱѸζ§ (Germanic Stress Rule; gsr) ȤϿδطǤꡤ餬Ѹˤƶ礷Ȥ˲뤫ȤˤĤƤϡ#718. ѸζѥѸѼ ([2011-04-15-1]) #200. Ȥΰ֤襤 --- ޥϤޥ󥹷Ϥ ([2009-11-13-1])

Referrer (Inside): [2022-09-17-1] [2019-05-22-1]

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2018-06-20 Wed

#3341. ƥ󡦥ե󥹼ѸϱѸζѥĸصꤵ [rsr][gsr][stress][germanic][indo-european][gradation][vowel][morphology]

Ѹʹߡƥե󥹸줫μѸ줬Ѹä̤˼ޤ줿ȤˤꡤѸζѥ礭ƤȤˤĤơ#718. ѸζѥѸѼ ([2011-04-15-1]) #200. Ȥΰ֤襤 --- ޥϤޥ󥹷Ϥ ([2009-11-13-1]) Ǽ夲Ƥ
ƤϡGermanic Stress Rule (gsr) ξ˿ Romance Stress Rule (rsr) դääΤ󤹤뤳ȤǤ뤬˹ŪߤȡĸŪʶѥؤβ󵢤Ȥߤ뤳ȤǤ롥ĸǤϲѤäζ֤ޥĸǤϸƬ˸경ƥե󥹸ȤܿˤꡤƤӲѤȤʤäƤȲǤ뤫ơβѤζϡΤδ֤첻μ̤Ѱۤ뤳ȤˤʤäǸθݤϡĸηħŤ첻Ѱ (gradation or ablaut) ˤۤʤʤ
Kastovsky (129--30) ǻ̩ʸϤǤθˤĤƾҲ𤷤Ƥ롥

[T]here are . . . typological innovations like the vowel and/or consonant alternations in sane : sanity, serene : serenity, Japán : Jàpanése, hístory : históric : hìstorícity, eléctric : elètrícity, close : closure resulting from the integration of non-native (Romance, Latin and Net-Latin) word-formation patterns into English with a concomitant variable stress system, which reverses the original typological drift towards a non-alternating relation between bases and derivatives and is reminiscent of Indo-European, where variable stress/accent produced variable vowel quality/quantity (ablaut).


Kastovsky ϡѸηˤ෿Ūª٤ȤĥƤ뤬ñʤ붦Ū෿ˤȤɤޤ餺෿Ȥ⤤٤ʻƤǤ⤢褦˻פ롥
ǿ줿2Ĥζ§ˤĤƤϡ#1473. Germanic Stress Rule ([2013-05-09-1]) ȡ#1474. Romance Stress Rule ([2013-05-10-1]) 򻲾ȡ

Kastovsky, Dieter. "Linguistic Levels: Morphology." Chapter 9 of English Historical Linguistics: An International Handbook. 2 vols. Ed. Alexander Bergs and Laurel J. Brinton. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 2012. 129--47.

Referrer (Inside): [2018-07-08-1] [2018-07-07-1]

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2017-12-21 Thu

#3160. Ϣ12֤ʤѸSVOθʤΤʸԡˡ [link][notice][word_order][syntax][inflection][rensai][sobokunagimon][old_norse][contact][gsr][causation][language_change]

1220դǡѸϢָܴѸѸˤλͤ12ε֤ʤѸSVOθʤΤʸԡˡޤ
κǸǤϡɸε֤ʤѸ϶޽Ż뷿Ż뷿θؤڤؤꡤκݤˤʤܸSVOȤ줿ΤפȤؤȥѥե졼ޤȾǤϤ褤褳䤤ܳŪޤڤɤ褦5W1HΥߥƥ꡼ΩƤäŸޤ

Ѳˤ餺˸ݤεˤ䤤 Why Ǥεˤ˶Ťˤϡˤʳ4W1H򤷤ä겡ڵѤ߾夲ƤɬפޤξǡŪ Why ؤβƤȤǤϡαʸˡ˾ǤŪѲ1ĤλȸΩơ5W1H˥ߥƥ꡼ΩƤꤿȻפޤ


ϢܵŸϲǤͭϤʲǤϤޤ˾λǤŪ󼨤뤳ȤϤۤԲǽȸ虜ޤ󡥤Ϻε˸¤ޤ󡥤Ѳݤˡ¤褯Ĵ١λ¤ȿʤǰ̴طΥȡ꡼ȤΩƤ뤳ȤϲǽǤ⡤λߤ1ĤȤ򤷤ƤФȻפޤʲϢܵΰѤǤ

ѲϷ褷ƶ櫓ǤϤʤȤ狼äȻפޤѲظˤϸŪŪʽװʣŪ˺ѤƤꡤΤˤΰĤҤȤĤͤߤ뤳Ȥ񤷤ΤǤWhat, When, Where, Who, How ¤ɤƤСǸˤϵˤ䤤 Why ˤ᤹ܶ뤳ȤǤΤǤ


ϢܵȤƤϺǽȤʤޤ줫ܥ֥䤽¾ΤǡѸѤʵˤäƤȻפޤΤǡȤꤤ夲ޤ

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2017-10-30 Mon

#3108. Υޥʤä顤Ѹϡ [hel_education][history][loan_word][spelling][stress][rsr][gsr][rhyme][alliteration][gender][inflection][norman_conquest]

#119. ѸˤΤϥޥͥߤ!? ([2009-08-24-1]) #3097. ĥᥦʥʤäѸ٤ʤäƤ᤯ʤäƤ ([2017-10-19-1]) ³ˤ if ۥ꡼Υޥʤä顤ѸϤɤʤäƤ
ޤäˤĤƤСե󥹼ѸʶˤϤäȾʤ͸ߤΥɥĸΤ褦˥ޥϤθ俸ƤϢơ⥲ޥŪǤȤˤʣήǤ³˰㤤ʤե󥹸ǤϤʤȤ줫θüѤϤʤˤʤ줿⤷ʤѸθäۤɤ¿¿ͤʸʬۤˤϤʤäƤʤäǽ⤤
ֻˤĤƤСűѸФ hus (house) ʤɤ¸³Ƥǽ뤷¾ cild (child), cwic (quick), lufu (love) ʤɤֻݤƤ⤷ʤ񤭸դˤ븫ɤϡߤΤΤ礭ۤʤäƤ롥<þ, ð, ƿ> ʤɤθűѸʸ⡤ḽޤѤ줺˻ĤäƤΤǤϤʤ (cf. #1329. Ѹˤˤ eth, thorn, <th> ([2012-12-16-1]) #1330. Ѹˤ eth, thorn, <th> ([2012-12-17-1]))
ȯˤĤƤϡηϤΤΤѤꤷɤϵ路ѥϸߤ˰ۤʤäƤΤˤʤäƤŪˤСޥŪʶѥ (Germanic Stress Rule; gsr) ݤ졤ФޥŪʶѥ (Romance Stress Rule; rsr) ϤۤŸʤä롥ˤӱ (rhyme) ̲űѸ줫Ƭ (alliteration) ʤƤ
ʸˡ˴ؤƤϡΥޥȤȼե󥹸αƶʤä顤Ѹ϶ޤ˰͵򤹤Ūʸʤ򺣤ۤɼäƤϤʤäűѸΤ褦ʣʶޤݤ³ƤȤϹͤʤʤȤޤοϡ¤ˤ䤫ʤΤȤʤäƤǽ⤤űѸˤäʸˡϡˤǤƤǽϹ⤤οʹԶϤϤ긽¤ˤ䤫ä˰㤤ʤޤѲưޤ᤿űѸŪʡԵ§ʸѲפ⡤äȹϤĤäƤϡΥޥΥ󥰥ɼҲˤƥե󥹸줬̤θȤʤꡤѸ줬̤θȤʤäȤǡѸ˱ϤƯѲ¿ͲۤȤ˳뤳ȤʤʹԤȤ¤΢Ȥ館ݤǤ롥Υޥʤä顤ѸϤۤɼͳ˴θѲϩ򤿤ɤ뤳ȤǤʤäΤǤϤʤ
ʾ塤֥Υޥʤä顤ѸϡפۤƤߤ¤ϡ轵ؤα齬ˤƼߤʤǹԤʤäۤǤ롥ͷӿϤƤߤΤˤΰ̴طǧΤ˰ճͭˡȤ狼äˤ if ϡष׹ͤ¥Ƥ롥

Referrer (Inside): [2019-12-25-1]

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2015-07-04 Sat

#2259. Ѹθ춯˴ؤ̸§4 [stress][prosody][rsr][gsr]

Ѹˤơ춯ŤŪʵ§뤳Ȥ񤷤춯ΰ֤񤷤ϡѸˤäƤ롥춯ΰ֤ϡűѸˤ Germanic Stress Rule (gsr) ˤäñ˷ꤵƤѸʹߤ˥ƥ󡦥ե󥹼ѸȤȤˤ⤿餵줿 Romance Stress Rule (rsr) 夹˵ڤӡʣ (cf. #200. Ȥΰ֤襤 --- ޥϤޥ󥹷Ϥ ([2009-11-13-1])#718. ѸζѥѸѼ ([2011-04-15-1])) ΤۤϢɤѤƯꡤ̾ư (diatone) ʤɤοѥޤ줿 (cf. #861. Ѹθ춯ΰ֤˴ؤ3ס ([2011-09-05-1])) Τ褦ˤơ¿ͤʸ˴ŤΡ㳰פѤŪ˶֤ꤹ뵬§ΩƤ뤳Ȥ񤷤ʤä
Ǥ⡤ϵ٤ʤʤ٤㳰򾯤ʤݤĤ褦ˤơĤΡ̸ְ§פΩƤߤ³ƤCarr (74--75) ϡ4Ĥΰ̸§򼨤Ƥ롥

Principle 1: The End-Based Principle
1ϡơultimate (ex. bóx), penultimate (ex. spíder, depárture), antepenultimate (ex. cínema, América) Τ줫뷹롥ΤȤϡ춯ѥ trochaic Ǥ뤳ȤȤط롥trochee Ȥϡθ˥İʾ᤬³ѥΤȤǤ롥Τ褦 trochee αӤꥺߥ˷֤ΤѸαΧŪħǤ롥

Principle 2: The Rhythmic Principle
ñˤϺ¿4Ĥ᤬ǽΤ (ex. ungéntlemanliness), ñƬ2İʾ᤬뤳ȤϤʤ򤱤٤ƬΤ줫βˤ϶ (ex. Jàpanése, not *Japanése)

Principle 3: The Derivational Principle
ˤƤϡΤǼ綯Τä뷹롥㤨 chàracterizátion 1ΤϡΤ cháracterize ʤ켫Τ cháracter ˤˤ1˼綯뤫Ǥ롥

Principle 4: The Stress Clash Avoidance Principle
٤礦2Ĥβξ˶뤳Ȥ򤱤뷹롥㤨СPrinciple 3 ˤ *Japànése ȤʤϤΤȤȶ᤬2³ƤޤǤ Principle 4 θ§ꡤϢ³ʤ Jàpanése 뤳Ȥˤʤ롥

Ȥꤳθ§ˤϾʤ㳰ĤΤǤ롥ޤ§֤Ǿͤ򵯤⾯ʤʤ줾θ§ϡ̵§ߤ뤳Ȥˤꡤ٤Ƥɬפΰ̸§ˤꡤѸä¿θ춯뤳Ȥ¤Ǥ롥ʤȤѸθ춯̵ˡǤȤǤȤüɾǤ뤳Ȥϴְ㤤ʤ

Carr, Philip. English Phonetics and Phonology: An Introduction. 2nd ed. Malden MA: Wiley-Blackwell, 2013.

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2014-11-19 Wed

#2032. ƻ -ive [etymology][suffix][french][loan_word][spelling][pronunciation][verners_law][consonant][stress][gsr][adjective]

ե󥹸ؽγ顤ʼե󥹸Ǥ actif, effectif ʤɸ -if ĸŪ˷ƻˤ¿ꡤǤϸФΤȤ -if 򼨤Ǥ -ive 򼨤θե󥹸줫ѤѸǤ -ive §Ǥ롥ʤѸϥե󥹸줫餳θǼѤΤ
餤С -ive ϥե󥹸б -ive ľܤȿǤΤǤϤʤѸϼȤѸ˥ե󥹸줫餢ޤǸФˤ -if ηǼѤΤǤꡤ˱ѸǤβѲˤ̵ [f] [v] ͭȯ˹碌 -<ive> Ȥֻ̲ȤȤǤ롥
ѸǤϤΥե󥹼ѸФֻͥ -<if> Ǥ롥Ǥͭ -<ive> 褷ƾʤʤġñˤäξԤδ֤ǤɤۤʤȻפ뤬Ūˤ -<if> ήǤȹͤ롥ˡ#1178. MED Spelling Search ([2012-07-18-1]) ǡ"if\b.*adj\." "ive\b.*adj\." ʤɤȸФ측򤫤ƤߤȡȤƤ -<if> äƤ롥Ѹ٤ι⤤ effective, positive, active, extensive, attractive, relative, massive, negative, alternative, conservative Ĵ٤ƤߤȡMED Ǥ -<if> ФȤƺǽ˵󤬤äƤ롥
Ǥ˸ѸˤϤֻɽ蘆ȯ [ɪf] ˤơҲ [f] [v] ͭĤĤäˤ϶֤꤬Ϳ롥ޤե󥹸ǤΤ˶ƤꡤѸǤƱͤ˶äȤѸǤ϶֤촴ذư뷹ä (cf. #200. Ȥΰ֤襤 --- ޥϤޥ󥹷Ϥ ([2009-11-13-1])#718. ѸζѥѸѼ ([2011-04-15-1])#861. Ѹθ춯ΰ֤˴ؤ3ס ([2011-09-05-1])#1473. Germanic Stress Rule ([2013-05-09-1])) ˶ʤʤȡ [f] Verner's Law ʤΰ̲ˤ˽ͭ [v] Ȥʤäverners_law ȻҲͭˤĤƤϡäˡ#104. hundred ͥˡ§ ([2009-08-09-1]) ȡ#858. Verner's Law ȻҲͭ ([2011-09-02-1]) 򻲾Ȥ줿
嵭βĶˤ [f] ޤ໤ͭΤϡ (378) ˤС14ȾNǤϤ᤯ˡפȤ롥褽Ʊˡ[s] > [z], [θ] > [ð] ͭⵯä (ex. is, was, has, washes; with)
˽Ҥ٤аޤǡե󥹼Ѹ -if ϸ˸¤ -ive ؤѲΤ㳰Ū -if ˤȤɤޤäΤ롥bailiff ʼ, caitiff ܶԡ, mastiff ʥޥա, plaintiff ʸˤʤɤϡŤ [f] [v] δ֤ɤ򼨤ƤǽŪ [f] βɸಽǤ롥
ʾJespersen (200--01) 󤷤Ƥ餪

The F ending -if was in ME -if, but is in Mod -ive: active, captive, etc. Caxton still has pensyf, etc. The sound-change was here aided by the F fem. in -ive and by the Latin form, but these could not prevail after a strong vowel: brief. The law-term plaintiff has kept /f/, while the ordinary adj. has become plaintive. The earlier forms in -ive of bailiff, caitif, and mastiff, have now disappeared.


Ƭμ˲СѸ -ive ľܥե󥹸Ρʤ뤤ϥƥͳ褹˽ -ive ڤꤿΤǤϤʤե󥹸줫Ѥ -if λҲѸβѲˤͭΤɽ魯αѸüԤե󥹸ν -ive ˤٸƤȤαƶʬϤ뤫⤷ʤޤǤδͿϴŪȤߤʤƤΤ

סزˡ١Ѹ11罤۽Ź1985ǯ
Jespersen, Otto. A Modern English Grammar on Historical Principles. Part 1. Sounds and Spellings. 1954. London: Routledge, 2007.

Referrer (Inside): [2024-05-22-1]

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2013-05-10 Fri

#1474. Romance Stress Rule [stress][gsr][rsr]

ε#1473. Germanic Stress Rule ([2013-05-09-1]) ˰³ Romance Stress Rule (RSR) Ҳ𤹤롥Lass (Vol. 3, p. 57) ˤСѸˤƥޥ󥹷ϼѸȤȤˤ⤿餵ȯŸ RSR ϼΤ褦꼰롥

Beginning at the right-hand edge of the word, select as word-head the syllable specified as follows:
A (i) If the final syllable is (a) heavy, or (b) the only syllable, assign S and construct a foot:
      S               S       S       S
σ̆ σ̄     σ̄σ̆σ̄      σ̄      σ̆
deface    vndertake    twelfth    twig

(ii) If the final syllable is light, go back to the penult.
B (i) If the penult is (a) heavy, or (b) the only other syllable, assign S and construct a foot:
       S   W              S  W     S  W
σ̆ σ̄ σ̆    σ̆σ̆σ̄σ̆    σ̆σ̆
 vnable    occidental    shouel

(ii) I the penult is light, go back to the antepenult.
C Assign S to the antepenult regardless of weight, and construct a foot:
              S   W  W         S  W  W
σ̄σ̆σ̆σ̆σ̆σ̆    σ̆σ̄σ̆σ̆
   histori ographer    industri ouse


RSR ħ3ǼСñαϤʱˡŪߴǡνŤˤʲṽ¤ҴˤȤȤǤ롥GSR ȿФȤȤ狼ѸʹߤαѸζ§ϡ(1) (2) ֹ¤Ȳṽ¤ΤɤŻ뤹뤫Ȥ2äơ԰褹롥̤ȤƤߤСѸˤ RSR Ϥ򶯤ƤäΤRSR GSR ֤ȸڤΤɬʤRSR GSR ߹ȤݤȤ̯ʤξԤʬ줹뤳ȤˤʤäΤǤ롥
ξ§٤ȳΤȿФʤΤºݤθŬѤ줿̤٤ȡ¿ξ硤̤ƱǤ롥ñ writ, write ʤɤϤɤζ§˾Ȥ餷Ƥ⶯֤Ϥβʤ2 wríter, wrítten, belíeve ˤƤƱͤ3 cráftily, sórrier ˤƤ̤ȤƤƱ˶롥ĤޤꡤGSR RSR ϡʤ١Ʊ̤ΤǤ롥
ξԤ礹륱ϻĤ롥㤨Ƭղä줿ڤ2ϡGSR Ǥ϶2뤳Ȥˤʤ뤬RSR Ǥ1˶뤳Ȥˤʤ (ex. begín but not *bégin) ޤ/-VCC/ νŤĸϡGSR Ǥ϶ʤRSR ǤϤ˶뤳Ȥˤʤ (ex. sínging but not *singíng) Τ褦ʥǤϡξ§ζη̤Ȥơ԰ variation ¸ߤ뤳Ȥˤʤäˤ԰ variation ͡ʥޥʡ§߽ФȤʤꡤѸζϸߤ˻ޤʣ³ƤΤǤ롥
GSR RSR ζˤˤĤƤϡLass (Vol. 2, pp. 85--90) Lass (Vol. 3, pp. 125--28) ȤǤ롥

Lass, Roger. "Phonology and Morphology." The Cambridge History of the English Language. Vol. 2. Cambridge: CUP, 1992. 23--154.
Lass, Roger. "Phonology and Morphology." The Cambridge History of the English Language. Vol. 3. Cambridge: CUP, 1999. 56--186.

Referrer (Inside): [2018-06-20-1]

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2013-05-09 Thu

#1473. Germanic Stress Rule [stress][gsr][rsr]

Ѹˤޤ³Ƥȹͤ붯§1 Germanic Stress Rule (GSR) ˤĤƤϡȿ⤦1Ĥζ§ Romance Stress Rule (RSR) Ȥǡ#200. Ȥΰ֤襤 --- ޥϤޥ󥹷Ϥ ([2009-11-13-1]) #718. ѸζѥѸѼ ([2011-04-15-1]) #861. Ѹθ춯ΰ֤˴ؤ3ס ([2011-09-05-1]) Ǽ夲Ƥϡ⤦ܤ GSR ˤĤƸƤߤ褦
GSR ϥޥħŤ붯§ǡüŪˤȡָ촴1˶פȤ§Ǥ (##182,857,187) űѸǤϤε§Ϥܴۤ˵ǽƤꡤͣΤΤäѸ줢뤤ϽѸʹߤϡƬƤ RSR ȶ礷ʤ鸽ߤ˻äƤ롥GSR Lass (126) ˽ä꼰ȼ̤ꡥ

(i) Starting at the left-hand word-edge, ignore any prefixes (except those specified as stressable), and assign stress to the first syllable of the lexical root, regardless of weight.
(ii) Construct a (maximally trisyllabic) foot to the right:
  S       S  W 
rætt'rat'    wrīt-an'to write'
     S W     S W W 
ge-writen'written'    bæcere'baker'


GSR ħ3ǼСñκϤʺˡƬȸ캬ζ̤ˤ뤵ʷŪҴˤνŤˤϤʤʲṽ¤ߴˤȤȤǤ롥ĸλˤϸζ֤ϼͳäޥɤʬƤ椯ݤˤζ§ä줿ȹͤ롥̤ȤơűѸζ⾯㳰Ƥñʶ§˻ۤ뤳Ȥˤʤä
ȤѸˤ¿Υե󥹸ƥ줫μѸ줬ѸäήƤ˵ڤӡĹ餯Фä GSR ưɤϤ롥ޥ󥹷Ϥθͭ Romance Stress Rule (RSR) GSR ʤ蘆ꡤݤ߹⤦ȤΤǤ롥Ѹ줫Ѹˤơ¤ˡRSR ĹƤ椯ȤˤʤäRSR ˤĤƤϡεǡ

Lass, Roger. "Phonology and Morphology." The Cambridge History of the English Language. Vol. 3. Cambridge: CUP, 1999. 56--186.

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2012-12-05 Wed

#1318. ˤݼŪȤϲ [ame_bre][colonial_lag][pronunciation][rsr][gsr][prescriptive_grammar]

ˤݼ (conservative) ȳ׿ (innovative) ˤĤƤϡܥ֥ǤȤƱѸαƺ򰷤ä (ame_bre) Ȥ櫓ǶΡ#1304. ꥫѸΡݼס ([2012-11-21-1]) colonial_lag ˴ؤ뵭ǿƤۤˡܥ֥ݼ ׿פǸȡĤε󤬤롥εɮʤ顤ݼȤϰβʤΤȹͤƤǤ롥
Ȥơgarage ȯαƺͤƤߤ褦LPD ˤȡθȯζ֤ϡꥫѸǤ2ᡤꥹѸǤ94%1֤롥

Pronunciation of

ʬۤˤĤơɤ餬ݼŪǤɤ餬׿ŪȤ1Ĥθʤ餯̾θˤˤСθϥե󥹸 garer "shelter" ˴ŤǤꡤե󥹸Ū2ؤζܤˤȹͤΤǡΰ֤ݤäƤ륢ꥫѸȯݼŪǤȵǤ뤫⤷ʤ (cf. Romance Stress Rule) ̤θˤС1ΤȯѸ첽ʥޥ첽ˤƤڵǤꡤꥹѸȯѸŪʶ֤ηθƤȤ̤ȤݼŪǤ롤ȤǤ뤫⤷ʤ (cf. Germanic Stress Rule)
ޤ̤θˤСŪ˸ŪʵϤ餹뷹ˡݼŪɽ뤳Ȥ⤢롥ꥫѸŪ˵Ͻ٤ȸ뤬㤨С[2011-10-11-1]ε#897. Web3 νǤ50ǯפ򻲾ȡˡΰ̣ǤݼŪȤ⤤ΤǤ롥ȤϤƤǤΤΤϡŪ˳׿ŪäȤƤǤ롥
˽Ҥ٤3ݼϡ줾줢̣ǤݼŪǤϤ뤬ߤˤɤƤ롥θ̷򤯸ϡִפˤ롥ݼפֵŤ󤸡¸褦Ȥ뤳ȡסʡع6ǡ١ˤ򤹤硤ǤֵפؤΤˤʤСݼ餽ΤΤλؼƤۣˤʤ롥ȤϡˤƵϤȤƼƤ롤뤤ϾʤȤ⹭ԤʤƤˡؤθˡʳθˡѤΤǤΤѲΤǤΤʤ
ե󥹸Ūȯ֤Сgarage 2˶֤ꥫѸȯݼŪȤߤʤ뤬򥲥ޥĸ֤С1˶֤ꥹѸȯݼŪǤ롥ޤ쵬ϤΩɤΤ褦ʤΤǤ졤夹дȤƵǽΤǡʸ夽餹Ĭ³СϤ٤ݼŪȤ롥Ĥޤꡤɤ֤ˤäơݼλؼƤ礭ۤʤäƤΤǤ롥ɤ֤ΤȽǤҴŪʻɸϤʤ
Τ褦ˡݼʤƤȿոǤ׿ˤȤŪѸˤʤˤݼˤϡʤȤⲿȤƤΤʤ̵̣

Wells, J C. ed. Longman Pronunciation Dictionary. 3rd ed. Harlow: Pearson Education, 2008.

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2012-11-08 Thu

#1291. ե󥹼Ѹμѻκ [french][loan_word][gsr][rsr][stress][doublet]

ե󥹼ѸˤĤƤϡfrench loan_word ¿εǼ夲Ƥɸ˴ϢȤƤϡ#117. ե󥹼Ѹǯʬۡ ([2009-08-22-1]) #1209. 1250ǯ򶭤Ȥե󥹼Ѹζʬ ([2012-08-18-1]) Norman French Central French Τ줾줫Ѥ줿2Ÿ (norman_french doublet) ʤɤˤĤƽҤ٤ϡɸȴط뤬ޤǤ˿뵡ΤʤäSchmitt and Marsden (135--36) ꡤ3ۤɼ夲롥
ޤϡNorman French Central French 2Ÿ1ɲáåȥɱѸʹ leal /liːl/ "faithful, loyal, true" 13 Anglo-Norman French äCentral French ꡤƱ loyal 16ä
Ʊե󥹸Ǥ㤨 Old French French 2ŸȤƤϡfeast (C13) fete (C18) hostel (C13) hotel (C17) 롥줾θԤθˤϡ/st/ ȤĶˤ /s/ æȤե󥹸ǤβѲȿǤƤ롥
hostel hotel ˴ϢƤ⤦1Ķ̣ϡ᤯˼Ѥ줿ԤǤϡ֤1ؤȱѸ첽Ƥ뤬٤˼Ѥ줿ԤǤϡϤޤ˸̤2֤Ƥ뤳ȤϡŬѤƤ붯§ Germanic Stress Rule (GSR) Romans Stress Rule (RSR) ΰ㤤ǤǤ롥GSR RSR ˤĤƤϡ#200. Ȥΰ֤襤 --- ޥϤޥ󥹷Ϥ ([2009-11-13-1]) #718. ѸζѥѸѼ ([2011-04-15-1]) 褦ˡŪ񤷤꤬ޤޤƤ뤬ե󥹼ѸˤĤ绨ĤˤСä GSR ˽ʹߤä RSR ˽[2010-12-12-1]ε#594. ѸʹߤΥե󥹼Ѹħפ򻲾ȡˡʲ򼨤

Earlier borrowings (--C14)Later borrowings (C15--)
mústardduét
léttucepanáche
cárriagebrunétte
cólorelíte
cóurageensémble
lánguageprestíge
sávagerappórt
víllagevelóur
fígurevignétte


Schmitt, Norbert, and Richard Marsden. Why Is English Like That? Ann Arbor, Mich.: U of Michigan P, 2006.

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2011-09-05 Mon

#861. Ѹθ춯ΰ֤˴ؤ3 [diatone][stress][prosody][analogy][gsr][rsr]

ñζˤޤĤˤ˹äƤ롥[2009-11-13-1]ε֥Ȥΰ֤襤 --- ޥϤޥ󥹷Ϥפ[2011-04-15-1]εֱѸζѥѸѼפǸڤˤ褦ˡѸʹߡGermanic Stress Rule Romance Stress Rule δطʣƤȤطʤˤ롥춯꤬ʣʤΤϡ̻ŪʴǤϤʤѸ򶦻Ū˸Ǥ⡤¿ͤ analogy ˤ붯֤ѲѰۤƤꡤΰ֤ŪͿΤ񤷤ơѸθ춯˴ؤФϤޤ¸ߤʤΤǤ롥
ǤϡΧ˸ƤȤ¿ͤ analogy ˤϡɤΤ褦ʤΤΤStrang (55--56) ˤСפʤΤ3ढ롥

(1) GSR ˴Ť경ΰŪʷ
"a tendency to move the stress toward the beginning of a word, as in; /ˈædʌlt/ beside /əˈdʌlt/, /ˈækjʊmɪn/ beside /əˈkjuːmɪn/, /ˈsɒnərəs/ beside /səˈnɔːrəs/" (55).
(2) ̾ưθ췲˴ŤǽʬŪʷdiatone γƵ򻲾ȡˡ
"Variable stress-placement is exploited for grammatical purposes, in a series of items with root stress in nominals (usually nouns and substantival modifiers) and second-syllable stress in verbs, e.g., absent, concert, desert, perfect, record, subject . . ." (55).
(3) word-family ιǴ֤붯֤ε۰ϡ
". . . [analogical pull] of the word family an item belongs to. . . Word-analogy is responsible for variations such as applicable, subsidence (first-syllable stress, or a variant with a second-syllable stress on the model of apply, subside. Secret, borrowed in ME with second-syllable stress, has shifted to first syllable stress; its derivative secretive (a 15c formation), kept the older stress as late as OED, but is now tending to follow the example of the commoner secret, with first-syllable stress" (56).

3ϸߤ¾ŪǤϤʤषĤȤ롥㤨С̾ưεǽ romance ϸѸǤȤ2˶ΤήäꥫѸǤ̾ư첽ή줬롥Τ褦ʹ (2) αƶѤƤȸư碌ƶƤڵʬŪˤ롥Ȥȡ(1) 䤬ѤƤʤʤ(3) δϡromance ζȤʤäơromancer, romancist, romantic, romanticism ʤɤζذĤȤǽƤȤȤġñʥեߥ꡼ˤȤȡΤ˶֤Υ롼벽񤷤

Strang, Barbara M. H. A History of English. London: Methuen, 1970.

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2011-04-15 Fri

#718. ѸζѥѸѼ [stress][romancisation][prosody][french][latin][loan_word][diatone][gsr][rsr]

Ѹζѥε§ϡ§Ȥ "left-prominent and morphologically governed" Ǥꡤ Germanic Stress Rule (GSR) ȸƤФ롥ϡ[2009-10-26-1], [2009-10-31-1]ǥޥħ1ĤȤָ촴1˶פ[2009-11-13-1]εǸ褦ˡѸʹߡե󥹡ƥѸ줬̤ˤ⤿餵褦ˤʤꡤѸαΧ "right to left and phonologically governed" §Ȥ Romance Stress Rule (RSR) ääʹߤαѸ챤Χˤϡȿ2Ĥζ§ߤ˴ĤˤǤ롥ơϸߤˤޤ³Ƥ롥
Halle and Keyser βŪʸʹߡѸƳ줿 RSR ѸαΧѳפ⤿餷Ȥ롤嵭Τ褦ʸͭϤȤʤäƤ뤬Minkova ˤСѸǤ RSR θ̤ϲɾƤ뤭餤ȤषGSR Ϥɾ٤ǤȤոΤ褦˹ͤ뺬ϤĤ롥Minkova (169--73) εޤȤ褦

(1) RSR GSR ɬȿΤǤϤʤ㤨С3Ǥϸ̤ɽŪ˰פ㤬롥máidenhòod (by GSR) and víolènt (by RSR) ʤɡ
(2) Ƭ˶֤ʤ൬§ GSR ϡФХޥ󥹼ƬˤŬѤ졤äưѸǤ̤Ǥ롥Ѹ confirm, deduct, displease, enlist, expose ʤɤζ֤򻲾ȡʤ̾ƻǤ϶1˰ܹԤ̾ưפˤĤƤϡ[2009-11-01-1], [2009-11-02-1]򻲾ȡ
(3) ѸŪᤤ˱Ѹäե󥹼ѸϡƱƤꡤGSR ˤäƶ1˰ܹԤƤ
(4) ѸǤ RSR GSR ζˤե󥹼Ѹ줬ͤ˶֤ɤ򼨤Τ褦ˤ뤳Ȥ롥򼨤ŵŪȤƵ󤲤ΤϡChaucer λ "In dívers art and in divérse figures" (FrT 1486) Ǥ롥ܤĴ٤ȸˤäɤ٤ϰۤʤ뤷Χΰ֡ʲ֤ˤ뤫ݤ) ȶɤʬۤĴȡ¿ɤ줬Χ˵ΤǤ뤳Ȥ狼롥ºݤäդǤϡŦƤ빭ϤɤϤʤäȹͤ졤GSR ŬѤˤꤹǤ1˶ƤѸ¿ä

RSR ƳˤѸ챤Χưɤϸۤ˲ŪʤΤǤϤʤäȤRSR Ȥϰۤʤ׿Ūʶѥ⤿餷ȤϳΤǤ롥ä˸ʳ׿Ūѥϡ3ᤫʤѸǿβ˶륱Ǥ롥ʲθϡʤȤѤ줿2˶Ƥcalendar, sinister, memento, placebo. ޤ3äǽ᤬ü2ˤʤäƤ⶯ΰ֤Ѥ餺2ޤޤθ⾯ʤʤädivers(e), legend(e), maner(e), honour(e), montayn(e), natur(e), tempest(e), sentenc(e), solemn(e). θϡαѸ챤Χ餹Ȱۼʶѥ˽äƤꡤRSR ѸαΧ˰ξ׷⤿餷ȤϳΤǤ롥
Minkova ϡѸʳǤΤȤƽ GSR ޤŪǤꡤRSR ˲ŪʱƶϤƤʤȼĥ롥Ѹ챤Χ礭ưɤäȤС̤Υƥ ([2010-08-18-1], [2009-08-19-1]) Ф Renaissance ʹߤΤȤ

. . . in spite of the influx of 10,000 Romance loanwords, words of Germanic origin continued to constitute the bulk of the core vocabulary of Middle English, accounting for seventy-five to ninety-five per cent of the wordstock, depending on register. It was only during the Renaissance that the balance began to shift in favour of non-Germanic patterns, bringing about the co-existence of two typologically different systems of stress in modern English. (172--73)


ưɤ顤ߤˤޤ³κޤ줿Ҥ̾ư⤽Ʊ֤Ǥζ֤κۤ⤽Ǥ롥ʲϸԤˤĤƤ Minkova θڡ

Seen in the larger context of prosodic typology, however, the accentuation of derived Romance words introduced a major new paradigm of stress-shifting in English. For the first time in the history of the language words derived from the same root started to exhibit disparate prosodic contours: móral--morálitèe, párish--paríshonèr, sólemn--solémpnitè, vólume--volúminòus. (173)


Halle, M. and S. J. Keyser. English Stress: Its Form, Its Growth, and Its Role in Verse. New York: Harper and Row, 1971.
Minkova, Donka. "The Forms of Speech" A Companion to Medieval English Literature and Culture: c.1350--c.1500. Ed. Peter Brown. Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2007. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell, 2009. 159--75.

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2009-11-13 Fri

#200. Ȥΰ֤襤 --- ޥϤޥ󥹷Ϥ [stress][orthoepy][romancisation][prosody][gsr][rsr]

[2009-10-26-1] (4) Ǹ褦ˡޥϤθȤơ衤ѸΥȤϸ1ϤǤ롥ȤűѸꡤƥե󥹸줫餪ӤμѸ줬Ѹή1˥Ȥפθ§ƤȤΤϡƥե󥹸ʤɤΥޥ󥹷ϤθǤϡषβ˥ȤΤ§Ǥ롥Ūˤϡޥ󥹸ˤϡβνŤ˱ơǽ ( ultima )ܤβ ( paenultima )黰ܤβ ( antepaenultima ) Τ줫˥ȤȤ뵬§롥Ѹϡޥ󥹷ϽȤĹܿˤ顤GSR ( Germanic Stress Rule ) RSR ( Romance Stress Rule ) ʣ˹碌ĸؤȯŸƤΤǤ ( Lass 125 )
ޥ󥹽줫μѸϡѸäƤ⡤ȤθΤȤ RSR ¨Ȥ򼨤Ƥͽۤ뤬ɬ⤽ǤϤʤ㤨СѸˤϡθ췲 GSR ¨Τ褦ʸƬȤʤ줿ȤǧƤ (Lass 128--29)ä Lass ͤˤνǯǤ롥

abbreviation (1764), academy (1665, 1687), acceptable (1746), accessory (1687, 1746), accommodate (1764), adjacent (1665, 1710), allegorical (1764), complacency (1665), contribute (1570), controversy (1665), conuenient (1570), corruptible (1746), defectiue (1570), delectable (1570), distribute (1570), diuert (1570), excusable (1570), mischance (1570), obseruance (1570), perspectiue (1570), phlegmatic (1784), proclamation (1570), quintessence (1710), refractory (1687), sequester (1570), splenetic (1784), suggestion (1570), unawares (1710)


ɸѸǤϡ嵭ΤñˤƤ⥢Ȥ1ˤʤȤդLass ˤС1780ǯ GSR षϤᡤRSR ͥˤʤäƤȤޤܤϼƤʤΤΡNevalainen ˤСѸΡŪ٤㤤͡פä GSR 򹥤Ȥ
Ǥ⥢Ȥΰ֤˷ΤĤƤʤ¸ߤ롥˵󤲤 controversy ϡ cóntroversy Ȥ contróversy Ȥȯ줦뤬ƥ쵯Ǥ뤳ȤͽۤȿơGSR ˽äԤפȸʤƤ롥ǯޤˡפƤǤ롥
űѸ˻ϤޤꡤѸˤ¿ؼ ( orthoepist ) ضΩƤޥХޥ󥹤Υзϡޤ˴ʷߤʤޤޡѸüԤΤߤʤ餺ѸؽԤǺޤ³Ƥ롥

Lass, Roger. "Phonology and Morphology." 1476--1776. Vol. 3 of The Cambridge History of the English Language. Ed. Roger Lass. Cambridge: CUP, 1999. 56--186.
Nevalainen, Terttu. An Introduction to Early Modern English. Edinburgh: Edinburgh UP, 2006. 130.

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