"mandative subjunctive" 뤤ϲˡߤȸƤФˡˤĤơ#325. mandative subjunctive should ([2010-03-18-1])#326. The subjunctive forms die hard. ([2010-03-19-1])#345. "mandative subjunctive" Υꥹȡ ([2010-04-07-1])#3042. Ѹ³ˡλѤäͳ ([2017-08-25-1]) ʤɤǰäƤ
ޤοࡤˤϡ礫ʬϤء (synthesis_to_analysis) ȤѸˤ礭ĬήǰƬˤȡΥꥫѸʤ٤ƥꥹѸǤˤˤ벾ˡߤοĥϡʵήȤƤȤ館롥ä͡ʸ椬ԤʤƤŪʲͿƤʤޤŪ˥ꥫѸǤλѤϡꥫѸݼŪʷʤ colonial_lag 1ĤȤФвᤵƤβˤ⵿褦ˤʤäƤʤŸˡλ¸ȤϡѸ˰٤ѤȤʤ꤫ŸˡθѸˤη̤ǤϤʤȡ
ԸȤʤ顤Mondorf (853) Τ褦Ƥ롥
[R]ecent empirical studies concur that the subjunctive had virtually become extinct in both varieties; rather than witnessing its delayed demise in AmE, we are observing its revival in AmE and --- though at a slower pace --- also in BrE . . . .
The trajectory of change takes the form of a successive decline from Old English to Early Modern English, ranging from a relatively wide distribution in Old English, with competition between indicatives and modal periphrases (e.g. scolde + infinitive), via a reduction of formal marking in Middle English (when the indicative preterit plural -on and subjunctive preterit plural and past participle of strong verbs -en were fused and final unstressed -e was lost), to rare instances in Early Modern English. It is only at the end of the LModE period that the subjunctive re-established itself and "nothing less than a revolution took place" . . . .
ʤѸΥꥫ³ˡѤ褷ƤΤȤ䤤ˤĤƤϡĤε롥ޤ#3042. Ѹ³ˡλѤäͳ ([2017-08-25-1]) Ǥߤ褦ˡʸˡαƶϤҲŪװŻ뤹븫롥ǽŪʴ顤 (irrealis) ɽȤˡΤΤѤäƤ餺ηˡư줫³ˡ߶ޤإեȤˤʤȤ븫⤢롥ԤθǤϡꥫѸˤƤĤˡưλѤȤȤδϢͤ (Mondorf 853--54)
ꥹѸǤ⥢ꥫѸ٤Фʤ顤³ˡߤλѤƤƤ褦ϰ̤ˤϥꥫѸαƶ (americanisation) ȹͤƤ롥⤷ȾʤȤʬŪˤϡĤƤΥꥫѸǵäΤƱͤˡꥹѸǤΩŪȯãȤǽΤƤʤȤ (Mondorf 854) ޤ;Ϥʬ˻ĤäƤΰǤ롥
ĤǶδϢ븦νƤ
Crawford, William J. "The Mandative Subjunctive." One Language, Two Grammars: Grammatical Differences between British English and American English. Ed. Günter Rohdenburg and Julia Schlüter. Cambridge: CUP, 2009. 257--276.
Hundt, Marianne. "Colonial Lag, Colonial Innovation or Simply Language Change?" One Language, Two Grammars: Grammatical Differences between British English and American English. Ed. Günter Rohdenburg and Julia Schlüter. Cambridge: CUP, 2009. 13--37.
Kjellmer, Göran. "The Revived Subjunctive." One Language, Two Grammars: Grammatical Differences between British English and American English. Ed. Günter Rohdenburg and Julia Schlüter. Cambridge: CUP, 2009. 246--256.
Övergaard, Gerd. The Mandative Subjunctive in American and British English in the 20th Century. Stockholm: Almqvist & Wiksell, 1995.
Schlüuter, Julia. "The Conditional Subjunctive." One Language, Two Grammars: Grammatical Differences between British English and American English. Ed. Günter Rohdenburg and Julia Schlüter. Cambridge: CUP, 2009. 277--305.
Mondorf, Britta. "Late Modern English: Morphology." Chapter 53 of English Historical Linguistics: An International Handbook. 2 vols. Ed. Alexander Bergs and Laurel J. Brinton. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 2012. 843--69.
ɸˤĤơ#1304. ꥫѸΡݼס ([2012-11-21-1])#2926. ꥫȥꥫѸΡݼס ([2017-05-01-1]) Ϥᡤcolonial_lag ame_bre γƵ͡Ƥ伫ȤνޤȤޤäҤȤƤϡܥ֥ʳˡ#2916. Ϣ4֥ꥹѸ autumn ȥꥫѸ fall --- ʣŪͤΤס ([2017-04-21-1]) ǤƱˤĤƤ롥
ѸαƺˤĤƤϡѸ˸Ԥˤ͡ʥȤ뤬Ѹˤγθŵ Algeo and Pyles (205) ν긫Ҳ𤷤ƺɾȤơ¤¨ƤꡤŪΤʸȻפ
On the whole . . . American English is essentially a conservative development of the seventeenth-century English that is also the ancestor of present-day British. Except in vocabulary, there are probably few significant characteristics of New World English that are not traceable to the British Isles. There are also some American English characteristics that were doubtless derived from British regional dialects in the seventeenth century, for there were certainly speakers of such dialects among the earliest settlers, though they would seem to have had little influence.
The majority of those English men and women to settle permanently in the New World were not illiterate bumpkins but ambitious and industrious members of the upper-lower and lower-middle classes, with a sprinkling of the well-educated---clergymen and lawyers---and even a few younger sons of the aristocracy. It is likely that there was a cultured nucleus in all of the early American communities. Such facts as these explain why American English resembles present standard British English more closely than it resembles any other British type of speech. The differences between the two national varieties are many but not of great importance.
ΰʸǤϡꥹɸ˱ѸȥꥫѸΤ˸Ū˼ҲŪϢ³뤳ȤƤ˽Ҥ٤Ƥ롥ꥫѸˤĤơꥹɸ˱Ѹ줫Ϣ³Ĵ뤳Ȥϡݼĥ뤳ȤˤϤʤΥΤθ쥤ǥ (linguistic_ideology) ǤǽǧĤġ⤳Ωꤿ
Algeo, John, and Thomas Pyles. The Origins and Development of the English Language. 5th ed. Thomson Wadsworth, 2005.
ɸϡ#1304. ꥫѸΡݼס ([2012-11-21-1]) colonial_lag γƵDz٤ˤƤ#2916. Ϣ4֥ꥹѸ autumn ȥꥫѸ fall --- ʣŪͤΤס ([2017-04-21-1]) ǾҲ𤷤Ϣܵɮ Algeo (23) ȤƤ顤ꥫʤΩˤȥꥫѸݼŦ뼡ʸϤ˽вäʲ˰ѤƤ
. . . just as the British Empire was not only the greatest, but also the most enlightened and humane of colonial powers, so the American Revolution was the most conservative and least radical of revolts in its social consequences. And the linguistic consequences of the Revolution were also in many ways conservative. The colonies had begun lexical innovation early, but they were also old-fashioned and conservative in many aspects of grammar (such as the participle gotten) and pronunciation (such as the rhotacism and "flat" a in words like path), as well as in some word choices (fall for the season).
ꥫΩȤŪ¿ݼŪäΤƱͤˡꥫѸ¿ݼŪˤȤɤޤäȽҤ٤Ƥ롥ꥫѸ鿷ϽФäǧĤĤ⡤ʸˡȯȤäΤ¾¦̤ˤƤϸݼŪäȻŦƤ롥
Algeo ϥꥫȸŪ˷ӤĤȤˡݼŪפɾƤ櫓ηӤĤͦΤ褦˻פ롥ΰѤʬ Algeo ϥꥫѸγŪǤ˸ƤƤꡤȤΥХĤǡβսǤϤݼŦΤȲ᤹뤳ȤϤǤ롥ȤƤ⡤ꥫΩȥꥫѸ줬ʿŪݼŪǤ⤯ˤϡŤʵɬפʤϤǤ롥ޤĤʿҤ٤Τ˰礤˽ФƤ롤ΡַŪǻפΤʤˤĤƤϡʤ鼫ǤϤʤ
ΰκǸ fall (vs autumn) θˤĤƤƤ뤬fall ݼŪη̤äȼĥϡε褦ˡʣŪ͡פ˴ŤΥꥨ "redistribution" η̤äۤŬڤȹͤ롥
Algeo, John. "External History." The Cambridge History of the English Language. Vol. 6. Cambridge: CUP, 2001. 1--58.
ꥫѸˤĤƸݼФлŦ뤬Ϥɤޤǿ¤ʤΤˤĤơ#1266. ꥫѸ "colonial lag" Ϥ뤫 (1) ([2012-10-14-1])#1267. ꥫѸ "colonial lag" Ϥ뤫 (2) ([2012-10-15-1])#1268. ꥫѸ "colonial lag" Ϥ뤫 (3) ([2012-10-16-1])#1304. ꥫѸΡݼס ([2012-11-21-1])#1738. ֥ꥫä륨ꥶ٥īαѸפοá ([2014-01-29-1]) ʤɤεǹͤƤ
ѸˤθŵŪ̾路 Baugh and Cable (350) ⡤colonial_lag ȤѸ줳ѤƤʤꥫѸ˸뤳ħˤĤƤ롥ܤڡפȤ⤷
. . . it has often been maintained that transplanting a language results in a sort of arrested development. The process has been compared to the transplanting of a tree. A certain time is required for the tree to take root, and growth is temporarily retarded. In language, this slower development is often regarded as a form of conservatism, and it is assumed as a general principle that the language of a new country is more conservative than the same language when it remains in the old habitat. In this theory there is doubtless an element of truth. . . . And it is a well-recognized fact in cultural history that isolated communities tend to preserve old customs and beliefs. To the extent, then, that new countries into which a language is carried are cut off from contact with the old, we may find them more tenacious of old habits of speech.
Ωϰ˸ʸब¸ȤȤľŪˤǤºݤˡ#430. Ѳ˳װ ([2010-07-01-1]) ǸΩɤθ䡤ܤ衼åѤϡ#1045. Ĺˤ ([2012-03-07-1]) #1000. Ÿն˻Ĥ ([2012-01-22-1]) Ǽ夲˼̤Ǥ롥ꥫ̱ˤƤ⡤ä˽ˤϿߤ˸ΩƥݥĥݥĤߤƤΤǤꡤǥꥹܹޤ줿ˡѲʤݤ뤳ȤˤʤäȤȤϽʬˤꤽǤ롥
Baugh and Cable ϡθ塤Фи֥ꥫѸݼפ̵Ƚ˼뤳ȤϤǤʤȿŤ˵ŸƤ롥εϡˤޤäȤǤ롥ꥫѸˤ "colonial lag" ȤǤʸɽ¿뤳Ȥǧˤ衤Ūޤ¿ƤΤǤꡤǡָסݼŪפħŤƽ餻뤳ȤϤǤʤ
Ϥ "colonial lag" ¿ʬŪʳǰȻפȤǡʤֿ̱Ϥ٤פɽֽοʤߡפȤɽʤΤ
Baugh, Albert C. and Thomas Cable. A History of the English Language. 6th ed. London: Routledge, 2013.
ư3ʣˤĤơ#1413. Ѹ3ʣ -s ([2013-03-10-1])#1423. Ѹ3ʣ -s (2) ([2013-03-20-1])#1576. Ѹ3ʣ -s (3) ([2013-08-20-1])#1687. Ѹ3ʣ -s (4) ([2013-12-09-1])#1850. AAVE ˤư츽߷ -s ([2014-05-21-1]) ǰäƤ3ñˤˤĤƤϤޤ夲Ƥʤäͽۤ褦ˡ3ñΤۤʤǤꡤȤ櫓ɤǸűѸ -th ΤѸ -s 褦ˤʤäаޤˤĤƤϡ¿ФƤ롥
ѸξΤˤФа礤˽ФΤϡ1611ǯ The Authorised Version (The King James Version [KJV]ˤǤŪ -th ݤƤ뤬Ʊ Shakespeare Ǥ -th -s ߤƤȤȤΤȤϡ17ޤǤ˸ǤϤǤ -th -s ؤѲٿʤǤݼŪνդˤϤ줬ȿǤʤäΤȲᤵƤ롥
ơ礦Ʊ˱Ѹ줬ΦذܿϤƤǤϡλǤ˻ϤޤäƤ -th -s ѲΤθΥ塼ϡꥹѸȥꥫѸȤǰۤʤäϤäΤKytö ϡ16--17ΥꥹѸ쥳ѥȡ17ΥꥫѸ쥳ѥѤơ䤤ؤ͡ʸŪҲŪʥѥꤷӤƤ뤬Ūˤ1Ĥηǧ줿17ξߤ¤ꡤ-s ؤѲϥꥫѸΤۤꥹѸ®˿ʤǤΤǤ롥Kytö (120) ˤɽ
| British English | American English | ||||||
| -S | -TH | Total | -S | -TH | Total | ||
| 1500--1570 | 15 (3%) | 446 | 461 | - | |||
| 1570--1640 | 101 (18%) | 459 | 560 | 1620--1670 | 339 (51%) | 322 | 661 |
| 1640--1710 | 445 (76%) | 140 | 585 | 1670--1720 | 642 (82%) | 138 | 780 |
Contrary to what has usually been attributed to the phenomenon of colonial lag, the subsequent rate of change was more rapid in the colonies. By and large, the colonists' writings seem to reflect the spoken language of the period more faithfully than do the writings of their contemporaries in Britain. In this respect, speaker innovation, rather than conservative tendencies, guided the development.
˽ colonial_lag γƵǤ褦ˡܤˤäƥꥫѸ줬ꥹѸʤǤ뤳Ȥ⤢٤Ƥ뤳Ȥ⤢롥Ѽ⤢̣ǤݼŪǤꡤ̣ǤϳŪǤ롥 Kytö η϶ä٤ΤǤϤʤꥹܹˤƸ夹Ǥ˻ϤޤäƤѲꥫϤäˤɤΤ褦˿ʹԤ1ĤλȤưյ롥
Kytö, Merja. "Third-Person Present Singular Verb Inflection in Early British and American English." Language Variation and Change 5 (1993): 113--39.
#1266. ꥫѸ "colonial lag" Ϥ뤫 (1) ([2012-10-14-1])#1267. ꥫѸ "colonial lag" Ϥ뤫 (2) ([2012-10-15-1])#1268. ꥫѸ "colonial lag" Ϥ뤫 (3) ([2012-10-16-1]) ǡꥫѸ줬ŤѸ褯¸ƤȤ "colonial lag" οäˤĤƵꥫǤȤ櫓դƤ뤳μοä1ĤˡɸΤΤ롥οäĤƤ Montgomery ܤɾƤꡤ˺äǤ뤫Τ褦˾Ҳ𤷤Ƥ (66--67)
The idea that in isolated places somewhere in the country people still use 'Elizabethan' or 'Shakespearean' speech is widely held, and it is probably one of the hardier cultural beliefs or myths in the collective American psyche. Yet it lacks a definitive version and is often expressed in vague geographical and chronological terms. Since its beginning in the late nineteenth century the idea has most often been associated with the southern mountains --- the Appalachians of North Carolina, Tennessee, Kentucky and West Virginia, and the Ozarks of Arkansas and Missouri. At one extreme it reflects nothing less than a relatively young nation's desire for an account of its origins, while at the other extreme the incidental fact that English colonization of North America began during the reign of Queen Elizabeth I four centuries ago. Two things in particular account for its continued vitality: its romanticism and its political usefulness. Its linguistic validity is another matter. Linguists haven't substantiated it, nor have they tried, since the claim of Elizabethan English is based on such little evidence. But this is a secondary, if not irrelevant, consideration for those who have articulated it in print --- popular writers and the occasional academic --- for over a century. It has indisputably achieved the status of a myth in the sense of a powerful cultural belief.
äʤΤǡȤʤäƤϤŪˤɤؤΤۣAppalachia the Ozarks դ꤬餷

ǤϡαѸѼβäƥꥶ٥īαѸȤΤФаѤΤϡưζѲѷ (ex. clum (climbed), drug (dragged), fotch (fetched), holp (help)) -st ǽñ̾ʣȤƤ -es (ex. postes, beastes, nestes, ghostes) ʤɤ¾αƤѼˤ⸫ħǤꡤѥͭΤΤǤϤʤ (Montgomery 68) εˤϡŪˤۤɤκϤʤΤǤ롥
˽Ҥ٤ƤȤꡤäޤ줿طʤˤϡŤ褭ɤؤΥޥŪͭȤäԤΥޥ䤹ȤƤ⡤ԤŪͭȤϲΤȤMontgomery (75) ˤȡ餹͡ФŽĤ줿Ϥ̵ܤļ˼ԡפȤΥåƥʧ뤿ˡäѸϡָŤ褭ѸפǤȤäϽФ줿ΤȤ
Advancing the idea, improbable as it is, that mountain people speak like Shakespeare counters the prevailing ideology of the classroom and society at large that unfairly handicaps rural mountain people as uneducated and unpolished and that considers their language to be a corruption of proper English.
ֻäѼ郎οäˤäơָŤ褭ѤʡѼȤޤѤäȤȤˤʤ롥ҲŪʲͤθʵžǤ롥βͤβͤصžΤ顤켫ΤϰȤǤϤʤȸΤ⤷ʤŪʰտޤˤ餫صžȤȤϡƱտޤˤؤεž⤢ȤȤƤꡤդˤޤĤäȤΤݤȶǤϤʤ
Montgomery, Michael. "In the Appalachians They Speak like Shakespeare." Language Myths. Ed. Laurie Bauer and Peter Trudgill. London: Penguin, 1998. 66--76.
ˤݼ (conservative) ȳ (innovative) ˤĤƤϡܥ֥ǤȤƱѸαƺä (ame_bre) Ȥ櫓ǶΡ#1304. ꥫѸΡݼס ([2012-11-21-1]) colonial_lag ˴ؤ뵭ǿƤۤˡܥ֥ݼ פǸȡĤε롥εɮʤ顤ݼȤϰβʤΤȹͤƤǤ롥
Ȥơgarage ȯαƺͤƤߤ褦LPD ˤȡθȯζ֤ϡꥫѸǤ2ᡤꥹѸǤ94%1֤롥

ʬۤˤĤơɤ餬ݼŪǤɤ餬ŪȤ1Ĥθʤ餯̾θˤˤСθϥե garer "shelter" ˴ŤǤꡤեŪ2ؤζܤˤȹͤΤǡΰ֤ݤäƤ륢ꥫѸȯݼŪǤȵǤ뤫⤷ʤ (cf. Romance Stress Rule) ̤θˤС1ΤȯѸ첽ʥޥ첽ˤƤڵǤꡤꥹѸȯѸŪʶ֤ηθƤȤ̤ȤݼŪǤ롤ȤǤ뤫⤷ʤ (cf. Germanic Stress Rule)
ޤ̤θˤСŪ˸ŪʵϤ餹뷹ˡݼŪɽ뤳Ȥ⤢롥ꥫѸŪ˵Ͻ٤ȸ뤬㤨С[2011-10-11-1]ε#897. Web3 νǤ50ǯפȡˡΰ̣ǤݼŪȤ⤤ΤǤ롥ȤϤƤǤΤΤϡŪ˳ŪäȤƤǤ롥
˽Ҥ٤3ݼϡ줾줢̣ǤݼŪǤϤ뤬ߤˤɤƤ롥θ̷ϡִפˤ롥ݼפֵŤ¸褦Ȥ뤳ȡסʡع6ǡ١ˤ硤ǤֵפؤΤˤʤСݼ餽ΤΤλؼƤۣˤʤ롥ȤϡˤƵϤȤƼƤ롤뤤ϾʤȤԤʤƤˡؤθˡʳθˡѤΤǤΤѲΤǤΤʤ
եŪȯ֤Сgarage 2˶֤ꥫѸȯݼŪȤߤʤ뤬ޥĸ֤С1˶֤ꥹѸȯݼŪǤ롥ޤ쵬ϤΩɤΤ褦ʤΤǤ졤夹дȤƵǽΤǡʸ夽餹Ĭ³СϤ٤ݼŪȤ롥Ĥޤꡤɤ֤ˤäơݼλؼƤ礭ۤʤäƤΤǤ롥ɤ֤ΤȽǤҴŪʻɸϤʤ
Τ褦ˡݼʤƤȿոǤˤȤŪѸˤʤˤݼˤϡʤȤⲿȤƤΤʤ̵̣
Wells, J C. ed. Longman Pronunciation Dictionary. 3rd ed. Harlow: Pearson Education, 2008.
ꥫѸ "colonial lag" Ϥ뤫ȤˤĤơ[2012-10-14-1], [2012-10-15-1], [2012-10-16-1] 3ˤ錄äơGörlach ʸ˽äƹͻGörlach μĥϡꥫѸɬ褯ۤݼŪǤϤʤȤȤäѸαƺ˴ؤˤƤϡꥫѸݼȤƥ쥪פϳΤ˺դƤ롥ħΤAmerican Speech εǰ٤1ǽʸMcKnight "Conservatism in American Speech" Ǥ롥
McKnight ɤߤʤ顤ݼȤȤ2̤ɬפΤǤϤʤȵդ1ĤϸŤˡĤ䤹뤤ϿˡиˤѤˤȤäṲ̄ˤݼ⤦1ĤϡϽ٤Ȥ̣ǤݼξԤϸߤ˴ط뤳Ȥ⤢뤫⤷ʤܼŪˤ̸ĤΤΤǤϤʤ
Ԥΰ̣ǤϡꥫѸϡGörlach Τ̤ꡤɬݼŪǤϤʤȤǤ롥㤨С#315. ꥹѸϥꥫѸ٤ݼŪ ([2010-03-08-1]) #627. 2Ѽ֤̻ӤˤäŪۤ ([2011-01-14-1]) #628. 2Ѽ֤̻ӤˤäŪۤ (2) ([2011-01-15-1]) εǿ줿̤ǡԤΰ̣ǤϡꥫѸϾʤȤ⥤ꥹѸӤݼŪǤȵǤ뤫⤷ʤ#897. Web3 νǤ50ǯ ([2011-10-11-1]) Ǥ줿̤ꡤꥫѸεϽŻ٤ϤФлŦƤ롥McKnight ä˸Ԥΰ̣ǤݼˤƤ褦
18˵ϼӤ줿ΤϡꥫˤƤǤϤʤꥹˤƤäϥꥫؤ⤹ӲФäơϼĬήȤǤϡƴ֤礭ʺϤʤȹͤ롥ϼĬήΤΤζϤäΩĴסν٤3Ϥ줾̤Ƥɬפ롥ϼĬήϱƤƱ餤⤷ʤϤäΩĴפϡŪˤХꥫꥹϴѤǤꡤ٤ϥꥫΤۤκǸΰ̣ˤơꥫѸϡݼŪפȤ뤫⤷ʤMcKnight (11---16) ȯˡʸˡˤƺꥫѸεϽĥƤ롥
ꥫѸˤȤäƤεϤεˤĤոСƩ§Ȥä (reason) Ǥꡤޤȯ˴ؤƤϽաֻˤǤ롥
The natural order of things was inverted. The living colloquial idiom which should determine the written form was itself governed by the artificial forms of literary use. The writing governed the pronunciation. Sometimes English names such as Warwick, Chatham, Harwich, Lancaster, in American use are pronounced as spelled. At other times, as in Wooster, Warrick, an English pronunciation is provided with a new American spelling. In the same way idiomatic phrasal combinations in which the grammatical relations of the words are not apparent in parsing are replaced by artificial combinations in which the grammatical relations are regular. (McKnight 10)
ۤ˵ϼεȤƤȴѤΩˤĤƤϡ#141. 18εϤѤ ([2009-09-15-1]) ȡ
Ρݼ (conservatism) ϤФˤʤ뤬ۤʤ٥Ǥݼ̤ƤʤȡΤǤϤʤ
Görlach, Manfred. "Colonial Lag? The Alleged Conservative Character of American English and Other 'Colonial' Varieties." English World-Wide 8 (1987): 41--60.
McKnight, George H. "Conservatism in American Speech." American Speech 1 (1925): 1--17.
ɸˤĤơ2֤ε[2012-10-14-1], [2012-10-15-1]ǡGörlach ʸ˽ǹͤƤꥫѸ "colonial lag" ܤ¿ȤϡŪ˻ٻΤǤϤʤ¯˶ᤤΤǤȤ
Görlach ϡ¯ȤऱˤȤɤޤ餺षꥹѸ줳 "lag" ƤΤǤꡤꥫѸ "lead" Ƥȡ˿ʤƤ롥ϢսĤѤ褦
. . . there are very good reasons for regarding the mother contries as more retentive than the colonial societies: Apart from necessary innovations in new situations and surroundings, there were also substantial lexical losses, for social and for referential reasons, in the settler societies. (45)
It is incontestable that Britain has been linguistically conservative during the past few centuries, intent on preserving the linguistic, cultural, and political inheritance, and quite slow to accept innovation. (56)
One could mention that English itself started off as an emigrant language in 5th-century Britain. Note that even here the distincitive features of Old English are those arising from innovations, the number of retentions being quite limited (such as in a few forms of reduplicating verbs in Older Anglian). (57--58)
Görlach ϡ"lag" ȽǤϻˤäƺŪȶĴǡŪ˸СꥫѸγӥꥹѸݼϵ;ϤʤȷŤƤ롥;ϤʤɤˤĤƤϡӡŪĴ٤ΤǤꡤʸȤۤƤΤǤϤʤȻϹͤ롥
ꥫѸγˤĤƤ Görlach Ʊոϡ#315. ꥹѸϥꥫѸ٤ݼŪ ([2010-03-08-1]) ǰѤ褦ˡAlgeo ˤ⸫뤳ȤդäƤ
Görlach, Manfred. "Colonial Lag? The Alleged Conservative Character of American English and Other 'Colonial' Varieties." English World-Wide 8 (1987): 41--60.
ε[2012-10-14-1]³ԡGörlach ϡФ "colonial lag" λʪǤȻŦ륢ꥫˡϡºݤˤ "colonial lag" ʤɤǤϤʤƤ롥ͻܤϲáˤ錄ꡤ¿ˤ錄뤬äϤȻ䤬ȽǤ3Ҳ𤹤롥
(1) ꥫѸŵŪʲħȤơglass ʤɤ첻 /æ/bar ʤɤ postvocalic r /w/ /wh/ ͻʤɤŦƤ뤬ȯϸŤꥹѸȯñʡ¸פǤϤʤ"All three features above have a very complex history in the U.S., a history that shows alternating phases of retention, copying of British norms, and independent development" (46)
(2) "colonial lag" ǤϥꥫѸǤʤȥꥢѸʤɤӤƤ褵ʤΤ첻ѲˤߤȡȥꥢѸǤϥꥹѸ٤ƤɤषʤǤ (48) ꥹѸ줳 "lag" ƤΤǤ롥"lag" ˤŪʳǰˤʤȤ狼롥
(3) äʸˡ˴ؤƱƺɽ魯ȤΥڥϡñʻѤ̵ͭˤäƤǤϤʤ̣١ʸΡɾˤäƶ̤٤ΤۤȤɤǤ (48, 54) ξˡ"lag" ؤǤ롥
ˡĩȯŪǤϤ뤬Görlach ϡΥꥹѸΥꥫѸ첽 (Americanisation) ǰƬ˵ĤġꥫѸǵäƤѲФƥꥹѸ줬ٱ䤷Ƥ뤳ȤŦʸĤƤ롥
For those who have been convinced that Great Britain has become a colony of the United States, these linguistic facts could well be interpretatble as features illustraing 'colonial lag' of a new type. (57)
2ĤŪ˴ϢѼθܤˤĤơ¾ؤδط "lag" ʤΤ "lead" ʤΤ¿ʬŪǤꡤŪʻ¤˴ŤȤϥǥ˴ŤȽǤǤǽ礭ȤȤ⤷ʤ
ϢơMontgomery ξ⻲ȡ
Görlach, Manfred. "Colonial Lag? The Alleged Conservative Character of American English and Other 'Colonial' Varieties." English World-Wide 8 (1987): 41--60.
Montgomery, Michael. "In the Appalachians They Speak like Shakespeare." Language Myths. Ed. Laurie Bauer and Peter Trudgill. London: Penguin, 1998. 66--76.
ꥹѸ (BrE) ȥꥫѸ (AmE) κۤȤϡؤΥߤֵʤɤǤ˴ؿ⤿ơޤǤ롥ܥ֥Ǥ⡤ame_bre γƵ濴ˡϢƤ¿γϡꥹݼŪǤȤڤ귿ΥäƤ뤿ˡꥹѸݼŪǡŪѲ⾯ʤϤȹͤƤ褦Ǥ롥ƱͤˡꥫϳŪǤȤƥ쥪פΤˡꥫѸŪǡŪѲ˭٤ѼǤȹͤƤ褦ɬ⤽줬äƤʤȤȤϡ#315. ꥹѸϥꥫѸ٤ݼŪ ([2010-03-08-1]) #627. 2Ѽ֤̻ӤˤäŪۤ ([2011-01-14-1]) #628. 2Ѽ֤̻ӤˤäŪۤ (2) ([2011-01-15-1]) ʤɤεǿƤ
ꥫѸʻˡˤ˴ؤɤСषꥫѸ줳Ťˡ褯ݤäƤȤҤˤ˽Ф魯Massachusetts ΰϰˤ The King James Bible ˶̤ˡĤäƤȤѥǤ Elizabeth I äƤѸ줬ʹȤΤ褦ʸܤˤĤ̱ϤˤиϰѼ郎콡ѼθŤܤ褯¸ƤȤ㡤СԤԤηФѲ˼ĤƤȤϡ¿𤵤ƤꡤȤ "colonial lag" ȤƸڤ뤳Ȥ롥
Görlach "colonial lag" Ȥͤϡ˺ŪǤꡤؾγǰȤƤŬڤꤹ롥̤Ȥơڤ귿Ȥƻ䤬Ūɾޡ"BrE = conservative" Ǥ "AmE = innovative" ǤȤޤؤȲƤ椯Τդε˴ؿäΤǡGörlach ʸȤɤǤߤ
Görlach (43--44) Ǥϡ"colonial lag" ιɤɤɽȤơꥫѸˤ路פΰۤʤξͺ Mencken Krapp ѤƤ롥ɤ Mencken ϡλĬȤ館ΤĹ夭äƤΥ㡼ʥꥹȤǤ롥ɤ Krapp ϡʳŪ˥ꥫѸʬϤڶθؼԤǤ롥
I think I have offered sufficient evidence that the American of today is much more honestly English, in any sense that Shakespeare would have understood, than the so-called Standard English of England (Mencken 1919, in 1977: 774)
The American community has not been segregated, unadulterated, merely self-perpetuating. Relations with the parent country have never been discontinued . . . The absurdity of describing American English as the archaic speech of an isolated community may be realized by considering what might have happened if the conditions favoring isolation had been present. If migration to New England had ceased in the year 1700, if New England had remained after that time a separate state, severed not only from Europe but from the rest of America, it is not improbable that something approximating the language of Dryden might still be heard in New England. But Dryden's speech is forever lost in the medley of later voices that sound more loudly in our ears. (Krapp 1927, quoted from Mencken 1977: 140f.)
Görlach (43) ϡMencken ήΡ֥ꥫѸ줳ͳѸ¸ƤפȤĥϡǥμĥǤꡤŪ˻ٻĥǤϤʤȹͤƤ롥֥ꥫѸϱѸˤƤפȤꥫѸФȽŪʹ֤ɾϡߤƱͤ20Ⱦˤʹ줿ʧˤϡꥫѸ줬ꥹѸˤƤǤ˼줿ŤˡޤݤäƤ뤳ȤΤäȤŪǤ롥Mencken ή "colonial lag" ϡΤ褦طʤǹƤΤȡGörlach ʬϤ롥
Ǥϡ"colonial lag" ɽ魯ȸΩƤƤ륢ꥫѸθܤKrapp ήˡ˸ŪפŤƤߤȡŤꥹˡλ¸Ȥ˹ͤʤΤ˴ؤ Görlach εεǡ
Görlach, Manfred. "Colonial Lag? The Alleged Conservative Character of American English and Other 'Colonial' Varieties." English World-Wide 8 (1987): 41--60.
Mencken, H. L. The American Language. One vol. ed. Ed. R. I. McDavid, Jr. New York: Knopf, 1977.
Krapp, G. P. "Is American English Archaic?" Southwest Review (1927). 292--303.
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