Ρ#4945. ʤ侩ɽ魯ư that shall ([2022-11-10-1]) ӺΡ#4946. 侩ɽ魯ư that ˤ shall Ū ([2022-11-11-1]) ε˰³°³ˡʲˡ˸ߤǤʤ should Ǥʤճ shall ѤƤŪŪäȽƤߤޤ
OED Ĵ٤ȡˡ shall, v. θ11aޤ
11. In clauses expressing the purposed result of some action, or the object of a desire, intention, command, or request. (Often admitting of being replaced by may; in Old English, and occasionally as late as the 17th cent., the present subjunctive was used as in Latin.)
a. in clause of purpose usually introduced by that.
In this use modern idiom prefers should (22a): see quot. 1611 below, and the appended remarks.
c1175 Ormulum (Burchfield transcript) l. 7640, 1 Þiss child iss borenn her to þann Þatt fele shulenn fallenn. & fele sHulenn risenn upp.
c1250 Owl & Night. 445 Bit me þat ich shulle singe vor hire luue one skentinge.
1390 J. Gower Confessio Amantis II. 213 Thei gon under proteccioun, That love and his affeccioun Ne schal noght take hem be the slieve.
c1450 Mirk's Festial 289 I wil..schew ȝow what þis sacrament is, þat ȝe schullon in tyme comyng drede God þe more.
1470--85 T. Malory Morte d'Arthur xiii. xv. 633 What wille ye that I shalle doo sayd Galahad.
1489 (a1380) J. Barbour Bruce (Adv.) i. 156 I sall do swa thow sall be king.
1558 in J. M. Stone Hist. Mary I App. 518 My mynd and will ys, that the said Codicell shall be accepted.
1611 Bible (King James) Luke xviii. 41 What wilt thou that I shall doe vnto thee? View more context for this quotation
a1648 Ld. Herbert Life (1976) 70 Were it not better you shall cast away a few words, than I loose my Life.
1698 in J. O. Payne Rec. Eng. Catholics 1715 (1889) 111 To the intent they shall see my will executed.
1829 T. B. Macaulay Mill on Govt. in Edinb. Rev. Mar. 177 Mr. Mill recommends that all males of mature age..shall have votes.
1847 W. M. Thackeray Vanity Fair (1848) xxiv. 199 We shall have the first of the fight, Sir; and depend on it Boney will take care that it shall be a hard one.
1879 M. Pattison Milton xiii. 167 At the age of nine and twenty, Milton has already determined that this lifework shall be..an epic poem.
Ȥ櫓1829ǯ1847ǯϡ侩ɽ魯ˡ˶ޤ
MED shulen v.(1) θ4a(b)21b(ab)դˤ⡤˥ԥåǤϤʤˤ㤬Ƥޤ
Ūʴ餹ȡ侩ɽ魯ư that ˤ shall ˡΡָפϡˤѸޤǤϤɤȤǤơʪĤܥϥ֥ե륾ιͤƤФȻפޤ
3֤ hellog ΤޤȤȤơī Voicy ֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio)פ#530. ܥϥظˤѸǸǧ嵬§ shall ˡˤĤơ夲ޤ⤼Ҥİ
ε#4945. ʤ侩ɽ魯ư that shall ([2022-11-10-1]) ˰³ɸˤĤơŪΩ줫饳Ȥޤ
Ūˤߤȡthat ޤཾ°ˤơ̾Ǥ³ˡʲˡ˸ߤ뤤 should ѤĶǡճˡư shall 륱ϡޤäʤä櫓ǤϤޤ
Visser (III, 1513) Ĵ٤ƤߤȡϢܤߤĤꡤ¿ŪʸƤޤϡ mandative_subjunctive Ȥ³ˡߤˡȡѤȤƤ should λѤ˴ؤȤߤǵƤ櫓ǤVisser ʸˤϤ#2647. Ӥä should ([2016-07-26-1]) ѤȤƤ shall ޤޤƤޤ
űѸ줫Ѹ˻ޤ¿ʸƤޤιͻ˴ͿʸΤߤԥååפưѤޤ
1513---Type 'It (this) is a sori tale, þæt þet ancre hus schal beon i ueied to þeo ilke þreo studen'
There is a rather small number of constructions in which shall is employed in a clause depending on such formulae as 'it is a wonderful thing', 'this is a sorry tale', 'alas!' Usually one finds should used in this case, or, in older English, modally marked forms.
. . . | c1396 Hilton, Scale of Perfection (MS Hrl) 1, 37, 22b, þanne sendiþ he to some men temptacions of lecherie . . . þei schul þinke hit impossible . . . þat þey ne shulle nedinges fallen but if þei han help. . . . | 1528 St. Th. More, Wks. (1557) 126 D10, Than said he ferther that yt was meruayle that the fyre shall make yron to ronne as siluer or led dothe. | 1711 Steele, Spect. no. 100, It is a wonderful thing, that so many, and they not reckoned absurd, shall entertain those with whome they converse by giving them the History of their Pains and Aches. | 1879 Thomas Escott, England III, 39, He has to judge whether it is advisable that repairs in any farm-buildings shall be undertaken this year or shall be postponed until the next (P.).
Ǹ "it is advisable that . . . shall . . . ." ʤɤϻͤˤʤޤ shall ˡϡŪˤߤƤ⤪餯٤ȤƤ㤫äΤǤϤʤȵޤ
ʤߤˡѸ BNCweb ǾĤƤߤȤ"An Islay notebook. Sample containing about 46775 words from a book (domain: world affairs)" ȤܤΤʤ1ijߤĤޤֻϰѼԤˤˡ
802 "This Meeting being informed that Cart Drivers are very inattentive as to their Conduct upon the road with Carts It is now recommended that all Travellers upon the road shall take to the Left in all situations, and that when a Traveller upon the road shall loose a shew of his horse, the Parochial Blacksmith shall be obliged to give preference to the Traveller. "
餯ˡʤΤǤ礦δĶǤ shall λѤϳ̵ǤϤʤʤƤʤäˤȤϳǧޤ
ʪĤܥϥ֥ե륾ιͤƤߤƤ
Visser, F. Th. An Historical Syntax of the English Language. 3 vols. Leiden: Brill, 1963--1973.
Voicy ֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio)פ#464. ޤˤȤ̡ơ̿ᡦɽ魯ư that Ǥ should + ⤷ϸβˤĤơꥹʡʸ˴ؤ뤪⤷Ƥޤ
118ۿYahoo!˥塼ʪĤܥϥ֥ե륾ιꡥȯü嵬§ΡȲɤˤäǧ嵬§20212.01˵Υ쥤Ȥ˴ؤ뵬꤬ꡤܥϥब̳ƻ˷ο줬ε˰ääƤȤƷǤ
ǧ嵬§2021ϡѸǸǧ嵬§ Offical Baseball Rules (2021 edition) ȤʤäƤޤ¿ȼյϤޤ§ȤƤǤȤʤäƤΤ Rule 2.01 б뼡βսǤоȤǰѤޤ
It is recommended that the distance from home base to the backstop, and from the base lines to the nearest fence, stand or other obstruction on foul territory shall be 60 feet or more.
ݤХåȥåפޤǤεΥե륰饦ɤˤեɤޤϥץ쥤˸ˤʤߤޤǤεΥϡեȡʣȥ˰ʾɬפȤ롥
ʸ It is recommended . . . ȤʤäƤޤʸǤϡֿ侩פǤϤʤɬפȤפȤʤäƤޤĤޤꡤʸ⸷ε§ȤʤäƤΤǤϸˤʤΤǤ礦
It is recommended that . . . Τ褦ʹʸǤС̾ that ³ˡʲˡ˸ߤ뤤 should λѤŪǤˤХꥫѸȤƤԤΤۤä̤ǤθʸǤ shall Ȥͽˡư줬ѤƤޤ˺ݤơ shall ζβ˵줿ΤǤ礦̤ȤơɬפȤפƤ뤳Ȥˤʤޤ
εϤƤǤϤʤʸ shall Ȥˡư줬ѤƤΤˤĤƹͤƤߤȻפޤβսΤߤʤ餺 Rule 2.01 Τʸ̮įƤߤޤ礦ŬüޤʤѤޤ
The field shall be laid out according to the instructions below, supplemented by the diagrams in Appendices 1, 2, and 3. The infield shall be a 90-foot square. The outfield shall be the area between two foul lines formed by extending two sides of the square, as in diagram in Appendix 1 (page 158). The distance from home base to the nearest fence, stand or other obstruction on fair territory shall be 250 feet or more. . . .
It is desirable that the line from home base through the pitcher's plate to second base shall run East-Northeast.
It is recommended that the distance from home base to the backstop, and from the base lines to the nearest fence, stand or other obstruction on foul territory shall be 60 feet or more. See Appendix 1.
When location of home base is determined, with a steel tape measure 127 feet, 33?8 inches in desired direction to establish second base. . . . All measurements from home base shall be taken from the point where the first and third base lines intersect.
ΤȤơˡΧ§ʸΤˤդ路 shall ѤʸϢ³Ƥޤε§ɽ魯 shall ˡǤμ shall ʸϢ³ΤʤˡIt is desirable that . . . It is recommended that . . . Ȥۤʤ빽ʸĶ߹ޤƤޤ that Τʤǰ shall ѤƤ櫓ǤϢ³Ƹ shall ʸΤ褦ʤΤȹͤΤǤϤʤǤ礦
ʤߤˡIt is desirable that . . . . бʸϡݤĤФݤ˸ϡ˸äƤ뤳ȤۤȤ롥פȤꡤdesirable äФƤޤǤ recommended ΥȤϰۤʤޤ
ϤꤽǤ̤ΥȤȤܵǤΤ褦 that ˡưԡ˻ѤˤĤƤϡεå
Voicy ֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio)פǤ#464. ޤˤȤ̡ơ̿ᡦɽ魯ư that Ǥ should + ⤷ϸסꤷֲˡߡפ should ˤĤơܽθűѸ YouTuber ʡˤǤޤˤ (masanyan) ȥեޥ˴̤ޤʤˤĤƤϡŪ hellog å⤴
ŵŪʸȡΤ褦ˤʤޤ
I suggest that John go to see a doctor. ʥꥫѸǤϡֲˡߡסʤŪˤϡָס
I suggest that John should go to see a doctor. ʥꥹѸǤϡshould + ס
λüŪ1ԤǵҤС
I suggest that John (should) go to see a doctor. ʥꥹѸǤ should Ѥ뤬ꥫѸǤ should Ѥʤ
ȤʤǤ礦üŪ褦ȻפС֥ꥫѸǤ should άפȸäƺѤޤ뤳ȤǤޤ
δάäơ־άפȤɽѤƤߤޤäƤʸ̮ǡ־άפȤˤϡŪΩˤä͡ʰ̣礤դƤΤդɬפǤ
嵭Τ褦˱ʸˡΩ줫ȤʬʬۤάäƤϡshould ξάפȤɽȻϹͤƤޤŪʱƺüŪ˵ҡŦǤޤ1ĤιŪʹԤȻפޤֲˡߡפȤŪޥʡѸФ˺ѤޤȤ⤢ޤʸˡоݥ٥ˤޤʸˡΤηŪҤδϵޤ1ĤιԤǤϤȤΩǤ
伫Ȥ칶ѸˤΩ졤뤤Ū̻ŪѸؤΩ줫餹ȡ־άפȤϸޤǤƤ褦ˡѸˤꡤŪʸ̮ǡֲˡߡפ should ξʸڤƤꡤɤ餬ŪΩɽʤΤϤäȳΤ뤳ȤǤʤǤŪȤơshould ά줿Τ뤤ϵդ줿ΤȤ褦ʻɤ뤳ȤǤʤΤǤäȤСѸˤӸؤλ餤С¾ȤϹͤƤޤֲˡߡפϷŪʸݡshould ѤɽŪʸݤȤ̡ǤꡤľŪϤʤȹͤΤŪǤξɽߤزǽä夬ĹΤ褦 variation δطäȲᤷޤĤޤꡤ¾櫓ǤϤʤȲᤷޤǤ顤̻ŪȤƤΡ־άפϤʤäǤˤäƤ⡤ϤäȳǧƤʤȤΩޤ
ˡŪΩ줫ߤȤɤǤ礦㤨ʸˡˤʬϤǰƬˤȡꥫѸήΡֲˡߡפ IP μ V ΰ֤뤱ɡꥹѸή should IP μ I ΰ֤ȤξԤΰ㤤ɽΤꤵޤǤΰ㤤߽ФƤ븶ưϤʤΤʸˡȤǤϤʤˤʬޤʤȤ־άפȸƤФΤǤϤʤޤ
ۤˤۤʤΩ֤ϤǤ
ܤŪʸ̮αʸˡѸȤƤФѤ־άפϡŪΩ֤ˤä¿ȤʤΤƤȤפȻפޤʤȤ⡤ŪѰۤҤˡȤƤΡ־άפѤƤǡŪ̻ŪȤƻǰƬ֤־άפ⤢ޤɤΤ褦Ω֤־άפȽҤ٤ƤΤפȹͤƤޤơơΩ֤ιͤʤƤȤƱͤ˽פȹͤƤޤ
ˡߤˡ "mandative subjunctive" 奢ꥫѸǰŪѤƤ¤ˤĤơܥ֥Ǥ̻ŪʴʲεǼ夲Ƥ#325. mandative subjunctive should ([2010-03-18-1])#326. The subjunctive forms die hard. ([2010-03-19-1])#345. "mandative subjunctive" Υꥹȡ ([2010-04-07-1])#3042. Ѹ³ˡλѤäͳ ([2017-08-25-1])#3351. ꥫѸǤ "mandative subjunctive" λѤ "colonial lag" ǤϤʤפ ([2018-06-30-1])
ˤĤ Hundt (595--97) Brown ϥѥѤƹԤʤäĴγפɤൡä (cf. #428. The Brown family of corpora Ѿա ([2010-06-29-1])) 1930ǯ夫1991ǯޤǤαξѼʽաˤ̻ĴǤ롥should Ѥ٤Ƥ mandative subjunctive ѤγϡꥫѸǤϤǤ1930ǯ8˶Ť⤤ͤƤꡤ1991ǯˤϤۤ9ãƤ롥ꥹѸǤϡ1930ǯ2Ķ٤ͤǤꡤθäȤϤ1991ǯλ4ˤȤɤޤäƤ롥mandative subjunctive λѤˤĤƤϡŪˤ̻Ūˤ⥢ꥫѸΤۤȤäƤ褤
Övergaard ԸˤȡꥫѸǤ mandative subjunctive ä1900ǯ1920ǯˤƵäƤꡤطʤȤƥɥĸ졤ե졤ڥ졤ꥢʤɲˡݻƤȤΰ̱¸ߤŦƤ (Hundt 597)
⤷Τϡ嵭ΡֲˡߡפΤߤʤ餺If I were you Τ褦ʡֲˡפ were λ¸ˤĤƤ⡤Ѽ֤ǻ褦ʷߤ뤳ȤꥹѸǤϡ1930ǯˤ were Ѥ8ۤɤä1990ǯˤ5䶯ؤ礭餷Ƥ롥ꥫѸǤ1930ǯ83.4%1990ǯ74%ƤȤϤϾ
λ㤫⡤20ΥꥫѸʽաˤ "a relatively 'subjunctive-friendly' variety" (Hundt 597) Ǥ뤳Ȥ狼롥
Hundt, Marianne. "Change in Grammar." Chapter 27 of The Oxford Handbook of English Grammar. Ed. Bas Aarts, Jill Bowie and Gergana Popova. Oxford: OUP, 2020. 581--603.
Övergaard, Gerd. The Mandative Subjunctive in American and British English in the 20th Century. Uppsala: Almqvist and Wiksell, 1995.
"mandative subjunctive" 뤤ϲˡߤȸƤФˡˤĤơ#325. mandative subjunctive should ([2010-03-18-1])#326. The subjunctive forms die hard. ([2010-03-19-1])#345. "mandative subjunctive" Υꥹȡ ([2010-04-07-1])#3042. Ѹ³ˡλѤäͳ ([2017-08-25-1]) ʤɤǰäƤ
ޤοࡤˤϡ礫ʬϤء (synthesis_to_analysis) ȤѸˤ礭ĬήǰƬˤȡΥꥫѸʤ٤ƥꥹѸǤˤˤ벾ˡߤοĥϡʵήȤƤȤ館롥ä͡ʸ椬ԤʤƤŪʲͿƤʤޤŪ˥ꥫѸǤλѤϡꥫѸݼŪʷʤ colonial_lag 1ĤȤФвᤵƤβˤ⵿褦ˤʤäƤʤŸˡλ¸ȤϡѸ˰٤ѤȤʤ꤫ŸˡθѸˤη̤ǤϤʤȡ
ԸȤʤ顤Mondorf (853) Τ褦Ƥ롥
[R]ecent empirical studies concur that the subjunctive had virtually become extinct in both varieties; rather than witnessing its delayed demise in AmE, we are observing its revival in AmE and --- though at a slower pace --- also in BrE . . . .
The trajectory of change takes the form of a successive decline from Old English to Early Modern English, ranging from a relatively wide distribution in Old English, with competition between indicatives and modal periphrases (e.g. scolde + infinitive), via a reduction of formal marking in Middle English (when the indicative preterit plural -on and subjunctive preterit plural and past participle of strong verbs -en were fused and final unstressed -e was lost), to rare instances in Early Modern English. It is only at the end of the LModE period that the subjunctive re-established itself and "nothing less than a revolution took place" . . . .
ʤѸΥꥫ³ˡѤ褷ƤΤȤ䤤ˤĤƤϡĤε롥ޤ#3042. Ѹ³ˡλѤäͳ ([2017-08-25-1]) Ǥߤ褦ˡʸˡαƶϤҲŪװŻ뤹븫롥ǽŪʴ顤 (irrealis) ɽȤˡΤΤѤäƤ餺ηˡư줫³ˡ߶ޤإեȤˤʤȤ븫⤢롥ԤθǤϡꥫѸˤƤĤˡưλѤȤȤδϢͤ (Mondorf 853--54)
ꥹѸǤ⥢ꥫѸ٤Фʤ顤³ˡߤλѤƤƤ褦ϰ̤ˤϥꥫѸαƶ (americanisation) ȹͤƤ롥⤷ȾʤȤʬŪˤϡĤƤΥꥫѸǵäΤƱͤˡꥹѸǤΩŪȯãȤǽΤƤʤȤ (Mondorf 854) ޤ;Ϥʬ˻ĤäƤΰǤ롥
ĤǶδϢ븦νƤ
Crawford, William J. "The Mandative Subjunctive." One Language, Two Grammars: Grammatical Differences between British English and American English. Ed. Günter Rohdenburg and Julia Schlüter. Cambridge: CUP, 2009. 257--276.
Hundt, Marianne. "Colonial Lag, Colonial Innovation or Simply Language Change?" One Language, Two Grammars: Grammatical Differences between British English and American English. Ed. Günter Rohdenburg and Julia Schlüter. Cambridge: CUP, 2009. 13--37.
Kjellmer, Göran. "The Revived Subjunctive." One Language, Two Grammars: Grammatical Differences between British English and American English. Ed. Günter Rohdenburg and Julia Schlüter. Cambridge: CUP, 2009. 246--256.
Övergaard, Gerd. The Mandative Subjunctive in American and British English in the 20th Century. Stockholm: Almqvist & Wiksell, 1995.
Schlüuter, Julia. "The Conditional Subjunctive." One Language, Two Grammars: Grammatical Differences between British English and American English. Ed. Günter Rohdenburg and Julia Schlüter. Cambridge: CUP, 2009. 277--305.
Mondorf, Britta. "Late Modern English: Morphology." Chapter 53 of English Historical Linguistics: An International Handbook. 2 vols. Ed. Alexander Bergs and Laurel J. Brinton. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 2012. 843--69.
ŵŪʥꥫˡ I advised that John eat more. ȥꥹˡ I advised that John should eat more. κۤ䤽ŪطʤˤĤơ#325. mandative subjunctive should ([2010-03-18-1])#326. The subjunctive forms die hard. ([2010-03-19-1])#345. "mandative subjunctive" Υꥹȡ ([2010-04-07-1])#3042. Ѹ³ˡλѤäͳ ([2017-08-25-1]) ʤɤǼ夲Ƥ
Ū¤ǧС³ˡߤѤ륿פˡư should Ѥ륿פϡξȤűѸѤߤ롥θѸ졤Ѹξפʻ¸Ƥꡤʬۤαƺ褦ˤʤäΤϡޤǶḽˤĤƤʬۤ˴ؤƤΤߤǤ롥ޤϤλ¤ǧƤ
Visser (III, 1546) ˤϡ'He commaunded, that the ouen shulde be made seuen tymes hoter' should ѤΥפɽȤƥȥ˵Ƥꡤ¾űѸ줫鸽ѸˤƤ¿㤬Ƥ롥ʲƻ夫˼Ф롥
Genesis 800, he unc self bebead þæt wit unc wite warian sceolden.
Menelogium 48, fæder onsende . . . heahengel his, se hælo abead Marian mycle, þæt heo meotod sceolde cennan, kyninga betst.
Ælfric, Hom. i, 310, God bebead Moyse . . . þæt he and eall Israhela folc sceoldon offrian . . . an lamb anes ȝeares.
c1200 St. Katherine 1439, Hat eft þe keiser þat me schulde Katherine bringen biforen him.
c1352 Minot, Poems (ed. Hall) iii, 53, He cumand þan þat men suld fare Till Ingland.
1440 Visitations Relig. Houses Diocese Lincoln (ed. Thompson) 176, Laghe and your constytucyons forbeden that any nunne shulde were any vayles of sylke.
1593 Shakesp., Rich. II, IV, i, 129, forfend it, God, That in a christian climate souls refin'd Should show so heinous, black, obscene a deed.
1749 Fielding, Tom Jones (Everym.) Vol. II p. 130, the ostler took great care that his corn should not be consumed.
1888 Henry James, The Aspern Papers (Everym.) 268, Heaven forbid I should ask you.
1928 Virginia Woolf, Orlando (1928) 64, prescribing . . . that he should lie in bed all day.
1961 Angus Wilson, The Old Men at the Zoo (Penguin) 195, he suggested that I should go down with him for a day or two.
1963 Iris Murdoch, The Unicorn (Avon Bks.) 67, Who decided I should come and why?
Visser, F. Th. An Historical Syntax of the English Language. 3 vols. Leiden: Brill, 1963--1973.
Ѹˤˤ³ˡϡͿˤɤäƤȤäƤ褤Τ˸Ǥⴰ˾ä櫓ǤϤʤ#326. The subjunctive forms die hard. ([2010-03-19-1]) #325. mandative subjunctive should ([2010-03-18-1]) Ǥ줿̤ꡤǴ궯Ѥ³ƤꡤषѤƤȤܤΰ褹餢롥³ˡοϡ礫ʬϤظѸˤΰŪʸѲĬή (synthesis_to_analysis) ˾äƤꡤ˾塤硹ŪʵήȤϤʤ
硹ŪʵήϤʤäΤΡäȤήǤиѸˤä16˿ष³ˡϿΰӤéäƤ18Ⱦ19ˤơȤڵ롥Tieken-Boon van Ostade (84--85) ϤͳμҲư (social mobility) ȵʸˡαƶϤˤȤߤƤ롥
The subjunctive underwent a curious development during the LModE period. While its use had rapidly decreased since the end of the sixteenth century, it began to rise slightly during the second half of the eighteenth century and into the nineteenth, when there was a sharp decrease from around 1870 onwards . . . . The temporary rise of the subjunctive has been associated with the influence of normative grammar, and though, this may explain the increased use during the nineteenth century, when linguistic prescriptivism was at its height and its effects must have been felt, in the second half of the eighteenth-century it must have been because of the strong linguistic sensitivity among social climbers rather than the actual effect of the grammars themselves. This is evident in the language of Robert Lowth and his correspondents: in Lowth's own usage, there is an increase of the subjunctive around the time when his grammar was newly published, and with his correspondents we found a similar linguistic awareness that they were writing to a celebrated grammarian . . . .
Tieken-Boon van Ostade ϡʸˡαƶϤäȤƤ⤪餯ŪǤꡤȤ櫓18Ⱦ³ˡäΤäȶ "social climbers" ԡˤξ徺ָȿǤռˤȤߤƤ롥
³οѸˤΡּʡήȤߤʤΤǤСѸΤäȤήϡʹּҲΤֿŪˡ߽ФήȤȤˤʤ#2631. Curzan ۩ָǤꡤϼɤǤס ([2016-07-10-1]) Ȥפʤ
Tieken-Boon van Ostade, Ingrid. An Introduction to Late Modern English. Edinburgh: Edinburgh UP, 2009.
"mandative subjunctive" ˤĤƤܥ֥Ǥ[2010-03-19-1], [2010-03-18-1], [2009-08-17-1]ʤɤDz٤ä⤳뤫⤷ʤΤǡϡѸˤƸ³ that ưˡֲˡߡפᤷǤ¤¿ꥹȤŪˤϱʸ (126--27) ˤ롤Quirk et al. ν㤫줿ñꥹȤ١ˤʤäƤ뤬¾ʸǿƤΤɲäⲾˡɬ᤹ǤϤʤᤷΥꥹȤȤ줿
(1) verbs: advise, agree, allow, arrange, ask, beg, command, concede, decide, decree, demand, desire, determine, enjoin, entreat, insist, instruct, intend, move, ordain, order, pledge, pray, prefer, pronounce, propose, recommend, request, require, resolve, rule, stipulate, stress, suggest, urge, vote
(2) adjectives: advisable, appropriate, anxious, compulsory, crucial, desirable, eager, essential, expedient, fitting, imperative, important, impossible, improper, insistent, keen, necessary, obligatory, preferable, proper, urgent, vital, willing
(3) nouns: advice, agreement, arrangement, command, decision, decree, demand, desire, determination, entreaty, insistence, instruction, intention, motion, order, pledge, preference, proposal, recommendation, regulation, request, requirement, resolution, resolve, rule, ruling, stipulation, suggestion, urging, vote, wish
(3) ˤϤ˵ƤΤΤۤˤ⡤̤(1)(2)θб̾äƤ褤⤷ʤ
¹ָ奤ꥹѸ˱ Mandative Subjunctive ˡסʸסѸʸء쳰ʸء18桤1987ǯ123--36ǡ
Quirk, Randolph, Sidney Greenbaum, Geoffrey Leech, and Jan Svartvik. A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language. London: Longman, 1985.
Huddleston, Rodney and Geoffrey K. Pullum, eds. The Cambridge Grammar of the English Language. Cambridge: CUP, 2002. 999.
ʴ ۡʲˡ, ܳ, ⾾ʶˡŰʸˡ١ʸҡ2000ǯ458--59, 557--58ǡ
ε[2010-03-18-1]ǡmandative subjunctive ꥫѸΤߤʤ餺ꥹѸǤƤƤ뤳Ȥ˿줿Ѹˤ礭ή줫餹ȡޤμϸؿܤ³ƤͽۤȤmandative subjunctive 礷ƤΤȡ礭ήΤʤξʵήƤ뤫Τ褦Ǥ롥100ǯʾBradley ϱѸˤήռơΤ褦ͽ¬ΩƤƤ
The only formal trace of the old subjunctive still remaining, except the use of be and were, is the omission of the final s in the third person singular of verbs. And even this is rapidly dropping out of use, its only remaining function being to emphasize the uncertainty of a supposition. Perhaps in another generation the subjunctive forms will have ceased to exsit except in the single instance of were, which serves as a useful function, although we manage to dispense with a corresponding form in other verbs.
100ǯθߡBradly ͽ¬ߤȤ˳줿Ȥ狼롥ǤϤʤФ drift ȸƤФѸζηФơչԤ뤫Τ褦ʸѲäƤΤϺθǤ뤬ƺǤȤƤѤؤαƶǤȤʳˤ⡤ͤ٤ѥ¿Ǥ롥¹ʸɤפĤ¤Ǥ⡤ʲΥѥͿƤǽ롥
that ưθä insist, suggest ʤɤ factive ʸ suasive ʸ̤٤
that ư줬be ư줫ư줫ʰ̤ be ư٤⤤Ȥ
ʸʸɤ
ʸʸɤ
that be not ꤵƤΡξԤŪط
üԤǯ
Ѥ formality
that μưˤ volition
that ư줫̾ȤȤ˻Ȥ mandative subjunctive
Bradley, Henry. The Making of English. New York: Dover, 2006. 95. New York: Macmillan, 1904.
¹ָ奤ꥹѸ˱ Mandative Subjunctive ˡסʸסѸʸء쳰ʸء18桤1987ǯ123--36ǡ
ѸˤơưƻȴϢŤ줿 that ư줬³ˡ ( subjunctive mood ) ζ֤ȤȤʸˡ롥عʸˡǰ̤ˡ ( subjunctive present ) ȸƤФƤ븽ݤǤ롥äˡΤ褦 that ˸륱 mandative subjunctive ȸƤ֡
ˤĤƤ[2009-08-17-1]Ƿڤ줿ޤλ٤αƺˤĤƤ[2010-03-08-1], [2010-03-05-1]ǿ줿ĤޤǤСAmE ǤϤޤʤ³ˡŪBrE Ǥ should Ѥ뤳Ȥ¿AmE αƶ BrE Ǥ³ˡλѤƤƤ롥
عʸˡǤϡAmE mandative subjunctive BrE should ξάǤ뤳Ȥ롥
AmE: I advised that John read more books.
BrE: I advised that John should read more books.
ŪˤϾάǤȤ뵭ҤǽʤΤ⤷ʤŪˤϤεҤŬǤ롥Ūˤϡ AmE subjunctive ΤۤŤűѸ Shakespeare λǤ⡤mandative subjunctive ϹȤƤ Shakespeare ˡΤޤޥꥫϤꡤAmE ǤϸߤޤѤ餺˼ѤƤΤǤ롥BrE Ǥ Shakespeare λ mandative subjunctive ˡѤ졤ưȺƲᤵ줿ǡľˡư should 줿ΤǤ롥
äơŪˤߤСAmE mandative subjunctive λѤ should ξάʤɤǤϤޤäʤषȿФǡBrE should դʤΤǤ롥[2010-03-08-1]Ǥ줿 AmE ݼŪ BrE ŪǤȤ츫ȰճΰĤǤ롥
ŪаޤƧޤȡ BrE Ǥ mandative subjunctive 褷ĤĤȤ⤷Ƥ
إեѸˡ١ҤĤ˼1996ǯ60--65ǡ
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